Relevant bibliographies by topics / Seat belts

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Seat belts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Seat belts"

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Akl, Ziad, Mona Akl, Charli Eriksson, Mervyn Gifford, and Dalal Koustuv. "Evaluating Seat Belt Use in Lebanon (1997-2017)." Open Public Health Journal 12, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501912010127.

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Introduction:The use of seat belts has made a significant contribution to the reduction of road traffic casualties, and the risk inherent with not wearing seat belts in all seats of a vehicle is now well-known worldwide. The use of seat belts has a major role in reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in all types of motor-vehicles crashes.Aim:The aim of this study is to understand the reasons behind the variation in seat belt use over the past two decades in Lebanon. It analyzes the situation and suggests recommendations to improve seat belt use in Lebanon.Design:Nine observational studies had been conducted in Lebanon during the last two decades between 1997 and 2017, and one qualitative study was performed in 2017.Results:The results show a significant variation in the use of the seat belt. When enforcement efforts are in progress, seat belt use increases. While when there are no checkpoints and the enforcement of seat belt use is almost absent, a significant fall was noticed.Discussion:The results of this study proved the failure of the Lebanese government in saving hundreds of lives just by a simple measure of enforcing seat belt law. Although experiences from various countries prove that such laws usually have a long-lasting effect on seat belt use, Lebanon failed to pursue the successful implementation of this law due to security and political problems.Conclusion:During the past two decades, Lebanon witnessed continuous fluctuations in seat belt use. Outside few short enforcement campaigns, our observations showed lack in seat belt use. Our observations of seat belt use among drivers and front seat passengers showed a significant correlation between seat belt use and the enforcement of seat belt law.The greatest national benefits from seat belt use are obtained when wearing rates are very high. This can be achieved only through a sustained enforcement campaign alongside other seat belt wearing interventions such as publicity and education.
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Nemire, Kenneth. "Seat belt use by adult rear seat passengers in private passenger, taxi, and rideshare vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601896.

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Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. There are no observational studies comparing use of seat belts by front and rear seat adult passengers in the United States (U.S.), and no comparisons of rear seat belt use by adult passengers in private, taxi, and rideshare vehicles. This observational study of drivers and adult passengers in two cities, one with a primary and the other with a secondary seat belt enforcement law, found the laws affected seat belt use by drivers but not by rear seat passengers, and that rear seat passengers wore seat belts more in private vehicles than in taxis. The latter result was not because of lack of seat belt availability in taxis. Results also showed that modeling of seat belt use by drivers had little effect on seat belt use by rear seat passengers. Results from rideshare vehicles was mixed. Implications for future research and countermeasures are discussed.
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Crump, Caroline, Robyn Brinkerhoff, and Douglas Young. "Passenger Seat Belt Usage Rates on Shuttle Buses." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601907.

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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently published a final rule requiring lap/shoulder seat belts in all new large motorcoaches and buses manufactured on or after November 28, 2016 (NHTSA, 2013). Studies of vehicle belt use in passenger vehicles demonstrate that many factors other than availability influence whether a seat belt is used by an individual in a particular circumstance. The present observational study examined passenger seat belt use in airport shuttle buses traveling short distances over urban roads with frequent stops, in four U.S. cities. Seat belts were used very rarely when provided - only 1% (2 out of 156) of passengers buckled up. These findings are consistent with other studies of passenger seat belt use in motorcoach buses, and suggest that without concomitant legislation mandating and enforcing seat belt usage, the vast majority of bus passengers are unlikely to use seat belts even when provided.
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Page, Randy M. "Role of Parental Example in Preadolescents' Use of Seat Belts." Psychological Reports 59, no. 2 (October 1986): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.985.

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A survey of 256 middle-school students showed that parental example plays an important role in the use of seat belts by preadolescent children. Those who reported having ever seen one of their parents wear a seat belt were significantly more likely to wear their own seat belts than children who reported not ever seeing their parents wear a seat belt.
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Abduljabbar, Ahmed Subhi. "Assessment of Drivers and Passengers Seat Belt Compliances in Baghdad City." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 5 (September 30, 2022): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(5)-21.

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Baghdad city population is growing rapidly and soon it will reach 10 million, and this has increased the number of drivers on city streets which accompanied with the absence of adequate traffic enforcement and traffic control devices to match this increase. Current research main objective is to assess city drivers and passenger’s compliance to use seat belts as a safety precaution. The study consists of two main surveys conducted in the field considering gender, vehicle type, and other drivers characteristics. The first one consists of a questionnaire asking respondents to answer multiple choice questions about seat belt use and other questions associated with respondents’ demographics. Whereas second part involves observing seat belt use among city drivers and passengers at selected locations. Also, we sought information about seat belt use as a driver, front seat passenger, and rear seat passenger. Only 20% of the sample in field observational survey were wearing seat belt as a driver. Printed questionnaire reveals that only 12% are used to buckle up all the time, and 28% never use seat belt in their life, and the rest use seat belt occasionally. Seat belt rates for passengers were 5% only, and most passengers do not care about seat belts and many cars have disabled or malfunction seat belts. Four reasons for putting seat belt were considered and ranked as to avoid injuries, to avoid fines, to follow seat belt law, and wearing seat belt when people in the same car are wearing it.
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Jeffery, R. S., and P. L. Cook. "Seat belts and reclining seats." Injury 22, no. 5 (September 1991): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(91)90111-q.

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Spital, Martha, Aaron Spital, and Robin Spital. "The Compelling Case for Seat Belts on School Buses." Pediatrics 78, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.78.5.928.

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The ability of seat belts to reduce injuries and fatalities in vehicular accidents has been established beyond question. Nevertheless, most school buses are not equipped with seat belts. The available evidence shows that seat belts would provide added safety for our children in school buses, just as they do in the family car. Moreover, the use of seat belts on school buses would foster a lifelong habit of seat belt use. By exerting their considerable influence in the community, physicians can contribute a great deal to the nationwide campaign to require the use of seat belts on school buses. If this campaign is successful, not only will our children ride their school buses in greater safety, but a whole generation of young Americans will learn a habit that is known to reduce drastically the number of tragic highway injuries and deaths.
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Kapdi, Rupal A., Pimal Khanpara, Rohan Modi, and Manish Gupta. "Image-based Seat Belt Fastness Detection using Deep Learning." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 23, no. 4 (December 24, 2022): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v23i4.2027.

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The detection of seat belts is an essential aspect of vehicle safety. It is crucial in providing protection in the event of an accident. Seat belt detection devices are installed into many automobiles, although they may be easily manipulated or disregarded. As a result, the existing approaches and algorithms for seat belt detection are insufficient. Using various external methods and algorithms, it is required to determine if the seat belt is fastened or not. This paper proposes an approach to identify seat belt fastness using the concepts of image processing and deep learning. Our proposed approach can be deployed in any organizational setup to aid the concerned authorities in identifying whether or not the drivers of the vehicles passing through the entrance have buckled their seat belts up. If a seat belt is not detected in a vehicle, the number plate recognition module records the vehicle number. The concerned authorities might use this record to take further necessary actions. This way, the organization authorities can keep track of all the vehicles entering the premises and ensure that all drivers/shotgun seat passengers are wearing seat belts.
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Manea, A. M., M. D. Iozsa, C. Stan, and A. Ioniţă. "Finite element analysis for testing safety-belt anchorages." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1235, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1235/1/012048.

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Abstract The passive safety of the vehicle is ensured by designing optimized restraint systems to protect the occupants during the accident. The safety-belts have the role of restraining the occupants of the car on the seat during an impact or in the event of a rollover. Their retention prevents or minimizes the impact between the occupants and the interior components of the passenger compartment. Two simplified models of seat structures are proposed to determine the strength of the safety-belts anchorages. The test of the anchorage for safety-belts of the two seat models is performed in accordance with Regulation no. 14 UNECE. For the two seat models, a three-dimensional resistance structure was made. The 3D models of the seats were inserted in the FEA software. The analysis of the models is done by the finite element method with the Static Structural module of the FEA software. A tensile force is applied during the test on the safety-belts anchorages. The traction force shall be applied in the direction corresponding to the seating position, at an angle of 10°±5° above the horizontal, in a plane parallel to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. During the tests the safety-belt anchorages shall withstand the entire period of application of the traction force and the upper safety-belt anchorage shall not be displaced during the test forward of a transverse plane passing through the R point of the seat.
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Stephenson, J. "Back-seat Seat Belts." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 6 (February 13, 2002): 706—a—706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.6.706-a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seat belts"

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Patlu, Srikanth. "Occupant restraint modeling seat belt design." Ohio : Ohio University, 2001. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1174316672.

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Gavelin, Anders. "Seat integrated safety belts : a parametric study using finite element simulations." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå University of Technology, 2006. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2006/21/index.html.

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Lee, Siu-kin, and 李紹權. "A study of government regulatory policy: the compulsory use of seat belts in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31974491.

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Roberts, David Stevens. "Evaluation of a large scale intervention project to increase safety belt use in eight Virginia communities." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10222009-125152/.

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Swanno, TinaMarie. "Socialization variables related to non-usage of seat belts by 16-24 year olds." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-1/swannot/tinamarieswanno.pdf.

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Loken, Zach. "Law Enforcement Seat Belt Use: Impact of Policy and Phenomena on Use." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7402.

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Studies show that seat belt use by law enforcement officers is estimated to be at 50%, well below the national average. The purpose of this study was to explore what may be leading to reduced seat belt use by law enforcement patrol officers while also determining if different types of policies effect the level of seat belt usage by this population. The theoretical framework used in this study was Shafritz, Ott and Jang's theory of organizational culture and change. This quantitative study was conducted using a casual, quasi-experimental design; the research questions focused on understanding what phenomena may be occurring resulting in the lower seat belts by U.S. police patrol officers and what types of policies are resulting in increased seat belt usage by this population. Participants in this research consisted of 38 officers from police departments with patrol divisions. These departments were selected from the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. The research indicated that officers may have false perceptions in regard to seat belt use. Trainings should be delivered to debunk some of these myths while also providing practical seat belt use training. The results of this study can be used to develop better policies to increase seat belt usage by law enforcement officers, which would likely reduce the injuries and death as a result of auto accidents. Decreased injuries and deaths of law enforcement officers would lead to decreased insurance and workers' compensation claims that would reduce the tax and financial burden faced by citizens and jurisdictions.
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Trail, Thomas. "Community-based feedback to promote road safety." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33958.

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Lee, Siu-kin. "A study of government regulatory policy : the compulsory use of seat belts in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1985. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12316155.

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Gilmore, Michael Richard. "Safety belt promotion at community swimming pools : effects of policy, rewards, prompts, and education /." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040555/.

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Berry, Thomas Davis. "Experimental analysis of specific auditory-light safety belt reminder systems and safety belt behavior: "prods" or "prompts"." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43833.

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Safety belt reminder systems are ubiquitously present in most, if not alI automobiles sold in the United States. Past research has found that the effectiveness of these reminder systems have shown minimal social benefit in the effort to increase safety belt use. The current investigation was conducted to determine if modified reminder systems could improve safety belt use. This research used an electronically equipped research vehicle sponsored by General Motors Corporation. The vehicle's research equipment allowed for the manipulation of different auditory reminder stimuli (i.e., chime, buzzer, and voice), temporal factors (e.g., presentation delays and second reminders) I and the measurement of the driver's safety belt use. Three modifications were explored: the presentation of a Delayed Reminder, Second Reminder, and comparisons of different auditory stimuli. The vehicle also permitted a single subject repeated measure design and methodology that provided process analysis. The results showed that the Delayed Reminder appeared ineffective at increasing belt use, whereas the Second Reminder was found to increase two out of nine subjects' safety belt response rates. The differential effects between the three auditory stimuli (i.e., Chime, Buzzer, & Voice) were inconclusive, though for two subjects the Buzzer and Voice were associated with safety belt increases.
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Books on the topic "Seat belts"

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National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (U.S.). Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention. Seat belts. Atlanta, GA]: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, 2011.

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Police, Illinois State. Child safety seats: Seat belts. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 2003.

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Police, Illinois State. Child safety seats and seat belts. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 1996.

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Police, Illinois State. Child safety seats and seat belts. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 2009.

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Police, Illinois State. Child safety seats and seat belts. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois State Police, 2005.

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Isaacs, John. Seat belts and disabled people. Crowthorne: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1990.

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Kurtz, Jane. Do kangaroos wear seat belts? New York: Dutton Children's Books, 2005.

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India. Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport, and Highways. Automotive Industry Standards Committee. Law & standards, helmets & seat belts. New Delhi: Institute of Road Traffic Education, 2005.

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McNair, Cici. Detectives Don't Wear Seat Belts. New York: Center Street, 2009.

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C, Viano David, and Society of Automotive Engineers, eds. Seat belts: The development of an essential safety feature. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Seat belts"

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Shayler, David J. "Got your seat belts hooked?" In Gemini Flies!, 226–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68142-9_8.

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Massie, Bert. "Seat Belts and Disabled People." In Mobility and Transport for Elderly and Disabled Persons, 549–54. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315075525-60.

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Gabrhel, Vit, Petr Zamecnik, Veronika Kureckova, and Pavel Rezac. "Seat Belts Unfastened: Non-seat Belt Use in the Czech Republic." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 834–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60441-1_80.

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Adams, John. "The Failure of Seat Belts Legislation." In Clumsy Solutions for a Complex World, 132–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230624887_6.

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Evans, David. "Toasters, Seat Belts, and Inferring Program Properties." In Verified Software: Theories, Tools, Experiments, 354–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69149-5_38.

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Wang, Tao, Yunbo Zhou, and Ming Zhang. "A Study of the Effect of Frontal Crash Seat Belts on Driver Injury in a Certain Type of Wheeled Tactical Vehicle." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 1213–22. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_97.

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AbstractA finite element model of frontal collision of a certain type of wheeled tactical vehicle is established, and the collision test method is designed concerning the test requirements of Chinese frontal collision standard GB11551 and Chinese side collision standard GB2007 to get the acceleration inside the vehicle as well as the damage of the occupants, and the model accuracy is verified according to the results of the actual collision test and the simulation test, as well as the change of the energy in the process of the simulation. The Hybrid III 50% male dummy is placed in the driver’s seat, and under the action of different conditions and ways of restraint systems, the damage of each part of the dummy is obtained in the simulation test. The study shows that multi-point seat belts provide better occupant protection compared to traditional three-point seat belts in response to high-impact crash environments. It can improve the direction of the force on the occupant and effectively reduce the occupant injury. The final occupant WIC decreased by 25.9% relative to the initial four-point seat belt position, improving the survival rate of the occupants.
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Ross, Hugh Laurence. "Smeed’s Law, Seat Belts, and the Emperor’s New Clothes." In Human Behavior and Traffic Safety, 193–257. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2173-6_11.

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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Liberty, Paternalism, and Road Safety." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 205–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_6.

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AbstractTraffic safety measures such as seat belts, helmets, and speed limits have often been opposed by people claiming that these measures infringe on their liberty. Safety measures are often described as paternalistic, i.e., as protecting people against their own will. This chapter provides a historical account of such criticism of safety measures, beginning with nineteenth-century opposition to sanitation measures, which were claimed to threaten the freedom to drink dirty water. The historical analysis has a surprising conclusion: Opposition to safety measures does not seem to have much to do with paternalism. Some measures that would typically be described as paternalistic, such as seat belts in commercial aviation and hard hats on construction sites, have met with no significant opposition. In contrast, some of the most vehemently opposed measures, such as speed limits and the prohibition of drunk driving, cannot with any vestige of credibility be described as paternalistic. This is followed by an analysis showing that due to our tendency to follow examples set by others (herd effects), purely self-affecting behavior is much less common than what has usually been assumed. Most of the opposition to safety measures in road traffic seem to result from some individuals’ desires to engage in activities that endanger other people’s lives. The social need to restrain the satisfaction of such desires is obvious.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Liberty, Paternalism, and Road Safety." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_6-2.

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AbstractTraffic safety measures such as seat belts, helmets, and speed limits have often been opposed by people claiming that these measures infringe on their liberty. Safety measures are often described as paternalistic, i.e., as protecting people against their own will. This chapter provides a historical account of such criticism of safety measures, beginning with nineteenth-century opposition to sanitation measures, which were claimed to threaten the freedom to drink dirty water. The historical analysis has a surprising conclusion: Opposition to safety measures does not seem to have much to do with paternalism. Some measures that would typically be described as paternalistic, such as seat belts in commercial aviation and hard hats on construction sites, have met with no significant opposition. In contrast, some of the most vehemently opposed measures, such as speed limits and the prohibition of drunk driving, cannot with any vestige of credibility be described as paternalistic. This is followed by an analysis showing that due to our tendency to follow examples set by others (herd effects), purely self-affecting behavior is much less common than what has usually been assumed. Most of the opposition to safety measures in road traffic seem to result from some individuals’ desires to engage in activities that endanger other people’s lives. The social need to restrain the satisfaction of such desires is obvious.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Liberty, Paternalism, and Road Safety." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_6-1.

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AbstractTraffic safety measures such as seat belts, helmets, and speed limits have often been opposed by people claiming that these measures infringe on their liberty. Safety measures are often described as paternalistic, i.e., as protecting people against their own will. This chapter provides a historical account of such criticism of safety measures, beginning with nineteenth-century opposition to sanitation measures, which were claimed to threaten the freedom to drink dirty water. The historical analysis has a surprising conclusion: Opposition to safety measures does not seem to have much to do with paternalism. Some measures that would typically be described as paternalistic, such as seat belts in commercial aviation and hard hats on construction sites, have met with no significant opposition. In contrast, some of the most vehemently opposed measures, such as speed limits and the prohibition of drunk driving, cannot with any vestige of credibility be described as paternalistic. This is followed by an analysis showing that due to our tendency to follow examples set by others (herd effects), purely self-affecting behavior is much less common than what has usually been assumed. Most of the opposition to safety measures in road traffic seem to result from some individuals’ desires to engage in activities that endanger other people’s lives. The social need to restrain the satisfaction of such desires is obvious.
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Conference papers on the topic "Seat belts"

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Gregg, Richard H. "Observational Study of Passenger Seat Belt Usage Rates on Shuttle Buses." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2753.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In 1983, a seat belt use rate survey was published in which 9% shoulder belt use was observed for front-outboard passengers. Nearly forty years later the national estimate of seat belt use has achieved a record high of 91.6% belt use by adult front-seat passengers in 2022. In contrast, there have been very few studies conducted in order to determine seat belt use within large buses and motorcoaches. In 2013, the NHTSA published a final rule amending FMVSS 208 to require seat belts for each seating position in all new over-the-road buses. Beginning in 2016, newly manufactured buses were required to be equipped with lap and shoulder belts for each driver and passenger seat. Recent studies have reported that seat belt use on motorcoaches with relatively long routes was only 2.6%. Similarly, seat belt use in airport shuttle buses was reported to be only 1%. The present observational study was conducted to determine an updated seat belt usage rate of passengers on airport shuttle buses. The aims of this study were two-fold: 1) to personally observe shuttle bus riders and their tendencies to wear or not wear the available seat belts, and 2) to determine whether belt use rates published in recent studies could be confirmed by this study. A single observer completed the shuttle bus trips of this study, which started in July 2022 and continued until July 2023. During each trip, data was recorded for the number of people on the bus and number of people wearing their seat belt. A total of 39 rides on airport shuttle buses in three U.S. cities revealed the seat belt use rate was only 1%, reinforcing previously reported rates.</div></div>
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Scher, Irving S., Douglas E. Young, and Doris Trachtman. "The Influence of Age on the Forces Produced During Normal Seat Belt Buckling." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175551.

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Historically, the observed seat belt usage rate for occupants has varied across a number of factors (e.g., primary or secondary use law, seat location, etc.). Of these factors, the age of the driver or occupant has been consistently noted as an important characteristic that is linked to the use of the seat belt. For example, the seat belt use rate for drivers and front seat passengers in the U.S. in 2002 was estimated to be over 70% for adults [1] but over 10% less for pre-teens [2] and teenagers [3], which are generally less than 60%. This discrepancy between younger age groups and adults has been reported in several states across the country [2–5]. Eby et al. [4] reported that individuals 4–15 years old, seated in the second and third rows, wore seat belts about 50% of the time in the left and right positions. In a separate four-state observational study of teenage and older occupants by Womack et al. [6], teen seat belt use in the back seats was only 10.9%. Together, these studies indicate pre-teen and teenagers wear seat belts less frequently than comparable adult cohorts, and that they will be even less likely to wear a seat belt when they are located in the back seat positions.
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Balci, Rana, Alicia Vertz, and Wenqi Shen. "Comfort and Usability of the Seat Belts." In SAE 2001 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0051.

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Lu, Yeqiang, Hongyan Chen, and Bing Zhang. "IOT-based Seat Belts Intelligent Monitoring System." In 2016 3rd International Conference on Materials Engineering, Manufacturing Technology and Control. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmemtc-16.2016.31.

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Arndt, Mark W. "Testing of Seats and Seat Belts for Rollover Protection Systems in Motor Vehicles." In International Body Engineering Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/982295.

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White, Samuel, David Viano, and Roger Burnett. "Seat Performance and Occupant Moving Out of the Shoulder Belt in ABTS (All-Belts-to-Seat) in Rear Impacts." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-1031.

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Ensslen, Arnold, Wilfred Schwant, and Reiner Zieglschmidt. "Can We Improve the Crash Performance of Seat Belts?" In SAE Government Industry Meeting and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/851202.

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Acar, B. Serpil, and Volkan Esat. "A Computational Investigation on Seat Belt Use for Pregnant Drivers in Airbag Equipped Automobiles." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24659.

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Pregnant women are a vulnerable and sensitive group in road traffic accidents, prone to sustaining varying levels of injury following an automobile crash accident. The objective of this research is to investigate various frontal impacts that pregnant women may undergo through simulations with a computational model of the pregnant driver, ‘Expecting’. Injuries when the seat belt is properly used in an airbag equipped automobile are compared with the cases where the seat belt is not worn by the pregnant driver. Displacements and strains occurring in the uterus are presented as well as injury criteria such as HIC, 3ms maximum and maximum VC in order to demonstrate the injury levels. The responses of the pregnant driver model in varying accident conditions particularly to demonstrate the injuries that they may be exposed to when the seat belt is not worn in airbag equipped automobiles emphasise that the air bags are supplementary restraint systems, and not meant to replace seat belts.
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D, Gowtham, Harshad Bornare, Suresh Gangapuram, Manish Deoli, Kakade Ritesh, Konduru Sai, and Phani Kumar Kakani. "Integration of Seat-Belt Web-Guide Functionality in Trim Part." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-26-0018.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Restraint systems in automotives are inevitable for the safety of passengers. Seat belts are one such restraint system in automotives that prevent drivers and passengers from being injured during a crash by restraining them back. Seatbelt on automotives has interface with Body-in-white (henceforth called as BIW) and Trim parts in-order to serve its purpose at vehicle level. One such interface part of seat belt is the web guide, which assists and ensures the nylon web’s smooth motion at different seat track positions. Web-guides on automotives ensure the flawless motion of seat belt web at pillar trim areas. In this paper, we are discussing alternate ways of assisting the seat belt web without the web-guide as a separate part.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In-order to assist and ensure the motion of nylon web in its trajectory, we have extended the flange of the pillar trim involved. The paper throws light on the advantages of using an extended trim flange as web-guide for seat belt web instead of a separate web-guide (steel) part. A tentative ~80% saving per vehicle has been ensured by eliminating an external web guide and integrating it with pillar trim, without any compromise on the performance criteria.</div></div>
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Tavakoli, Massoud S., Janet Brelin-Fornari, and Varun Shetty. "Effect of Seat Belts Equipped with Pretensioners on Rear Seat Adult Occupants in High-Severity Rear Impact." In SAE World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1488.

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Reports on the topic "Seat belts"

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Levitt, Steven, and Joseph Doyle. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Child Safety Seats and Seat Belts in Protecting Children from Injury. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12519.

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Levitt, Steven. Evidence that Seat Belts are as Effective as Child Safety Seats in Preventing Death for Children Aged Two and Up. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11591.

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Levitt, Steven, and Jack Porter. Sample Selection in the Estimation of Air Bag and Seat Belt Effectiveness. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7210.

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Desai, Jairaj, Rahul Suryakant Sakhare Sakhare, Justin Mahlberg, Jijo K. Mathew, Howell Li, and Darcy M. Bullock. Implementation of Enhanced Probe Data (CANBUS) for Tactical Workzone and Winter Operations Management. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317643.

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For over a decade, segment-based probe data has been extensively used by transportation stakeholders for monitoring mobility on Indiana roadways. However, enhanced probe data from connected vehicles includes a richer dataset that can provide more detailed real-time and after-action reviews. This enhanced data includes detailed vehicle trajectories, at 3s resolution, and “event data.” This event data is near real-time and includes hard-braking events, hard-acceleration events, weather-related data, including wiper activations and some seat belt usage data. This project developed a set of methodologies and resulting visualizations that enables the use of emerging connected vehicle data in operational decision-making on work zone management and winter operations activities. Each month approximately 13 billion connected vehicle records are ingested for Indiana. During peak periods, approximately 625,000 records per minute are ingested. Without substantial processing, this large data set is “data-rich, information-poor.” This study developed techniques to rapidly assign relevant data to interstate segments so that visual graphics could be efficiently generated. This provided the ability for both real-time monitoring as well as after action assessment to identify opportunities to improve both work zone operations and winter operation activities. The summaries derived from these datasets have helped promote effective actionable dialog among agencies, contractors, and public safety colleagues towards the overarching goal of improving interstate safety and mobility.
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Funk, Steffen, and Felix Mittermayer. Biological oceanography and fishery science practical at Sea in the framework of the SeaRanger educational programme, Cruise No. AL607, February 10th – February 16th 2024, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany), SeaRanger. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al607.

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This cruise was conducted as part of the educational training of fishers in the framework of the transdisciplinary SeaRanger program which is scientifically accompanied by the Institute of marine ecosystem and fisheries Science (IMF) at the University of Hamburg (UHAM), the Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Centre for Ocean and Society (CeOS), the Thuenen-Institute for Baltic Sea fisheries (TI-OF), and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) in the framework of the joint project SpaCeParti (Coastal Fishery, Biodiversity, Spatial Use and Climate Change: A Participative Approach to navigate the Western Baltic Sea into a Sustainable Future; Grant no. 03F0914) funded by the BMBF. In order to give the fishermen as realistic an application of the standard monitoring techniques as possible, the trip was planned in such a way that the training part was integrated into a scientific monitoring programme focussing on the spawning activity of fish in the Belt Sea. By sampling a standardised station grid contributing to the joint long-term sampling efforts in the Western Baltic Sea which are internationally coordinated by the WBCF (Western Baltic cod Forum), the fishers learned how plankton, fish and water samples are taken, preserved, and analysed and gained a comprehensive insight into the hydrography and fauna of the western Baltic. Similar to the previous cruise AL606 in January 2024 conducted by the IMF no cod larvae and generally less larvae compared to previous years were observed in the Bongo 500 μm net samples from the Plankton grid stations, potentially indicating a delayed spawning activity of fish in the Belt Sea potentially related to the comparably low water temperatures in winter 2023/24. (Alkor-Berichte ; AL607)
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Selvaraju, Ragul, Hari Shankar, and Hariharan Sankarasubramanian. Metamodel Generation for Frontal Crash Scenario of a Passenger Car. SAE International, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0504.

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A frontal impact scenario was simulated using a Finite Element Model of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male (LSTC, Livermore CA) along with seatbelt, steering system and driver airbags. The boundary conditions included acceleration pulse to the seat and the outputs including injury measures in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Normalized Neck Injury Criterion (NIJ) and Chest Severity Index (CSI) were extracted from the simulations. The kinematics of the Hybrid III were validated against the kinematics of post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) available in the literature. Using the validated setup, metamodels were generated by creating a design of varying different parameters and recording the responses for each design. First, the X and Z translation of dummy along the seat is provided as input for which there was no variation in the head injury criterion (HIC). Next, the input pulse to the seat is parameterized along with the seatbelt loading and the results are obtained respectively. The outputs, in terms of injury measures, are generated in the form of metamodels as a function of the parameters. The occupant model used for the frontal crash scenario in LS-Dyna is validated against the previously available crash experimental data. A total of 100 design points was generated with a varying combination of parameters. An increase in various injury measures was observed with an increase in the scale factor of the acceleration pulse. Also, it was found that chest severity index increased with an increase in the scale factor of the seat belt loading force.
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Selvaraju, Ragul, Hari Shankar, and Hariharan Sankarasubramanian. Metamodel Generation for Frontal Crash Scenario of a Passenger Car. SAE International, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-28-0504.

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A frontal impact scenario was simulated using a Finite Element Model of a Hybrid III 50th percentile male (LSTC, Livermore CA) along with seatbelt, steering system and driver airbags. The boundary conditions included acceleration pulse to the seat and the outputs including injury measures in terms of Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Normalized Neck Injury Criterion (NIJ) and Chest Severity Index (CSI) were extracted from the simulations. The kinematics of the Hybrid III were validated against the kinematics of post mortem human surrogates (PMHS) available in the literature. Using the validated setup, metamodels were generated by creating a design of varying different parameters and recording the responses for each design. First, the X and Z translation of dummy along the seat is provided as input for which there was no variation in the head injury criterion (HIC). Next, the input pulse to the seat is parameterized along with the seatbelt loading and the results are obtained respectively. The outputs, in terms of injury measures, are generated in the form of metamodels as a function of the parameters. The occupant model used for the frontal crash scenario in LS-Dyna is validated against the previously available crash experimental data. A total of 100 design points was generated with a varying combination of parameters. An increase in various injury measures was observed with an increase in the scale factor of the acceleration pulse. Also, it was found that chest severity index increased with an increase in the scale factor of the seat belt loading force.
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Böhm, C., and N. Rayner. Summary of GEM results: Manitoba Far North Geomapping Initiative. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332503.

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The far north of Manitoba is endowed with potential for base and precious metals, diamonds, uranium, and rare metals. The goal of a collaborative project between the Manitoba Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada was to provide an advanced framework of geoscience knowledge for mineral exploration and land-use management. Bedrock mapping, geophysical surveys, and geochemical and geochronological analyses carried out in 2005 to 2011 in the far north of Manitoba showed diverse and complex rocks that record nearly two billion years of Earth history. Key advancements in understanding include a new stratigraphy and chronology of at least four metasedimentary cover sequences in the Seal River Domain, some with high potential for economic uranium, gold, and/or rare-metal mineralization; and the identification of a Neoarchean greenstone belt in the Great Island area with known gold occurrences. The discovery of remnants of ancient (3.5 Ga) cratonic lithosphere in the Seal River area also renders the region favourable for diamond exploration.
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Karstensen, Johannes, Alexandra Andrae, Ludwig Bitzan, Jakob Deutloff, Christiane Lösel, Paul J. Witting, Nils O. Niebaum, et al. Student cruise: Observing techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL529. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al529.

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Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at sea and to explore and study the impact of physical processes in the western Baltic Sea, the sea at their doorstep. The observations show a quasi-synoptic picture of the hydrography and currents in the western Baltic Sea. Twice-repeated hydrographic and current sections across the Fehmarn Belt show well the short time scales where significant changes occur. A zonal section along the deepest topography, from about 10°40'E to 014°21'E, shows very nicely the two-layer system of outflowing low salinity and inflowing North Sea water. A bottom shield anchorage shows the currents in the water column and the near-bottom temperature and salinity variations in the Fehmarnbelt area.
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Funk, Steffen, and Christian Möllmann. Monitoring winter spawning activity of Western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) (2021-25), Cruise No. AL606, January 22nd – January 30th 2024, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany), Winter cod 2021-25. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al606.

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This cruise was the fourth out of five proposed cruises in the framework of the winter cod 2021- 25 cruises of the IMF, which aim to investigate the early winter spawning activity of Western Baltic cod. For this purpose, ichthyoplankton samples and cod samples were taken on a pre-defined station grid. Cod samples were used to investigate maturity stages and condition of adult cod. Plankton samples were analysed with a focus on the occurrence of cod eggs and larvae. The data will be used to identify whether there is a shift towards earlier spawning activities of Western Baltic cod and how spawning activity differs spatially between parts of the Belt Sea. During the cruise AL606 spawning cod were found in the Kiel Bight, the Mecklenburg Bight, and the Fehmarn Belt. First analyses of BONGO-net samples revealed no occurrence of cod larvae in the sampling area during this year’s January cruise 2024. This absence of cod larvae might be a result of the relatively harsh and cold winter of 2023/24 and an associated delay in the maturation and spawning of western Baltic cod compared to the warmer previous years 2021-2023. The observation of fewer larvae of other fish species (e.g., plaice) compared to previous years supports this hypothesis. However, especially the observation of spawning and post-spawning cod in the Mecklenburg Bight during AL606 provided further evidence for the hypothesised temporal shift in spawning phenology towards an earlier onset than described in the past. (Alkor-Berichte ; AL606)
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