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Journal articles on the topic 'Seating of load'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Pierre, David, Viswanathan Swaminathan, Laura Scholl, Kevor TenHuisen, and Jeremy L. Gilbert. "Effects of seating load magnitude and load orientation on seating mechanics in 5°40′ mixed-alloy modular taper junctions." Journal of Biomechanics 82 (January 2019): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.037.

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2

Igarashi, Go, Chieko Karashima, and Minoru Hoshiyama. "Effect of Cognitive Load on Seating Posture in Children." Occupational Therapy International 23, no. 1 (August 28, 2015): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.1405.

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3

Brown, A. M., and M. J. Pearcy. "The effect of water content on the stiffness of seating foams." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 10, no. 3 (December 1986): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093648609164520.

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The chairbound, disabled person requires a supportive cushion to distribute pressure in order to reduce the risk of pressure sores and any alteration to the load carrying capacity of the cushion may have a deleterious effect on its ability to provide adequate support. The National Health Service supplies two basic grades of polyurethane foam for wheelchair cushions and this study investigated the effect of water content on their compressive load carrying capacity. Both foams became less stiff and exhibited greater than 20% increase in deformation when containing 20% water by volume at loads encountered in seating. This decrease in stiffness may result in a dramatic change in the pressure distribution under a patient particularly if only a small section of the cushion becomes wet. This result emphasizes the need to fit waterproof coverings to these foam cushions and to maintain the integrity of the covering.
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4

Scholl, Laura, David Pierre, Raga Rajaravivarma, Reginald Lee, Ahmad Faizan, Viswanathan Swaminathan, Kevor TenHuisen, Jeremy L. Gilbert, and Jim Nevelos. "Effect of the support systems’ compliance on total hip modular taper seating stability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 232, no. 9 (September 2018): 862–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411918790282.

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Assembly of a femoral head onto the stem remains non-standardized. The literature shows altering mechanical conditions during seating affects taper strength and lower assembly load may increase fretting corrosion during cyclic tests. This suggests overall performance may be affected by head assembly method. The purpose of this test was to perform bench-top studies to determine influence of peak force magnitude, load rate, and compliance of the system's support structure on initial stability of the taper. Custom manufactured CoCrMo femoral heads and Ti-6Al-4V taper analog samples were assembled with varying peak force magnitudes (2–10.1 kN), load rates (quasi-static vs impaction), and system compliance (rigid vs compliant). A clinically-relevant system compliance design was based off of force data collected during a cadaver impaction study. Tensile loads were then applied to disassemble the taper and quantify initial taper stability. Results indicated that taper stability (assessed by disassembly forces) increased linearly with assembly force and load rate did not have a significant effect on taper stability. When considering system compliance, a 42%–50% larger input energy, dependent on assembly force, was required in the compliant group to achieve a comparable impaction force to the rigid group. Even when this impaction force was achieved, the correlation between the coefficient, defined as distraction force divided by assembly load, was significantly reduced for the compliant test group. The compliant setup was intended to simulate a surgical scenario where patient and surgical factors may influence the resulting compliance. Based on results, surgical procedure and patient variables may have a significant effect on initial taper stability.
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5

Langová, Nadežda, Roman Réh, Rastislav Igaz, Ľuboš Krišťák, Miloš Hitka, and Pavol Joščák. "Construction of Wood-Based Lamella for Increased Load on Seating Furniture." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060525.

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The research on population shows that the count of overweight people has been constantly growing. Therefore, designing and modifying utility items, e.g., furniture should be brought into focus. Indeed, furniture function and safety is associated with the weight of a user. Current processes and standards dealing with the design of seating furniture do not meet the requirements of overweight users. The research is aimed at designing flexible chairs consisting of lamellae using the finite element method (FEM). Three types of glued lamellae based on wood with different number of layers and thickness were made and subsequently, their mechanical properties were tested. Values for modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were used to determine stress and deformation applying the FEM method for modelling flexible chairs. In this research, the methodology for evaluating the ultimate state of flexible chairs used to analyse deformation and stability was defined. The analysis confirms that several designed constructions meet the requirements of actual standards (valid for the weight of a user up to 110 kg) but fail to meet the requirements for weight gain of a population.
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YOSHIMURA, Yuki, and Takashi KOIZUMI. "EFFECT ON POSTURE AND PHYSICAL LOAD WHEN USING MOBILE DEVICES IN DIFFERENT SEATING STYLES." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 26, no. 63 (June 20, 2020): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.26.655.

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7

Addison, Owen, Amandeep Sodhi, and Garry J. P. Fleming. "Seating load parameters impact on dental ceramic reinforcement conferred by cementation with resin-cements." Dental Materials 26, no. 9 (September 2010): 915–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.05.006.

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8

Hooi, Paul, Owen Addison, and Garry J. P. Fleming. "Testing rate and cementation seating load effects on resin-strengthening of a dental porcelain analogue." Journal of Dentistry 41, no. 6 (June 2013): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.03.002.

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9

Hollington, James, Susan J. Hillman, Carmen Torres-Sánchez, Jens Boeckx, and Neil Crossan. "ISO 16840-2:2007 load deflection and hysteresis measurements for a sample of wheelchair seating cushions." Medical Engineering & Physics 36, no. 4 (April 2014): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.10.010.

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10

Bush, Tamara Reid, and Robert P. Hubbard. "Support Force Measures of Midsized Men in Seated Positions." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 129, no. 1 (August 5, 2006): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2401184.

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Two areas not well researched in the field of seating mechanics are the distribution of normal and shear forces, and how those forces change with seat position. The availability of these data would be beneficial for the design and development of office, automotive and medical seats. To increase our knowledge in the area of seating mechanics, this study sought to measure the normal and shear loads applied to segmental supports in 12 seated positions, utilizing three inclination angles and four levels of seat back articulation that were associated with automotive driving positions. Force data from six regions, including the thorax, sacral region, buttocks, thighs, feet, and hand support were gathered using multi-axis load cells. The sample contained 23 midsized subjects with an average weight of 76.7kg and a standard deviation of 4.2kg, and an average height of 1745mm with a standard deviation of 19mm. Results were examined in terms of seat back inclination and in terms of torso articulation for relationships between seat positions and support forces. Using a repeated measures analysis, significant differences (p<0.05) were identified for normal forces relative to all inclination angles except for forces occurring at the hand support. Other significant differences were observed between normal forces behind the buttocks, pelvis, and feet for torso articulations. Significant differences in the shear forces occurred under the buttocks and posterior pelvis during changes in seat back inclination. Significant differences in shear forces were also identified for torso articulations. These data suggest that as seat back inclination or torso articulation change, significant shifts in force distribution occur.
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11

Ouellette, Eric S., Sachin A. Mali, Jua Kim, Justin Grostefon, and Jeremy L. Gilbert. "Design, Material, and Seating Load Effects on In Vitro Fretting Corrosion Performance of Modular Head-Neck Tapers." Journal of Arthroplasty 34, no. 5 (May 2019): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2019.01.043.

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12

Sawa, T., N. Higurashi, and T. Hirose. "A Stress Analysis of a Taper Hub Flange With a Bolted Flat Cover." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 119, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842307.

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A bolted connection consisting of a cover on a pressure vessel flange with a metallic flat gasket on raised faces is analyzed as a four-body contact problem using axisymmetrical theory of elasticity. The contact stress distribution, the load factor (the relationship between an increment of bolt axial force and an internal pressure), and the gasket properties (the gasket seating width and the moment arm) are examined. In the analysis, the cover is replaced with a finite solid cylinder. The metallic flat gasket, the flange, and the hub are replaced with finite solid cylinders. The effects of the stiffness and the thickness of various size gaskets on the contact stress distribution are obtained by numerical calculations. Experiments were carried out to obtain the load factor, the maximum stress produced in bolts, and the stress produced on the hub. The analytical results obtained are shown to be consistent with the experimental results.
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13

Pierre, David, Viswanathan Swaminathan, Laura Y. Scholl, Kevor TenHuisen, and Jeremy L. Gilbert. "Effects of Seating Load Magnitude on Incremental Cyclic Fretting Corrosion in 5°40’ Mixed Alloy Modular Taper Junctions." Journal of Arthroplasty 33, no. 6 (June 2018): 1953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2018.01.039.

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14

Nieto-Jiménez, Claudio, José Francisco Ruso-Álvarez, Elena Pardos-Mainer, Magdalena Schnettler-Ramírez, and José Naranjo-Orellana. "Basal and post-exercise heart rate variability correlates with training load in endurance athletes." Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte 13, no. 2 (March 13, 2020): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33155/j.rmd.2020.02.011.

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Objective: Heart rate variability has been proposed as a valid method to examine the individual response to training load in endurance athletes. Thanks to this tool, the relationship between basal and post-exercise Heart rate variability measurements can be analyzed during a microcycle (one week) using straight values or their coefficients of variation. Method: Ten amateur endurance athletes (n = 5 men, n = 5 women) were monitored during a 7-day microcycle that included three road-cycling sessions, two running sessions and two trail-running sessions. The RR series were measured for 5 minutes upon wake up and after training, in a seating position, using a chest strap. Results: Basal and post-exercise Heart rate variability measurements showed high correlation when weekly mean values were used, very similar to when coefficients of variation values were used. In women, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) was: r= 0.73; RMSSD coefficients of variation (RMSSDcv) was: r= 0.66; natural logarithm (Ln) RMSSD: r= 0.68; LnRMSSDcv: r= 0.79; and in men it RMSSD was: r= 0.78; RMSSDcv: r= -0.62; LnRMSSD: r= 0.75; LnRMSSDcv: r= -0.73). Conclusion: the relationship between these two measurements could be useful to program the training loads of the following microcycle.
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15

Snyder, Mark David, and Kyle Douglas Hogg. "Load-to-fracture Value of Different All-ceramic Crown Systems." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 6, no. 4 (2005): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-6-4-54.

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Abstract Objectives The purpose was to investigate the potential difference in the load-to-fracture values of several all-ceramic crown systems. Five different coping-reinforced all-ceramic crown systems were selected. Ten crowns from each system were fabricated and luted to standardized titanium dies. Methods The study consisted of five groups of ten samples each, all luted using G.C. Link Max resin adhesive cement. Group A: IPS Eris®, Group B: Cerac® In-lab Alumina coping, Group C: Cerac® In- lab Zirconia coping, Group D: Procera® AllCeram Alumina coping, and Group E: Procera® Zirconia coping. Following cementation, the samples were placed under a 5 Kg static load for 10 minutes insuring proper seating and stored in 100% humidity for one week. All samples were visually inspected prior to testing and were loaded to fracture at the rate of 0.5 mm/min using a universal-testing machine. Results Group A = 321.49 KgF ± 113.69 (S.D.), Group B = 288.63 ± 102.82 (S.D.), Group C = 266.58 ± 69.17 (S.D.), Group D = 295.49 ± 80.54 (S.D.), and Group E = 420.37 ± 82.45 (S.D.). The data were analyzed using an unpaired t-test; this indicated a statistical difference between group E and all of the others (P-value ≤0.039). Conclusions We concluded under these conditions, the Procera® Zirconia crown system has significant higher load-to-fracture value than several other all-ceramic crown systems. Citation Snyder MD, Hogg KD. Load-to-fracture Value of Different All-ceramic Crown Systems. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 November;(6)4:054-063.
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16

Li, Wen Liang, Chen Cao, Wei Zhou, and Li Gao. "Influences of Initial Braking Velocity and Passenger Capacity on Mean Fully Developed Deceleration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.201.

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In order to improve the comprehensive and rationality of examination for driving braking performance with Mean Fully Developed Deceleration (MFDD) in road test, also to provide a basis for driving braking performance evaluation with MFDD when real driving, an approach for determining the MFDD threshold is proposed considering initial braking velocity and passenger capacity. According to the vehicle braking performance road test rules in GB7258, a simulation model is built, and simulation tests are made with different initial braking velocities. Based on simulation data, MFDD is calculated, and the curve of MFDD with initial braking velocity is also given, and then the effects of initial braking velocity on MFDD and its threshold are analyzed; the curves of MFDD thresholds with initial braking velocity are plotted with no-load and full-load respectively. The influence of passenger capacity on MFDD threshold is analyzed, and the curve of MFDD threshold with passenger capacity is given, too. Finally, the formula of MFDD threshold with initial braking velocity, seating capacity and passenger capacity is resulted.
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17

Mitchell, M. R., R. E. Link, Bob Tackett, and Jilei Zhang. "A Biaxial Load Cell Design for Simultaneous Measurement of Horizontal and Vertical Spring Forces in Sinuous Spring-Supported Seating." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 35, no. 4 (2007): 100112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte100112.

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18

Howard, Jonathan D., Dominic Eggbeer, Peter Dorrington, Feras Korkees, and Lorna H. Tasker. "Evaluating additive manufacturing for the production of custom head supports: A comparison against a commercial head support under static loading conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 234, no. 5 (January 9, 2020): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411919899844.

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The provision of wheelchair seating accessories, such as head supports, is often limited to the use of commercial products. Additive manufacturing has the potential to produce custom seating components, but there are very few examples of published work. This article reports a method of utilising 3D scanning, computer-aided design and additive manufacturing for the fabrication of a custom head support for a wheelchair. Three custom head supports, of the same shape, were manufactured in nylon using a continuous filament fabrication machine. The custom head supports were tested against an equivalent and widely used commercial head support using ISO 16840-3:2014. The head supports were statically loaded in two configurations, one modelling a posterior force on the inner rear surface and the other modelling a lateral force on the side. The posterior force resulted in failure of the supporting bracketry before the custom head support. A similar magnitude of forces was applied laterally for the custom and commercial head support. When the load was removed, the custom recovered to its original shape while the commercial sustained plastic deformation. The addition of a joint in the head support increased the maximum displacement, 128.6 mm compared to 71.7 mm, and the use of carbon fibre resulted in the head support sustaining a higher force at larger displacements, increase in 30 N. Based on the deformation and recovery characteristics, the results indicate that additive manufacturing could be an appropriate method to produce lighter weight, highly customised, cost-effective and safe head supports for wheelchair users.
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Brunner, Reinald. "Development and conservative treatment of spinal deformities in cerebral palsy." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.14.190127.

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Incidence and cause Cerebral palsy (CP) is characterized by poor motor control. The more severe the affection is, the more patients are prone to deformities. Patients with Gross Motor Function Classification System level V run an up to 90% risk for spinal deformities. These are caused by poor trunk control under load. Although trunk tone is impossible to assess it seems to be low in the majority of patients, leading to collapse under gravity. The constant malposition results in growth asymmetry which leads to fixation and deterioration of the deformity. Brace treatment Brace treatment has a poor reputation in respect to the final outcome. Conventional braces as constructed for other spinal deformities are indeed difficult for patients with CP as they cannot change position in the brace and do not tolerate pressure on the belly for reflux problems. Respecting these points improves the tolerance of braces but still the time of use is far from the necessary when the trunk is upright. Nevertheless, they can help to postpone surgery for scoliosis, but they are very inefficient for sagittal plane deformities. Aim of treatment The lack of trunk control further leads to an impairment of head control and upper extremity function. Providing stability improves these problems. Braces are superior to seating shells for both treating deformity and providing stability as they remain close to the skin and follow movements. Supports on seating shells in contrast are too far away for controlling the deformity and provide stability only if the patient doesn’t move forward.
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20

Rouby, Dominique, A. Kaflou, Pascal Reynaud, Sylvain Jacques, and O. Rapaud. "Layered Interphases in Ceramic Matrix Composites and Relation with Interfacial Behaviour." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 1475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1475.

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Unidirectional SiC/SiC minicomposites were produced by infiltration of a Hi-Nicalon fibre tow by using pulsed chemical vapour deposition (P-CVD). The sequence of precursor gazes inlet steps determines the structure of the Pyrocarbon/TiC layered interphase deposited first on the filaments. The SiC matrix is then deposited with a given thickness. The different interphase structures will be described. The interface behaviour was characterized by indentation method. The load is applied on the fibre-end at a polished cross-section of the composite, and the displacement of that fibre-end is measured. The push-in test on thick specimens shows that the fibre debonds at a given fibre stress and then slides under a certain frictional shear stress. Both parameters increase when the TiC layers become discontinuous, like aligned TiC clusters in a Pyrocarbon matrix. The load-displacement behaviour is in very good agreement with theory when the interfacial shear stress is kept constant, non depending on relative slip displacement. The push-through test on thin composite slices gives directly access to sliding resistance because the fibre is less compressed. The load displacement curves obtained will be described and analysed. For example, sliding velocity jumps revealed a slight increase in sliding resistance with velocity. During push-back, a seating drop was recorded as the fibre returns in its initial position, illustrating a certain effect of roughness.
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21

Hartantyo, Sugeng Dwi, and Hammam Rofiqi Agustapraja. "ANALISA KINERJA KA KOMUTER SURABAYA – LAMONGAN." UKaRsT 2, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/ukarst.v2i2.268.

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The operation of commuter trains is preferred for the middle to lower class. But in fact the prospective commuter train passenger complains of comfort in this case relating to the number of seats and standing places available. The discussion in this final project is to analyze the comfort of the seats and stands that have been set, to analyze the capacity of operational vehicle KA commuter Surabaya-Lamongan, to answer the problem then conducted research on KA commuter and related institution. from the result of analysis got value of seat comfrot (r) = 0,4 m2 / space and standing comfrot value (σ) = 0,87mm2 / space the total capacity of one set of KA commuter (Cv) trains is 312 passengers while, the total seating capacity for a series of KA commuter is 248 passengers. Average load facor (lf) is 0,51.Keywords: Commuter Train, Performance, capacity, comfort level
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22

Sawa, T., N. Higurashi, and H. Akagawa. "A Stress Analysis of Pipe Flange Connections." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 113, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928786.

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The use of pipe flange connections is standardized in the codes of JIS, ASME, DIN and so on. However, these codes are almost entirely dependent on experience, and subsequently some problems concerning pipe flange connections have been encountered. In the present paper, the distribution of contact stresses which governs the sealing performance is analyzed as a three-body contact problem, using an axisymmetrical three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The effects of the stiffness and the thickness of raised face metallic gaskets on the contact stresses and the effective gasket seating width are shown by numerical calculation. Moreover, stresses produced on the hub, the load factor (the relationship between an increment of bolt axial force and an internal pressure), and the maximum stress caused in bolts are analyzed. For verification, experiments are carried out. The analytical results are satisfactorily consistent with the experimental results.
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23

Hooi, Paul, Owen Addison, and Garry J. P. Fleming. "Atmospheric moisture effects on the testing rate and cementation seating load following resin-strengthening of a soda lime glass analogue for dental porcelain." Journal of Dentistry 41, no. 12 (December 2013): 1208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2013.08.023.

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24

WIADEREK, KRZYSZTOF, IWONA WIADEREK, and JULIA LANGE. "Impact of upholstered furniture seat structures on the long-term use comfort." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 108 (October 31, 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7678.

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Impact of upholstered furniture structures on the comfort of long-term use. The main objective of the study was to analyze the impact of changes to the structures of upholstered seating furniture to measure the comfort of new furniture and after long use. Tests were conducted with the use of a Force Sensitive Applications sensing mat to record contact pressure, and a profiled cavity pressed into the seat with a force of 760 N. The period of 5 years of long-term use was simulated by the cyclic load of 1000 N x 25,000 repetitions. Based on the analysis of the test results obtained, a decrease in the discomfort factor D by 12.7% for seat I and 11.5% for seat II was observed. This means an increase in the feeling of comfort in using these seats during the period of use. This is associated with a decrease in seat stiffness. Seats with less rigidity ("softer") cause less pressure on the human body due to the larger usable area.
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Nam, Dong-Gun, Hyo-Yeon Jang, Cheol-Hong Hwang, and Ohk-Kun Lim. "A Study on the Heat Release Characteristics of Fire Load for Performance Based Design of Multiplexes: A Focus on the Heat Release Rate and Fire Spread Rate of Cinema Seats." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2020.34.1.011.

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As performance-based design (PBD) has a direct impact on evacuation safety assessments, designing fire scenarios based on real fire tests is essential. To improve the reliability of the PBD for fire safety in multiplexes, information on fire behavior, such as heat release rate (HRR) and fire spread rate, are provided in this study by conducting a standard fabric flammability test. To this end, several chairs were arranged in a pattern that resembled a theater-style seating. The peak HRR and heating value per unit mass for each chair ranged from 415 kW to 988 kW and 15.2 MJ/kg to 23.8 MJ/kg, respectively. The heating values per unit mass of the new and old chairs were 23.6 MJ/kg and 16.7 MJ/kg, respectively. As the quantity of plastic and cushioning materials in the new chairs was more than that of the old ones, the new chairs were more vulnerable to fire hazards. Furthermore, when the chairs were arranged in a line, the fire spread rate was observed to be 0.39–0.42 m/min, regardless of the ignition location. Finally, a fire growth curve showing the peak HRR and fire spread rate was also demonstrated.
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QU, AILI, DONGMEI WANG, FANG WANG, and QIU’GEN WANG. "EFFECT OF MATERIAL MODEL SELECTION ON LATERAL IMPACT SIMULATIONS OF PELVIC COMPLEX." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 19, no. 07 (November 2019): 1940032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519419400323.

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Material mechanical behavior plays an important role in pelvic complex simulation under lateral impact. Aiming to investigate effects of material model selection on the responses of lateral impact simulations, a seating pelvic complex model was constructed. The model was subjected to a series of impacts at velocity of 3–10[Formula: see text]m/s, and two material models were, respectively, assigned to the pelvic bone to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation. The results showed that the pelvic response and fracture pattern with plastic–elastic material model agreed well with the literature, while linear elastic material model was dissatisfied factory, especially the pelvic response at low velocity deviated from most cadaveric test data. In addition, drastic change of arterial pressure was responsible for hemorrhages associated with pelvic fracture. Ligament loading sequence verified that the posterior pelvic ring bore the greatest amount of load during the impact. Based on the above findings, we concluded that a plastic–elastic with strain rate effect material model can improve the simulation accuracy of pelvic complex under lateral impact, and pelvic fracture pattern may help to estimate the parameters’ selection in impact simulation.
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Sivapullaiah, P. V., and M. Manju. "Effect of zeolitization on the volume-change behaviour of kaolinitic soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-048.

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An attempt has been made to study the effect of zeolite formation on the volume-change behaviour of kaolinitic soil. This is studied in terms of two criteria, namely concentration and period of interaction. Conventional consolidation tests have been carried out to determine the extent of change in swell and compressibility of kaolinitic soils remoulded with water and inundated with an alkali solution. It was observed that abnormal swell occurs during unloading when specimens were inundated with a 4N alkali solution. While allowing a longer interaction period at 6.25 kPa, it was found that swelling in kaolinitic soils is induced after time lags of 30 and 15 days on inundation with 1N and 4N alkali solutions, respectively. Equilibrium is reached after 50–70 days in kaolinitic soils, however, and loading was undertaken later. A 16% swelling was observed in kaolinitic soils when inundated with a 4N alkali solution, indicating that zeolitization of kaolinite results in swelling at the seating load provided the period of interaction is sufficient. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of zeolite.Key words: alkali, consolidation, kaolinite, swelling, X-ray diffraction, zeolite.
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Parent, Daniel, David Tyrell, Benjamin Perlman, and Peter Matthews. "Evaluating Abdominal Injury in Impacts with Workstation Tables." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1908, no. 1 (January 2005): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190800125.

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In rail passenger seating arrangements with workstation tables, there is a risk of serious thoracic and abdominal injury. Strategies to mitigate this injury risk are being developed through a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration and the Rail Safety and Standards Board of the United Kingdom. The approach to developing the protection strategies involves collision investigations, computer simulations of the occupant response, and full-scale testing. During the train collision in Placentia, California, on April 23, 2002, many occupants hit workstation tables. The investigation indicated the likely modes of injury caused by the impact, the most traumatic being damage to the liver and spleen. A MADYMO computer simulation was created to estimate the loads and accelerations imparted on the occupants that brought about these injuries. Two experiments were designed and executed on a full-scale impact test with an occupant environment similar to the Placentia collision. These experiments incorporated advanced anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) with increased abdominal instrumentation. The THOR (test device for human occupant restraint) ATD showed a more humanlike impact response than did the Hybrid III Railway Safety ATD. The full-scale test results are used to refine a MADYMO model of the THOR ATD to evaluate improved workstation tables. The occupant protection strategy that will be developed requires that the table remain rigidly attached to the car body and includes a frangible edge with a force–crush characteristic designed to minimize the abdominal load and compression. MADYMO simulations of this table design show a significantly reduced risk of severe abdominal injury.
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Hyde, Alysha, Luke Hogarth, Mark Sayers, Emma Beckman, Mark J. Connick, Sean Tweedy, and Brendan Burkett. "The Impact of an Assistive Pole, Seat Configuration, and Strength in Paralympic Seated Throwing." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 7 (August 2017): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0340.

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Purpose:To quantify the influence of the assistive pole, seat configuration, and upper-body and trunk strength on seated-throwing performance in athletes with a spinal-cord injury (SCI).Methods:Ten Paralympic athletes competing in wheelchair rugby, basketball, or athletics (seated throws) participated in 2 randomized sessions: seated throwing and strength tests. Participants threw a club from a custom-built throwing chair, with and without a pole. 3D kinematic data were collected (150 Hz) for both conditions using standardized and self-selected seat configurations. Dominant and nondominant grip strength were measured using a dynamometer, and upper-body and trunk strength were measured using isometric contractions against a load cell.Results:Seated throwing with an assistive pole resulted in significantly higher hand speed at release than throwing without a pole (pole = 6.0 ± 1.5 m/s, no pole = 5.3 ± 1.5 m/s; P = .02). There was no significant difference in hand speed at release between standardized and self-selected seating configurations during seated throwing with or without an assistive pole. Grip strength (r = .59–.77), push/pull synergy (r = .81–.84), and trunk-flexion (r = .50–.58) strength measures showed large and significant correlations with hand speed at release during seated throwing with and without an assistive pole.Conclusions:This study has demonstrated the importance of the pole for SCI athletes in seated throwing and defined the relationship between strength and seated-throwing performance, allowing us to better understand the activity of seated throws and provide measures for assessing strength that may be valid for evidence-based classification.
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Vogel, Danny, Jessica Hembus, Mario Jackszis, Vera Bolte, and Rainer Bader. "Influence of Different Damage Patterns of the Stem Taper on Fixation and Fracture Strength of Ceramic Ball Heads for Total Hip Replacement." BioMed Research International 2020 (May 14, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7542062.

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Background. Modularity finds frequent application in total hip replacement, allowing a preferable individual configuration and a simplified revision by retaining the femoral stem and replacing the prosthetic head. However, micromotions within the interface between the head and the stem taper can arise, resulting in the release of wear debris and corrosion products. The aim of our experimental study was to evaluate the influence of different taper damages on the fixation and fracture stability of ceramic femoral heads, after static and dynamic implant loading. Methods. Ceramic ball heads (36 mm diameter) and 12/14 stem tapers made of titanium with various mild damage patterns (intact, scratched, and truncated) were tested. The heads were assembled on the taper with a quasistatic load of 2 kN and separated into a static and a dynamic group afterwards. The dynamic group (n=18) was loaded over 1.5 million gait cycles in a hip wear simulator (ISO 14242-1). In contrast, the static group (n=18) was not mechanically loaded after assembly. To determine the taper stability, all heads of the dynamic and static groups were either pulled off (ASTM 2009) or turned off (ISO 7206-16). A head fracture test (ISO 7206-10) was also performed. Subsequent to the fixation stability tests, the taper surface was visually evaluated in terms of any signs of wear or corrosion after the dynamic loading. Results. In 10 of the 18 cases, discoloration of the taper was determined after the dynamic loading and subsequent cleaning, indicating the first signs of corrosion. Pull-off forces as well as turn-off moments were increased between 23% and 54% after the dynamic loading compared to the unloaded tapers. No significant influence of taper damage was determined in terms of taper fixation strength. However, the taper damage led to a decrease in fracture strength by approximately 20% (scratched) and 40% (truncated), respectively. Conclusion. The results suggest that careful handling and accurate manufacturing of the stem taper are crucial for the ceramic head fracture strength, even though a mild damage showed no significant influence on taper stability. Moreover, our data indicate that a further seating of the prosthetic head may occur during daily activities, when the resulting hip force increases the assembly load.
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Mesquita, Marceli M. A., Marta S. Santos, Alan B. S. Vasconcelos, Clodoaldo A. de Sá, Luana C. D. Pereira, Ínea B. M. da Silva-Santos, Walderi M. da Silva Junior, et al. "Reliability of a Test for Assessment of Isometric Trunk Muscle Strength in Elderly Women." Journal of Aging Research 2019 (July 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9061839.

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Objective. The aim of this study was to analyze the reproducibility of a protocol using the maximal isometric strength test of the trunk in elderly women aged above 60 years, without low back pain. Methods. Twenty-one physically inactive elderly women, who had not engaged in any activity or exercise program in the past three months, participated in the cross-sectional study that consisted of two days of evaluations for the maximal isometric strength of the extensor and flexor muscles of the trunk, with a 48 h interval between the sessions. A platform with fixed seating was used, which allowed the fixation of the hip and lower limbs, with a load cell connected to a linear encoder. To verify the reliability of the test, the interclass correlation coefficient, variation coefficient, minimum detectable difference (MDD), standard error of measurement, and Bland–Altman graphs were calculated. Results. No statistical difference was observed between the first and second evaluation, which indicates that there was no learning effect. Interclass correlation coefficient values were classified as very high and high for extensor (0.98) and flexor (0.86) muscles, respectively, besides low variation (9% for both muscle groups) and acceptable values for minimum detectable difference (extensors = 51.1 N, flexors = 48.9 N). In addition, the Bland–Altman analysis revealed low bias and values within the limits of agreement. Conclusion. It is concluded that the test of maximum isometric strength of the trunk in healthy and trained elderly people presents high reliability. These values proved to be reliable if performed in at least two evaluation sessions, which confirms the hypothesis of the authors by the consistency of the measurement test.
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Kulkarni, R. Ashutosh V., and Dr Aravindkumar B. Harwalkar. "Analysis and Design of Stadium with Truss System and Shell Roof Subjected to Wind and Seismic Loading." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c6419.0910321.

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In this paper Analysis and Design of different Structural elements of the football stadium are presented, with particular emphasis on the Combination of Steel Truss without and with Shell roof cover and its interȧction with the underlying reinforced concrete structures. The Football stadium considered for the study is of rectangular plan, with 85 m width and 140 m length and height of 19.5 m. The plan of Football Stadium is generated in AutoCAD 2016 software. The Stadium structure is composed of special moment – resisting framed. Wind velocity is taken as 39 mph and Seismic zone IV in this study. The proposed stadium is analysed using Equivȧlent static and dynamic ȧpproach by Reṣponse ṣpectrum ȧnd Time Hiṣtory ȧnȧlysis. In anȧlysing the ṣtructure, 21 load combinations are used. The grandstand ṣtructure is made of reinforced concrete and the roof is of ṣtructural steel using Pipe and Tube sections. Deȧd loȧdṣ, live loȧdṣ, wind ȧnd ṣeismic loȧdingṣ data are considered bȧsed on IS-875 (PART 1-3) 1987 ȧnd IS:1893 (Part 1):2016. IS456:2000 and SP16:1987 code is used for Design of R.C.C components such as Beȧm, Column, Seating Platform, Footing and IS 800:2007 code is used for Design of End Beȧring Plate connection with Truss member. Analysiṣ of truss and other elements is carried out with software program of Staad. Pro V8i SS6 and also the designs are carried out as per provisions of relevant Indian standards. On introduction of Shell-like roof for Open Stadium which is used not only to protect the Game from Glare of Sunshine and Rain but also appears unique and attractive. From the obtained results it is observed that the displacement due to Wind action in both X and Z direction reduces significantly by the introduction of Shell roof. Also, due to RSA and THA there is reduction in the displacement on introduction of Shell-like roof to an Open Stadium.
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Amrizal, Amrizal. "Potensi dan Kendala Pengembangan Angkutan Umum Pariwisata Kawasan Toba." Jurnal Teknik Sipil Unaya 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30601/jtsu.v4i1.29.

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In the absence of a decent, efficient and economical public transportation service, it can be an obstacle for people, especially tourists, to be able to access their desired goals. Of course this will leave a less pleasant impression for tourists, which potentially reduces the attractiveness of tourists Toba Region which indirectly affect the income of the government and also the people of the tourism sector. Based on these considerations, it is time for both central and regional governments to develop tourist public transportation in Toba and surrounding areas more seriously to improve accessibility and mobility and affordability of travel costs in the region. This can be done by revitalizing the existing public transportation route to be transformed into a public transport route. Based on survey results of public transport users for tourist destinations the number is relatively moderate ie between 2-55% of the total passengers transported at the time of the survey. Recorded only from the Terminal shadow Simpang Pos to Brastagi City, Tongging and Paropo and Terminal Siantar to Parapat, Sidamanik and Tiga Ras indicating the existence of passengers with tourist destination. Based on survey results, only public transportation to Berastagi has Load Factor above 100% that is 124%, so it needs to increase the number of its fleet from 18 units to 24 units. Aspects of public transport services assessed include: travel time, waiting time, ease of getting tickets, seat availability, seating comfort and freedom of movement, stopping / terminals, security during travel, travel safety, route info / public transportation routes and complaint media / complaints about service. The survey was conducted on 255 respondents with the aim to see the perception of passengers on public transport services. From the general survey results for all aspects of public transport services assessed, the perception of passengers on public transport services / tours is still in the good category of 49.29%. However, it does not mean that public transport services / tours that are all there are good because passengers who assess public transport services / tours bad and very bad is also quite a lot in the average that is 1.76% and 7.41%.
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Ivanschikov, Yuriy, Vasiliy Skovorodin, Yuriy Dobrohotov, Roman Andreev, Aleksandr Vasil'ev, and Ayrat Valiev. "RESEARCH OF THE WEAR MECHANISM OF BEARING SEATS OF AUTOMOTOR-TRACTOR TRANSMISSIONS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-71-79.

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A significant number (up to 25%) of failures of automotive transmissions are associated with a loss of rigidity in the rolling bearings. One of the main reasons for the loss of stiffness in rolling bearings is a violation of the tightness of the bearing on the shaft and in the housing due to fretting corrosion. The paper presents the results of a study of the causes of fretting corrosion in bearing fits and the patterns of its development. The conditions promoting the occurrence of the fretting process are determined and the factors characterizing the nature and intensity of destruction of contacting surfaces during fretting corrosion are established. It was also found that the greatest influence on the occurrence and course of the fretting process is exerted by the specific load on the contact surface, the duration and frequency of its application, and the amplitude of the relative slip of the contacting surfaces. Analytical expressions for calculating the actual values of the listed factors of the fretting process in the coupling of the rolling bearing with the shaft are determined by the calculation method, and a mathematical model of its destruction is proposed. For the practical implementation of the described mechanism of destruction of the rolling bearing landing on the shaft as a result of fretting corrosion, an algorithm and a program have been developed to determine the limiting state of the bearing landings of automotive transmissions. Subsequent laboratory tests confirmed the adequacy of the proposed model. As an example, the results of modeling the limiting state of the rolling bearing of the intermediate shaft of the gearbox of the K-700A tractor and the ball bearing 313 are given. It is revealed that the main role in reducing the intensity of the fretting process, along with the hardness of the shaft, is played by the roughness of its seating surface. In particular, a decrease in the roughness parameters from Ra = 2.0 µm to Ra = 0.5 µm at the same hardness HRC48 and an interference fit in N = 24 µm leads to an increase in the joint resource by 1.5 times
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Bellingar, Teresa A., and Mark E. Benden. "New ANSI/BIFMA Standard for Testing of Educational Seating." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 23, no. 2 (April 2015): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1064804613513899.

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The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association published a new educational seating standard in 2012. (See the sidebar for BIFMA details.) Discussions during the development of this standard included the anthropometrics of children. These discussions showed that the large anthropometric databases available for children are outdated and do not represent the current student population. The standard was finalized following receipt of input from ergonomists on how children’s sizes have changed, but it does not cover the ergonomic design of seating for children. A current large-scale anthropometric data set for children would have been beneficial in developing loads in the standard as well as in recommending sizes for educational furniture.
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Skakic, Dusan, and Igor Dzincic. "Comparative investigation of durability of chairs made of beach and Paulownia tomentosa." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 98 (2008): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0898167s.

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The result of parallel investigation of chair durability, which has been made in two different wood species (beach and Paulwonia tomentosa) has been presented in this paper. Static and dynamic loads has highest values in seating furniture, and that is the reason why chair has been chosen to bee representative for testing new species, which could be used in furniture production in Serbia. A shown results indicates on possibility that this species can be used only for production furniture which wont bee imposed with heavy loads during exploitation.
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Lai, Fuqiang, Shengguan Qu, Lianmin Yin, Guanghong Wang, Zhangxuan Yang, and Xiaoqiang Li. "Design and operation of a new multifunctional wear apparatus for engine valve train components." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 3 (May 29, 2017): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117712400.

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The increasingly strict emission regulations in combustion engines are raising high requirements for the engine valve train system. In this paper, a novel multifunctional wear apparatus is designed to study the performance of engine valve train components. The apparatus employs a mechanical loading system, which consists of a special eccentric wheel and disc springs that apply the combustion loads, and the contact configurations and loading conditions of valve train components are simulated. It has three test functions for different components through specifically designed fixtures. The first function aims to evaluate the interaction between the valve seating face and the seat insert at high temperatures and loads. The second function is used to study the friction and wear properties of the valve stem and the valve guide. The third function is designed to evaluate the performance of the valve seals. At last, a verification test was carried out by the proposed experimental method. A pair of new exhaust valve and seat insert is tested for the performance evaluation of the first function. The wear mechanisms acting on the pairs interface are shown to be a combination of oxidative wear, adhesive wear, as well as fatigue flaking.
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Lau, Samuel W. "Evaluating Interior and Door Configurations of Rail Vehicles by Using Variable Loading Densities." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, no. 1 (January 2005): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700130.

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As many U.S. metropolitan areas expect unprecedented growth in population and travel in the next 20 to 30 years, rail transit agencies are faced with the challenges of replacing their aging fleets and procuring new vehicles to keep up with ridership increases. As funds become increasingly scarce, many operators are exploring ways of increasing car capacity by considering interior configurations (to maximize loading efficiency) and door configurations (to minimize the effect of increased loads on station dwell times). Few studies address the design and evaluation of interior and door configurations as a system. Typically, seating configurations are designed separately from door configurations. Furthermore, interior configuration evaluations or maximum vehicle loading quoted by car manufacturers assume a uniform loading density applied throughout the car. Loading on transit vehicles, however, varies greatly within a car. This affects practical vehicle capacity and its impact controlling dwell time at the busiest door. The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, a heavy rail rapid transit system in California, recently conducted an evaluation of interior and door configurations based on a methodology that used variable loading densities and resulting impact on door loads for dwell time estimation. Variable loading density is more realistic in simulating actual passenger loading experience. This research shows that depending on the interior and door configuration, applying uniform loading density may misrepresent actual car capacity and door loads and thus waste valuable resources or underestimate actual needs.
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Grządziela, Andrzej, and Marcin Kluczyk. "Preliminary Calculations for Minehunter's Genset Foundations." Transactions on Maritime Science 8, no. 1 (April 20, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v08.n01.006.

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The requirements for the foundations of naval vessel engines are based on classification rules devised by classification societies or/and military standardization rules. A class guideline was published, defining the requirements, acceptance criteria and machinery seating methods. There is also a schedule of basic calculation procedures for cast resin or rubber chocks which facilitates the process of machinery foundation design, preloading force calculation, the establishment of boundary conditions etc. In case of naval vessels, typical procedures do not meet tactical requirements due to potential explosion loads. Since minehunters are mainly deployed at sea, handling active, naval mines, the shock resistance calculation for the entire machinery, including the Genset, is required. The paper presents preliminary MatLab calculation methods which can be used to analyse the type, number and location of rubber or elastomer chocks. The procedure consists of input data such as UNDEX pressure and technical data of the Genset used in the Polish Navy. Calculation results include the analysis of the dynamic interaction between the Genset and the foundation, as well as the damping effect generated by the UNDEX (UNDerwater EXplosion) shock pulse.
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S., Sampath, Chithirai Pon Selvan M., Mohamed Ameen K., and Mohamed Amin I. "Design and fabrication of transfer seat system for disabled drivers." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-11-2017-0355.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the design and development of transfer seat system which aids the disabled drivers to get in and out of the car without outside help thereby reducing physical effort. The design of the model is carried out taking into account the vehicle specification and the weight of the person. After careful measurement and analysis, the required seat system parameters were estimated. The three movements associated with the system are satisfied with motors controlled by switches. The design calculations and the tests carried out are validated using the ANSYS finite element software.Design/methodology/approachThe whole process begins with the definition of the problem of eliminating the support of an additional person to help people with disabilities enter and leave a car, making it feasible and economical for the patients. Literature review includes and develops information from different sources. The research gap is identified and a necessary improvement is proposed. Design and analysis involves optimum design and calculation that achieves the efficiency, reliability and comfortable movement of the system. It also involves validation to support stress analysis in the system that is performed using ANSYS. The material supply includes the required materials taking into account factors such as strength, durability and availability. Manufacturing selects appropriate manufacturing techniques taking into account design, materials and space limitation. Operations such as welding, cutting, drilling and grinding are considered. The tests consist of performing a physical test to check the approximate load capacity of the system for a gentle, comfortable and secure comfort. Validation ensures that the results of the test coincide with the existing results of the supporting documentation. This process also involves taking corrective action and re-doing the design process to achieve the desired results.FindingsThe results that are plotted suggest that with the increase in downward force, the power required to balance it is greater. Similarly, the speed increases with increasing power. ANSYS analysis can be performed for the support structure and for obtaining deformation. The entire work can be implemented on the actual vehicle, and the time required for the patient to enter and exit could be calculated. The entire transfer system that operates by the engine can be modified, and a hydraulic system can be used to make the movements possible. The section of the rail can also be modified accordingly, and the comparison of the possible results can be carried out with the present system.Research limitations/implicationsThe entire system can be improvised by working on the mechanism which reduces the overall operating time without causing discomfort to the user when entering and exiting the car. Furthermore, the safety feature must be considered in the car to prevent the mechanism from altering the seating position of the seat, for which a mooring system can be inserted with a switch to hold it in place and release it. A powerful motor can be integrated into the mechanism to improvise the second movement, which is the deployment of the legs on the ground with the motorized wheels. The set of cast iron rails is used to support more weight without failure.Practical implicationsThe main objective is to design a system that allows a disabled person to enter and exit easily without the support or assistance of a second person. The design process had to be modified, and various methods were tried to incorporate this flawless movement onto the chassis of the car. Necessary changes have been made in the case of the material used and of the yarn to obtain the desired movement at the desired speed at the desired time. By performing these three movements, the secondary objective had to be integrated into the system to automate the door to facilitate the entry and exit of the car and to open the door simply by pressing a button. These results were taken into account to make the engine speed changes and the speed at which the chair will descend and move horizontally to ensure a safe design.Social implicationsThe developed transfer seat system can be widely used in healthcare sectors which greatly helps the movement of disabled persons.Originality/valueThe design calculations and tests carried out are validated using the ANSYS®, a finite element software.
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Flanagan, Dennis. "Mini Implants Supporting Fixed Partial Dentures in the Posterior Mandible: A Retrospective." Journal of Oral Implantology 41, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): e138-e143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-14-00081.

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Small-diameter, or mini, dental implants have been successfully used to support removable and fixed oral prostheses. These implants impart about twice the per-square-millimeter force on the supporting bone and this should be addressed during treatment planning. In the posterior jaws, bite forces are of a higher magnitude than in the anterior jaws and may induce an overload of the supporting bone and failure of the osseointegration. Thus there should not be occlusal contact in functional excursions that induce off axial loads. The cases presented herein demonstrate that mini dental implants may be used successfully to support fixed partial dentures in mandibular sites in highly selected patients. Attention should be given to the bone density of the site, very slow seating rotation of the implant with intermissions or cooling during insertion, observation of a 4-month healing time, flapless placement, treatment of any existing periodontitis, an insoluble cement, and exclusion of occlusal contact in functional excursions. Importantly, a narrow, rounded occlusal table should be used to minimize off axial loads and an insoluble luting cement should be used to prevent loosening of the crowns due to dissolution of the cement and an overload of the retained implant with any residual cement-retained in the retainer. The implant that supports the cement retained retainer will be subjected to leveraged rotation that may destroy the osseointegration and result in exfoliation of the implant.
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Montalvo-Pérez, Almudena, Lidia B. Alejo, Pedro L. Valenzuela, Mario Castellanos, Jaime Gil-Cabrera, Eduardo Talavera, Alejandro Lucia, and David Barranco-Gil. "Validity of the Favero Assioma Duo Power Pedal System for Measuring Power Output and Cadence." Sensors 21, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072277.

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Cycling power meters enable monitoring external loads and performance changes. We aimed to determine the concurrent validity of the novel Favero Assioma Duo (FAD) pedal power meter compared with the crank-based SRM system (considered as gold standard). Thirty-three well-trained male cyclists were assessed at different power output (PO) levels (100–500 W and all-out 15-s sprints), pedaling cadences (75–100 rpm) and cycling positions (seating and standing) to compare the FAD device vs. SRM. No significant differences were found between devices for cadence nor for PO during all-out efforts (p > 0.05), although significant but small differences were found for efforts at lower PO values (p < 0.05 for 100–500 W, mean bias 3–8 W). A strong agreement was observed between both devices for mean cadence (ICC > 0.87) and PO values (ICC > 0.81) recorded in essentially all conditions and for peak cadence (ICC > 0.98) and peak PO (ICC > 0.99) during all-out efforts. The coefficient of variation for PO values was consistently lower than 3%. In conclusion, the FAD pedal-based power meter can be considered an overall valid system to record PO and cadence during cycling, although it might present a small bias compared with power meters placed on other locations such as SRM.
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Mehta, C. R., and V. K. Tewari. "Vibrational Characteristics of Tractor Seat Cushion Materials and Ride Comfort." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 21, no. 2 (September 2002): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026309202761019525.

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Tractor seat design can be used as a means to modify loads on body structures to reduce operator's discomfort. The overall comfort and performance of the tractor seating system consist oi fi-ame. cushion. covers. suspension and damping mechanisms. Vibration attenuation in a tractor seat is achieved by selecting the proper suspension and damping mechanism. The vibration characteristics of cushion materials are often overlooked. This paper describes a method of vibration characterisation of tractor seat cushion materials to improve operator's comfort. Nine commercially available seat cushion materials of different density, thickness and composition were randomly selected for this study. Transmissibility data were obtained by measuring input acceleration values on the base plate and output acceleration values at mass at different frequencies from 1 to 7 Hz. It was observed that vibration transmissibilities at resonance and the resonance frequency were significantly affected by the thickness of cushion materials. In the frequency range above the resonance, especially at frequencies higher than 5 Hz, the thinner sample had a higher transmissibility than the thicker sample. In contrast, over the frequency range below the resonance, especially at frequencies lower than 4 Hz, thicker samples had a higher transmissibility than the thinner samples. The synthetic rubber foam cushion materials 1.9D (thickness of 101 mm, density of 69.72 kg/m3) and D (thickness of 54 mm, density of 68.70 kg/m3) may be recommended for tractor seat pan and backrest cushion materials, respectively on the basis of vibration characteristics.
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Louw, Stefan, Rongzong Wu, Joseph Hammack, and David Jones. "Development of an Improved Test Setup for Measuring the Resilient Modulus of Stabilized Pavement Materials." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 2 (January 19, 2019): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118821934.

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In a recent study to develop mechanistic empirical relationships for full depth reclamation (FDR) in California, it was determined that the commonly used triaxial testing setup detailed in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T 307 was not suitable for testing stabilized materials. This paper investigates different testing setups, based on a comprehensive literature review, to determine an appropriate approach for measuring strains on both laboratory-compacted and field-cored specimens. Five different test setups were evaluated, ranging from measurements on the top cap of the triaxial cell, to third-point measurements on the specimen. This study also investigated methods of mounting transducer gauge points on the specimen in a repeatable and accurate manner, and for preparing the specimen ends to mitigate point loads. Two field cores, one sampled from an FDR project with cement stabilization (FDR-PC) and the other from an FDR project with foamed asphalt stabilization (FDR-FA), were subjected to unconfined, low stress cyclic triaxial testing using different deviatoric and seating stresses using each of the five test setups. The effects of non-linear strain distribution on the cyclic stress strain curves were compared. Based on these results, the recommended test setup for determining the resilient modulus of the stabilized material is the third point on-specimen setup for measuring strain. This approach was minimally influenced by the non-linear strain distribution, and provided resilient moduli that closely correlated with stiffnesses back calculated from the falling weight deflectometer deflections measured close to the core locations.
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"Metallic seal has low seating load." Sealing Technology 2002, no. 10 (October 2002): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4789(02)10005-5.

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Eric, Ouellette, Shenoy Aarti, and Gilbert Jeremy. "Influence of seating load, loading rate, and design parameters on the connection strength of modular tapers." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 4 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/conf.fbioe.2016.01.00517.

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Flanagan, Dennis, Alessandro Fisher BS, Carmen Ciardiello, Vito Moreno, Alen Uvalic, Jyotsna Winsor, Mark Rubano, Eric Eric Howard, George Lykotrafitis, and David Pierce. "A THEORETICAL ITERATION FOR PREDICTING THE FEASIBILITY FOR IMMEDIATE FUNCTIONAL DENTAL IMPLANT LOADING." Journal of Oral Implantology, October 8, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-20-00194.

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When planning an implant supported restoration the dentist is faced with the surgical and prosthetic technical issues as well as the patient’s expectations. Many patients wish an immediate solution to an edentulous condition. This is especially may be true in the esthetic zone. The extent of the zone is determined by the patient. The dentist may consider when it is feasible to load the supporting implants with definitive or provisional prosthetics. For the work herein, consideration of many parameters were theoretically assessed for inclusion: bone density, cortical thickness, seating torque, parafunction, bite load capacity, number of implants under load, implant/crown ratio, implant diameter and length. After assessment, the most influential parameters were selected. An iteration, using patient age, implant diameter, bite load capacity and cortical thickness, is now presented to aid the implant dentist in determining the feasibility for immediate functional loading of a just placed dental implant in a healed site. Extensive testing is required to develop this concept. According to this iteration, most immediate functional loaded implants would fail. A future refined and definitive formula may enable the clinician to safely immediately functional load an implant with a definitive prosthesis.
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Ouellette, Eric S., Aarti A. Shenoy, and Jeremy L. Gilbert. "The seating mechanics of head-neck modular tapers in vitro: Load-displacement measurements, moisture, and rate effects." Journal of Orthopaedic Research, February 21, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.23725.

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Le, Peter, Charles A. Weisenbach, Emily H. L. Mills, Lanie Monforton, and Micah J. Kinney. "Exploring the Interaction Between Head-Supported Mass, Posture, and Visual Stress on Neck Muscle Activation." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, June 2, 2021, 001872082110191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00187208211019154.

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Abstract:
Objective Assess neck muscle activity for varying interactions between helmet, posture, and visual stress in a simulated “helo-hunch” posture. Background Military aviators frequently report neck pain (NP). Risk factors for NP include head-supported mass, awkward postures, and mental workload. Interactions between these factors could induce constant low-level muscle activation during helicopter flight and better explain instances of NP. Method Interactions between physical loading (helmet doffed/donned), posture (symmetric/asymmetric), and visual stress (low/high contrast) were studied through neck muscle electromyography (EMG), head kinematics, subjective discomfort, perceived workload, and task performance. Subjects ( n = 16) performed eight 30-min test conditions (varied physical loading, posture, and visual stress) while performing a simple task in a simulated “helo-hunch” seating environment. Results Conditions with a helmet donned had fewer EMG median frequency cycles (which infer motor unit rotation for rest/recovery, where more cycles are better) in the left cervical extensor and left sternocleidomastoid. Asymmetric posture (to the right) resulted in higher normalized EMG activity in the right cervical extensor and left sternocleidomastoid and resulted in less lateral bending compared with neutral across all conditions. Conditions with high visual stress also resulted in fewer EMG cycles in the right cervical extensor. Conclusion A complex interaction exists between the physical load of the helmet, postural stress from awkward postures, and visual stress within a simulated “helo-hunch” seating environment. Application These results provide insight into how visual factors influence biomechanical loading. Such insights may assist future studies in designing short-term administrative controls and long-term engineering controls.
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50

"Pattern of Pressure Distribution on the Car Seat Under Static Condition and Its Relationship with Driving Posture." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 12 (October 10, 2019): 4189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.l3668.1081219.

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Assessment of sitting condition on the car seat is important as the driver requires to remain seated while maneuvering the car. The seating situation with relatively restricted position and posture can lead to discomfort and fatigue among drivers. When the driver is getting fatigue, it may reduce the performance, and hence increase the risk of road accident. Up to this date, numerous study were conducted to solve this issue. However, majority of these studies performed the study in the laboratory. Furthermore, majority of the experiment were not used the actual car and provide clear interaction between driving posture and pressure distribution pattern. Hence, this study aims to determine the onset level of driver’s condition in term of discomfort rating scale and pressure distribution on the car seat under static condition by using actual car. Forty-four participants involved in this study by integrating discomfort rating assessment for the subjective evaluation and Pressure Sensor for the objective assessment. There were two main sections for subjective assessment that required the participant to provide the feedback on general discomfort level and body part discomfort while seating. Meanwhile, objective assessment used pressure map by Tactilus with 32 x 32 sensor matrix. All participants were required to sit on the car seat for five minutes. Findings showed that the driver’s discomfort and pressure pattern increased with time. In addition, the peak pressure distribution was found at the right buttock of the participant. Driving posture also influence the pattern of pressure distribution. This study provides a guideline for the automotive manufacturer to provide the optimal design of the car seat by maximizing the seat materials in term of quantity and quality with the highest pressure distribution levels. This adjustment can help to minimize the load concentration by providing a good pressure distribution
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