Relevant bibliographies by topics / Seating of load

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Seating of load'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Seating of load"

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Pierre, David, Viswanathan Swaminathan, Laura Scholl, Kevor TenHuisen, and Jeremy L. Gilbert. "Effects of seating load magnitude and load orientation on seating mechanics in 5°40′ mixed-alloy modular taper junctions." Journal of Biomechanics 82 (January 2019): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.037.

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Igarashi, Go, Chieko Karashima, and Minoru Hoshiyama. "Effect of Cognitive Load on Seating Posture in Children." Occupational Therapy International 23, no. 1 (August 28, 2015): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.1405.

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Brown, A. M., and M. J. Pearcy. "The effect of water content on the stiffness of seating foams." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 10, no. 3 (December 1986): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093648609164520.

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The chairbound, disabled person requires a supportive cushion to distribute pressure in order to reduce the risk of pressure sores and any alteration to the load carrying capacity of the cushion may have a deleterious effect on its ability to provide adequate support. The National Health Service supplies two basic grades of polyurethane foam for wheelchair cushions and this study investigated the effect of water content on their compressive load carrying capacity. Both foams became less stiff and exhibited greater than 20% increase in deformation when containing 20% water by volume at loads encountered in seating. This decrease in stiffness may result in a dramatic change in the pressure distribution under a patient particularly if only a small section of the cushion becomes wet. This result emphasizes the need to fit waterproof coverings to these foam cushions and to maintain the integrity of the covering.
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Scholl, Laura, David Pierre, Raga Rajaravivarma, Reginald Lee, Ahmad Faizan, Viswanathan Swaminathan, Kevor TenHuisen, Jeremy L. Gilbert, and Jim Nevelos. "Effect of the support systems’ compliance on total hip modular taper seating stability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 9 (September 2018): 862–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411918790282.

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Assembly of a femoral head onto the stem remains non-standardized. The literature shows altering mechanical conditions during seating affects taper strength and lower assembly load may increase fretting corrosion during cyclic tests. This suggests overall performance may be affected by head assembly method. The purpose of this test was to perform bench-top studies to determine influence of peak force magnitude, load rate, and compliance of the system's support structure on initial stability of the taper. Custom manufactured CoCrMo femoral heads and Ti-6Al-4V taper analog samples were assembled with varying peak force magnitudes (2–10.1 kN), load rates (quasi-static vs impaction), and system compliance (rigid vs compliant). A clinically-relevant system compliance design was based off of force data collected during a cadaver impaction study. Tensile loads were then applied to disassemble the taper and quantify initial taper stability. Results indicated that taper stability (assessed by disassembly forces) increased linearly with assembly force and load rate did not have a significant effect on taper stability. When considering system compliance, a 42%–50% larger input energy, dependent on assembly force, was required in the compliant group to achieve a comparable impaction force to the rigid group. Even when this impaction force was achieved, the correlation between the coefficient, defined as distraction force divided by assembly load, was significantly reduced for the compliant test group. The compliant setup was intended to simulate a surgical scenario where patient and surgical factors may influence the resulting compliance. Based on results, surgical procedure and patient variables may have a significant effect on initial taper stability.
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Langová, Nadežda, Roman Réh, Rastislav Igaz, Ľuboš Krišťák, Miloš Hitka, and Pavol Joščák. "Construction of Wood-Based Lamella for Increased Load on Seating Furniture." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060525.

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The research on population shows that the count of overweight people has been constantly growing. Therefore, designing and modifying utility items, e.g., furniture should be brought into focus. Indeed, furniture function and safety is associated with the weight of a user. Current processes and standards dealing with the design of seating furniture do not meet the requirements of overweight users. The research is aimed at designing flexible chairs consisting of lamellae using the finite element method (FEM). Three types of glued lamellae based on wood with different number of layers and thickness were made and subsequently, their mechanical properties were tested. Values for modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were used to determine stress and deformation applying the FEM method for modelling flexible chairs. In this research, the methodology for evaluating the ultimate state of flexible chairs used to analyse deformation and stability was defined. The analysis confirms that several designed constructions meet the requirements of actual standards (valid for the weight of a user up to 110 kg) but fail to meet the requirements for weight gain of a population.
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YOSHIMURA, Yuki, and Takashi KOIZUMI. "EFFECT ON POSTURE AND PHYSICAL LOAD WHEN USING MOBILE DEVICES IN DIFFERENT SEATING STYLES." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 26, no. 63 (June 20, 2020): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.26.655.

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Addison, Owen, Amandeep Sodhi, and Garry J. P. Fleming. "Seating load parameters impact on dental ceramic reinforcement conferred by cementation with resin-cements." Dental Materials 26, no. 9 (September 2010): 915–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.05.006.

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Hooi, Paul, Owen Addison, and Garry J. P. Fleming. "Testing rate and cementation seating load effects on resin-strengthening of a dental porcelain analogue." Journal of Dentistry 41, no. 6 (June 2013): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.03.002.

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Hollington, James, Susan J. Hillman, Carmen Torres-Sánchez, Jens Boeckx, and Neil Crossan. "ISO 16840-2:2007 load deflection and hysteresis measurements for a sample of wheelchair seating cushions." Medical Engineering & Physics 36, no. 4 (April 2014): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.10.010.

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Bush, Tamara Reid, and Robert P. Hubbard. "Support Force Measures of Midsized Men in Seated Positions." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 129, no. 1 (August 5, 2006): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2401184.

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Two areas not well researched in the field of seating mechanics are the distribution of normal and shear forces, and how those forces change with seat position. The availability of these data would be beneficial for the design and development of office, automotive and medical seats. To increase our knowledge in the area of seating mechanics, this study sought to measure the normal and shear loads applied to segmental supports in 12 seated positions, utilizing three inclination angles and four levels of seat back articulation that were associated with automotive driving positions. Force data from six regions, including the thorax, sacral region, buttocks, thighs, feet, and hand support were gathered using multi-axis load cells. The sample contained 23 midsized subjects with an average weight of 76.7kg and a standard deviation of 4.2kg, and an average height of 1745mm with a standard deviation of 19mm. Results were examined in terms of seat back inclination and in terms of torso articulation for relationships between seat positions and support forces. Using a repeated measures analysis, significant differences (p<0.05) were identified for normal forces relative to all inclination angles except for forces occurring at the hand support. Other significant differences were observed between normal forces behind the buttocks, pelvis, and feet for torso articulations. Significant differences in the shear forces occurred under the buttocks and posterior pelvis during changes in seat back inclination. Significant differences in shear forces were also identified for torso articulations. These data suggest that as seat back inclination or torso articulation change, significant shifts in force distribution occur.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seating of load"

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Fridell, Anna, and Hanna Josefsson. "The influence of seating load on internal and marginal fit of a fixed dental prosthesis." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19974.

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Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur olika axiala tryck och skjuvkrafter påverkade marginal och intern passform i en sexledsbro i titan i överkäkens frontregion.Material och metod: En litteratursökning gjordes för att insamla bakgrundsmaterial. Stödtänderna 13 12 11 21 22 23 preparerades på en plastmodell för en sexledsbro och en anatomiskt utformad bro i titan framställdes med hjälp CAD/CAM. En mastermodell av stödtänderna tillverkades i epoxyresin. Genom att använda replikateknik utvärderades brons passform vid olika cementeringstryck; 20, 35, 50, 70 N och 50 N med skjuvkrafter. Varje replika snittades med hjälp av en ”jig” och cementspalten analyserades i ett mikroskop. All data granskades statistiskt.Resultat: Resultatet visade att ett tryck med 20 N generellt gav en ej acceptabel passform och ett tryck med 35 N hade en stor spridning. Vid tryck med 50 N kunde mindre cementspalter ses. De blev inte mindre vid test med 70 N. När skjuvkrafter adderades försämrades resultaten jämfört med försöken med 50 N och 70 N.Konklusion: Ett tryck vid cementering som överstiger 50 N förbättrar ej passformen markant. Närvaro av skjuvkrafter påverkar passformen negativt. Ett lägre tryck på 20 N ger dock en mindre fördelaktig passform jämfört med skjuvkrafter förutsatt att ett tillräckligt högt tryck används. Alla slutsatser var statistiskt signifikanta.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how different axial seating loads and shear loads influences the marginal and internal fit of a titanium six unit FDP in the upper jaw frontal region.Materials and Methods: A literature search was made to acquire background material. Preparations of abutment teeth for a six unit FDP 13 12 11 21 22 23 were made on plastic teeth, and an anatomically designed titanium FDP was constructed using CAD/CAM. A master cast of the abutment teeth was fabricated in epoxy resin. Using the impression replica technique the fit of the FDP was evaluated by different seating loads during cementation; 20, 35, 50, 70 N and 50 N under the presence of shear loads. The replicas were sectioned using a jig and the cement gap was analysed using a microscope. All the data were statistically analysed.Results: The results showed that a seating load of 20 N generally gave an unacceptable fit and that the seating load of 35 N had great range. At seating loads of 50 N less cement gaps could be seen, i.e. more favourable fit. These results did not improve when testing with 70 N. With a presence of shear loads the results were poorer than when testing with 50 and 70 N.Conclusions: A seating load exceeding 50 N during cementation does not markedly give a more favourable fit. The presence of shear loads affects the fit negatively. A lower seating load of 20 N gives a less favourable fit compared to shear loads provided that a seating load high enough is used. All of these conclusions were statistically significant.
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Novotný, Michal. "Vliv uložení nákladu na bezpečnost jízdy nákladního vozidla." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232467.

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The objection of this dissertation is to examine effects of stowed cargo on safety driving of a vehicle. Based on general experience of weighing trucks and monitoring of cargo fixture, my attempt was to summarize related legislative conditions of the operation of trucks in terms of payload, weighing and stowing of cargo. In the first part I worked on consistent methodology of stowing and fastening of cargo on trucks. I've included various methods of loading cargo and different ways of fastening and their calculations. The main body of the second part is a practical methodology of inspectional weighing of trucks on the road. In this section I took into account the current method and procedure of inspectional weighing and measuring of trucks. During my trial weighing of different types of trucks I proved that the key factor for safe seating and lashing of load on a vehicle is determining center of gravity of the vehicle. I solve this problem in detail in the last part of my work.
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Books on the topic "Seating of load"

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Johnson, Peter W., and Martin G. Cherniack. Vibration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0013.

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This chapter describes vibration exposure in the workplace and its adverse health consequences. Both whole-body vibration and hand-arm vibration are described. The deleterious effects from hand-arm vibration induced by power tools on peripheral nerves and small blood vessels have been documented for more than a century. Whole-body vibration increases spinal load and can contribute to muscle fatigue and deterioration of intervertebral lumbar discs. Neck pain and low back pain are also associated with whole-body vibration from various types of equipment and vehicles. The pathophysiology of various vibration-associated disorders are discussed. Prevention and control measures are described in detail. Control of whole-body vibration rests mainly on primary prevention and selection of appropriate equipment (primarily vehicle and equipment seating) to reduce whole-body vibration exposure.
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Leeke, William. The History of Lord Seatons Regiment V1: The 52nd Light Infantry at the Battle of Waterloo. Literary Licensing, LLC, 2014.

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Smith, George Charles Moore. The Life of John Colborne, Field-Marshal Lord Seaton: Compiled from his letters, records of his conversations, and other sources. Adamant Media Corporation, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Seating of load"

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Calabretta, Michele, Alessandro Sitta, Salvatore Massimo Oliveri, and Gaetano Sequenzia. "Simulation of Dynamic Stresses on High Performance Engine Valve Spring System Considering Coil Clashing Effect." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 108–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_18.

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AbstractThe valve train plays a major role in the performance of internal combustion engines by controlling the combustion process and it is therefore one of the key aspects for increasing the efficiency of combustion engines. Considering the dynamics, the spring force must be high enough to reliably close the valve preventing from seating bouncing due to surge modes after the valve closure. On the other side, the spring force should be kept as low as possible in order to reduce the engine friction losses and consequently the fuel consumption. In the high-performance engines, the valve springs have to be designed and optimized for sustaining higher stresses with compact dimensions leading to critical material and manufacturing processes. This requires a reduction of moving masses and a strong focus on design and process optimization of the coil springs for reducing the mechanical load and the friction losses at low engine speed. At the same time, valve train should be reliable at high engine speed. The calculation of stresses and contact forces for moving parts under dynamic load is essential for durability analysis. A method to calculate the contact of moving masses is described and proposed to justify valve motions experimental results. To fully understand the failure mechanism of test bed reliability trials, the dynamic stresses have been calculated modeling the real springs’ shape. The contact forces have been reproduced considering the coil clash effects and the dynamic behavior of the flexible spring.
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Zenk, R., M. Franz, and H. Bubb. "Spine Load in the Context of Automotive Seating." In Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics Series, 441–52. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1439834978-c51.

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"Spine Load in the Context of Automotive Seating." In Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics in Healthcare, 457–68. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1439834978-53.

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Disraeli, Benjamin. "Chapter XII." In Sybil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198759898.003.0022.

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‘And how do you find the people about you, Marney?’ said Lord de Mowbray, seating himself on a sofa by his guest. ‘All very well, my lord,’ replied the earl, who ever treated Lord de Mowbray with a certain degree of ceremony, especially when...
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Conference papers on the topic "Seating of load"

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Zenk, Raphael, Matthias Franz, and Heiner Bubb. "Spine Load in the Context of Automotive Seating." In 2007 Digital Human Modeling Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2485.

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Johannesson, Tomas. "Partial Meshing of Synchronous Belt Teeth." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34548.

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Synchronous belts have been used in power transmissions where synchronization is also needed since the 1940’s. In the 1960’s overhead camshaft engines were introduced and synchronous belts were used as cam belts. This made way for a new standard for belts: improvements were made in materials and profile geometry. These new belts had lower noise emissions and, at the same time, greater durability. Often, both wear and noise are generated when a belt tooth seats or unseats a pulley. A tooth is considered to be fully meshed when the whole belt pitch forms a circular arc. This is not the case for teeth in partial mesh, which occurs in seating and unseating zones. In these zones force peaks are often present. These peaks are believed to arise mainly as a result of two phenomena: one is the overlap effect due to the belt geometry not fitting the pulley, and other is the velocity difference effect. The latter is speed-dependent while the former depends on the belt and pulley profile geometries and the belt teeth positions relative to the pulley. Although force peaks of high magnitude occur, they are present at a such small part of the engagement that their contribution to power transmission can be neglected. This indicates that the positions of the belt pitches relative to the pulley pitches can be established by the load distribution from fully meshed conditions. Although the characteristics of partial mesh teeth have been improved by the introduction of new profiles and materials, problems of durability, noise and transmission error, arising from partially meshed teeth, are still present. Therefore it is important to study belt mechanics in seating and unseating zones. This paper describes a method to calculate force peakson seating and unseating. An overlap area (geometrical interference) is formed by giving belt teeth profiles displacement and checking for interference with the pulley profile. Since it is assumed that the seating and unseating force peaks do not influence the load distribution, the positions of the first and last teeth are superimposed on belt teeth profiles using the results from a quasi-static load distribution model covering fully meshed conditions. The superimposed first and last belt teeth profiles are modelled by line segments. A pulley profile is also modelled by line segments and the profiles are checked for interference. Where interference occur an overlap area is formed. The overlap is translated to a force value via correlation with belt tooth force measurements. Results from the model show good agreement with measurements when force peaks are small. This is due to the fact that the quasi-static load distribution model produces correct belt displacements for these cases. For measured force peaks of higher amplitude the seating and unseating effects are under estimated by the method. The semicircular belt geometry in combination with the hyperelastic nature of the elastomer is probably the reason. A solution is to implement a non-linear force-overlap relation. Another effect not included is the velocity difference effect. The results are sensitive to belt tooth height and radial tooth stiffness.
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Noble, Garrett J., Matthew J. Allen, Noel Fitzpatrick, and Richard T. Hart. "The Effect of Press Fit and Viscoelasticity on the Seating of a Percutaneous Endoprosthesis." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14343.

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Problems with the current, stump-socket method of prosthetic attachment for amputees include general discomfort, rashes, sores, and pain in the residual limb [1]. To alleviate these and other problems with prosthetic attachment, methods of securing a prosthetic to a skeletally-anchored percutaneous endoprosthesis are currently being developed [2]. These skeletally-anchored prosthetics provide a more direct transfer of load between a prosthetic limb and the residual limb, preventing bone resorption. This method allows patients to better sense and control their prosthesis [3, 4] and alleviates problems inherent to a prosthetic that attaches to the skin. Because the endoprosthetic device penetrates the skin, this method could also allow the direct attachment of nervous tissue to the implant which could be an important step in the future development of neuronal prosthesis control. Human clinical trials are currently underway in Sweden and the UK to test these devices in both human and animal patients.
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Kim, Mahn Shik, and Glen E. Johnson. "Mechanics of Roller Chain-Sprocket Contact: Observations About the Contact Phenomena and Load Distribution." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0089.

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Abstract In a companion paper (“Mechanics of Roller Chain - Sprocket Contact: A General Modelling Strategy” submitted for presentation at this conference), a new theoretical model to describe the quasi-static contact phenomenon between a roller and sprocket is developed from first principles. The new model includes the external loading conditions, the curvature difference between die roller and the seating curve, the net error in the chain pitch (defined as the error in the chain pitch minus the error in the sprocket pitch), and Coulomb friction between the tooth and roller, the roller and bushing, and the bushing and pin. No assumption regarding the pressure angle at each contact point is made — rather the pressure angle at each contact point is calculated during the solution. In this paper we present results generated by a computer simulation based on the new model. A comparison with experimental data taken from the literature (Naji and Marshek. 1983) indicates that excellent quantitative prediction of load distribution is possible. The simulation results suggest several practical observations about chain performance (including effects of friction, manufacturing tolerances, wear, and the incorporation of idler sprockets) and these are presented and discussed.
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Sarunac, Radovan, Terry B. Soesbee, and Shin-Ichiro Ohta. "Multi Level Boarding Bi-Level Commuter Car for North American Market." In ASME/IEEE 2004 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtd2004-66019.

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A multilevel boarding version (low and high level platform boarding) of the bi-level commuter car for the North American market has been developed. The major challenge of the bi-level carbody design with the high and lower boarding access, i.e., passenger doors, is the side sill interruption at the lower level. The side sill is the main structural member (beside the center sill) that transmits the longitudinal load from the one end of the car to the other end. Since the side sill is interrupted by placing lower level passenger doors the alternative load path had to be designed. Originally, a solution similar to the one used on the California bi-level car was considered. However, due to major differences in the equipment arrangement and seating plan, an alternative design was developed. Consequently, the LIRR carbody type was chosen, with the exception that the lower body section between bolsters, “fish belly” was similar to the MARC III section. The specific goal and the first step were to study and confirm the feasibility of the concept. As a good engineering practice, prior to the initiation of any major carbody design, a preliminary structural analysis was provided. The worst-case structural scenarios regarding door and window locations were considered. Preliminary structural analysis included linear, static, finite element carbody analysis for various loads and loads requirements defined. This study summarizes the results of the analyses for each load case. The study also comprises the investigation and applicability of the relevant laws and requirements for Tier-I passenger equipment with specific emphasis to the Bi-level car. The applicability of the Code of Federal Regulations, 49 CFR, Transportation, Parts 200 to 399 and American Public Transit Association (APTA) Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices for Rail Passenger Equipment was investigated in detail. Relevant laws, standards, and requirements for Tier-I passenger equipment were identified, categorized and prioritized. Based on the relevant standards, feasibility analysis was performed for the most demanding design. Stress contour and deflection plots from the finite element analyses are provided only for the worst-case direction for a given loading scenario. Floor and seating plans accommodating the multilevel boarding options were developed.
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van Dam, E., J. Uittenbogaard, S. A. Reinholdtsen, S. Fouques, and T. Sauder. "Reliable and Efficient Injury Assessment for Free-Fall Lifeboat Occupants During Water Entry: Correlation Study Between Lifeboat Acceleration Indicators and Simulated Human Injury Responses." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23921.

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The evacuation of personnel from an offshore installation in severe weather conditions is generally ensured by free-fall lifeboats. During the water entry phase of the launch, the lifeboat may be subject to large acceleration loads that may cause harmful acceleration-induced loads on the occupants. The present/common methodology for assessing the occupant safety of free-fall lifeboats uses one single characteristic launch to perform injury risk analysis for a given free-fall lifeboat launch condition that includes e.g. weather conditions, lifeboat and host installation loading conditions. This paper describes an alternative methodology to fully assess the risk of injury for lifeboat occupants during water entry by introducing a correlation model between acceleration load indicators and injury responses. The results are presented in terms of seating matrices showing critical seat rows, in which the probability of being injured exceeds a pre-defined threshold.
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Choi, Junho, Minsu Kim, Ozer Dereli, Mehmet Ozbey, and James Wesevich. "Verification of Flange Rigidity Index for Standard Flanges Using Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21683.

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Abstract A flange connection consists of the flange, gasket, bolts, and pipe. In a flange design stage, the flange rigidity index is checked to ensure the leak tightness of the flange connection. Technically, the flange rigidity index was theoretically derived by the function of flexure induced into the flange by both bolt tension and internal pressure. However, some of the factors used to calculate the flange rigidity index were determined by regression formulas. On the other hand, the rotation angle of the flange is also limited to determine the allowable bolt pre-tension. To better understand the flange rigidity index, flange rigidity index and flange rotation angle were compared. The flange rotation angle was calculated using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). For the evaluation model, NPS 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 for classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500 integral-type flanges were selected. Typical gasket seating and operating conditions were considered in this study. In gasket seating condition, the required minimum bolt load was applied. In operating condition, internal pressure and uniform temperature were simultaneously applied to the FEA model. From the analysis results, it was concluded that the specified flange rigidity indexes may underestimate the leak tightness for lower pressure and large flange types.
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Kirkpatrick, Steven W., Robert T. Bocchieri, Alexander Zeigle, Xiaofang Liu, Yanwen Liu, and Anbo Wang. "An Evaluation of Passenger Mass Effects in Crashworthiness Analyses of Heavy Rail Vehicles." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8044.

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Abstract The ASME RT-2 Safety Standard for Structural Requirements for Heavy Rail Transit Vehicles requires that crashworthiness analyses be performed for two primary collision scenarios. Both scenarios use a moving train colliding into a stopped train in their ready-to-run loading condition where no passenger mass is included in the analysis. This standard is now frequently cited in technical specifications for new vehicles by transit agencies in North America. When evaluating a collision scenario, it is a logical extension to consider including passenger weights. A collision has a greater risk of injury if more passengers are onboard. In addition, additional passenger weight increases the kinetic energy at a specific collision speed, which can contribute to the collision severity. The difficulty of including the passenger load is that the passengers are loosely coupled to the train collision response and have independent collision behaviors based on the passenger configurations relative to the vehicle interior. The corresponding occupant decelerations can occur over different time frames than the vehicle deceleration. This paper describes a 1-dimensional lumped mass method for incorporating passenger weight into crashworthiness analysis. Each car in the train, the large car body mass is given the ready-to-run weight. The additional passenger load is divided into separate masses that are coupled to the car body using nonlinear springs. The separate passenger masses and attributes for the springs are derived from the specific seating layout of a car. Passengers are grouped by the various seating configurations with different timescales for coupling their mass into the car body. Several collision analyses were performed with this 1D model for the LACMTA HR4000 heavy rail vehicle at the speeds specified in ASME RT-2 (24 and 40 km/h) at both the ready-to-run weight and at the maximum passenger weight. The influence on the crash dynamics and overall permanent stroke of the crash energy management (CEM) structures at each car interface is discussed. For the seating configuration used, a small fraction of the passenger mass is seen to influence the crash dynamics. This is because of the relatively long time it takes to couple much of the passenger mass into the car body relative to the short duration of the primary crash pulse on a car. Consequently, the addition of a large passenger weight did not require a commensurate increase in energy absorption capacity for the CEM structures of vehicle.
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Ma, Kai, Yi Zhang, Lanzhu Zhang, and Kaishu Guan. "Behavior of Flange Joints Under Combined Internal Pressure and Thermal Loading: The Case of Using Metal-to-Metal Contact Type Gaskets." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97484.

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In a bolted flange joint, metal-to-metal contact type gasket takes over only part of the bolt load to achieve seating stress, and the additional bolt load is transmitted to the metal-to-metal contact to compensate for the unloading effects due to internal and external loadings. Due to this advantage, flange joints with metal-to-metal contact type gaskets are gradually used in chemical industry, nuclear power industry, etc. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model is developed to highlight the complex behavior of the flange joint with metal-to-metal contact type gasket under combined internal pressure and thermal loading. Despite of the common perception that the gasket stress in the metal-to-metal contact type gasket stays constant, reduced gasket stress is concluded due to flange rotation and joint thermal expansion.
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10

Nukata, Takanori, Yasuo Arai, Mitsunori Kamimura, Taketoshi Kido, and Masahiko Yamazaki. "Method of Predicting Differential Case Bolt Behavior." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46586.

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Abstract:
This paper proposes a CAE-based method to predict the maximum load at which bolts start to loosen. The qualitative validity of this method was confirmed using the fastening bolts between the differential case and ring gear. In general, the differential case and ring gear are fastened with bolts. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the maximum load of bolt loosening when designing these bolts. Moreover, prototypes found that tightening bolts are more likely to loosen as the thickness of the differential case or ring gear decreases and becomes easier to deform. This indicates that the deformation of the differential case and ring gear must be considered in bolt design. However, predicting the maximum load is relatively difficult because the behavior of both the screw and the contact surface between the differential case and ring gear is complicated. In contrast, recent transmissions require further weight reduction without sacrificing reliability. Consequently, a method of predicting the maximum load of bolt loosening is required. First, this paper describes a CAE model for estimating the pressure and friction generated at the contact surface between the differential case and ring gear, as well as at the screw surface and bolt seating surface. Furthermore, a method for determining bolt loosening is described that incorporates the pressure and friction on the bolt seating surface into friction circle theory. This method was used to derive the maximum load of bolt loosening. In addition, it was also confirmed that the results qualitatively agree with actual cases of bolt loosening. Second, this paper identifies the relative sliding of the screw surface and contact surface when the load increases. In this case, it was verified that the sliding on the contact surface between the differential case and ring gear induces relative sliding of the screw, followed by sliding of the bolt bearing surface and loosening of the bolt. Finally, this paper refers to design guidelines for reducing the weight of the differential case using an experimental design method. Certain ribs cause non-uniform bolt bearing surface pressure distribution, which likely affects bolt loosening. Through this research, the validity of the method was confirmed and the bolt behavior was clarified when a differential case and ring gear are loaded in one direction. Based on these results, it should be possible to apply this method to more complicated load cases in the future.
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