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Journal articles on the topic 'Sea squirts. Ascidies Ascidies'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Bates, William R. "Environmental factors affecting reproduction and development in ascidians and other protochordates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-164.

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Protochordate reproduction and development are influenced by many kinds of environmental factors. For example, spawning, sexual and asexual reproduction, larval behaviour, and life-cycle transitions (metamorphosis) are key processes known to be affected by environmental factors. This review must be restricted primarily to only one group of protochordates, the ascidians or "sea squirts", because information on the reproductive ecology of hemichordates and cephalochordates is limited to only a few studies. Topics discussed in the present review include (i) environmental factors that regulate larval settlement, (ii) how pelagic embryos avoid damage to DNA caused by UV radiation, (iii) the effect of water temperature and food availability on sexual reproduction in colonial ascidians, (iv) environmental regulation of asexual budding, (v) environmental regulation of metamorphosis, and (vi) the possible role of the environment in the evolution of direct-developing ascidians. A novel role for HSP90 and nitric oxide signaling in the integration of environmental factors with cell signaling pathways in ascidians is discussed near the end of this review. Throughout this review, the multiple roles of environmental stress on ascidian reproduction and development are emphasized.
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2

ANZANI, LUTHFI, HAWIS H. MADDUPPA, I. WAYAN NURJAYA, and P. JOANA DIAS. "Short Communication: Molecular identification of White Sea Squirt Didemnum sp. (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) colonies growing over corals in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200304.

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Abstract. Anzani L, Madduppa HH, Nurjaya IW, Dias PJ. 2019. Short Communication: Molecular identification of White Sea Squirt Didemnum sp. (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) colonies growing over corals in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 636-642. Indonesia is at the center of the Coral Triangle, the region with the world’s highest marine biodiversity. The Raja Ampat archipelago in east Indonesia has one of the oldest networks of marine protected areas in the country and is a top priority area for marine conservation. The area is however under anthropogenic pressure from growing tourism, developments and exploration of natural resources. The most likely associated introduction of non-native species is however largely unexplored. Colonial ascidians or ‘sea squirts’ comprise a high number of species, many of them reported as introduced or invasive worldwide. In this study, we investigate the presence of white colonial ascidian colonies noticed to overgrow sections of the coral reefs in central Raja Ampat. We use DNA barcoding to address the colonies’ species identification and explore haplotype diversity to determine the species native or introduced status. We produced 22 DNA barcodes belonging to four potential cryptic Didemnum sp. species present in the Raja Ampat archipelago, Indonesia. Overall, the high number of haplotypes found in the area suggest these to most likely to be native species. The present work represents, as far as the authors are aware, the first time that such species were investigated in Raja Ampat. We hope with this work to create awareness for the topic of introduced and invasive species in the area and motivate further studies in Indonesia.
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3

Michibata, Hitoshi, and Tatsuya Ueki. "Advances in research on the accumulation, redox behavior, and function of vanadium in ascidians." BioMolecular Concepts 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc.2010.003.

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AbstractThe discovery of high levels of vanadium-containing compounds in ascidian blood cells goes back to 1911. Ascidians, which are also known as tunicates or sea squirts, belong to a subphylum of the Chordata, between the vertebrates and invertebrates. This discovery attracted the attention of an interdisciplinary group of chemists, physiologists, and biochemists, in part because of interest in the possible role of vanadium in oxygen transport as a prosthetic group in respiratory pigments, which was later shown not to be such a role, and in part because of the fact that high levels of vanadium were unknown in other organisms. The intracellular concentration of vanadium in some ascidian species can be as high as 350 mm, which is 107times that in seawater. Vanadium ions, which are thought to be present in the +5 oxidation state in seawater, are reduced to the +3 oxidation state via the +4 oxidation state and are stored in the vacuoles of vanadium-containing cells called vanadocytes, where high levels of protons and sulfate ions are also found. Recently, many proteins and genes that might be involved in the accumulation and reduction of vanadium have been isolated. In this review, we not only trace the history of vanadium research but also describe recent advances in our understanding of the field from several viewpoints: (i) vanadium-accumulating blood cells, (ii) the energetics of vanadium accumulation, (iii) the redox mechanism of vanadium, (iv) the possible role of sulfate, and (v) the physiological roles of vanadium.
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4

Gregorin, Chiara, Luisa Albarano, Emanuele Somma, Maria Costantini, and Valerio Zupo. "Assessing the Ecotoxicity of Copper and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Comparison of Effects on Paracentrotus lividus and Botryllus schlosseri, as Alternative Bioassay Methods." Water 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050711.

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Adult sea urchins and their embryos are ideal targets to investigate the medium- and long-term effects of various toxic agents, such as organic and inorganic pollutants, to forecast and mitigate their environmental effects. Similarly, small colonial tunicates such as Botryllid ascidians may reveal acute toxicity processes and permit quick responses for the management of contaminants impacting coastal waters, to preserve the functional integrity of marine ecosystems. This investigation compares the functional responses of two model invertebrates, the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and the sea squirt Botryllus schlosseri, to chronic and acute exposures to organic and inorganic toxic agents. Such heavy metals as copper produce both acute and chronic effects on marine biota, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mainly produce chronic effects at the concentrations ordinarily measured in marine coastal waters. Both models were tested over a range of concentrations of copper and PAHs. Copper triggered a clear effect in both species, producing a delay in the embryo development of P. lividus and a rapid death of sea squirts. B. schlosseri was less sensitive to PAHs than P. lividus. The results on both species may synergistically contribute to assess the toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds at various concentrations and different physiologic levels.
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5

Fukunaga, Yukiyo, Midori Kurahashi, Kenji Tanaka, Kensuke Yanagi, Akira Yokota, and Shigeaki Harayama. "Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola sp. nov., isolated from ascidians (sea squirts)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63879-0.

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Two bacterial strains, F423T and F10102, were isolated from two ascidians, Polycitor proliferus and Botryllidae sp., respectively, which were collected from a beach on the Boso peninsula in Japan. Cells of both isolates were motile, rod-shaped and formed star-shaped aggregates in the early stage of exponential growth, but were coccoid in stationary growth phase. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, fatty acid analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization experiments and physiological and biochemical tests indicated that the two strains were members of a novel species of the genus Pseudovibrio for which the name Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F423T (=NBRC 100514T=IAM 15084T=DSM 16392T=KCTC 12308T).
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6

Fukunaga, Yukiyo, Midori Kurahashi, Kenji Tanaka, Kensuke Yanagi, Akira Yokota, and Shigeaki Harayama. "Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola sp. nov., isolated from ascidians (sea squirts)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-56-4-923.

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7

Kanamori, Makoto, Katsuhisa Baba, Masafumi Natsuike, and Seiji Goshima. "Life history traits and population dynamics of the invasive ascidian, Ascidiella aspersa, on cultured scallops in Funka Bay, Hokkaido, northern Japan." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416000497.

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The European sea squirt, Ascidiella aspersa was first found as an alien species in 2008 from Funka Bay, Hokkaido, northern Japan, causing serious damage to the scallop aquaculture industry. We investigated A. aspersa on cultured scallops and larval occurrence from July 2010 to June 2014 to clarify life history traits and population dynamics, and consider the relation between the life history of A. aspersa and the process of scallop aquaculture. Larvae of A. aspersa were found from June to December, and recruitment on cultured scallops occurred mainly between July and October. The ascidians grew well and their weights increased until February. We found that 60–80% of A. aspersa that had settled in summer had eggs or sperm in autumn, and 90–100% of A. aspersa matured early the following summer. Maturity size in September was 17–20 mm as male, 22–24 mm as female. Scallops in Funka Bay are hung in the spring and harvested from winter to the next spring. Ascidiella aspersa settle as larvae in early summer, and grow well until winter, resulting in overgrowth on scallops in the harvest season. The linking of the process of scallop aquaculture and the life history of A. aspersa explains why this invasive ascidian has caused serious damage to the aquaculture industry in the bay. In comparison to the earlier descriptions of the native population, A. aspersa in Funka Bay has longer reproductive and growth periods, earlier initiation of reproduction, and possibly smaller maturity size.
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8

Nadtochy, Victor A., Nickolay V. Kolpakov, and Ilya A. Korneichuk. "Distribution of macrozoobenthic taxa - potential indicators of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the western part of Bering Sea. 1. Anadyr Bay area." Izvestiya TINRO 189, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2017-189-156-170.

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Following recent tendencies in fisheries policy to ensure both sustainability of ecosystems and conservation of economically sustainable fisheries, protection of vulnerable resources with low direct economic value comes to the focus of fisheries management on ecosystem principles. One of the problems of modern fishing is a negative impact of bottom trawling because of destruction of benthic organisms vulnerable to mechanical impacts. This by-effect of fishing could affect negatively on functioning of bottom biocenoses, reproduction of exploited species, and decrease generally productivity of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VME). Potential VME indicators are determined for the area of the Anadyr Bay in the Bering Sea on the base of results of 4 benthic surveys using bottom sampler (1985, 2005) and bottom trawl (2008, 2012), as the most common species in some macrozoobenthic groups of epifauna. They are Gersemia rubiformis for soft corals, Myxilla incrustans , Halichondria panicea , Semisuberites cribrosa for sponges, Halocynthia aurantium , Boltenia ovifera for sea squirts, Cystisella saccata , Flustra foliacea for bryozoans, Chirona evermanni for barnacles, and Gorgonocephalus eucnemis for brittle stars. Their distribution is mapped. According to their life history and feeding habits, these species-indicators are divided onto two groups: immobile sestonophages (alcyonarians, sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, cirripedians) and mobile filtrators (brittle stars). The first group prevails on hard and mixed grounds mainly along southwestern and northeastern coasts of the Anadyr Bay at the depths of 80-90 m (sponges and bryozoans - to 250 m in the Navarin Canyon) with relatively warm water, active hydrodynamics and high biological productivity. The second group represented by G. eucnemis dominates on soft sediments in the central part of the Anadyr Bay with the depths of 50-270 m occupied by the cold water pool. Quantitative distribution of brittle star, on the one hand, and barnacles with sea squirts, on the other hand, is alternative to each other. On the contrary, barnacles, sponges and sea squirts have similar distribution of the biomass, being complementary species. Distribution patterns of all species-indicators are stable for many decades. However, biomass of some these species has changed in the southern Anadyr Bay between the similar surveys conducted in the 2008 and 2012: the mean biomass of barnacle Ch. evermanni and sea squirt H. aurantium had decreased in 6.5 and 3.7 times, respectively, whereas the mean biomass of sponges, brittle star G. eucnemis and sea squirt B. ovifera did not change. Bottom trawl fishery is not active in the northwestern Bering Sea, moreover, the habitats of immobile sestonophages with hard grounds are avoided by bottom trawlers being dangerous for fishing gears, so the observed decreasing of two species abundance is presumably caused by natural reasons or is a random error of the mosaic-distributed stocks assessment with insufficiently dense sampling grid.
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9

Rueckert, Sonja, Kevin C. Wakeman, Holger Jenke-Kodama, and Brian S. Leander. "Molecular systematics of marine gregarine apicomplexans from Pacific tunicates, with descriptions of five novel species of Lankesteria." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_8 (August 1, 2015): 2598–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000300.

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The eugregarines are a group of apicomplexan parasites that mostly infect the intestines of invertebrates. The high level of morphological variation found within and among species of eugregarines makes it difficult to find consistent and reliable traits that unite even closely related lineages. Based mostly on traits observed with light microscopy, the majority of described eugregarines from marine invertebrates has been classified into a single group, the Lecudinidae. Our understanding of the overall diversity and phylogenetic relationships of lecudinids is very poor, mainly because only a modest amount of exploratory research has been done on the group and very few species of lecudinids have been characterized at the molecular phylogenetic level. In an attempt to understand the diversity of marine gregarines better, we surveyed lecudinids that infect the intestines of Pacific ascidians (i.e. sea squirts) using ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic approaches; currently, these species fall within one genus, Lankesteria. We collected lecudinid gregarines from six ascidian host species, and our data demonstrated that each host was infected by a different species of Lankesteria: (i) Lankesteria hesperidiiformis sp. nov., isolated from Distaplia occidentalis, (ii) Lankesteria metandrocarpae sp. nov., isolated from Metandrocarpa taylori, (iii) Lankesteria halocynthiae sp. nov., isolated from Halocynthia aurantium, (iv) Lankesteria herdmaniae sp. nov., isolated from Herdmania momus, (v) Lankesteria cf. ritterellae, isolated from Ritterella rubra, and (vi) Lankesteria didemni sp. nov., isolated from Didemnum vexillum. Visualization of the trophozoites with scanning electron microscopy showed that four of these species were covered with epicytic folds, whereas two of the species were covered with a dense pattern of epicytic knobs. The molecular phylogenetic data suggested that species of Lankesteria with surface knobs form a clade that is nested within a paraphyletic assemblage species of Lankesteria with epicytic folds.
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10

Smith, M. J. "Vanadium biochemistry: The unknown role of vanadium-containing cells in ascidians (sea squirts)." Experientia 45, no. 5 (May 1989): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01952027.

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11

Junoy, Juan, Sónia C. S. Andrade, and Gonzalo Giribet. "Phylogenetic placement of a new hoplonemertean species commensal on ascidians." Invertebrate Systematics 24, no. 6 (2010): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is10036.

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The hoplonemertean Vieitezia luzmurubeae, gen. et sp. nov. is described from specimens collected in a national park on the north-west Iberian Peninsula, the Parque Nacional Marítimo-Terrestre das Illas Atlánticas de Galicia. The species, previously mistaken as the Mediterranean species Tetrastemma vittigerum (Bürger, 1904), is frequently associated with two common species of sea squirt, Phallusia mamillata (Cuvier, 1815) and Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767), inside which the nemertean completes its life cycle. Some of the specimens examined were protandrous hermaphrodites. Data on morphology and anatomy are provided with illustrations. Sequences of the nuclear ribosomal gene 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I were compared with those of other hoplonemertean species and all phylogenetic analyses suggested that Vieitezia is sister to the genus Gononemertes, which parasitises ascidians, within a clade also containing the genera Oerstedia and Nemertellina. In contrast, the morphologically similar genus Tetrastemma appears in a separate clade. This study stresses the need for combining molecular and morphological data when studying nemertean biodiversity.
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12

Wellington, A., S. Emmons, B. James, J. Calley, M. Grover, P. Tolias, and L. Manseau. "Spire contains actin binding domains and is related to ascidian posterior end mark-5." Development 126, no. 23 (December 1, 1999): 5267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.23.5267.

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Spire is a maternal effect locus that affects both the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes of the Drosophila egg and embryo. It is required for localization of determinants within the developing oocyte to the posterior pole and to the dorsal anterior corner. During mid-oogenesis, spire mutants display premature microtubule-dependent cytoplasmic streaming, a phenotype that can be mimicked by pharmacological disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D. Spire has been cloned by transposon tagging and is related to posterior end mark-5, a gene from sea squirts that encodes a posteriorly localized mRNA. Spire mRNA is not, however, localized to the posterior pole. SPIRE also contains two domains with similarity to the actin monomer-binding WH2 domain, and we demonstrate that SPIRE binds to actin in the interaction trap system and in vitro. In addition, SPIRE interacts with the rho family GTPases RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42 in the interaction trap system. Thus, our evidence supports the model that SPIRE links rho family signaling to the actin cytoskeleton.
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13

Locke, Andrea, and John Mark Hanson. "Trends in invasive ascidian research: a view from the 3rd International Invasive Sea Squirt Conference." Aquatic Invasions 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2011.6.4.01.

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14

PÉREZ-PORTELA, R., C. E. GOODWIN, B. E. PICTON, and X. TURON. "Pycnoclavella stolonialis n. sp. (Tunicata: Ascidiacea), with phylogenetic and distributional remarks on the genus in Europe." Zootaxa 2407, no. 1 (March 23, 2010): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2407.1.3.

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Morphological and molecular data based on the COI gene were used to describe a new species of the colonial ascidian genus Pycnoclavella. The new species, P. stolonialis, is widespread sublittorally in the Irish Sea and also occurs on the western Irish coast, Wales and eastern England and may be locally common. It has been commonly known as the ‘pin head’ sea squirt since first recorded from Northern Ireland in 1984 but has not yet been formally described. P. stolonialis is the only described species of Pycnoclavella combining the presence of stolons, peribranchial incubation mode and a larva lacking an otolith. In addition, it features ca. 10% sequence divergence with the closest species of the genus in our phylogenetic trees. P. stolonialis showed intermediate characters between two groups of Pycnoclavella; the stanleyi and the aurilucens groups. Larval morphology and molecular data supported the inclusion of P. stolonialis within the aurilucens group, but the stolonial colony structure is characteristic of the stanleyi group. This implies that colony structure may not be a good character for separating these two groups. New information on distribution is given for P. atlantica, P. aurilucens and P. communis.
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15

Bruening, Reimar C., Eugene M. Oltz, Jun Furukawa, Koji Nakanishi, and Kenneth Kustin. "Isolation of Tunichrome B-1, a Reducing Blood Pigment of the Sea Squirt, Ascidia nigra." Journal of Natural Products 49, no. 2 (March 1986): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50044a001.

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16

Lambert, Gretchen. "Adventures of a sea squirt sleuth: unraveling the identity of Didemnum vexillum, a global ascidian invader." Aquatic Invasions 4, no. 1 (2009): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2009.4.1.2.

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17

Zebadua, E., L. Blackwell, and R. A. Koch. "Distribution and Function of Filamentous and Globular Actin in Mitochondrial Translocation During Ascidian Sperm Activation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600028312.

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During fertilization in the sea squirt, Ascidia ceratodes,the penetration process of requires mitochondrial translocation, a process that defines sperm activation in this species, to generate the driving force for passage through the vitelline coat. When a sperm cell come into contact with an egg, the mitochondrion translocates off the head and migrates along the tail via an actimmyosin-dependent process. The presence of actin and myosin on the head and tail has been demonstrated. However, the nature of the relative distribution of filamentous actin (F-actin) and monomeric actin (G-actin) has not been thoroughly studied. And, whereas the signaling cascade that leads to myosin activation has been studied, the events leading to actin polymerization and whether it is required for mitochondrial translocation has not.This project addresses two research questions: What is the distribution of F-actin and G-actin in unactivated and activated sperm cells? And, can preexisting F-actin support mitochondrial translocation or must actin polymerization occur simultaneously with the mitochondrial translocation process?
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18

Yoon, Jaewoo, Satoru Matsuda, Kyoko Adachi, Hiroaki Kasai, and Akira Yokota. "Rubritalea halochordaticola sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing verrucomicrobial species isolated from a marine chordate." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.025031-0.

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A Gram-negative-staining, obligately aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated strain MN1-1006T, was isolated from an ascidian (sea squirt) sample, and was studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the new isolate shared approximately 93–99% sequence similarity with recognized species of the genus Rubritalea within the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’. DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain MN1-1006T and Rubritalea squalenifaciens HOact23T and Rubritalea sabuli YM29-052T were 57% and 14.5%, respectively. Strain MN1-1006T produced carotenoid compounds that rendered the cell biomass a reddish pink colour. The strain also contained squalene. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of the novel strain contained muramic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content of strain MN1-1006T was 51.4 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C14:0, iso-C16:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-9. On the basis of these data, it was concluded that strain MN1-1006T represents a novel species of the genus Rubritalea, for which the name Rubritalea halochordaticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MN1-1006T ( = KCTC 23186T = NBRC 107102T).
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Zhang, Jin, Jiankai Wei, Haiyan Yu, and Bo Dong. "Genome-Wide Identification, Comparison, and Expression Analysis of Transcription Factors in Ascidian Styela clava." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 4317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094317.

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Tunicates include diverse species, as they are model animals for evolutionary developmental biology study. The embryonic development of tunicates is known to be extensively regulated by transcription factors (TFs). Styela clava, the globally distributed invasive tunicate, exhibits a strong capacity for environmental adaptation. However, the TFs were not systematically identified and analyzed. In this study, we reported 553 TFs categorized into 60 families from S. clava, based on the whole genome data. Comparison of TFs analysis among the tunicate species revealed that the gene number in the zinc finger superfamily displayed the most significant discrepancy, indicating this family was under the highly evolutionary selection and might be related to species differentiation and environmental adaptation. The greatest number of TFs was discovered in the Cys2His2-type zinc finger protein (zf-C2H2) family in S. clava. From the point of temporal view, more than half the TFs were expressed at the early embryonic stage. The expression correlation analysis revealed the existence of a transition for TFs expression from early embryogenesis to the later larval development in S. clava. Eight Hox genes were identified to be located on one chromosome, exhibiting different arrangement and expression patterns, compared to Ciona robusta (C. intestinalis type A). In addition, a total of 23 forkhead box (fox) genes were identified in S. clava, and their expression profiles referred to their potential roles in neurodevelopment and sensory organ development. Our data, thus, provides crucial clues to the potential functions of TFs in development and environmental adaptation in the leathery sea squirt.
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Samarghandian, Saeed, and Masabumi Shibuya. "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Family in Ascidians, Halocynthia roretzi (Sea Squirt). Its High Expression in Circulatory System-Containing Tissues." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 4841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms14034841.

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21

Dudarev, Alexey, Valery Chupakhin, Sergey Vlasov, and Sveta Yamin-Pasternak. "Traditional Diet and Environmental Contaminants in Coastal Chukotka III: Metals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050699.

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The article is the third in the series of four that present the results of a study on environmental contaminants in coastal Chukotka, which was conducted in the context of a multi-disciplinary investigation of indigenous foodways in the region. The article presents the results of the analysis of metals found in the samples of locally harvested terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biota collected in 2016 in coastal Chukotka. For some species of local fauna and flora, the metals content was demonstrated for the first time. Lead and Hg were low in all foods, while As concentrations were up to four mg/kg ww in fish and marine mammals blubber. Wild plants showed accumulations of Mn (up to 190 mg/kg ww), Al (up to 75 mg/kg ww), Ni, Ba, and Sr. Seaweed contained high levels of As (14 mg/kg) and Sr (310 mg/kg); ascidians (sea squirts) contained Al (up to 560 mg/kg), Cr, and Sr; and blue mussels contained Cd (2.9 mg/kg) and Al (140 mg/kg). Exceedances over the Russian allowable levels were revealed for As, Cd, and Al in different food items. Absence of the established limits for Al and Sr in seafood, and Mn in wild plants and berries, impedes the determination of excess levels. Temporal trends and geographic comparisons of metals in foods have been carried out. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of metals by local food consumption were calculated based on the food intake frequencies. Follow-up (15 years after the first study) analyses of Hg, Pb, and Cd concentrations in local foods has not revealed any increase, while a slight decrease tendency was noted for some of the metals in several foods.
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Fomenko, S. E., N. F. Kushnerova, and L. N. Lesnikova. "Experimental assessment of the efficiency of erythrocyte membrane repair by an extract of the tunic of the ascidian purple sea squirt in carbon tetrachloride poisoning." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 46, no. 10 (January 2013): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-013-0855-z.

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23

Kumagai, Akira, Keiichi Sakai, and Satoshi Miwa. "The Sea Squirt Styela clava is a Potential Carrier of the Kinetoplastid Azumiobodo hoyamushi, the Causative Agent of Soft Tunic Syndrome in the Edible Ascidian Halocynthia roretzi." Fish Pathology 49, no. 4 (2014): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.49.206.

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24

Kourakis, Matthew J., and William C. Smith. "An organismal perspective on C. intestinalis development, origins and diversification." eLife 4 (March 25, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.06024.

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The ascidian Ciona intestinalis, commonly known as a ‘sea squirt’, has become an important model for embryological studies, offering a simple blueprint for chordate development. As a model organism, it offers the following: a small, compact genome; a free swimming larva with only about 2600 cells; and an embryogenesis that unfolds according to a predictable program of cell division. Moreover, recent phylogenies reveal that C. intestinalis occupies a privileged branch in the tree of life: it is our nearest invertebrate relative. Here, we provide an organismal perspective of C. intestinalis, highlighting aspects of its life history and habitat—from its brief journey as a larva to its radical metamorphosis into adult form—and relate these features to its utility as a laboratory model.
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25

Muñoz-Gómez, Sergio A., Keira Durnin, Laura Eme, Christopher Paight, Christopher E. Lane, Mary B. Saffo, and Claudio H. Slamovits. "Nephromyces represents a diverse and novel lineage of the Apicomplexa that has retained apicoplasts." Genome Biology and Evolution, July 22, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz155.

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Abstract A most interesting exception within the parasitic Apicomplexa is Nephromyces, an extracellular, probably mutualistic, endosymbiont found living inside molgulid ascidian tunicates (i.e., sea squirts). Even though Nephromyces is now known to be an apicomplexan, many other questions about its nature remain unanswered. To gain further insights into the biology and evolutionary history of this unusual apicomplexan, we aimed to (1) find the precise phylogenetic position of Nephromyces within the Apicomplexa, (2) search for the apicoplast genome of Nephromyces, and (3) infer the major metabolic pathways in the apicoplast of Nephromyces. To do this, we sequenced a metagenome and a metatranscriptome from the molgulid renal sac, the specialized habitat where Nephromyces thrives. Our phylogenetic analyses of conserved nucleus-encoded genes robustly suggest that Nephromyces is a novel lineage sister to the Hematozoa, which comprises both the Haemosporidia (e.g., Plasmodium) and the Piroplasmida (e.g., Babesia and Theileria). Furthermore, a survey of the renal sac metagenome revealed 13 small contigs that closely resemble the genomes of the non-photosynthetic reduced plastids, or apicoplasts, of other apicomplexans. We show that these apicoplast genomes correspond to a diverse set of most closely related but genetically divergent Nephromyces lineages that co-inhabit a single tunicate host. In addition, the apicoplast of Nephromyces appears to have retained all biosynthetic pathways inferred to have been ancestral to parasitic apicomplexans. Our results shed light on the evolutionary history of the only probably mutualistic apicomplexan known, Nephromyces, and provide context for a better understanding of its life style and intricate symbiosis.
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