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Journal articles on the topic 'Seat belts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Akl, Ziad, Mona Akl, Charli Eriksson, Mervyn Gifford, and Dalal Koustuv. "Evaluating Seat Belt Use in Lebanon (1997-2017)." Open Public Health Journal 12, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501912010127.

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Introduction:The use of seat belts has made a significant contribution to the reduction of road traffic casualties, and the risk inherent with not wearing seat belts in all seats of a vehicle is now well-known worldwide. The use of seat belts has a major role in reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in all types of motor-vehicles crashes.Aim:The aim of this study is to understand the reasons behind the variation in seat belt use over the past two decades in Lebanon. It analyzes the situation and suggests recommendations to improve seat belt use in Lebanon.Design:Nine observational studies had been conducted in Lebanon during the last two decades between 1997 and 2017, and one qualitative study was performed in 2017.Results:The results show a significant variation in the use of the seat belt. When enforcement efforts are in progress, seat belt use increases. While when there are no checkpoints and the enforcement of seat belt use is almost absent, a significant fall was noticed.Discussion:The results of this study proved the failure of the Lebanese government in saving hundreds of lives just by a simple measure of enforcing seat belt law. Although experiences from various countries prove that such laws usually have a long-lasting effect on seat belt use, Lebanon failed to pursue the successful implementation of this law due to security and political problems.Conclusion:During the past two decades, Lebanon witnessed continuous fluctuations in seat belt use. Outside few short enforcement campaigns, our observations showed lack in seat belt use. Our observations of seat belt use among drivers and front seat passengers showed a significant correlation between seat belt use and the enforcement of seat belt law.The greatest national benefits from seat belt use are obtained when wearing rates are very high. This can be achieved only through a sustained enforcement campaign alongside other seat belt wearing interventions such as publicity and education.

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2

Nemire, Kenneth. "Seat belt use by adult rear seat passengers in private passenger, taxi, and rideshare vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601896.

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Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. There are no observational studies comparing use of seat belts by front and rear seat adult passengers in the United States (U.S.), and no comparisons of rear seat belt use by adult passengers in private, taxi, and rideshare vehicles. This observational study of drivers and adult passengers in two cities, one with a primary and the other with a secondary seat belt enforcement law, found the laws affected seat belt use by drivers but not by rear seat passengers, and that rear seat passengers wore seat belts more in private vehicles than in taxis. The latter result was not because of lack of seat belt availability in taxis. Results also showed that modeling of seat belt use by drivers had little effect on seat belt use by rear seat passengers. Results from rideshare vehicles was mixed. Implications for future research and countermeasures are discussed.

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Crump, Caroline, Robyn Brinkerhoff, and Douglas Young. "Passenger Seat Belt Usage Rates on Shuttle Buses." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601907.

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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently published a final rule requiring lap/shoulder seat belts in all new large motorcoaches and buses manufactured on or after November 28, 2016 (NHTSA, 2013). Studies of vehicle belt use in passenger vehicles demonstrate that many factors other than availability influence whether a seat belt is used by an individual in a particular circumstance. The present observational study examined passenger seat belt use in airport shuttle buses traveling short distances over urban roads with frequent stops, in four U.S. cities. Seat belts were used very rarely when provided - only 1% (2 out of 156) of passengers buckled up. These findings are consistent with other studies of passenger seat belt use in motorcoach buses, and suggest that without concomitant legislation mandating and enforcing seat belt usage, the vast majority of bus passengers are unlikely to use seat belts even when provided.

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4

Page, Randy M. "Role of Parental Example in Preadolescents' Use of Seat Belts." Psychological Reports 59, no. 2 (October 1986): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.985.

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A survey of 256 middle-school students showed that parental example plays an important role in the use of seat belts by preadolescent children. Those who reported having ever seen one of their parents wear a seat belt were significantly more likely to wear their own seat belts than children who reported not ever seeing their parents wear a seat belt.

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5

Abduljabbar, Ahmed Subhi. "Assessment of Drivers and Passengers Seat Belt Compliances in Baghdad City." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 5 (September 30, 2022): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(5)-21.

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Baghdad city population is growing rapidly and soon it will reach 10 million, and this has increased the number of drivers on city streets which accompanied with the absence of adequate traffic enforcement and traffic control devices to match this increase. Current research main objective is to assess city drivers and passenger’s compliance to use seat belts as a safety precaution. The study consists of two main surveys conducted in the field considering gender, vehicle type, and other drivers characteristics. The first one consists of a questionnaire asking respondents to answer multiple choice questions about seat belt use and other questions associated with respondents’ demographics. Whereas second part involves observing seat belt use among city drivers and passengers at selected locations. Also, we sought information about seat belt use as a driver, front seat passenger, and rear seat passenger. Only 20% of the sample in field observational survey were wearing seat belt as a driver. Printed questionnaire reveals that only 12% are used to buckle up all the time, and 28% never use seat belt in their life, and the rest use seat belt occasionally. Seat belt rates for passengers were 5% only, and most passengers do not care about seat belts and many cars have disabled or malfunction seat belts. Four reasons for putting seat belt were considered and ranked as to avoid injuries, to avoid fines, to follow seat belt law, and wearing seat belt when people in the same car are wearing it.

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6

Jeffery, R. S., and P. L. Cook. "Seat belts and reclining seats." Injury 22, no. 5 (September 1991): 416–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(91)90111-q.

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7

Spital, Martha, Aaron Spital, and Robin Spital. "The Compelling Case for Seat Belts on School Buses." Pediatrics 78, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.78.5.928.

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The ability of seat belts to reduce injuries and fatalities in vehicular accidents has been established beyond question. Nevertheless, most school buses are not equipped with seat belts. The available evidence shows that seat belts would provide added safety for our children in school buses, just as they do in the family car. Moreover, the use of seat belts on school buses would foster a lifelong habit of seat belt use. By exerting their considerable influence in the community, physicians can contribute a great deal to the nationwide campaign to require the use of seat belts on school buses. If this campaign is successful, not only will our children ride their school buses in greater safety, but a whole generation of young Americans will learn a habit that is known to reduce drastically the number of tragic highway injuries and deaths.

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8

Kapdi, Rupal A., Pimal Khanpara, Rohan Modi, and Manish Gupta. "Image-based Seat Belt Fastness Detection using Deep Learning." Scalable Computing: Practice and Experience 23, no. 4 (December 24, 2022): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12694/scpe.v23i4.2027.

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The detection of seat belts is an essential aspect of vehicle safety. It is crucial in providing protection in the event of an accident. Seat belt detection devices are installed into many automobiles, although they may be easily manipulated or disregarded. As a result, the existing approaches and algorithms for seat belt detection are insufficient. Using various external methods and algorithms, it is required to determine if the seat belt is fastened or not. This paper proposes an approach to identify seat belt fastness using the concepts of image processing and deep learning. Our proposed approach can be deployed in any organizational setup to aid the concerned authorities in identifying whether or not the drivers of the vehicles passing through the entrance have buckled their seat belts up. If a seat belt is not detected in a vehicle, the number plate recognition module records the vehicle number. The concerned authorities might use this record to take further necessary actions. This way, the organization authorities can keep track of all the vehicles entering the premises and ensure that all drivers/shotgun seat passengers are wearing seat belts.

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Manea, A. M., M. D. Iozsa, C. Stan, and A. Ioniţă. "Finite element analysis for testing safety-belt anchorages." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1235, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1235/1/012048.

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Abstract The passive safety of the vehicle is ensured by designing optimized restraint systems to protect the occupants during the accident. The safety-belts have the role of restraining the occupants of the car on the seat during an impact or in the event of a rollover. Their retention prevents or minimizes the impact between the occupants and the interior components of the passenger compartment. Two simplified models of seat structures are proposed to determine the strength of the safety-belts anchorages. The test of the anchorage for safety-belts of the two seat models is performed in accordance with Regulation no. 14 UNECE. For the two seat models, a three-dimensional resistance structure was made. The 3D models of the seats were inserted in the FEA software. The analysis of the models is done by the finite element method with the Static Structural module of the FEA software. A tensile force is applied during the test on the safety-belts anchorages. The traction force shall be applied in the direction corresponding to the seating position, at an angle of 10°±5° above the horizontal, in a plane parallel to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. During the tests the safety-belt anchorages shall withstand the entire period of application of the traction force and the upper safety-belt anchorage shall not be displaced during the test forward of a transverse plane passing through the R point of the seat.

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10

Stephenson, J. "Back-seat Seat Belts." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 6 (February 13, 2002): 706—a—706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.6.706-a.

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Stephenson, Joan. "Back-seat Seat Belts." JAMA 287, no. 6 (February 13, 2002): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.6.706-jwm20002-2-1.

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12

Nemire, Kenneth. "Warning signs to fasten seat belts result in higher rates of rear seat belt use in rideshare vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2046–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631515.

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Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. Passengers in the rear seat typically use their seat belts less often than drivers or front-seat passengers. Seat belt use in the back is even less frequent in vehicles for hire such as taxi cabs and rideshare vehicles than in private passenger vehicles. This observational study of adult passengers video-recorded in rideshare vehicles in San Francisco found that a sign mounted at rear passenger seated eye level, and that warned of the risks of failing to wear a seat belt, resulted in significantly higher rates of seat belt use than for rear seat passengers not exposed to the warning sign. Results also showed that age, gender, and trip duration did not have a significant effect on rear seat belt use. Implications for future research and other countermeasures are discussed.

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Jahanfar, Shayesteh. "Driving habits – A Canadian study." Trauma 20, no. 3 (August 18, 2017): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460408617724816.

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Introduction Motor vehicle accidents are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Safe driving behavior constitutes proper use of seat belts as a driver and as a passenger. The correct use of seat belts has been shown to reduce death and injury following motor vehicle accidents by more than 50%. This study aims at investigating seat belt use and driving habits among Canadians. Method A population-based database from the Canadian Community Health Survey was analyzed. Result About 12% reported that they use seat belts most of the times, rarely or never and 27% of respondents were using cellphone while driving often or sometimes; 8% of respondents admitted to driving after 2 or more alcoholic drinks. Seat belt use in taxi passengers is much lower than in own cars, with 40% not using a seatbelt all of the time when in a taxi. Discussion and conclusions The major risk factors for not wearing seat belt as a passenger include age, education, ethnicity and income.

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Walden, R. J., and GeorgeT Watts. "SEAT BELTS." Lancet 327, no. 8476 (February 1986): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90862-7.

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Kolpan, Kenneth I. "Seat belts." Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 7, no. 3 (September 1992): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001199-199209000-00013.

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Hakeem Tofiq, Ali, and Saif Hakeem Tofiq. "Road Traffic Accidents in Iraq and the Seat Belts Benefit in Minimizing the Injuries." Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 10, 2024): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjds.11.2.15.

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Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a leading cause of maxillofacial trauma and facial bone fractures. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between facial bone fractures, trauma severity, and the use of seat belts among passengers involved in road traffic accidents in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. To detect the relation of facial bone fractures and severity of trauma in relation to position of passenger and seat belts wearing during road traffic accident in Iraq, Diyala Governorate, especially these Governorate considered the main land road linking the capital and the southern governorates with the governorates of the Kurdistan province. This retrospective study examined patients with facial bone fractures admitted to Baquba Teaching Hospital in Diyala Governorate from October 2020 to September 2022. The study analyzed the data to determine the incidence of facial bone fractures and their severity in relation to the position of the passenger and the use of seat belts during road traffic accidents. Results: A total of 200 individuals were identified as having sustained 464 maxillofacial fractures as a result of road traffic accidents while seated inside a vehicle. The study revealed that the average number of fractures per patient was lowest (0.8 fractures per patient) among front passengers who were wearing seat belts. Drivers who wore seat belts had a slightly higher average number of fractures (2.8 fractures per patient). In contrast, rear passengers who did not wear seat belts had the highest average number of fractures (11 fractures per patient). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study emphasize the significant role of seat belts in reducing the occurrence of facial bone fractures, particularly for drivers and front passengers. In contrast, rear passengers who did not use seat belts were particularly vulnerable to facial bone fractures. These results underscore the importance of seat belt usage as an effective measure to minimize facial bone injuries in road traffic accidents. Further research with more comprehensive details is warranted to strengthen the understanding of the relationship between seat belt usage and facial bone fractures in Iraq.

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Paine, Michael. "Child restraints for cars in low and middle-income countries." Journal of Road Safety 31, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-19-00258.

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When used correctly, modern child restraints provide exceptional protection for children in car crashes. Most vehicles sold in high-income countries (HIC) have top tether anchorages and/or ISOFIX lower anchorages that are intended to reduce the incidence of misuse, in addition to improving occupant protection. Most vehicles in LMIC do not have these features and many do not have seat belts in rear seats or have inferior lap-only seat belts in these seats. Children in these vehicles are at much greater risk of severe injury in the event of a crash. This paper examines ways to safely restrain children in these ill-equipped vehicles, mainly through retrofitting child restraint anchorages and seat belts.

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Lovvoll, David R., Kenneth R. Laughery, Michael S. Wogalter, and Stephanie A. Terry. "Risk Perception Issues in the use of Motorized Shoulder Belt/Manual Lap Belt Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 9 (October 1994): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800901.

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Two experiments employed surveys to address seat belt experience and use as well as perceptions of risk associated with various seat belt configurations. In Experiment 1, a questionnaire was administered to two samples: 104 students at the University of Houston and 162 volunteers at a shopping mall in Raleigh, North Carolina. of primary interest was the use of manual lap belts in motorized shoulder belt systems and reasons for their use or non use. Results showed that compared to manual three point belts, usage rates for manual lap belts in the motorized system were lower. Forgetting and traveling a short distance were frequently cited as reasons for not fastening belts. Estimates of fatalities in a head-on collision scenario indicated lap belts and shoulder belts were perceived to provide equal protection. In Experiment 2, 147 students at the University of Houston completed a follow-up questionnaire. Usage patterns were virtually the same as in Experiment 1. Estimates of likelihood to use lap belts after viewing six different warnings about seat belt use showed warnings containing more explicit hazard information were likely to lead to higher use rates.

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Johnson, Dennis L., and Scott Falci. "The Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Lumbar Spine Injuries Caused by Rear Seat Lap Belts." Neurosurgery 26, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199003000-00010.

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Abstract Over the past 3 years, during a time when seat belt use has increased, we have managed nine midlumbar spine fractures in children caused by standard rear seat lap belts. Children with a lap belt injury typically complained of abdominal and back pain, and the nature of their injuries was evident by the presence of a belt-shaped abrasion across the lower abdomen. Midlumbar spine fracture may be associated with paraplegia and life-threatening visceral injury. If the spine is analyzed as a beam, the full spectrum of the reported injuries is predictable. This study shows that the rear seat belts installed as standard equipment do not meet the special needs of children. Rear seat lap belts are better than no restraints, but the addition of a shoulder restraint is strongly advocated to reduce lumbar spine injury.

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Iribhogbe, Pius Ehiawaguan, and Clement Odigie Osime. "Compliance with Seat Belt Use in Benin City, Nigeria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 23, no. 1 (February 2008): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00005495.

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AbstractIntroduction:Trauma is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A quarter of all fatalities due to injury occur due to road traffic crashes with 90% of the fatalities occurring in low- and medium-income countries. Poor compliance with the use of seat belts is a problem in many developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of seatbelt compliance in motor vehicles in Benin City, Nigeria.Methods:A five-day, observational study was conducted in strategic locations in Benin City. The compliance rates of drivers, front seat passengers, and rear seat passengers in the various categories of vehicles were evaluated, and the data were subjected to statistical processing using the Program for Epidemiology.Results:A total of 369 vehicles were observed. This consisted of 172 private cars, 64 taxis, 114 buses, 15 trucks, and four other vehicles. The seat belt compliance rate for drivers was 52.3%, front seat passengers 18.4%, and rear seat passengers 6.1%. Drivers of all categories of vehicles were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers (p = 0.000) and rear seat passengers (p = 0.000). Drivers of private cars were more likely to use seat belts compared to taxi drivers (p = 0.000) and bus drivers (p = 0.000). Front seat passengers in private cars were more likely to use the seat belt compared to front seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000). Rear seat pas-sengers in private cars also were more likely to use seat belts compared to rear seat passengers in taxis (p = 0.000) and buses (p = 0.000).Conclusions:Compliance with seat belt use in Benin City is low. Legislation, educational campaigns, and enforcement of seat belt use are needed.

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Wasserman, Richard C. "FROM THE ANNALS OF HEALTH SUPERVISION." Pediatrics 84, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.6.1071.

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Dr. Wasserman: I brought my son Corey in for his 4-year checkup 1/6/89. You were talking to him about wearing seat belts. He told you that he wears one but his Mom doesn't. When I left that day, we both put on our seat belts and minutes later we were in a car accident. I just want to thank you for reminding us to wear a seat belt. It saved both of us from being hurt. So a new rule in our household is when we get into a vehicle, the first thing is to make sure we have our seat belts on.

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Zuska, Andrzej, Damian Frej, Jerzy Jackowski, and Marcin Żmuda. "Research and Analysis of the Propagation of Vertical Vibrations in the Arrangement of a Vehicle Seat—A Child’s Seat." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 8230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248230.

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This paper deals with the issues of the impact of vertical vibrations on a child seated in a child seat during a journey. Its purpose was to assess the impact of fastening the child seats and road conditions on the level of vibrations recorded on child seats. The paper describes the tested child seats, the methodology of the tests and the test apparatus included in the measuring track. The tests were carried out in real road conditions where the child seats were located on the rear seat of a passenger vehicle. One was attached with standard seat belts, and the other with the ISOFIX base. When driving on roads with three types of surface, the following vertical accelerations were measured: seat of the child seats, the rear seat of the vehicle and the ISOfix base. The recorded accelerations were first analyzed in the time domain and then in the frequency domain. Three indexes (r.m.s, rmq and VDV) were used to assess the vibration comfort. Research has shown that the classic method of fastening a child seat with standard seat belts is more advantageous in terms of vibration comfort. Calculated indicators confirmed the negative impact of separating the child seat from the rear seat of the vehicle using the IQ ISOFIX base.

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Lubis, Abdul Jabbar, and Ade Saprin. "PERANCANGAN APLIKASI UNTUK MENDETEKSI SABUK PENGAMAN MOBIL MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA BACKPROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK (BPNN)." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.36294/jurti.v2i2.429.

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Abstract - To enforce traffic regulations on the highway, police officers face obstacles in monitoring the use of seat belts on cars because cars on the highway are always on the move and almost all cars use window film to avoid the heat of the sun entering the car. Based on the above problems, the authors build a software that can monitor or detect drivers wearing seat belts or not with Microsoft Visual C # 2010. To monitor the use of seat belts, digital cameras are used to conduct image acquisition to be processed by computers. . Furthermore, the image is studied by a system using the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) Artificial Neural Network method as the image of the driver using a seat belt. To make a detection, the test image is input that is the same size as the training image. The test results obtained the level of accuracy for image acquisition with a distance of 1 meter with a similarity using a seat belt with a maximum value of 9% and a degree of similarity without a seat belt of less than 4%. Keywords - Image, Neural Network, Backpropagation Algorithm

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Abdul Kudus Zaini, Astuti Boer, and Muhammad Irvan. "Kepatuhan Penggunaan Safety Belt Studi Kasus Dosen Universitas Islam Riau Pekanbaru." INSOLOGI: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 1, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55123/insologi.v1i1.108.

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Safety Seat belts effectively prevent car users from being injured in an accident. However, it is felt that its use has not been fully complied with by car users, depending on the awareness of the car user. The study of compliance with the use of cars in wearing seat belts was conducted to determine the characteristics that affect compliance. Primary data were obtained by conducting interviews, recording compliance with the use of seat belts with direct calculations, and speed studies. The method used in this research is quantitative and qualitative methods using primary data resulting from the random distribution of questionnaires to lecturers at the Islamic University of Riau which is then analyzed with statistical data analysis software. The safety belt compliance of the Riau Islamic University lecturers is good. Most of them are drivers, aged around 35 - 55 years, high income, and have a valid driver's license. Almost everyone understands about setting seat belts, is aware of road safety, and agrees that seat belts should be worn while the car is moving. Drivers are more obedient than front seat passengers, both on urban roads and outside cities. For people who have a driver's license, safety is the reason for compliance. People who drive around the city are more obedient than people who live outside the city. There is a significant relationship between compliance with the use of seat belts with driving speed. On arterial roads, motorists who drive at high speeds tend to be more careful and obey the rules. While on collector roads, drivers who slow down are more obedient to the rules. Meanwhile, front seat passengers will be more obedient in using seat belts if the car is moving fast.

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Manea, A. M., D. Iozsa, C. Stan, and A. Ioniță. "Experimental test to determine the strength of the seat belt anchorages." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012050.

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Abstract Experimental tests on the type-approval of motor vehicles with regard to safety belt anchorages, ISOFIX anchorages and ISOFIX top anchorages have been carried out in accordance with Regulation No. 14 UNECE [1]. From the design stage, the safety belt anchorages must comply with the requirements for the installation of a safety belt and reduce slipping and damage to the belt while wearing it. These can be components of the seat structure or of the body’s resistance structure, which have the role of fastening the seat belts. The position of the anchor points is determined by the R point. The R point is defined as the seat reference point on the seat. This point is set by the vehicle manufacturer for each seat in the vehicle. In this paper, two models of chairs were tested. Both seat models are equipped with seat belts anchored at three anchor points. Seat belt anchorages were tested simultaneously using parallel force devices. These traction devices are placed on the seat cushion and are pressed into the seat back. The pulling device has a vertical pulling arm, which has the role of anchoring the steel wire cables. Two test forces are applied simultaneously to the anchor points during the test.

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Hirsch, Lily, Hamish Mackie, Richard Scott, John de Pont, Simon Douglas, and Dylan Thomsen. "For whom didn’t it click? A study of the non-use of seat belts in motor vehicle fatalities in New Zealand." Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety 30, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jacrs-d-18-00114.

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There is an increased risk of death or serious injury for occupants who did not wear a seat belt in a crash. In New Zealand, between 2006 and 2016, the non-use of seat belts accounted for 19-30% of the overall motor vehicle road deaths, and this figure shows no sign of decreasing. It is important to better understand the contextual factors associated with crashes where seat belts are not worn, so that more relevant and effective road safety interventions can be designed and implemented. The aim of this research was to determine the profiles for seat belt non-users who were killed in motor vehicle crashes in New Zealand between 2011 and 2015. An in-depth analysis of 200 fatalities where seat belts were not worn (186 crash cases) was carried out following a Safe System framework, using NZ Police reports. Following this, a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) developed five profiles of vehicle occupants who were killed in crashes where seat belts were not worn. While the stereotypical ‘young risky’ males were an important group, a range of other people and contexts emerged: ‘driving for work’; ‘elderly and retired’; ‘overseas passengers’; and ‘people driving in rural settings’. This has implications for tailored road safety interventions, as a variety of motivations and influences are likely to be at play, depending on the people involved.

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Topal, Hatice, Sadettin Burak Açıkel, Hülya Şirin, Emine Polat, Harun Terin, Mehmet Mustafa Yılmaz, and Saliha Şenel. "Evaluation of Adolescents’ Awareness of Seat Belt Use and the Relationship with Risky Behaviors." Children 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2024): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11060656.

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The one of the leading causes of adolescent morbidity and mortality worldwide is motor vehicle accidents (MVA). The use of seat belts significantly lowers MVA fatalities and injuries. The aim of this study is to investigate adolescent seat belt usage patterns and relation with risky behaviors. The study conducted at two medical institutions with non-immigrant and literate adolescents aged 12–18. Demographics, seat belt use, and risk-taking behavior were collected through questionnaires. 726 teenagers (422 girls and 304 boys) with an average age of 176.7 ± 23.37 months participated in the study. Parents’ educational levels and front-seat belt use have been found to be correlated. Comparatively to non-users, seat belt users demonstrated lower risk scores (total, traffic, substance, and social). The use of seat belts was significantly predicted by traffic risk, according to logistic regression. The frequency of seatbelt use was higher among participants from cities with higher socioeconomic status. As a result, it was found that adolescents who exhibited more risky behaviors had a lower frequency of seat belt use and seat belt use was associated with socioeconomic level and parental education level. It is thought that population-based studies to be conducted on this subject are important.

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Wolfe, Scott, Spencer G. Lawson, Jeff Rojek, and Geoffrey Alpert. "Predicting Police Officer Seat Belt Use: Evidence-Based Solutions to Improve Officer Driving Safety." Police Quarterly 23, no. 4 (May 18, 2020): 472–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098611120923159.

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One of the hidden dangers of police work is self-imposed—the failure to wear seat belts. Unfortunately, little evidence exists concerning the factors that account for why officers do not wear their seat belts. This study used a sample of 450 police officers to develop and test a framework for understanding the predictors of seat belt use. We found several factors that were associated with the frequency of officer seat belt use: the perceived likelihood of supervisors enforcing seat belt and other driving policies, organizational justice, having a departmental colleague previously struck by a vehicle, law enforcement experience, risky driving attitudes, number of prior on-duty collisions, being a patrol officer versus supervisor, and perceived risk of being involved in a vehicle collision. We discuss the practical implications of these findings as they apply to efforts aimed at improving officer driving safety and subsequent reduction in related injuries and deaths.

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Shimamoto, Yuta, and Tarun M. Kapoor. "Cellular seat belts." Nature 468, no. 7323 (November 2010): 518–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/468518a.

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BOSSINGHAM, D., and E. ARIE. "Seat-belts again." Rheumatology 26, no. 5 (1987): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/26.5.394-a.

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Yates, D. "Rear seat belts." BMJ 299, no. 6695 (August 5, 1989): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6695.341.

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Wei, Xiu Ling, Gui Qin Chen, Xian Yu Zhang, Xin Ge Wang, and Lei Li. "Influences of Initial Forward Speed, Ground Stiffness on Seat-Belt Restraint Effectiveness in Rollover of Engineering Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.418.

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A simulation model of a certain wheel loader is established to assess the restraint effectiveness of seat belts in 90° rollover accident along slope. The restraint effectiveness of seat belts for 95th percentile human body models are simulated which wearing lap belt, three-point belt and harness at a certain speed, and the influences of initial velocity and ground stiffness are analyzed. The results show that under a certain forward speed and same ground stiffness, wearing the harness can make the operator completely restrained in the operators seat comparing with the other belts, the head excursion is smallest, and it can reduce the risk of the head striking hazardous features of the cab interior. Under the same restraint system, the dummy's injury risk is inconsistent with change of initial speed. The harness can all provide the best restraint for the operator under different forward speeds and ground stiffness.

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Pei, Mingyang, Yi Hu, and Lingshu Zhong. "Applying an extended prototype willingness model to predict back seat safety belt use in China." Electronic Research Archive 31, no. 2 (2022): 961–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/era.2023048.

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<abstract> <p>The risk of injury and death in traffic accidents for passengers in the back and front seats can be reduced by utilizing safety belts. However, passengers use back seatbelts far less frequently than those in the front. More investigation is therefore required into the psychological constructs that affect individuals' attitudes toward using back seat belts. In this study, four models were used to analyze individual intentions and actual back seat belt use: the standard theory of planned behavior (TPB); the standard prototype willingness model (PWM); a model that integrates the TPB and PWM constructs; and a model that integrates the TPB construct, PWM constructs, descriptive norms and perceived law enforcement. The results showed that the standard PWM has much more explanatory power than the standard TPB in explaining the variance in behavioral intention and behavior. Incorporating perceived behavioral control (PBC) into the standard PWM did not improve the model fit considerably, while incorporating descriptive norms and perceived law enforcement moderately improved the model fit. Attitude greatly impacted behavioral intention and the use of back seat belts, followed by perceived law enforcement and descriptive norms, while subjective norms, prototype favorability, prototype similarity and PBC had no significant effect.</p> </abstract>

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Jain, Animesh, Priya Rathi, Mnnat Gill, Isha Nirgudkar, Apoorva Hegde, Yuvraj Gulati, and Kaavya Khatri. "IJCM_246A: Estimating the prevalence of seat belt usage in motor cars: A descriptive cross-sectional study in Mangalore." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 49, Suppl 1 (April 2024): S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_abstract246.

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Background: Every year 1.25 million people die of road traffic accidents. Several safety measures can be taken to prevent RTAs. The SDG 2030 set the target to halve the number of global death and injuries from road traffic accidents by the year 2020. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of seat belt use and factors influencing it including driver characteristics, type of car and time of day and distractions while driving. Methodology: This Descriptive cross-sectional study was set on the major roads and intersections of Mangalore, recruiting the drivers and front-seat passengers in the motor cars at the time and site of observation. Results: A total of 6165 motor cars were observed. 15 (0.2%) of these cars had completely tinted car windows, therefore out of the total, 6150 motor cars could be properly observed. 70.91% (4361) of drivers were wearing seat belts. Seat belt usage among drivers was found to be higher on highways (76.6%) as compared to on residential and city roads (69.3%). In vicinity of traffic police, 76.5% of drivers were observed to be wearing seat belts in contrary only 67.8% of them were wearing seatbelts in the absence of traffic police. Prevalence of mobile phone use and other distractions amongst drivers was 2.1%. Out of 2646 adult front seat passengers observed, only 10.9% were wearing seat belts. Conclusion: Among drivers, type of motor car, traffic zone and type of road and presence of traffic police in vicinity are significantly associated factors with seatbelt usage. Among adult front seat passengers, type of motor car, traffic zone, type of road and presence of traffic police in vicinity are significantly associated. Among front seat child passengers, type of road and traffic zone are significantly associated with seat belt usage.

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Miñan-Tapia, Armando, Gloria S. Torres-Riveros, José Choque-Vargas, Madeleyni Aycachi-Incacoña, Neil Flores-Valdez, Orlando Vargas-Anahua, and Christian R. Mejia. "Use of seat belts among public transport drivers in Tacna, Peru: Prevalence and risk factors." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): e0251794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251794.

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Introduction There are individuals who still refuse to wear seat belts, despite its effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality in road traffic accidents. We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors according to the use of seat belts among public transport drivers in Tacna, Peru. Methodology This analytical transversal study was carried out among public transport drivers (buses and taxis) in a Peruvian city. Questionnaires were used to evaluate the general and occupational characteristics and the use of seat belts (observed). Descriptive statistics and risk factors were obtained, these latter through generalized linear models. Results Of the 460 drivers, 77% used their seat belts, with a difference in use depending on the type of public transport (p<0.001). In the multivariate model, the risk of not using the belt was associated with the following: older age (p<0.001), having complete studies (p<0.001), a higher level/category of driving license (3 categories had p<0.001), having a higher number of previous road traffic accidents (p = 0.011), and received medical attention in that accident (p<0.001), those who reported using a cell phone while driving (p = 0.005), if the co-driver’s belt had 3 anchorage points (p<0.001), and working for > 5 hours that day (p = 0.002). However, male drivers and those who had their belt with 3 anchorage points had greater use (both p<0.001). Conclusions One in five drivers did not use a seat belt, and important characteristics of those who did not comply with this traffic law were evaluated to generate control and intervention measures.

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Morikawa, Mamoru, Takashi Yamada, Hiromasa Kogo, Masaki Sugawara, Akira Nishikawa, Yoshiyuki Fukushi, Emi Kato Hirayama, Shin-ichi Ishioka, and Hidemichi Watari. "Effect of an educational leaflet on the frequency of seat belt use and the rate of motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy in Japan in 2018: a prospective, non-randomised control trial with a questionnaire survey." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e031839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031839.

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ObjectiveTo determine whether an educational leaflet had any effect on seat belt use, seat preference and motor vehicle accidents rate during pregnancy in Japan.DesignProspective, non-randomised control trial with a questionnaire survey.SettingEight obstetric hospitals in Sapporo, Japan.Participants2216 pregnant women, of whom 1105 received the leaflet (intervention group) and 1111 did not (control group).InterventionsDistribution of an educational leaflet on seat belt use to women in the intervention group.Primary outcome measuresThe effect of an educational leaflet on seat belt use, each pregnant woman’s seat preference and the women’s rates of motor vehicle accidents rate during their pregnancies. To evaluate the effects, the intervention group’s responses to the questionnaires were compared with those of the control group.ResultsThe proportion of subjects who always used seat belts during pregnancy was significantly higher in the intervention group (91.3%) than in the control group (86.7%; p=0.0005). Among all subjects, the percentage of women who preferred the driver’s seat was lower during pregnancy (27.0%) than before pregnancy (38.7%), and the percentage of women who preferred the rear seat was higher during pregnancy (28.8%) than before pregnancy (21.0%). These two rates did not differ between two groups. Seventy-one women (3.2%) reported experiencing a motor vehicle accident during pregnancy. The motor vehicle accident rate for the intervention group (3.3%) was similar to that for the control group (3.2%).ConclusionsAn educational seat belt leaflet was effective in raising the rate of consistent seat belt use during pregnancy, but it did not decrease the rate of motor vehicle accidents. The wearing of seat belts should be promoted more extensively among pregnant women to decrease rates of pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality from motor vehicle accidents.

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Ibrahim, Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi, Muhamad Nazri Borhan, and Nor Aznirahani Mhd Yunin. "Getting Young Drivers to Buckle Up: Exploring the Factors Influencing Seat Belt Use by Young Drivers in Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010162.

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Many car drivers in Malaysia, especially young drivers, ignore the importance of wearing seat belts. This questionnaire study employed an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) by including habit as a new construct to explain the factors influencing the behavioural intention and expectation of young Malaysian drivers to use seat belts. A total of 398 young drivers from the state of Selangor in Malaysia participated in this study. Analyses used a covariance-based structural equation modelling (CB-SEM) approach. The results showed that the variance, which indicates the intention of young Malaysian drivers to use seat belts (R2 = 0.76), is influenced by drivers’ habits and three basic constructs of the TPB (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control). The basic TPB constructs have a direct and positive impact on the intention of young Malaysian drivers to use seat belts. Drivers’ habits have a positive and direct influence on their intention to use seat belts, and an indirect influence via the attitude and perceived behaviour control constructs. Drivers’ habits do not influence subjective norms. The authors recommend implementing effective measures to encourage Malaysian drivers to use seat belts and ensure sustainable traffic safety.

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LAWS, HARRY F. "School Bus Seat Belts?" Pediatrics 82, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.82.1.134.

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To the Editor.— The recently debated issue of whether or not to put seat belts on children riding school buses seems to be gaining momentum and attempts are being made to amass data supporting their usage on grounds of safety. My observation is that safety, although it is important, is not the most important issue today on school buses. Discipline, or lack thereof, is more of an issue. Data already exist to support the use of seat belts to improve children's behavior, and it would seem to me that recommending seat belts on school buses for that purpose makes much better sense and would be rapidly adopted by school officials! Perhaps we need to adjust the thrust of our argument!

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WIDOME, MARK DAVID. "School Bus Seat Belts?" Pediatrics 82, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.82.1.134a.

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In Reply.— Dr Laws has a good idea. Sound public health concepts often gain wide acceptance because they appeal to different constituencies for different reasons. In fact, the demonstration that passenger restraint systems improve behavior of preschool children has been used successfully in the promotion of car safety seat use.1 No doubt, the perennial concern regarding student behavior might be used to advantage by those of us convinced that seat belts offer crash protection. Although there have been occasional intervention studies addressing deportment on the school bus,2 I am unaware of any in which the effect of seat belts has been looked at specifically.

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Chookah, Asma Ali. "Fasten Your Seat Belts!" Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Gulf Perspectives 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18538/lthe.v2.n2.04.

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Zerhouni, Elias A. "Fasten Your Seat Belts." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80, no. 8 (August 2005): 1058–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/80.8.1058.

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&NA;. "SAFETY THROUGH SEAT BELTS." Nursing 17, no. 6 (June 1987): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198706000-00013.

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Murphy, Mary, and Nancy Risser. "Seat Belts and Pregnancy." Nurse Practitioner 22, no. 3 (March 1997): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-199703000-00020.

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Hottenstein, Pat. "Seat belts and ostomies." Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 12, no. 3 (May 1985): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-198505000-00055.

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Pauly, Helena M. "More on seat belts." Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 12, no. 6 (November 1985): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-198511000-00061.

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O'Brien, Thomas C., and Judy A. Barnett. "Fasten Your Seat Belts." Phi Delta Kappan 85, no. 3 (November 2003): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172170308500307.

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Ralph, Leah. "Fasten Your Seat Belts…" Oncology Issues 32, no. 1 (January 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463356.2017.11884146.

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Fedorowicz, Richard J. "Seat belts save lives." Hospital Aviation 4, no. 12 (December 1985): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-8315(85)80177-7.

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MCKIE, D. "Seat Belts in Perpetuity." Lancet 327, no. 8474 (January 1986): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90706-3.

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Pearce, M. "Seat belts in pregnancy." BMJ 304, no. 6827 (March 7, 1992): 586–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6827.586.

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