Academic literature on the topic 'Search agents'

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Journal articles on the topic "Search agents"

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HAMADI, YOUSSEF. "CONFLICTING AGENTS IN DISTRIBUTED SEARCH." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 14, no. 03 (June 2005): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821300500220x.

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We extend here the work on interleaved distributed graph based backjumping, IDIBT/GBJ7,6,5 by considering conflicting agents.13 The resulting method IDIBT/CBJ-DkC for Conflict-directed Back-Jumbing and Directed k-Consistency combines distributed and parallel explorations of search spaces with more efficient backtrack steps. We take advantage of the asynchronous framework to implement a more refined and efficient update of conflicts. A fine analysis of these conflicts allows to some extent the detection of k-inconsistent values. Our experiments show a large improvement over graph based distributed/interleaved search.
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Noolvi, Malleshappa N., Harun M. Patel, and Manpreet Kaur. "Benzothiazoles: Search for anticancer agents." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 54 (August 2012): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.05.028.

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Dash, BisnuPrasad, Y. Archana, Nibarana Satapathy, and SoumendraKumar Naik. "Search for antisickling agents from plants." Pharmacognosy Reviews 7, no. 1 (2013): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.112849.

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Whatley, Stephen A. "Agents in Search of a Role." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 35, no. 1 (January 1990): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/028194.

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Ugale, Vinod, Harun Patel, Bijal Patel, and Sanjay Bari. "Benzofurano-isatins: Search for antimicrobial agents." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10 (February 2017): S389—S396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.09.011.

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Jansen, Bernard J., and Udo Pooch. "Assisting the searcher: utilizing software agents for Web search systems." Internet Research 14, no. 1 (February 2004): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240410516291.

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Atzmon, Dor, Jiaoyang Li, Ariel Felner, Eliran Nachmani, Shahaf Shperberg, Nathan Sturtevant, and Sven Koenig. "Multi-Directional Search." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Combinatorial Search 11, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/socs.v11i1.18518.

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In the Multi-Agent Meeting (MAM) problem, the task is to find a meeting location for multiple agents, as well as a path for each agent to that location. In this paper, we introduce MM*, a Multi-Directional Search algorithm that finds the optimal meeting location under different cost functions. MM* generalizes the Meet in the Middle (MM) bidirectional search algorithm to the case of finding optimal meeting locations for multiple agents. A number of admissible heuristics are proposed and experiments demonstrate the benefits of MM*.
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Sarne, David, Simon Shamoun, and Eli Rata. "Increasing Threshold Search for Best-Valued Agents." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (July 4, 2010): 848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7628.

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This paper investigates search techniques for multi-agent settings in which the most suitable agent, according to given criteria, needs to be found. In particular, it considers the case where the searching agent incurs a cost for learning the value of an agent and the goal is to minimize the expected overall cost of search by iteratively increasing the extent of search. This kind of search is applicable to various domains, including auctions, first responders, and sensor networks. Using an innovative transformation of the extents-based sequence to a probability-based one, the optimal sequence is proved to consist of either a single search iteration or an infinite sequence of increasing search extents. This leads to a simplified characterization of the the optimal search sequence from which it can be derived. This method is also highly useful for legacy economic-search applications, where all agents are considered suitable candidates and the goal is to optimize the search process as a whole. The effectiveness of the method for both best-valued search and economic search is demonstrated numerically using a synthetic environment.
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DRAGANOV STOJANOVSKI, Toni. "Performance of exhaustive search with parallel agents." TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 22 (2014): 1382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/elk-1210-105.

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Tripathi, Rama Pati, Diksha Katiyar, Namrata Dwivedi, Biswajit Singh, and Jyoti Pandey. "Recent Developments in Search of Antifilarial Agents." Current Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 27 (November 1, 2006): 3319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986706778773103.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Search agents"

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Spiekermann, Sarah. "Online information search with electronic agents." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14715.

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Basierend auf einem Onlineexperiment mit 206 Teilnehmern untersucht die Dissertation, wie Konsumenten im Internet nach Informationen zu hochwertigen Produkten suchen und welche Rolle dabei virtuelle Verkaufsberater (elektronische Agenten) spielen. Im Kontext eines online Kamerakaufes mit Hilfe eines virtuellen Agenten wird der Erklärungswert traditioneller Faktoren der Informationssuche für das Onlinemedium untersucht. Dabei werden das wahrgenommene Kaufrisiko, die persönliche Bedeutung des Kaufes sowie das vorhandene Produktwissen als Einflussvariablen getestet. Darüber hinaus wird untersucht, welche Rolle das Datenschutzbewusstsein des Konsumenten in der Interaktion spielt und wie stark ein Zustand des 'Flows' (fließen) die Informationssuchtiefe beeinflussen. Die für Kameras beobachtete Onlinesuche nach Produktinformationen wird in einem zweiten Schritt mit der Onlinesuche nach Jacken verglichen. Eine wesentliche Erkenntnis der empirischen Arbeit ist, dass virtuelle Verkaufsberater bei der Suche nach unterschiedlichen Produkten nicht dieselbe Wichtigkeit haben. So wird deutlich, dass sich Konsumenten auf der Suche nach dem Erfahrungsgut Jacke relativ weniger auf die Empfehlung des Agenten verlassen als dies im Kaufprozess von Kameras der Fall ist. Hinzu kommen einige signifikante Anzeichen dafür, dass Konsumenten den Suchprozess stärker zu kontrollieren wünschen und weniger an Agenten delegieren, desto mehr Kaufrisiko bzw. Kaufunsicherheit sie empfinden. Schließlich zeigt sich analog zu älteren Studien, dass Konsumenten mit mehr Produktwissen weniger mit virtuellen Verkaufsberatern interagieren. Im letzten Kapitel der Dissertation geht es um eine potentiell maßgebliche Barriere für den Einsatz von virtuellen Verkaufsberatern: die Angst von Konsumenten ihre Privatsphäre einzubüßen und zum 'gläsernen Kunden' zu werden. Die empirischen Ergebnisse legen hier jedoch nahe, dass Datenschutzbedenken die Konsumenten nicht davon abhalten, sich online mitzuteilen. Ganz im Gegenteil wird deutlich, dass Konsumenten sogar bereit sind, sehr persönliche Informationen von sich preiszugeben, wenn das System eine entsprechende Gegenleistung bietet (wie beispielsweise eine persönliche Produktempfehlung). Die Ergebnisse suggerieren, dass es einen großen Gestaltungsspielraum für Unternehme gibt, über elektronische Dialogsysteme mit ihren Kunden zu kommunizieren. Würden Unternehmen das potentielle Spektrum an persönlichen Fragen nutzen, die im Rahmen eines Kaufprozesses sinnvoll sind, könnten sie wertvolle Einblicke in das Entscheidungsverhalten ihrer Kunden gewinnen. Hingegen sollte beachtet werden, dass eine mangelhafte Berücksichtigung des Datenschutzes gleichzeitig auch Unbehangen beim Nutzer auslöst, welches sich in signifikant kürzeren Interaktionszeiten wiederspiegelt. Es ist daher im Interesse von Unternehmen, für eine datenschutzfreundliche Interaktionsumgebung zu sorgen.
Based on an online experiment with 206 subjects the thesis investigates how consumers search for high-involvement products online and herein rely on the assistance of electronic advisor agents. In the context of a camera purchase traditional constructs relevant in offline information search (including perceived product risk, purchase involvement and product knowledge) are tested for their relevance in an online environment. In addition, new constructs impacting online search, namely privacy concerns and flow, are analyzed. Finally, information search behavior for cameras is compared with the one for jackets. One major finding is that agents do not play the same role in, and are not equally important for, online information search in different product categories. Thus, it appears, that the search process for the experience good 'jacket' involves relatively less reliance on an electronic agent than this is the case in the purchase process for cameras. Moreover, the separate analysis of manually controlled and agent-assisted search shows that, at a significant level, consumers prefer to manually control the search process the more risk they perceive. In line with older studies the data also suggest that the more product knowledge a consumer perceives the less he interacts with an agent for information search purposes. In the last chapter, the thesis focuses on a potentially major impediment for agent interaction, namely consumer privacy concerns. The empirical results show that, against expectations, privacy concerns to not seem to significantly impede consumer disclosure online. In contrast, evidence is produced that if systems offer appropriate returns in the form of personalized recommendations online users seem to be ready to reveal even highly personal information. The findings suggest that there is a lot of room for online marketers to communicate with their clients through dialogue-based electronic agents. If marketers used the spectrum of legitimate personal questions that are related to the product selection process more systematically, they could gain valuable insight into their customers' decision making process as well as on decisive product attributes. However, unfavorable privacy settings do seem to induce a feeling of discomfort among users which then leads to less interaction time. Marketers therefore have to provide for a comforting privacy environment in order to make their customers feel good about the interaction.
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Gopinathan-Leela, Ligon, and n/a. "Personalisation of web information search: an agent based approach." University of Canberra. Information Sciences & Engineering, 2005. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060728.120849.

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The main purpose of this research is to find an effective way to personalise information searching on the Internet using middleware search agents, namely, Personalised Search Agents (PSA). The PSA acts between users and search engines, and applies new and existing techniques to mine and exploit relevant and personalised information for users. Much research has already been done in developing personalising filters, as a middleware technique which can act between user and search engines to deliver more personalised results. These personalising filters, apply one or more of the popular techniques for search result personalisation, such as the category concept, learning from user actions and using metasearch engines. By developing the PSA, these techniques have been investigated and incorporated to create an effective middleware agent for web search personalisation. In this thesis, a conceptual model for the Personalised Search Agent is developed, implemented by developing a prototype and benchmarked the prototype against existing web search practices. System development methodology which has flexible and iterative procedures that switch between conceptual design and prototype development was adopted as the research methodology. In the conceptual model of the PSA, a multi-layer client server architecture is used by applying generalisation-specialisation features. The client and the server are structurally the same, but differ in the level of generalisation and interface. The client handles personalising information regarding one user whereas the server effectively combines the personalising information of all the clients (i.e. its users) to generate a global profile. Both client and server apply the category concept where user selected URLs are mapped against categories. The PSA learns the user relevant URLs both by requesting explicit feedback and by implicitly capturing user actions (for instance the active time spent by the user on a URL). The PSA also employs a keyword-generating algorithm, and tries different combinations of words in a user search string by effectively combining them with the relevant category values. The core functionalities of the conceptual model for the PSA, were implemented in a prototype, used to test the ideas in the real word. The result was benchmarked with the results from existing search engines to determine the efficiency of the PSA over conventional searching. A comparison of the test results revealed that the PSA is more effective and efficient in finding relevant and personalised results for individual users and possesses a unique user sense rather than the general user sense of traditional search engines. The PSA, is a novel architecture and contributes to the domain of knowledge web information searching, by delivering new ideas such as active time based user relevancy calculations, automatic generation of sensible search keyword combinations and the implementation of a multi-layer agent architecture. Moreover, the PSA has high potential for future extensions as well. Because it captures highly personalised data, data mining techniques which employ case-based reasoning make the PSA a more responsive, more accurate and more effective tool for personalised information searching.
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Velazquez, Elio. "Mobile agents in distributed search, a comparative study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57761.pdf.

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Velazquez, Elio Carleton University Dissertation Computer Science. "Mobile agents in distributed search: a comparative study." Ottawa, 2001.

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Mayer, Michael McClanahan. "Persistent search: a bridge between depth-first and breadth-first search for physical agents." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26160.

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Temple, Thomas J. (Thomas John). "A general index heuristic for search with mobile agents." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67175.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-187) and index.
This dissertation considers a suite of search problems in which agents are trying to find goals in minimum expected time. Unlike search in data structures in which time is measured by a number operations, search in metric spaces measures time by units of distance and has received much less attention. In particular, search strategies that attempt to minimize expected search time are only available for a handful of relatively simple cases. Nonetheless many relevant search problems take place in metric spaces. This dissertation includes several concrete examples from navigation and surveillance that would have previously only been approachable by much more ad hoc methods. We visit these examples along the way to establishing relevance to a much larger set of problems. We present a policy that is an extension of Whittle's index heuristic and is applicable under the following assumptions. * The location of goals are independent random variables. " The agents and goals are in a length space, i.e., a metric space with continuous paths. * The agents move along continuous paths with bounded speed. " The agents' sensing is noiseless. We demonstrate the performance of our policy by applying it to a diverse set of problems for which solutions are available in the literature. We treat each of the following problems as a special case of a more general search problem: " search in one-dimensional spaces such as the Line Search Problem (LSP) and Cow Path Problem (CPP), " search in two-dimensional spaces such as the Lost in a Forest Problem (LFP) and problems of coverage, " problems in networks such as the Graph Search Problem (GSP) and Minimum Latency Tour Problem (MLTP), and " dynamic problems such as the Persistent Patrol Problem (PPP) and Dynamic Traveling Repairperson Problem (DTRP). On each of these we find that our policy performs comparably to, and occasionally better than, the accepted solutions developed specifically for these problems. As a result, we believe that this dissertation contributes a significant inroad into a large space of search problems that meets our assumptions, but that remains unaddressed.
by Thomas. J. Temple.
Ph.D.
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Gulland, Elizabeth-Kate. "Spatial Semantic Search with Online Agents and Weighted Ontologies." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/59674.

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Information retrieval results can be enhanced by incorporating context from both user and data into a search. This thesis contributes to this aim by automatically building data-specific weighted ontologies for semantic searches, ranking spatial data by proximity to a target location, and encapsulating these abilities into web agents that can return ranked semantic search results in response to a given query input.
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Chryssanthou, Erja. "Studies on laboratory diagnosis of fungal infection and antifungal susceptibility /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/search/diss.se.cfm?19981016chry.

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Jadhav, Gopal P. "Search for Pseudomonas aeruginosa immune-modulatory but non-inducing agents." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10407/.

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Dysfunctional immunity which is the most common antecedent of immunological diseases is central to the common disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, thyroid disease, type-1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune conditions that are leading causes of chronic morbidities and disabilities. The currently employed therapies suffer from serious side effects. For example, steroid therapy, being nonselective is seldom used. Myleotoxicity limits azathioprine while cyclosporine-A (CsA) and FK506 do show myleo-, nephro and neuro-toxicities. Antibody therapies cause immune mediated toxicity. Therefore, the need of developing less toxic and specific immune modulatory agents is a top priority. Recently, Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing signal molecules (QSSMs), N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3O, C12-HSL) and 2-n-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-(1H)-quinolone (PQS) have been found to modulate eukaryotic immune processes via different targets. The structure activity relationship (SAR) study of 3O, C12-HSL by Chhabra et.al, showed that L-homoserine lactone ring, 3-oxo or hydroxyl group and 12 to14-carbons long acyl chain, apparently conferring optimum lipophilicity and flexibility, are important for immune modulation. However, the new analogues including 3O, C12-HSL negated clinical usefulness as these also participated in bacterial quorum-sensing (QS) activity thus promoting bacterial growth. Also analogues with more than 12-carbons alkyl chain could not be explored by in vitro immune assays due to their limited solubility in the solvents employed. The present study addresses these issues by making further judicial structural changes in the 3O, C12-HSL in order to optimize its immune modulatory activity while losing its intrinsic QS activity. Accordingly, a series of new ring variants, 3-acetoxy, aza, thia, oxa and fluorine substituted analogues were developed. The later were largely confined in the 1, 3-dicarbonyl segment of the 3O, C12-HSL structure in order to modulate the 3-enolic content of the molecule. Also tetramic acid analogue, a non-enzymatic degradative product of 3O, C12-HSL was synthesized. After purity and identity characterization the new analogues were evaluated for their immune modulation (with murine cells proliferation assay), cytotoxicity (with Trypan dye exclusion assay) and auto-inducing or QS activity (with a specifically designed lux bacterial bio-reporter). The splenocyte proliferation assay demonstrated that immune suppression in 4-aza analogues increased with increasing alkyl chain (up to C15) yet without any solubility problems in the standard solvents used. Similar trend was observed when N4 was alkyl substituted (n-propyl, being most potent). At least one of the C2 hydrogens was found to be essential for activity since, difluoro substitution lost activity. Retention of immune suppression by N3-OH and increased potency by N3-NH2 (EC50=0.99 microM) demonstrated that C3=O can be replaced by an appropriate H-bond donor/acceptor groups. Complete loss of activity with 3-thia substitution (3-thia C12-HSL) and then regain of potency by 3-sulfoxide/sulfone derivatives further demonstrated the importance of 3-oxo (suitable H-bond acceptor/donor) in immune suppression. Insertion of oxygen at C4 retained activity but additional oxygen(s) in the side chain yielded analogues that were devoid of immune suppression. Analogue with thiazole ring instead of HSL ring retained activity. In case of hetero ring altered analogues of 3O, 4-aza C12-HSL, almost all retained immune suppressive activities except their oxa analogues. In conclusion, all the above strategies have delivered potent immune modulatory agents yet gratifyingly devoid of QS activity. Some of the most potent and promising non-inducing immune modulatory agents are 3O, 4-aza-C15-HSL (EC50 0.65 microM), 3-NH2-3-aza-C12-HSL (EC50 0.99 microM) and N, N'-dimethyl-2-(3-oxo-4-azadodecanoyl) aminobenzamide (EC50 0.7 microM) and are worthy of further study to be developed as therapeutic agents.
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Heimbürger, Mikael. "Endothelial cell interactions with neutrophils : studies of adhesion and effects of lipoxygenase metabolites and antirheumatic drugs /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/search/diss.se.cfm?19981023heim.

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Books on the topic "Search agents"

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Meisels, Amnon. Distributed Search by Constrained Agents. London: Springer London, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-040-7.

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Real-time search for learning autonomous agents. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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J, Waring Michael, and Ponder, B. A. J. 1944-, eds. The Search for new anticancer drugs. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.

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Meisels, Amnon. Distributed search by constrained agents: Algorithms, performance, communication. London: Springer, 2008.

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Distributed search by constrained agents: Algorithms, performance, communication. London: Springer, 2008.

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Hamadi, Youssef, Eric Monfroy, and Frédéric Saubion. Autonomous search. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.

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Goeree, Jacob K. In search of stars: Network formation among heterogeneous agents. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Laurent, Michel, ed. Constraint-based local search. Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press, 2005.

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Mayer, Michael McClanahan. Persistent search: A bridge between depth-first and breadth-first search for physical agents. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.

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Linguistic geometry: From search to construction. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Search agents"

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Chen, Wen-Shyen E., and Chun-Wu R. Leng. "A novel mobile Agent search algorithm." In Mobile Agents, 162–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-62803-7_32.

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Strens, Malcolm J. A. "Learning Multi-agent Search Strategies." In Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agent Systems II, 245–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32274-0_16.

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Stilman, Boris. "Deeper Search, More Agents." In Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces Series, 107–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4439-5_5.

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Ōiwa, Ruiko. "Antibacterial Agents." In The Search for Bioactive Compounds from Microorganisms, 1–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4412-7_1.

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Tanaka, Yoshitake. "Antifungal Agents." In The Search for Bioactive Compounds from Microorganisms, 30–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4412-7_2.

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Takeshima, Hideo. "Antiviral Agents." In The Search for Bioactive Compounds from Microorganisms, 45–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4412-7_3.

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Otoguro, Kazuhiko, and Haruo Tanaka. "Antiparasitic Agents." In The Search for Bioactive Compounds from Microorganisms, 63–78. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4412-7_4.

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Komiyama, Kanki, and Shinji Funayama. "Antitumor Agents." In The Search for Bioactive Compounds from Microorganisms, 79–103. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4412-7_5.

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Jarvis, R., and M. Marzouqi. "Probabilistic Target Search Strategy." In Autonomous Robots and Agents, 17–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73424-6_3.

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Thati, Prasannaa, Chang Po-Hao, and Gul Agha. "Crawlets: Agents for High Performance Web Search Engines." In Mobile Agents, 119–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45647-3_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Search agents"

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Miyashita, Tomoyuki, and Hiroshi Yamakawa. "Optimum Design Using Search Agents." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dac-21011.

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Abstract Many optimization methods and practical softwares have been developing for many years and most of them are very effective, especially to solve practical problems. But, non-linearity of objective functions and constraint functions, which have frequently seen in practical problems, has caused a difficulty in optimization. This difficulty mainly lies in the existence of several local optimum solutions. In this study, we have proposed a new global optimization methodology that provides an information exchange mechanism in the nearest neighbor method. We have developed a simple software system, which treated each design point in optimization as an agent. Many agents can search the optima simultaneously exchanging the their information. We have defined two roles of the agents. Local search agents have roles on searching local optima by such an existing method as the steepest decent method and so on. Stochastic search agents investigate the design space by making use of the information from other agents. Through simple and several structural optimization problems, we have confirmed the advantages of the method.
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Tappler, Martin, Filip Cano Córdoba, Bernhard K. Aichernig, and Bettina Könighofer. "Search-Based Testing of Reinforcement Learning." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/72.

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Evaluation of deep reinforcement learning (RL) is inherently challenging. Especially the opaqueness of learned policies and the stochastic nature of both agents and environments make testing the behavior of deep RL agents difficult. We present a search-based testing framework that enables a wide range of novel analysis capabilities for evaluating the safety and performance of deep RL agents. For safety testing, our framework utilizes a search algorithm that searches for a reference trace that solves the RL task. The backtracking states of the search, called boundary states, pose safety-critical situations. We create safety test-suites that evaluate how well the RL agent escapes safety-critical situations near these boundary states. For robust performance testing, we create a diverse set of traces via fuzz testing. These fuzz traces are used to bring the agent into a wide variety of potentially unknown states from which the average performance of the agent is compared to the average performance of the fuzz traces. We apply our search-based testing approach on RL for Nintendo's Super Mario Bros.
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Dann, Michael, Yuan Yao, Brian Logan, and John Thangarajah. "Multi-Agent Intention Progression with Black-Box Agents." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/19.

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We propose a new approach to intention progression in multi-agent settings where other agents are effectively black boxes. That is, while their goals are known, the precise programs used to achieve these goals are not known. In our approach, agents use an abstraction of their own program called a partially-ordered goal-plan tree (pGPT) to schedule their intentions and predict the actions of other agents. We show how a pGPT can be derived from the program of a BDI agent, and present an approach based on Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) for scheduling an agent's intentions using pGPTs. We evaluate our pGPT-based approach in cooperative, selfish and adversarial multi-agent settings, and show that it out-performs MCTS-based scheduling where agents assume that other agents have the same program as themselves.
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Atzmon, Dor, Jiaoyang Li, Ariel Felner, Eliran Nachmani, Shahaf Shperberg, Nathan Sturtevant, and Sven Koenig. "Multi-Directional Heuristic Search." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/562.

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In the Multi-Agent Meeting problem (MAM), the task is to find a meeting location for multiple agents, as well as a path for each agent to that location. In this paper, we introduce MM*, a Multi-Directional Heuristic Search algorithm that finds the optimal meeting location under different cost functions. MM* generalizes the Meet in the Middle (MM) bidirectional search algorithm to the case of finding an optimal meeting location for multiple agents. Several admissible heuristics are proposed, and experiments demonstrate the benefits of MM*.
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Sormaz, Dusan N. "Agent-Based Process Sequencing Using Search Algorithms." In ASME 2006 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2006-21071.

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Process sequencing represents one of very important tasks in the process planning. The order of tasks and the use of resources are determined by sequencing, and therefore the decision carries the burden of finally optimizing the whole process plan of the part. This paper proposes a flexible, agent-based framework for process sequencing which allows for realtime selection of the sequencing algorithm, dependent on the stage of the product development. The framework has been developed around a tool called space searcher which provides for application of space search algorithms in various domain. Space searcher receives a sequencing agent which provides the sequencing algorithm and executes a space search in order to generate context-specific optimal process sequence. Several process sequencing algorithms (and corresponding agents for space searcher) are described in detail. The application of those algorithms is illustrated on few examples.
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Egan, Paul F., Jonathan Cagan, Christian Schunn, and Philip R. LeDuc. "Cognitive-Based Search Strategies for Complex Bio-Nanotechnology Design Derived Through Symbiotic Human and Agent-Based Approaches." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34714.

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Complex systems are challenging for engineers to understand and design. This work demonstrates a synergistic cognitive and agent-based methodology for developing and implementing rule-based strategies that improve human search performance in optimization design tasks. The domain of our study is the design of synthetic myosin-based systems, the biologically-based building block of muscle. We began with an initial cognitive study of users solving design tasks with three varied difficulties using a graphical user interface, and tracked how they manipulated design variables in their search process. User search behaviors resulting in the best and worst designs were then examined. Trends were identified that were used to formulate three strategies automated by computational agents solving the same tasks as the users. The most successful identified strategy implemented by the agents was a combination of univariate searches to learn parameter relationships and then applying that knowledge in greedy local searches. On one of the three tasks, an initial random search improved results. A subsequent cognitive study was conducted with users implementing the best agent-tested strategies. Users implementing the strategy performed significantly better than users performed in the first study with no provided strategy. These results show the power of synergistic human and agent-based approaches, in that cognitive-based findings can provide a starting place for computational search algorithms to begin testing strategies. Experimentation through agent-based methods via fast and extensive automated searches can then produce effective strategies that are given back to users. Our primary findings demonstrate that these agent-tested strategies significantly improve human search performance in designing these complex systems.
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Ze'evi, Tal, Roie Zivan, and Omer Lev. "Socially Motivated Partial Cooperation in Multi-agent Local Search." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/81.

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Partial Cooperation is a paradigm and a corresponding model, proposed to represent multi-agent systems in which agents are willing to cooperate to achieve a global goal, as long as some minimal threshold on their personal utility is satisfied. Distributed local search algorithms were proposed in order to solve asymmetric distributed constraint optimization problems (ADCOPs) in which agents are partially cooperative. We contribute by: 1) extending the partial cooperative model to allow it to represent dynamic cooperation intentions, affected by changes in agents’ wealth, in accordance with social studies literature. 2) proposing a novel local search algorithm in which agents receive indications of others’ preferences on their actions and thus, can perform actions that are socially beneficial. Our empirical study reveals the advantage of the proposed algorithm in multiple benchmarks. Specifically, on realistic meeting scheduling problems it overcomes limitations of standard local search algorithms.
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Abeywickrama, Tenindra, Muhammad Aamir Cheema, and Sabine Storandt. "Hierarchical Graph Traversal for Aggregate k Nearest Neighbors Search in Road Networks (Extended Abstract)." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/640.

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A k nearest neighbors (kNN) query finds k closest points-of-interest (POIs) from an agent's location. In this paper, we study a natural extension of the kNN query for multiple agents, namely, the Aggregate k Nearest Neighbors (AkNN) query. An AkNN query retrieves k POIs with the smallest aggregate distances where the aggregate distance of a POI is obtained by aggregating its distances from the multiple agents (e.g., sum of its distances from each agent). We propose a novel data structure COLT (Compacted Object-Landmark Tree) which enables efficient hierarchical graph traversal and utilize it to efficiently answer AkNN queries. Our experiments on real-world and synthetic data sets show that our techniques outperform existing approaches by more than an order of magnitude in almost all settings.
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Xu, Xiao, Mei Yang, Ge Li, and Kedi Huang. "HTN guided game tree search for adaptive CGF commander behavior modeling." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Agents (ICA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agents.2017.8015306.

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Durfee, Ed. "Session details: Agent planning and search." In AAMAS06: AAMAS '06 - 5th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems 2006. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3259922.

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Reports on the topic "Search agents"

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Tate, Austin, Jeff Dalton, Jeffrey M. Bradshaw, and Andrzej Uszok. Coalition Search and Rescue - Task Support Intelligent Task Achieving Agents on the Semantic Web. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada449044.

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Lin, Zhijuan, Xing Chen, Long Liu, Zhifeng Li, and Bing Xu. Chemo-Free Treatments in Relapsed and/or Refractory Follicular Lymphoma: A Network Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0111.

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Review question / Objective: FL is the most common indolent B cell lymphoma worldwide and patients with FL always have long term survival. However, advanced FL remains incurable and there is no universal agreement on optimal regimen to manage relapsed FL. Condition being studied: The efficacy of chemo-free regimens, including CD20 antibodies and targeted agents, in relapsed and/or refractory Follicular lymphoma. Information sources: We used the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to search the RCTs met our selection criteria. We also searched clinicalTrials.gov and the international clinical trial registry platform for completed and ongoing trials. In addition, we searched abstracts that published on American Society of Hematology (ASH), The European Hematology Association (EHA) or American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) meetings.
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Kungwankiattichai, Smith, Ben Ponvilawa, Claudie Roy, Pattaraporn Tunsing, Florian Kuchenbauer, and Weerapat Owattanapanich. Maintenance with Hypomethylating Agents after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0078.

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Review question / Objective: P: Patients with AML or MDS after allo-SCT; I: Hypomethylating agents after allo-SCT; C: Observation after allo-SCT; O: Overall survival rates. Condition being studied: Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) seem to have a range of properties favorable to post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) maintenance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. This meta-analysis was performed to review all relevant studies to compare the outcomes of patients undergoing allo-SCT for AML or MDS receiving HMA maintenance therapy with observation only. Information sources: The systematic search of the Embase and MEDLINE databases identified 4,416 articles, from which 512 duplicates were removed. This resulted in 3,904 articles available for title and abstract review. Subsequently, 3,875 articles were excluded as the article type and study design did not fulfill the inclusion criteria, or there was no report on a primary outcome of interest. The remaining 29 articles underwent full-length review and 18 of those were excluded for the aforementioned reasons. Ultimately, the eligibility criteria for our meta-analysis were met by 11 studies: 2 RCTs, 1 prospective cohort study, and 8 retrospective cohort studies.
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Marcellino, Massimiliano, and Dalibor Stevanovic. The demand and supply of information about inflation. CIRANO, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/djgr5759.

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In this article we study how the demand and supply of information about inflation affect inflation developments. As a proxy for the demand of information, we extract Google Trends (GT) for keywords such as "inflation", "inflation rate", or "price increase". The rationale is that when agents are more interested about inflation, they should search for information about it, and Google is by now a natural source. As a proxy for the supply of information about inflation, we instead use an indicator based on a (standardized) count of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) articles containing the word "inflat" in their title. We find that measures of demand (GT) and supply (WSJ) of inflation information have a relevant role to understand and predict actual inflation developments, with the more granular information improving expectation formation, especially so during periods when inflation is very high or low. In particular, the full information rational expectation hypothesis is rejected, suggesting that some informational rigidities exist and are waiting to be exploited. Contrary to the existing evidence, we conclude that the media communication and agents attention do play an important role for aggregate inflation expectations, and this remains valid also when controlling for FED communications.
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Cagan, Jonathan. Evolutionary-Driven Agent Adaptation in Optimizing Search: Initial Results. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586720.

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Moore, Mark, and Marla Spivack. A Public Value Approach to Analyzing and Intervening in National Educational Systems. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2023/10.

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Any analysis of a “National Educational System” reveals a highly complex social production system that is neither a hierarchical organization, nor a market, nor simply a misaligned system of principals and agents. It is, instead, a complex array of social actors bound together through various social structures and processes on one hand, and important functional relationships on the other. In approaching the challenge of moving that system towards sustained productivity gains, national governments naturally fall prey to the assumption that, in the principal/agent framework they are the principals of the system. But, as we have seen empirically, this idea overestimates the capacities of most central governments in developing countries (Pritchett 2013, Pritchett 2015, Moore and Spivack 2022). The world at large has learned that it is hard to centrally manage complex economies to produce economic prosperity and social equity. It is not obvious that the search for educational improvement is any less difficult. Of course, it is not wrong to imagine that the national government can become an important catalyst, motivator, and director of the system that will enhance its productivity – broadly understood. The important question, however, is how exactly it should practically do so? How can the central government develop a “strategic capacity” that can keep the widely distributed system as a whole moving towards improved performance with respect to both educational goals, and the wider economic, social, and political purposes that a polity hopes to advance through the provision of educational services. Answering that question for a broad class of national governments seeking to promoted sustained educational productivity relative to their goals is the task we will tackle in this essay (Moore and Spivack 2022).
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Johnson, Corey, Colton James, Sarah Traughber, and Charles Walker. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Implications in Neostigmine versus Sugammadex. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0005.

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Purpose/Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a frequent complaint in the postoperative period, which can delay discharge, result in readmission, and increase cost for patients and facilities. Inducing paralysis is common in anesthesia, as is utilizing the drugs neostigmine and sugammadex as reversal agents for non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Many studies are available that compare these two drugs to determine if neostigmine increases the risk of PONV over sugammadex. Sugammadex has a more favorable pharmacologic profile and may improve patient outcomes by reducing PONV. Methods: This review included screening a total of 39 studies and peer-reviewed articles that looked at patients undergoing general anesthesia who received non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers requiring either neostigmine or sugammadex for reversal, along with their respective PONV rates. 8 articles were included, while 31 articles were removed based on our exclusion criteria. These were published between 2014 and 2020 exclusively. The key words used were “neostigmine”, “sugammadex”, “PONV”, along with combinations “paralytic reversal agents and PONV”. This search was performed on the scholarly database MEDLINE. The data items were PONV rates in neostigmine group, PONV rates in sugammadex group, incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in neostigmine group, and incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in sugammadex group. Results: Despite numerical differences being noted in the incidence of PONV with sugammadex over reversal with neostigmine, there did not appear to be any statistically significant data in the multiple peer-reviewed trials included in our review, for not one of the 8 studies concluded that there was a higher incidence of PONV in one drug or the other of an y clinical relevance. Although the side-effect profile tended to be better in the sugammadex group than neostigmine in areas other than PONV, there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that one drug was superior to the other in causing a direct reduction of PONV. Implications for Nursing Practice: There were variable but slight differences noted between both drug groups in PONV rates, but it remained that none of the studies determined it was statically significant or clinically conclusive. This review did, however, note other advantages to sugammadex over neostigmine, including its pharmacologic profile of more efficiently reversing non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs and its more favorable pharmacokinetics. This lack of statistically significant evidence found within these studies consequentially does not support pharmacologic decision-making of one drug in favor of the other for reducing PONV; therefore, PONV alone is not a sufficient rationale for a provider to justify using one reversal over another at the current time until further research proves otherwise.
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Gillison, Fiona, Gemma Lannon, Bas Verplanken, Julie Barnett, and Elisabeth Grey. A rapid review of the evidence on the factors underpinning the consumption of meat and dairy among the general public. Food Standards Agency, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bmk523.

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Willingness to reduce meat and dairy consumption across the population is relatively low (12.8%-25.5%), albeit increasing. While women and higher socio-economic groups tend to show greater awareness of an environmental rationale and subsequent willingness for change, this difference does not emerge strongly in studies reporting behavioural outcomes. A broad set of search terms was used to identify literature in this area, but focused on: Evidence of the potential for behaviour change in response to sustainability, environmental and climate change agendas. The reduction of meat or dairy consumption, rather than stopping altogether. Motives and barriers to reduction rather than stopping could differ considerably. Research was also specifically searched to explore the impact of socio-demographic characteristics on willingness to reduce meat and dairy consumption. This study was used to inform the primary research on Psychologies of Food Choice: Public views and experiences around meat and dairy consumption.
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Frisancho, Verónica, and Eric Parrado. International Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean amid the COVID-19 Crisis: A Push for Digitalization? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003874.

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Remittances constitute a significant safety net for millions of households in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Consequently, changes in international transfers can be a crucial agent of transmission of the COVID-19 induced economic crisis from richer to poorer nations and from urban to rural areas. Relying on data on queries to the search engine Google between December 2018 and July 2021, this study looks at the evolution of demand for in-person versus digital international transfer services and evaluates if take-up rates of different types of service providers trace the initial drop and subsequent rebound of remittances. The recovery of remittances was accompanied by a modest and temporary increase in the interest in digital mechanisms for sending money to home countries, which is accompanied by lower demand for brick-and-mortar service providers.
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Swinson Evans, Tammeka, Suzanne West, Linda Lux, Michael Halpern, and Kathleen Lohr. Cancer Symptoms and Side Effects: A Research Agenda to Advance Cancer Care Options. RTI Press, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.rb.0016.1707.

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Cancer survivors have unique physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health needs. These can include symptoms and side effects associated with cancer and cancer treatment, such as pain, cognitive dysfunction, insomnia, and elevated anxiety and depression. This research brief summarizes a landscape review done for the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) to develop a clear, comprehensive understanding of the state of research as of the mid-2000s. We conducted a targeted search strategy to identify projects funded by federal and commercial sources and the American Cancer Society (ACS) in addition to identifying funding opportunities released by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). We conducted additional review to identify studies focused on symptom and side-effect measures and five priority topic areas (selected by PCORI prior to the review) in the following five databases (from January 2005- through September 2015) with an inclusion criteria in an adapted PICOTS framework (populations, interventions, comparators, outcomes, time frames, and settings). We identified 692 unduplicated studies (1/2005 to 9/2015) and retained 189 studies about cancer symptom and side-effect management. Of these studies, NIH funded 40% and the ACS 33%. Academic institutions, health care systems, other government agencies, and private foundations or industry supported the remainder. We identified critical gaps in the knowledge base pertaining to populations, interventions, comparators (when those are relevant for comparative effectiveness reviews), and outcomes. We also discovered gaps in cross-cutting topics, particularly for patient decision-making studies, patient self-management of cancer symptoms and side effects, and coordinated care.
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