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Journal articles on the topic 'Seashells'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Li, Tong, Rui Xin, Dongli Wang, Lili Yuan, Donghui Wu, and Ximeng Wu. "Research Progress on the Applications of Seashell Adsorption Behaviors in Cement-Based Materials." Buildings 13, no. 5 (May 15, 2023): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051289.

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The use of seashells to replace traditional cement-based materials and study their adsorption capacity for pollutants can expand the functional engineering application range of cement-based materials. A large amount of seashell waste is produced in coastal areas every year. How to deal with and utilize this seashell waste is a common problem faced by coastal countries and regions. This paper first reviews the principles of adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms to demonstrate the adsorption mechanism of shell materials. Then the effects of pH, contact time, temperature, pollutant concentration and other factors on the adsorption of heavy metal ions and basic dyes to seashells are discussed. Finally, the relevant applications of seashells in the construction field are reviewed. The results showed that the optimal pH value in the process of seashell adsorption was 5–7, the active site on the surface of the seashell particles was limited, and that it would reach saturation at a certain concentration, but would not further increase with the increase of time. The active site area of the seashell would increase with the decrease of particle size, so the selection of seashell powder with small particle size was conducive to enhancing the absorption capacity and removal efficiency. The experimental use of seashells instead of cementitious materials or natural aggregates in cement-based materials showed good adsorption capacity and would have a wide range of application prospects in permeable concrete and architectural coatings. By analyzing the research progress on factors influencing seashell adsorption performance and the applications of seashell adsorption behaviors in cement-based materials, this paper could provide ideas and methods for the design of functional cement-based adsorption materials from multiple angles.
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2

Bamigboye, Gideon O., Uchechi E. Okechukwu, David O. Olukanni, Daniel E. Bassey, Uchechukwu E. Okorie, Joshua Adebesin, and Kayode J. Jolayemi. "Effective Economic Combination of Waste Seashell and River Sand as Fine Aggregate in Green Concrete." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 8, 2022): 12822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912822.

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This research elucidates the idea of eco-friendly concrete and highlights the benefits attainable from its effective practice towards sustainable construction materials. The design mix employed a water/cement ratio of 0.5, a concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4, varying percentages of 2.5 mm seashells, 4.75 mm river sand as fine aggregates, and granite 20 mm as coarse aggregates. Laboratory tests showed that the true slump was achieved for all mixes as a decrease in workability was observed with seashell additions. Compressive strength declined with increasing percentages of seashells at all curing ages (7, 14, and 28 days). No seashell-modified mix achieved the target strength for concrete grade 25. Nevertheless, the 10 and 20% seashell blends obtained strength requirements for concrete grade 20. The splitting tensile strength results indicated that 10–50% seashell-concrete blends yield acceptable splitting tensile strength after 28 days of curing. Correlation and regression analysis showed that compressive strength has a high negative correlation with seashell percentage and a significant correlation with splitting tensile strength. However, no significant correlation was seen between seashell percentage and splitting tensile strength. Models were further developed for predicting workability, splitting tensile strength, and compressive strength, with seashell percentage data. Green concrete production, which reutilizes waste seashells should be promoted, bearing in mind its environmental sustainability and economic prospects.
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3

Taqa, Ghada A., Banan N. Al-Hussary, and Nazhan Th Kashmola. "Preparing of Nano-Hydroxyapatite from Seashell and Mixed with Gold to Repair Bony Defect of Mandibular Bone in Rabbits." Iraqi Journal of Industrial Research 10, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53523/ijoirvol10i1id278.

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The objectives of the present study were undertaken to prepared hydroxyapatite powder from seashell and convert this to nano size and then added to gold nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: The seashells was cleaned and the phosphoric acid was added. The product was inserted in oven then calcined in the muffled furnace, to evaporate CO2 and getting the white crystalline powder which indicated presence of hydroxyapatite. This powder was converted to nanoparticle. Gold 1% mixed with prepared seashell nano hydroxyapatite. The characteristics of the prepared nano hydroxyapatite from seashell, were studied by the FTIR infrared spectrophotometer. The most biocompatible nano hydroxyapatite estimation by chemical test and examine prepared nano hydroxyapatite from seashell alone or when mixed with gold 1% in vivo to detect the effectiveness on reparing bone defect in mandibulare rabbits. Results: The results of an infrared measurement (FTIR Spectroscopy) for prepared nano hydroxyapatite showed that the chemical structure and band have the same FTIR spectrum of standard nano hydroxyapatite and have the same nano traits as the chemical test showed a yellow precipitation consisting in the nHA seashells. As an indication of biocompatibility and increase Bone Mineral Density by repairing bone defect in rabbits. And when added gold to nano hydroxyapatite, increased the efficacy of bone remodeling and repair bone. Conclusions: The possibility of preparing nanoparticles for hydroxyapatite from seashell are simple and inexpensive feedstock's and can be successfully produced by chemical precipitation technology from seashells with a phosphoric acid solution.
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4

Zhu, Yunpeng, Da Chen, Xiaotong Yu, Ruiwen Liu, and Yingdi Liao. "Properties of Cementitious Materials Utilizing Seashells as Aggregate or Cement: Prospects and Challenges." Materials 17, no. 5 (March 6, 2024): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17051222.

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Nowadays, the sustainable development of the construction industry has become a focus of attention. Crushing and grinding waste seashells originating from the fishery industry, such as oyster shells, cockle shells, mussel shells, and scallop shells, into different particle sizes for usage as aggregate and cement in concrete or mortar provides an effective and sustainable solution to environmental problems by reducing natural resource dependence. Numerous studies have attempted to analyze the suitability of waste seashell as a possible alternative to natural aggregates and cement in concrete or mortar. This paper presents an up-to-date review of the characteristics of different types of waste seashell, as well as the physical, mechanical, durability, and other notable functional properties of seashell concrete or mortar. From the outcome of the research, waste seashell could be an inert material, and it is important to conduct a series of proper treatment for a better-quality material. It is also seen from the results that although the mechanical properties of seashell concrete have been reduced, they all meet the required criteria set by various international standards and codes. Therefore, it is recommended that the replacement of seashells as aggregate and cement should not exceed 20% and 5%, respectively. Seashell concrete or mortar would then have sufficient workability and strength for non-structural purposes. However, there is still a lack of investigation concerning the different properties of reinforced concrete members using seashells as the replacement of aggregate or cement. Further innovative research can solidify its utilization towards sustainable development.
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5

Jasni, Sofia Adibah, Khairunisa Muthusamy, Hanis Nadiah Ruslan, Hussein Hamada, and Ezahtul Shahreen Ab Wahab. "Use of Seashell as Cement Replacement in Construction Material: A Review." CONSTRUCTION 4, no. 1 (March 3, 2024): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/construction.v4i1.10001.

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Growing construction industry boost cement manufacturing industry which consume a large amount of natural resources and releases greenhouse gases during cement production affects the environment. A lot of researchers attempt to find alternatives in integrating waste into concrete mixes and can be reused in cementitious construction material. Seashells are one of the waste materials that would give harm to their own biodiversity as it would occupy the landfills and seashores. Seashell is known to be very hard and protective on the outer layer produced by an animal that lives in the sea. This review paper is focused in using seashells as cement replacements in construction material. This academic review paper examines the potential of utilizing seashells, including various types such as a cockle, clam, oyster, and scallop as a sustainable and environmentally beneficial alternative to traditional usage in construction. By exploring the practical applications and economic viability of seashell-based concrete, this research aims to contribute to the broader discourse on eco-friendly construction practices and sustainable resources utilization in the construction industry.
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6

Kumar, Kiran, Vineetha Anil, Sara Hamed, and Ruwa Malik. "Investigating possibilities for using sea shell on compressive strength properties of concrete." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.8 (March 1, 2018): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.9399.

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The reason of this attempt was to demonstrate that seashells can be utilized as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete for enhancing strength properties. Since seashells are widely available everywhere in coastal and seashore areas, and some of the concrete materials cannot be found easily everywhere. The strategies utilized as a part of this attempt was to replace burnt and crushed seashells with fine aggregate at 10%, 20% and 30% and compare it with each other and the traditional Ordinary Portland Cement concrete regarding mechanical properties following 7 and 28 days. In conclusion, despite the fact that seashells are generally accessible and can be effortlessly gathered from seashore and beach front regions, the process of burning and crushing requires a lot of energy and is tedious. In spite of the fact that the results demonstrated that utilizing 20% seashell to fine aggregate substitution has a somewhat higher in compressive and flexural properties than that of Ordinary Portland Cement concrete.
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7

Gärtner, Stefanie, Angelina Graf, Carla Triunfo, Davide Laurenzi, Stefan M. Schupp, Gabriele Maoloni, Giuseppe Falini, and Helmut Cölfen. "Turning Seashell Waste into Electrically Conductive Particles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 7256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137256.

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Biomaterials such as seashells are intriguing due to their remarkable properties, including their hierarchical structure from the nanometer to the micro- or even macroscopic scale. Transferring this nanostructure to generate nanostructured polymers can improve their electrical conductivity. Here, we present the synthesis of polypyrrole using waste seashell powder as a template to prepare a polypyrrole/CaCO3 composite material. Various synthesis parameters were optimized to produce a composite material with an electrical conductivity of 2.1 × 10−4 ± 3.2 × 10−5 S/cm. This work presents the transformation of waste seashells into sustainable, electronically conductive materials and their application as an antistatic agent in polymers. The requirements of an antistatic material were met for a safety shoe sole.
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8

Abutu, J., S. A. Lawal, M. B. Ndaliman, R. A. Lafia-Araga, and A. S. Abdulrahman. "Effects of Particle Size Distribution on the Properties of Natural-Based Composite." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 4, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.04.04.2019.05.

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In this study, locally sourced natural materials (coconut shells and seashells) were used separately to produce composites. The powders were sieved with sieve size of 10 µm and characterized using a particle size analyser (DLS) in order to ascertain their particle size distribution. Also, the effects of particle size distribution on the performance of sourced coconut shells and seashells-based composite was investigated. About 52% of the characterized powder was afterward used along with other ingredients (35% binder, 8% alumina and 5% graphite) to produced composites using moulding pressure (14 MPa), moulding temperature (160 ºC), curing time (12 min) and heat treatment time (1 hr). The performance of the composites was thereafter evaluated using standard testing procedures. The results of particle size analysis indicated that the seashell powder (0.27) possesses lower distribution width (PDI) compared to the coconut shell powder (0.342) while the coconut shell (542.3 nm) showed lower Z-average diameter compared to the seashell powder (1096 nm) with some little traces of nanoparticles (<10 µm). Also, the experimental results obtained from composite characterization indicated that the coconut shell-based samples exhibited better performance in terms of its mechanical and tribological properties compared to the seashell-based samples.
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9

Leiva-Vega, Javier, Carolina Shene, and Danela Silva-Ferrer. "OPTIMIZATION OF NEUTRALIZING POWER OF Mytilus chilensis SEASHELLS IN ACID ALLUVIAL SOIL OF ÑUBLE COAST." Chilean journal of agricultural & animal sciences 39, no. 2 (2023): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29393/chjaa39-18onjd30018.

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Seashells, residues from mussel (Mytilus chilensis), Hupé 1854 processing, are an environmental load on the coasts of southern Chile. The main component of this waste is calcium carbonate, which is commonly used to neutralize soil acidity. Its application in meadows is limited due to the large quantities (tons) required. The objectives of this work were to determine the most appropriate type of mussel seashells (M. chilensis) as a source of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) for pH neutralization of an alluvial acidic soil collected from Ñuble Coast, and to identify its optimal dose. The seashell doses were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve a soil pH close to neutral and a relatively high neutralizing power, which was defined in comparison to the pH increase achieved with commercial CaCO3. Seashells with organic matter was the most suitable formulation for increasing soil pH with a high relative neutralizing power (94%), requiring a dose of 23% (w/w) to achieve soil pH values close to neutral. The fitted quadratic model explains 98.9% of variation inexperimental data. This work lays the foundations for future studies aimed to find new agricultural and/or livestock applications of wastes from the shellfish industry.
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10

Fowler, Deborah R., Hans Meinhardt, and Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz. "Modeling seashells." ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 26, no. 2 (July 1992): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/142920.134096.

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11

Cortie, M. B. "Digital seashells." Computers & Graphics 17, no. 1 (January 1993): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0097-8493(93)90054-d.

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12

Woods, David. "Caligula's Seashells." Greece and Rome 47, no. 1 (April 2000): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gr/47.1.80.

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There can be no student of Roman history who has not, at one time or other, pondered the significance of the emperor Caligula's (A.D. 37–41) alleged command to his soldiers to gather seashells for transportation back to Rome as the spoils of war. It is with some trepidation, therefore, that I dare to offer yet another interpretation of an event which, as we shall see, has not lacked commentators.
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13

Noor Mustaqim Mohamed and Shamsu Mohamad. "ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL STRENGTH AND POROSITY LEVELS OF STONEWARE CLAY WITH A MIXTURE OF ORGANIC WASTE AS CERAMIC BODIES." Jurnal Gendang Alam (GA) 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/ga.v11i2.3638.

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The dumping of unused organic waste from various sectors has had a negative impact on the environment and will also affect human health if it is not treated properly. However, waste such as seashells should not be considered as garbage simply because it has some interesting features to be used as research material. This study was conducted to analyze the physical strength and porosity rate of stoneware clay that has been mixed with organic waste to produce ceramic body. These experiments are conducted in a practical studio and apply physical test based on standard experiments. This study also discusses the potential of organic wastes such as seashells to be applied in clay bodies to produce ceramics. The researcher will conduct experiment on the sample to see the rate of porosity and strength after bisque firing 900℃ and 1000℃. The results found that a mixture of seashell powder by 10 per cent was able to improve the physical properties after firing at a temperature of 1000℃. The FC 3 sample had reached the highest strength on the strength test. Therefore, it is hoped that this study can be a guide for ceramic makers to produce clay formulations with a mixture of seashell powder that has the potential to increase the physical strength of ceramics while applying sustainability elements to protect the environment through the concept of waste recycling
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14

Fan, Guopeng, Honglin Liu, Chaochao Liu, Yanhua Xue, Zihao Ju, Sha Ding, Yuling Zhang, and Yuanbo Li. "Analysis of the Influence of Waste Seashell as Modified Materials on Asphalt Pavement Performance." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 6788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196788.

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An increasing amount of waste seashells in China has caused serious environmental pollution and resource waste. This paper aims to solve these problems by using waste seashells as modified materials to prepare high-performance modified asphalt. In this study, seashell powder (SP) and stratum corneum-exfoliated seashell powder (SCESP) were adopted to prepare 10%, 20% and 30% of seashell powder-modified asphalt (SPMA) and stratum corneum-exfoliated seashell powder-modified asphalt (SCESPMA) by the high-speed shear apparatus, respectively. The appearance and composition of two kinds of SPs were observed and determined by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The types of functional groups, temperature frequency characteristics, low temperature performance and adhesion of SPMA were tested by the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR) and contact angle meter. The results show that the SP and SCESP are rough and porous, and their main component is CaCO3, which is physically miscible to asphalt. When the loading frequency ranges from 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz, the complex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) of SPMA and SCESPMA increase and decrease, respectively. At the same load frequency, SCESPMA has a larger G* and a smaller δ than SPMA. At the same temperature, SCESPMA has a larger rutting factor (G*/sin δ) and better high-temperature deformation resistance than SPMA. SP and SCESP reduce the low-temperature cracking resistance of asphalt, of which SCESP has a more adverse effect on the low-temperature performance of asphalt than SP. When SP and SCESP are mixed with asphalt, the cohesion work (Waa), adhesion work (Was) and comprehensive evaluation parameters of water stability (ER1, ER2 and ER3) of asphalt are improved. It is shown that both SP and SCESP have good water damage resistance, of which SCESP has better water damage resistance than SP. These research results have important reference value for the application of waste biological materials in asphalt pavement.
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15

Li, Yuandong, Yangfan Wang, Shi Wang, Ronger Zheng, Zhenmin Bao, and Yuan Lu. "Preliminary study of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for Mg/Ca investigation in cultured scallop shells." Journal of Laser Applications 35, no. 2 (May 2023): 022018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000937.

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The element ratio of Mg/Ca is a primary proxy in studying the composition of seashells, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a practical technique for elemental analysis. In this work, we tried to apply LIBS to investigate the Mg/Ca ratio in cultured seashells of two scallop species ( Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis). It was found that LIBS was capable of tracking Mg/Ca variation on the cross section of the scallop shell ( Chlamys farreri), and the variation trend was well verified by the measurement of SEM-EDS. Based on this, LIBS detection was carried out for Mg/Ca investigation on another species of the scallop shell ( Patinopecten yessoensis), and the intensity ratio of Mg/Ca presented a similar variation to δ18O measurement under mass spectroscopy. The result also indicated that the LIBS technique is appropriate in the Mg/Ca investigation for scallop shells, and in cultured scallops, the Mg/Ca ratio would be equally useful for tracking temperature variations. In the future, LIBS is expected to be developed as a diagnostic tool in seashell cultivation, and more elemental compositions would be involved in this kind of investigation.
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16

Barnett, Adrian. "She sells seashells." New Scientist 226, no. 3026 (June 2015): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)30617-5.

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17

Marquez, Erwene Teh, and Pedro M. Avenido. "Bioaccumulation potential of marine bivalve seashells on heavy metals along the intertidal zone of selected coastal barangays in malita davao occidental, Philippines." South Florida Journal of Development 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 2915–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv3n2-104.

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This project has two components namely: Project 1 on assessment of marine bivalve seashells and Project 2 on bioaccumulation potential of heavy metals. It was conducted to determine species density, abundance and sizes of marine bivalve seashells, substrate type and the concentration of heavy metals from the collected tissue samples. Transect Line Quadrat Method was used to assess marine bivalve seashells while the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to quantify the concentration of heavy metals. There were 13 species of bivalve seashells identified with Anadara satawi which exhibited highest the density and relative abundance, whereas, Gafrarium tumidum obtained the highest mean for length and width. However, Fine sands substrate exhibited the highest percentage value and was considered as major substrate type in the project areas. In terms of the bioaccumulation potential of marine bivalve seashells on heavy metals, Anadara sp. were observed to have concentration of Zinc, while concentration of Copper was high in Grafrarium sp. However, Lead and Mercury were observed with lowest concentrations in all project sites.
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18

Marquez, Erwene Teh, and Pedro M. Avenido. "Bioaccumulation potential of marine bivalve seashells on heavy metals along the intertidal zone of selected coastal barangays in malita davao occidental, Philippines." South Florida Journal of Development 3, no. 3 (May 3, 2022): 3079–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv3n3-003.

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This project has two components namely: Project 1 on assessment of marine bivalve seashells and Project 2 on bioaccumulation potential of heavy metals. It was conducted to determine species density, abundance and sizes of marine bivalve seashells, substrate type and the concentration of heavy metals from the collected tissue samples. Transect Line Quadrat Method was used to assess marine bivalve seashells while the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to quantify the concentration of heavy metals. There were 13 species of bivalve seashells identified with Anadara satawi which exhibited highest the density and relative abundance, whereas, Gafrarium tumidum obtained the highest mean for length and width. However, Fine sands substrate exhibited the highest percentage value and was considered as major substrate type in the project areas. In terms of the bioaccumulation potential of marine bivalve seashells on heavy metals, Anadara sp. were observed to have concentration of Zinc, while concentration of Copper was high in Grafrarium sp. However, Lead and Mercury were observed with lowest concentrations in all project sites.
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19

Chegenizadeh, Amin, Mahdi Keramatikerman, Faizan Afzal, Hamid Nikraz, and Chee Keong Lau. "An Investigation into Performance of Cement-Stabilized Kaolinite Clay with Recycled Seashells Exposed to Sulphate." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 8367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208367.

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Sulphate attack is one of the key issues in geotechnical engineering. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the seashell to reduce negative impacts of the magnesium sulphate concentration on the cement-stabilized clay mixtures by performing a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. Three percent of cement (3, 5 and 7%) was utilized in this study. In addition, the benchmark and exposed specimens were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days before testing and exposure, respectively. A series of the compaction tests were conducted and the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD) values were achieved. In the next stage, the UCS tests were performed on the specimens containing 10, 20, or 30% seashell contents and the specimens were exposed to sulphate concentration. Scanning electron microscope morphology had indicated that seashells are a suitable replacement for cement. Qualitative X-ray diffraction had shown that the presence of magnesium sulphate reduces the formation of calcium silicate hydrate, which causes durability issues in cement-stabilized soils. The results indicated that seashell is effective to improve the sulphate resistance of cement-stabilized soil.
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20

Abdallah, Yomna K., and Alberto T. Estévez. "Biowelding 3D-Printed Biodigital Brick of Seashell-Based Biocomposite by Pleurotus ostreatus Mycelium." Biomimetics 8, no. 6 (October 23, 2023): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8060504.

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Mycelium biocomposites are eco-friendly, cheap, easy to produce, and have competitive mechanical properties. However, their integration in the built environment as durable and long-lasting materials is not solved yet. Similarly, biocomposites from recycled food waste such as seashells have been gaining increasing interest recently, thanks to their sustainable impact and richness in calcium carbonate and chitin. The current study tests the mycelium binding effect to bioweld a seashell biocomposite 3D-printed brick. The novelty of this study is the combination of mycelium and a non-agro–based substrate, which is seashells. As well as testing the binding capacity of mycelium in welding the lattice curvilinear form of the V3 linear Brick model (V3-LBM). Thus, the V3-LBM is 3D printed in three separate profiles, each composed of five layers of 1 mm/layer thickness, using seashell biocomposite by paste extrusion and testing it for biowelding with Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium to offer a sustainable, ecofriendly, biomineralized brick. The biowelding process investigated the penetration and binding capacity of the mycelium between every two 3D-printed profiles. A cellulose-based culture medium was used to catalyse the mycelium growth. The mycelium biowelding capacity was investigated by SEM microscopy and EDX chemical analysis of three samples from the side corner (S), middle (M), and lateral (L) zones of the biowelded brick. The results revealed that the best biowelding effect was recorded at the corner and lateral zones of the brick. The SEM images exhibited the penetration and the bridging effect achieved by the dense mycelium. The EDX revealed the high concentrations of carbon, oxygen, and calcium at all the analyzed points on the SEM images from all three samples. An inverted relationship between carbon and oxygen as well as sodium and potassium concentrations were also detected, implying the active metabolic interaction between the fungal hyphae and the seashell-based biocomposite. Finally, the results of the SEM-EDX analysis were applied to design favorable tessellation and staking methods for the V3-LBM from the seashell–mycelium composite to deliver enhanced biowelding effect along the Z axis and the XY axis with <1 mm tessellation and staking tolerance.
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21

Assaad, Joseph Jean, and Marianne Saba. "Use of Seashell and Limestone Fillers in Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers for Masonry Mortars." Minerals 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020186.

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Mortars intended for plastering and masonry works normally comply to EN 413-1 and/or ASTM C91 specifications. This paper seeks to assess the suitability of geopolymers (GPs) composed of metakaolin and seashell wastes for masonry applications. The sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate activators contained air-entraining molecules to secure about 10% ± 2% air content. Just like the cement-based mortars, test results showed that the mechanical properties of GPs including the compressive strength, flexural strength, pull-off adhesion, and water sorptivity decreased when the seashell concentration increased in the mixture. This was mainly related to a dilution effect that reduces the aluminosilicate precursor content and formation of rigid bonds. The replacement of limestone filler by seashell powder slightly increased the mechanical properties, which was attributed to higher seashell hardness that densifies the microstructure and provides additional resistance to support the external stresses. Yet, the grinding of seashells into fine powder required higher energy than what is needed for the comminution of clinker or limestone. The use of GPs is particularly advantageous for masonry applications, as it speeds up the construction operations while eliminating the hassle of moist curing normally required with cement-based plasters.
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22

Hamidu, Kirumirah Mubarack, Ibrahim Mohammed Issa, and Masoud Yussuf. "The Seashell Business and Its Supply Chain in Zanzibar." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 6, no. 7 (October 10, 2023): 748–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v6i7.1367.

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Despite the critical activities of people live in the coastal areas, plus efforts undertaken by fisherfolk, and government in improving the supply of sea resources, seashells supply chain has been regarded to have meagre enhancement economic contributions to the livelihood of coastal community in Zanzibar. This poses considerable challenge in the improvement of the seashell business development in Zanzibar. This study examined the entire seashell business supply chain, the current status of the business and challenges hindering the growth of the business in Zanzibar. The study was qualitative in nature with a case study design. Data were collected from 45 participants who were purposively and conveniently sampled. Data were collected through in-depth interviews (IDI), document review and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Data obtained were analyzed by content analysis done manually. Findings reveal that currently; the status of seashell business is described differently by different people. While others consider it valuable others see it invaluable. Findings further reveal that government restrictions on seashell export and limited research on the business hinder its growth. Thus, the study recommends to the government to invest massively in research so as to unveil more opportunities presented by the seashell. These opportunities may open room for more development ventures.
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23

Bhutto, Ikhlaque Ahmed. "To Explore the Effect of Modified Seashell on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite." Quaid-e-Awam University Research Journal of Engineering, Science & Technology 20, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52584/qrj.2002.12.

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This research paper proposes a sustainable and feasible technique to utilize seashell waste. The utilization of seashells offers economic and environmental benefits because of their abundant, renewable, and cheap source of calcium carbonate. The technique will reduce the hazards of seashell waste generated to the environment and landfilling that cause risk to water sources and public health. Moreover, the synthesized bio − CaCO3 will reduce the end-product cost of the polymer. The successful synthesis of bio-calcium carbonate powder (bio − CaCO3) was carried out using a calcinations technique up to 800°C from seashells. The high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite samples were prepared via the industrially preferred melt route by varying the shell powder content by 10% and 20% by weight. The composite was subjected to Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC), and mechanical analysis. TGA confirmed the thermal behavior of synthesized bio − CaCO3. The thermal degradation temperature of bio − CaCO3 and virgin HDPE were distinctly observed at 734 °C and 443 °C, respectively, in composite samples. The thermal stability was increased by more than 37 °C in the composite sample at 20% bio − CaCO3 loadings. The percent crystallinity also increased by 14% for higher bio − CaCO3 loadings when compared to virgin HDPE. DSC analysis showed no significant changes in melting points and was not affected by the addition of bio − CaCO3 and remained at about 134 °C in virgin and composite samples. This observation is attributed to the similar crystal structures in all samples. The HDPE composite sample showed higher tensilestrength, about 25%, than virgin HDPE. In addition, HDPE10 and HDPE20 composite samples showed lowerelongation at break when compared to virgin HDPE in accordance with the literature.
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Moulton, Derek E., Alain Goriely, and Régis Chirat. "How Seashells Take Shape." Scientific American 318, no. 4 (March 20, 2018): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0418-68.

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Lim, Joseph. "Structural Prototypes from Seashells." Journal of Architectural Education 56, no. 3 (February 2003): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/104648803321219251.

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Ansell, A. D. "Seashells of Eastern Arabia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 196, no. 1-2 (March 1996): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(96)90040-4.

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Asmi, Dwi, Adriyansah Adriyansah, and Ismono Hadi. "EDUKASI PEMBUATAN SOUVENIR WISATA BERBASIS SEASHELL-RESIN BAGI MASYARAKAT PESISIR TERDAMPAK TSUNAMI DI DESA KUNJIR RAJABASA LAMPUNG SELATAN." Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Sakai Sambayan 6, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jss.v6i2.355.

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Kegiatan edukasi dalam pembuatan souvenir wisata berbasis seashells-resin di Pantai Mahani Kunjir Lampung Selatan bertujuan untuk melatih dan mendampingi masyarakat pesisir terdampak tsunami Selat Sunda 2018, khususnya anak-anak muda yang tergabung dalam Kelompok Sadar Wisata (Pokdarwis) Bina Remaja agar pengetahuan dan keterampilannya dalam pembuatan souvenir unik sebagai icon desa wisata dapat ditingkatkan dan dikembangkan. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah pendekatan berbasis masyarakat melalui kegiatan edukasi, pelatihan dan pendampingan, serta monitoring dan evaluasi. Produk souvenir seashell-resin berbentuk kerang, ikan, udang, dan kuda laut baik untuk gantungan kunci maupun fridge-magnet telah berhasil dibuat dalam kegiatan ini. Selain itu produk hybrid cangkang kerang, batu karang dan resin juga telah berhasil dibuat. Indikator keberhasilan kegiatan ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya peningkatan yang signifikan sebesar 85 % dalam pengetahuan, 85 % dalam keterampilan praktek, dan 86 % dalam produk. Produk wisata souvenir seashell-resin yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan pengabdian ini dijadikan sebagai icon souvenir Pantai Mahani desa wisata Kunjir
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M. S. F., IKU, G. A. M. K. DEWI, and M. WIRAPARTHA. "INTERNAL ORGANS OF ISA BROWN CHICKENS AGED 104 WEEKS FED WITH CALCIUM THAT WAS DERIVED FROM SEASHELLS IN THEIR RATION." Majalah Ilmiah Peternakan 24, no. 2 (August 4, 2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mip.2021.v24.i02.p08.

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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of calcium from seashells flour in commercial rations on the internal organs of isa brown chickens aged 104 weeks, carried out in Pesedahan Village, Manggis District, Manggis Regency, Karangasem for 4 weeks. Using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments consistend of five replications used three isa brown chikens. The treatments given were commercial rations whithout adding seashells flour (P0/control), commercial ransum plus 1%, 2% and 3% calcium seashells flour (P1, P2, and P3). The variables observed were hearth weight, liver weight, pancreatic weight, bile weigthand spleen weight. The results showed that the addition of calcium shellfish flour 1%, 2%, and 3% in commercial rations had no significant effect on hearth weight, liver weight, pancreatic weight, bile weigthand spleen weight. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the addition of calcium seashells flour 1%, 2%, and 3% in commercial rations did not affect heart weight, liver weight, pancreatic weight, bile weigth and spleen weight
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Woon, Chin Peow, Poi Ngian Shek, Mahmood Md Tahir, and Ahmad Beng Hong Kueh. "Compressive Strength of Ground Waste Seashells in Cement Mortars for Masonry and Plastering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.167.

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For environmental protection and sustainable development, many research studies have been carried out on the utilization of waste materials in construction such as fly ash, mine tailings, slags, construction and demolition waste, wood sawdust, rice husk ash, crumb rubber and etc. In this study, two types of waste seashells; green mussel and cockle were tested experimentally to replace fine aggregate in cement mortar. The compressive strength of the cement mortar with seashells were compared with those of a control mortar that was made of a conventional river sand. The main parameter of this study was the proportion of ground seashells used as sand replacement (25%, 50%, 75% or 100% by weight). Incorporation of cockle in cement mortar resulted in higher compressive strength as compared to conventional mortar up to 110 percent. However, incorporation of green mussel resulted in decrement in compressive strength by 67 percent. The results indicate that ground seashells can be applied as a sand replacement in mortar mixes and may improve the compressive strength of rendering and plastering mortar.
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Guo, Yuchen, Xuancang Wang, Guanyu Ji, Yi Zhang, Hao Su, and Yaolu Luo. "Effect of Recycled Shell Waste as a Modifier on the High- and Low-Temperature Rheological Properties of Asphalt." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 10271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810271.

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The deteriorating ecological environment and the concept of sustainable development have highlighted the importance of waste reuse. This article investigates the performance changes resulting from the incorporation of shellac into asphalt binders. Seashell powder-modified asphalt was prepared with 5%, 10%, and 15% admixture using the high-speed shear method. The microstructure of the seashell powder was observed by scanning electron microscope test (SEM); the physical-phase analysis of the seashell powder was carried out using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) test; the surface characteristics and pore structure of shellac were analyzed by the specific surface area Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) test; and Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) qualitatively analyzed the composition and changes of functional groups of seashell powder-modified asphalt. The conventional performance index of seashell powder asphalt was analyzed by penetration, softening point, and ductility (5 °C) tests; the effect of seashell powder on asphalt binder was studied using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) at high and low temperatures, respectively. The results indicate the following: seashell powder is a coarse, porous, and angular CaCO3 bio-material; seashell powder and the asphalt binder represent a stable physical mixture of modified properties; seashell powder improves the consistency, hardness, and high-temperature performance of the asphalt binder but weakens the low-temperature performance of it; seashell powder enhances the elasticity, recovery performance, and permanent deformation resistance of asphalt binders and improves high-temperature rheological properties; finally, seashell powder has a minimal effect on the crack resistance of asphalt binders at very low temperatures. In summary, the use of waste seashells for recycling as bio-modifiers for asphalt binders is a practical approach.
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Sarikaya, Mehmet, Katie L. Gunnison, and Ilhan A. Aksay. "Seashells as a natural model to study ceramic-polymer composites." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100154767.

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Interests in ceramic/polymer composites are increasing mainly because of their superior physical properties for structural and electronic applications. Naturally produced composites, such as seashells, are ideal to study the formation, microstructure, and physical properties of these composites as these materials have far superior properties with well-defined microstructures than man-made ones which require complex fabrication techniques. In this paper, a summary of a recent study on the microstructure of abalone shell (Haliotis refuscens) will be described in conjunction with its mechanical properties.A longitudinal cross-section of abalone shell displays two types of microstructures: outer prismatic layer and inner nacreous layer. Two forms of CaCO3, calcite (rhombohedral, ) and aragonite (orthorhombic, Pmcn) constitute the inorganic component of the organic/ceramic composite in the prismatic and nacreous layers, respectively. The structure and properties of the nacreous will be described here as this is the part which provides a good combination of mechanical properties for the seashell.
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von Ahnen, Mathis, Per Bovbjerg Pedersen, and Johanne Dalsgaard. "Nitrate removal from aquaculture effluents using woodchip bioreactors improved by adding sulfur granules and crushed seashells." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 9 (April 3, 2018): 2301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.148.

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Abstract This study examined the effects on nitrate removal when adding sulfur granules and crushed seashells to a woodchip bioreactor treating aquaculture effluents. Using a central composite design, the two components were added at three levels (0.000, 0.125 and 0.250 m3/m3 bioreactor volume) to 13 laboratory-scale woodchip bioreactors, and a response surface method was applied to find and model the optimal mixture ratios with respect to reactor performance. Adding 0.125 m3/m3 sulfur granules improved the total N removal rate from 3.27 ± 0.38 to 8.12 ± 0.49 g N/m3/d compared to pure woodchips. Furthermore, the inclusion of crushed seashells together with sulfur granules helped to maintain the pH above 7.4 and prevent a production (i.e., release) of nitrite. According to the modeled response surfaces, a sulfur granule:crushed seashell:woodchip mixture ratio containing about 0.2 m3 sulfur granules and 0.1 m3 crushed seashells per m3 reactor volume would give the best results with respect to high N removal and minimal nitrite release. In conclusion, the study showed that N removal in woodchip bioreactors may be improved by adding sulfur granules and seashells, contributing to the optimization of woodchip performance in treating aquaculture effluents.
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Sarfika, Rika, Ezi Anggraini, Meza Silvana, and Ihsani Mahzelfi. "PELATIHAN PENGOLAHAN MAKANAN BERBAHAN KHAS SUMBER ALAM NAGARI AMPIANG PARAK PESISIR SELATAN." Jurnal Hilirisasi IPTEKS 4, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jhi.v4i3.509.

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Processing natural foodstuffs such as seafood require special skills to produce processed products of high selling value. The purpose of the activity is to conduct training in processing food from natural ingredients into healthy snacks. This activity was attended by UMKM Umi Wiwik and the community in the Padang Tae village, Kenagarian Ampiang Parak Pesisir Selatan. The method is carried out through 4 stages; socialization, demonstration, mentoring, dan evaluation. The training materials provided are in the form of explanations about healthy food ingredients, how to process food from fish and seashells, and how to serve and package processed foods. The training was carried out for 8 hours provided by a culinary expert (chef). The activities resulted in various healthy snack products made by partners with recipes provided by the chef, such as fish pilus, fish sticks, meatballs seashell, and nuggets seashell. Based on the results, the activity implementation team and partners agreed to plan further activities to procure socialization about marketing and business management and business development into a legal entity business.
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Saha, Papita Das, Jaya Srivastava, and Shamik Chowdhury. "Removal of phenol from aqueous solution by adsorption onto seashells: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2013): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2013.070.

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The efficacy of seashells as a new adsorbent for removal of phenol from aqueous solutions was studied by performing batch equilibrium tests under different operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial phenol concentration, and temperature. The phenol removal efficiency remained unaffected when the initial pH of the phenol solution was in the range of 3–8. The amount of phenol adsorbed increased with increasing initial phenol concentration while it decreased with increasing temperature. The adsorption equilibrium data showed excellent fit to the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 175.27 mg g−1 at pH 4.0, initial phenol concentration = 50 mg L−1, adsorbent dose = 2 g and temperature = 293 K. Analysis of kinetic data showed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Activation energy of the adsorption process, calculated using the Arrhenius equation, was found to be 51.38 kJ mol−1, suggesting that adsorption of phenol onto seashells involved chemical ion-exchange. The numerical value of the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0) indicated that adsorption of phenol onto seashells was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic under the examined conditions. The study shows that seashells can be used as an economic adsorbent for removal of phenol from aqueous solution.
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Ratnawati, Kania, Firda Ainun Nisah, and Yona Tasya Azizie. "The Effect of Substitution of LDPE Plastic, Coconut Fiber, and Seashell as Mixed Raw Materials for Paving Blocks." Jurnal Pijar Mipa 19, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jpm.v19i1.6392.

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Human life is inseparable from the use of plastic in everyday life. LDPE plastic significantly impacts the environment as it is difficult to decompose naturally. On the other hand, natural waste such as seashells and coconut fiber are often found without further processing needs to recycle. To overcome this issue, there must be an effort to recycle these wastes. This research aims to determine the substitution effects of recycled products (LDPE plastic, seashells, coconut fiber) in producing paving blocks. The paving block is made with 2 main variations: a mixture of LDPE plastic and seashells (X1 and X2) and a mixture of LDPE plastic and coconut fiber (Y1 and Y2). The results show that paving block X has a higher compressive strength than paving block Y. The best paving block mixture is variation X2, which has a maximum load of 11 kN, a compressive strength of 46.797 kgf/cm2, and a maximum water absorption capacity of 4,8 %. The compressive strength values from the variations of the produced paving blocks are below the quality requirements set by SNI03-060292-1996. However, producing paving blocks with LDPE plastic, seashells, and coconut fiber can positively address waste issues in the Karawang Regency community through recycling practices.
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36

Schneider, Ralph. "Sea levels from ancient seashells." Nature 508, no. 7497 (April 2014): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13328.

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37

Raffi, J., C. Hasbany, G. Lesgards, and D. Ochin. "ESR detection of irradiated seashells." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 47, no. 11-12 (November 1996): 1633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(96)00241-2.

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38

Akella, Kiran. "Biomimetic designs inspired by seashells." Resonance 17, no. 6 (June 2012): 573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-012-0063-2.

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Pearse, Warren H. "Bright seashells on the sand." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 168, no. 4 (April 1993): 1071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(93)90349-n.

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40

Illert, C., and C. A. Pickover. "Generating irregularly oscillating fossil seashells." IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 12, no. 3 (May 1992): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/38.135910.

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41

Peceño, Begoña, Carlos Leiva, Bernabé Alonso-Fariñas, and Alejandro Gallego-Schmid. "Is Recycling Always the Best Option? Environmental Assessment of Recycling of Seashell as Aggregates in Noise Barriers." Processes 8, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070776.

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Waste recycling is an essential part of waste management. The concrete industry allows the use of large quantities of waste as a substitute for a conventional raw material without sacrificing the technical properties of the product. From a circular economy point of view, this is an excellent opportunity for waste recycling. Nevertheless, in some cases, the recycling process can be undesirable because it does not involve a net saving in resource consumption or other environmental impacts when compared to the conventional production process. In this study, the environmental performance of conventional absorption porous barriers, composed of 86 wt % of natural aggregates and 14 wt % cement, was compared with barriers composed of 80 wt % seashell waste and 20 wt % cement through an attributional cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment. The results show that, for the 11 environmental impact categories considered, the substitution of the natural aggregates with seashell waste involves higher environmental impacts, between 32% and 267%. These results are justified by the high contribution to these impacts of the seashell waste pre-treatment and the higher cement consumption. Therefore, the recycling of seashells in noise barrier manufacturing is not justified from an environmental standpoint with the current conditions. In this sense, it could be concluded that life cycle assessments should be carried out simultaneously with the technical development of the recycling process to ensure a sustainable solution.
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Hadi, Ahmed Namah, and Mohammed Razzaq Mohammed. "Performance of Biocomposite Materials Reinforced by Hydroxyapatite and Seashell Nanoparticles for Bone Replacement." Journal of Nanotechnology 2022 (October 18, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9156522.

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Bone defects and disorders include trauma, osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, bone tumours, arthritis rheumatoid, osteosarcoma, and iatrogenic injury. Obtaining a composite material with characteristics that mimic what bones in the human body have is a vital target for the purpose of replacing or repairing damaged bones. The key objective of this study was to develop a composite having mechanical and biological properties that resemble to a large extent native bone features. Highly biocompatible epoxy resin was reinforced by various weight fractions of seashell nanoparticles. The morphologies of the pristine bioepoxy, seashell-bioepoxy, and hydroxyapatite-bioepoxy composites were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the mechanical properties were examined by the means of tension and Izod impact tests. Besides, the influence of seashell and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the bioepoxy chemical structure and thermal properties was also evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry technique, respectively. The tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength of the seashell nanoparticle-reinforced bioepoxy were revealed to be higher than those of the unmodified bioepoxy and were significantly depended on the filler content. When the mass fraction of the reinforcement was 7 wt%, the improvement in the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength was around 46.7%, 37%, and 57%, respectively, compared to that of blank bioepoxy. In addition, these properties were higher for the composites loaded with seashell nanoparticles than those filled with commercially available hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. An enhancement in glass transition temperature for the bioepoxy after modification with both of these nanofillers was also achieved. All these features make these kinds of composites a promising option that could be used in the orthopaedic field. Furthermore, the use of seashell nanoparticles may reduce the cost of the resulted composite and alleviate the negative consequences of large quantity by-product waste seashells on the environment.
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Hussein, Fatma, and Hisham Imam. "The Effect of Eggshell and Seashell Nanoparticles Alone and Combined With Nd: YAG Laser on Occlusion and Remineralization Potential of Patent Dentinal Tubules: An In Vitro Study." Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences 13 (October 5, 2022): e43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jlms.2022.43.

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Introduction: There is an interest in developing materials with bioactive potential that could block exposed dentinal tubules. This study compared the effects of eggshell and seashell nanoparticles individually or combined with ND:YAG laser on dentinal tubules occlusion and remineralization. Methods: Fifty radicular dentin discs were prepared from freshly extracted human premolars. The smear layer created by cutting was removed using 37% phosphoric acid gel for 15 sec. The discs were divided into five groups according to the applied treatment(A) (n = 10 each): (A1) control, (A2); Nano eggshells, (A3); Nano seashells, (A4); Nano eggshells + Nd: YAG Laser, and (A5); Nano sea shell + Nd: YAG Laser. Each specimen was evaluated for tubular patency and mineral contents before and after each therapy using ESEM-EDXA energy dispersive spectroscopy for the assessment of tubule occlusion and remineralization. Results: ESEM results revealed a statistically significant decrease in the mean percent changes of the dentinal tubules number after the treatment of the experimental groups compared to the control. The greatest percent decrease was recorded in the seashell NPs + Nd: YAG laser, followed by the eggshell NPs + Nd: YAG laser, then Eggshell NPs only and then Seashell NPs only, while the lowest percentage decrease was recorded in the control group. EDXA revealed that the greatest percentage increase in Ca wt% was recorded in the Eggshell + Nd:YAG laser group, followed by Eggshell only, then Seashell only and then Seashell NPs + Nd: YAG laser, while the lowest percent increase was recorded in the control group. The post hoc test revealed no significant difference between the experimental groups. Conclusions: Both eggshell and seashell nanoparticles are effective in the occlusion and remineralization of dentinal tubules. The combined treatments with Nd: YAG laser had no benefits when compared to the effect of treatments alone.
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Owuamanam, Stephen, and Duncan Cree. "Progress of Bio-Calcium Carbonate Waste Eggshell and Seashell Fillers in Polymer Composites: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4020070.

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Disposal of massive amounts of eggshells and seashells from processing industries is a challenge. In recent years, there has been a focus to reuse these waste resources in the production of new thermoplastic and thermoset polymer materials. This paper reviews eggshell and seashell production by country and provides a perspective on the quantity of bio-calcium carbonate that could be produced annually from these wastes. The achievements obtained from the addition of recycled bio-calcium carbonate fillers (uncoated/unmodified) in polymer composites with a focus on tensile strength, flexural strength and impact toughness are discussed. To improve compatibility between calcium carbonate (mineral and bio-based) fillers and polymers, studies on surface modifiers are reviewed. Knowledge gaps and future research and development thoughts are outlined. Developing novel and innovative composites for this waste material could bring additional revenue to egg and seafood processors and at the same time reduce any environmental impact.
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45

Yuan, Quan, Botao Chen, Bin Chen, and Zeyun Wang. "New Insight into the Toughening Mechanisms of Seashell: From Arch Shape to Multilayer Structure." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3817985.

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A seashell is a closed three-dimensional curved surface formed by two symmetrical open shells. Three-point bending is performed on a pure aragonite straight beam (PASB) model and a multilayer structure curved beam (MSCB) model to elucidate the structure-property relationships of seashells. The integrity of the PASB is broken because of the introduction of a soft layer, but this drawback is compensated by the peculiar arch shape and the internal multilayer structure. The effective modulus, stiffness, and fracture energy of MSCB increase with an increase in volume fraction, aspect ratio of aragonite platelet, overlap ratio of hard layers, and ratio of the elastic modulus of the hard layer to the shear modulus of the soft layer. New design disciplines drawn from the MSCB model are peculiar arch shape, internal multilayer structure of larger volume fraction, and aspect ratio of hard layers and nanoscaled soft layers.
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46

Morrison, Hope. "She Sells Seashells (review)." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 62, no. 5 (2009): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.0.0640.

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47

Moulton, D. E., A. Goriely, and R. Chirat. "Mechanical growth and morphogenesis of seashells." Journal of Theoretical Biology 311 (October 2012): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.07.009.

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48

Leung, H. M., and Sujeet K. Sinha. "Scratch and indentation tests on seashells." Tribology International 42, no. 1 (January 2009): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2008.05.015.

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49

Tiwary, Chandra Sekhar, Sharan Kishore, Suman Sarkar, Debiprosad Roy Mahapatra, Pulickel M. Ajayan, and Kamanio Chattopadhyay. "Morphogenesis and mechanostabilization of complex natural and 3D printed shapes." Science Advances 1, no. 4 (May 2015): e1400052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400052.

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The natural selection and the evolutionary optimization of complex shapes in nature are closely related to their functions. Mechanostabilization of shape of biological structure via morphogenesis has several beautiful examples. With the help of simple mechanics-based modeling and experiments, we show an important causality between natural shape selection as evolutionary outcome and the mechanostabilization of seashells. The effect of biological growth on the mechanostabilization process is identified with examples of two natural shapes of seashells, one having a diametrically converging localization of stresses and the other having a helicoidally concentric localization of stresses. We demonstrate how the evolved shape enables predictable protection of soft body parts of the species. The effect of bioavailability of natural material is found to be a secondary factor compared to shape selectivity, where material microstructure only acts as a constraint to evolutionary optimization. This is confirmed by comparing the mechanostabilization behavior of three-dimensionally printed synthetic polymer structural shapes with that of natural seashells consisting of ceramic and protein. This study also highlights interesting possibilities in achieving a new design of structures made of ordinary materials which have bio-inspired optimization objectives.
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Vardhanabhuti, Barames, Parames Kamhangrittirong, and Korakot Amornworawit. "The Engineering Properties of Kaolinitic Clay and Burning Shell Activated by Alkali Solution." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1795.

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The use of kaolinitic clay, which chemical compound consists of mainly silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3), mixing with charred seashells, consisting of mainly calcium oxide (CaO), could be improved by polymerization process. The ratio of kaolinitic clay and charred seashells used in the study ranges from 1: 0.6 to 1: 1.6 by weight. After curing for 28 days, the improved material has the ultimate compressive strength in the range of 3.7 to 7.9 MPa. In additions, the improved material has good heat resistance property. The utilization of natural waste materials together with polymerization technique could improve the material properties to meet the demand of construction industry in the future.
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