Relevant bibliographies by topics / Seawater density

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Seawater density'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Seawater density"

1

Pawlowicz, R., D. G. Wright, and F. J. Millero. "The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater." Ocean Science 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 363–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-7-363-2011.

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Abstract. As seawater circulates through the global ocean, its relative composition undergoes small variations. This results in changes to the conductivity/salinity/density relationship, which is currently well-defined only for Standard Seawater obtained from a particular area in the North Atlantic. These changes are investigated here by analysis of laboratory experiments in which salts are added to seawater, by analysis of oceanic observations of density and composition anomalies, and by mathematical investigation using a model relating composition, conductivity, and density of arbitrary seawaters. Mathematical analysis shows that understanding and describing the effect of changes in relative composition on operational estimates of salinity using the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and on density using an equation of state for Standard Seawater require the use of a number of different salinity variables and a family of haline contraction coefficients. These salinity variables include an absolute Salinity SAsoln, a density salinity SAdens, the reference salinity SR, and an added-mass salinity SAadd. In addition, a new salinity variable S∗ is defined, which represents the preformed salinity of a Standard Seawater component of real seawater to which biogeochemical processes add material. In spite of this complexity, observed correlations between different ocean biogeochemical processes allow the creation of simple formulas that can be used to convert between the different salinity and density measures, allowing for the operational reduction of routine oceanographic observations.
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Pawlowicz, R., D. G. Wright, and F. J. Millero. "The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater." Ocean Science Discussions 7, no. 2 (April 7, 2010): 773–836. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-7-773-2010.

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Abstract. As seawater circulates through the global ocean, its relative composition undergoes small variations. This results in changes to the conductivity/salinity/density relationship, which is currently well-defined only for Standard Seawater obtained from a particular area in the North Atlantic. These changes are investigated here by analysis of laboratory experiments in which salts are added to seawater, by analysis of oceanic observations of density and composition anomalies, and by mathematical investigation using a model relating composition, conductivity, and density of arbitrary seawaters. Mathematical analysis shows that understanding and describing the effect of changes in relative composition on operational estimates of salinity using the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and on density using an equation of state for Standard Seawater require the use of a number of different salinity variables and a family of haline contraction coefficients. These salinity variables include an absolute salinity SAsoln, a density salinity SAdens, the reference salinity SR, and an added-mass salinity SAadd. In addition, a new salinity variable S∗ is defined, which represents the preformed salinity of a Standard Seawater component to which biogeochemical processes add material. In spite of this complexity, observed correlations between different ocean biogeochemical processes allow the creation of simple formulas that can be used to convert between the different salinity and density measures, allowing for the operational reduction of routine oceanographic observations.
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Hernández-Ayón, J. M. "pH-density relationships in seawater." Ciencias Marinas 29, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.7773/cm.v29i4.166.

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4

Dai, Hao, and Xining Zhang. "Uncertainties in Climatological Seawater Density Calculations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123, no. 3 (March 2018): 2192–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017jc013427.

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Zeynolabedin, Amin, Reza Ghiassi, and Moharam Dolatshahi Pirooz. "Investigating island groundwater salinity, using vulnerability index and numerical methods." Water Supply 20, no. 7 (August 10, 2020): 2804–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.180.

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Abstract Seawater intrusion is one of the major issues in Qeshm Island, which is the biggest island of the Persian Gulf. To investigate seawater intrusion in this island, a modified GALDIT index is used to map the vulnerability of the whole region. Considering the vulnerability map, two critical sections which have the highest vulnerability, one in the northeast and the other in the west side of the island, are chosen for detailed investigation. To achieve this goal, two numerical models, MODFLOW and SEAWAT are applied to simulate the groundwater flow and solute transport. The results show that the aquifer is in a dangerous level of threat of vulnerability and 15 km2 of the aquifer is in danger of being salinized. A comparison is made between MT3DMS and SEAWAT results, indicating that SEAWAT simulates seawater intrusion with more accuracy. It seems because of considering salt density in SEAWAT flow equations. The numerical simulation shows that the seawater is intruding on the island at a rapid rate.
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Schmidt, Hannes, Steffen Seitz, Egon Hassel, and Henning Wolf. "The density–salinity relation of standard seawater." Ocean Science 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2018): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-15-2018.

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Abstract. The determination of salinity by means of electrical conductivity relies on stable salt proportions in the North Atlantic Ocean, because standard seawater, which is required for salinometer calibration, is produced from water of the North Atlantic. To verify the long-term stability of the standard seawater composition, it was proposed to perform measurements of the standard seawater density. Since the density is sensitive to all salt components, a density measurement can detect any change in the composition. A conversion of the density values to salinity can be performed by means of a density–salinity relation. To use such a relation with a target uncertainty in salinity comparable to that in salinity obtained from conductivity measurements, a density measurement with an uncertainty of 2 g m−3 is mandatory. We present a new density–salinity relation based on such accurate density measurements. The substitution measurement method used is described and density corrections for uniform isotopic and chemical compositions are reported. The comparison of densities calculated using the new relation with those calculated using the present reference equations of state TEOS-10 suggests that the density accuracy of TEOS-10 (as well as that of EOS-80) has been overestimated, as the accuracy of some of its underlying density measurements had been overestimated. The new density–salinity relation may be used to verify the stable composition of standard seawater by means of routine density measurements.
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García-Abdeslem, Juan. "On the seawater density in gravity calculations." Journal of Applied Geophysics 183 (December 2020): 104200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2020.104200.

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8

Mehdiyev, K. K., and Kh M. Ibrahimov. "Development of lightweight cement slurries for stabilizing producing formation in absorbing wells." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2021-5-29-33.

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The paper presents the results of laboratory investigations on the development of lightweighted cement compositions for improvement of stabilizing of producing formation, as well as the hermetization of the areas with low frac gradients. To obtain lightweighted cement, few optimum compositions have been specified through experiments adding the agents in various thickness and concentrations into the mixture. The distribution of optimum compositions, the beginning and end of the hermetization, the solidness and density have been defined. The density of cement slurry developed on cement+seawater is 1900 kg/m3, the density of that on the cement+seawater+chamotte+bark+polymer+CaCl2 is 1610 kg/m3, the density of one developed on the cement+seawater+bark+CaCl2+carbonate+Al powder is 1700 kg/m3 and the density of cement slurry on cement+seawater+bark+CaCl2+keramzit comprised 1590 kg/m3.
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Baronti, Federico, Gabriele Fantechi, Roberto Roncella, and Roberto Saletti. "Wireless Sensor Node for Surface Seawater Density Measurements." Sensors 12, no. 3 (March 2, 2012): 2954–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120302954.

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Krasnodubets, L. A., and M. N. Penkov. "Computer simulation of a hydrostatic seawater density meter." Monitoring systems of environment, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33075/2220-5861-2020-1-71-76.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seawater density"

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Hassan, Abubakr Hussein. "Numerical Modeling Of Seawater-fresh Groundwater Relationships In The Selcuk Sub-basin, Izmir-turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604997/index.pdf.

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Seawater-fresh groundwater natural equilibrium conditions in the aquifers of the Selç
uk sub-basin may be disturbed by the discharge occurred during the past 30 years in order to supply water for irrigation and domestic purpose usage. Two dimensional density dependent cross sectional saturated flow and solute transport simulations were carried out to determine whether seawater intrusion has occurred in the Selç
uk sub-basin due to the imposed discharge or the determined salt-water in the western section of the aquifers represents natural interface equilibrium conditions. The numerical simulation model was calibrated using field measurements. The results of the simulations suggest that the seawater intrusion has occurred in the study area since the pumping activity increased in the region. Five scenarios were simulated for future predictions: (1) Present recharge and discharge conditions are maintained, (2) Discharge increases at a rate of the municipality need as a result of increasing population, (3) Discharge decreases by 12% from the present value, (4) Discharge decreases by 25% from the present value, and (5) No discharge occurs or recharge amount equals to the present discharge amount condition supplied to the aquifer. These scenario results suggest that seawater intrusion in the Selç
uk sub-basin would progress in the following years unless proper management measures are taken into consideration. KEYWORDS: seawater intrusion, density dependent groundwater flow, solute transport, contamination, Selç
uk sub-basin.
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Pilbrow, Edward Neil. "Synthetic Aperture Sonar Micronavigation Using An Active Acoustic Beacon." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1226.

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Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) technology has rapidly progressed over the past few years with a number of commercial systems emerging. Such systems are typically based on an autonomous underwater vehicle platform containing multiple along-track receivers and an integrated inertial navigation system (INS) with Doppler velocity log aiding. While producing excellent images, blurring due to INS integration errors and medium fluctuations continues to limit long range, long run, image quality. This is particularly relevant in mine hunting, the main application for SAS, where it is critical to survey the greatest possible area in the shortest possible time, regardless of sea conditions. This thesis presents the simulation, design, construction, and sea trial results for a prototype "active beacon" and remote controller unit, to investigate the potential of such a device for estimating SAS platform motion and medium fluctuations. The beacon is deployed by hand in the area of interest and acts as an active point source with real-time data uploading and control performed by radio link. Operation is tightly integrated with the operation of the Acoustics Research Group KiwiSAS towed SAS, producing one-way and two-way time of flight (TOF) data for every ping by detecting the sonar chirps, time-stamping their arrival using a GPS receiver, and replying back at a different acoustic frequency after a fixed time delay. The high SNR of this reply signal, combined with the knowledge that it is produced by a single point source, provides advantages over passive point-like targets for SAS image processing. Stationary accuracies of < 2 mm RMS have been measured at ranges of up to 36m. This high accuracy allowed the beacon to be used in a separate study to characterise the medium fluctuation statistics in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand, using an indoor dive pool as a control. Probability density functions were fitted to the data then incorporated in SAS simulations to observe their effect on image quality. Results from recent sea trials in Lyttelton Harbour show the beacon TOF data, when used in a narrowband motion compensation (MOCOMP) process, provided improvements to the quality of SAS images centred on frequencies of 30 kHz and 100 kHz. This prototype uses simple matched-filtering algorithms for detection and while performing well under stationary conditions, the fluctuations caused by the narrow sonar transmit beam pattern (BP) and changing superposition of seabed multipath often cause dropouts and inaccurate detections during sea trials. An analysis of the BP effects and how the accuracy and robustness of the detection algorithms can be improved is presented. Overcoming these problems reliably is difficult without dedicated large scale testing facilities to allow conditions to be reproduced consistently.
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Guha, Swagata. "Variable-Density Flow Models of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Landforms in Response to Climate Change Induced Sea Level Rise and a Chapter on Time-Frequency Analysis of Ground Penetrating Radar Signals." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3490.

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Populations residing on and near the world’s coasts have become increasingly dependent on coastal groundwater for their supply of freshwater. Under the conditions of predicted climate changes, the expected rise in global sea level can adversely affect the quality and quantity of freshwater resources in coastal areas as a result of saltwater intrusion. In this study, a suite of two- and three-dimensional variable-density groundwater flow models of major coastal landforms (e.g. deltas, estuaries and small islands) has been constructed to assess the effects of sea level rise (SLR), using different SLR rates of 0.5 m, 1m and 1.5 m over the next 90 years, from 2010-2100. The model results indicate that in natural coastal systems the extent of saltwater intrusion is significantly controlled by the stratigraphy of the depositional environments. Among deltaic aquifers, wave-dominated deltas are more prone to saltwater intrusion than river- and tide-dominated deltas. In case of a partially mixed, microtidal estuary, SLR can cause extensive porewater salinity increases, especially within estuarine sand deposits. Simulations of atoll and barrier islands reveal that carbonate atoll islands with high conductivity units, are severely affected by SLR, resulting in significant reduction of the volume of freshwater lens. In contrast, migrating sandy barrier islands could retain their freshwater resources with rising sea level under conditions of increased recharge, assuming the barriers can migrate in response to SLR. The freshwater lens of barrier island aquifers would reduce in size due to increased evapotranspiration caused by change in vegetation pattern. When examined for anthropogenic impacts of groundwater withdrawal through pumping, all the coastal aquifers show evidence of saltwater intrusion, with varying degrees of impact. Wave-dominated deltas are more affected by groundwater withdrawal than river- and tide-dominated deltaic aquifers. Saltwater intrusion in atoll islands is further enhanced by pumping withdrawal. It is evident from the results of the simulations that, the potential effects on coastal aquifers of groundwater withdrawals for potable water can easily exceed the adverse effects of SLR in terms of salinity increase.
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Dakin, Del Thomas. "In situ sensing to enable the 2010 thermodynamic equation of seawater." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7713.

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The thermodynamic equation of seawater - 2010 (TEOS-10) is hampered by the inability to measure absolute salinity or density in situ. No new advances for in situ salinity or density measurement have taken place since the adoption of the practical salinity scale in 1978. In this thesis three possible technologies for in situ measurements are developed and assessed: phased conductivity, an in situ density sensor and sound speed sensors. Of these, only sound speed sensors showed the potential for an in situ TEOS-10 measurement solution. To be implemented, sensor response times need to be matched and the sound speed sensor accuracy must be improved. Sound speed sensor accuracy is primarily limited by the calibration reference, pure water. Test results indicate the TEOS-10 sound speed coefficients may also need to be improved. A calibration system to improve sound speed sensor accuracy and verify the TEOS-10 coefficients is discussed.
Graduate
0415
0986
TDakin@UVic.ca
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Books on the topic "Seawater density"

1

Böhnecke, Günther. Temperature, salinity and density of the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean. New Delhi: Published for the Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1991.

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Salmon, Rick. Rotating convection: 1995 Summer Study Program in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1996.

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Dausman, Alyssa. Application of SEAWAT to select variable-density and viscosity problems. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2010.

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Guo, Weixing. User's guide to SEAWAT: A computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Guo, Weixing. User's guide to SEAWAT: A computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Guo, Weixing. User's guide to SEAWAT: A computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Guo, Weixing. User's guide to SEAWAT: A computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Langevin, Christian D. Modflow-2000: The U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--documentation of the SEAWAT-2000 version with the variable-density flow process (VDF) and the integrated MT3DMS transport process (IMT). Tallahassee, Fla. (2010 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee 32310): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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Langevin, Christian D. MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--documentation of the SEAWAT-2000 version with the variable-density flow process (VDF) and the integrated MT3DMS transport process (IMT). Tallahassee, Fla. (2010 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee 32310): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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Langevin, Christian D. MODFLOW-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model--documentation of the SEAWAT-2000 version with the variable-density flow process (VDF) and the integrated MT3DMS transport process (IMT). Tallahassee, Fla. (2010 Levy Avenue, Tallahassee 32310): U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Seawater density"

1

Sorek, S., V. Borisov, and A. Yakirevich. "Modified Eulerian Lagrangian Method for Density Dependent Miscible Transport." In Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers — Concepts, Methods and Practices, 363–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2969-7_11.

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Gambolati, G., M. Putti, and C. Paniconi. "Three-Dimensional Model of Coupled Density-Dependent Flow and Miscible Salt Transport." In Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers — Concepts, Methods and Practices, 315–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2969-7_10.

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"Density and pressure in the oceans." In Seawater, 39–60. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-075063715-2/50005-8.

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WRIGHT, JOHN, and ANGELA COLLING. "DENSITY AND PRESSURE IN THE OCEANS." In Seawater: its Composition, Properties and Behaviour, 39–60. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-042518-4.50009-8.

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Evans, John. "Water." In Elements of a Sustainable World, 235–72. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827832.003.0006.

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The physical properties of water provide a framework for many day-to-day experiences: including the energy intrinsic to the melting and boiling of water, and in the increase in vapour density with temperature. The availability of freshwater is sequestered mainly in ice caps and groundwater and most readily acquired water emanates from the rainwater that falls on land. The demands of water for processing (Virtual water) are substantial. Extension fo water supply by desalination of seawater by reverse osmosis is explained. Options for extraction of minerals from seawater are also developed. The challenges posed by heavy elements, pharmaceuticals and plastics on wastewater treatment and drinking water supplies are elaborated
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"Estimation of seawater intrusion front in a coastal karstified system using a density-dependent flow approach." In Environmental Hydraulics, Two Volume Set, 671–76. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b10553-112.

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Conference papers on the topic "Seawater density"

1

Giuliano Albo, P. Alberto, Simona Lago, and Raffaella Romeo. "Density measurements of IAPSO Standard Seawater by hydrostatic weighing." In 2018 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea; Learning to Measure Sea Health Parameters (MetroSea). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metrosea.2018.8657833.

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Hu, Richa, Chunlong Liu, Xusheng Zhang, and Liang Guo. "Cold-thermal wake characteristics of submarine in temperature-density stratified seawater." In Fifth Symposium on Novel Optoelectronic Detection Technology and Application, edited by Qifeng Yu, Wei Huang, and You He. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2521927.

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Lu, Wei, Qingchun Yang, and Guangliang Tang. "A numerical modelling of seawater intrusion with a 3D density dependent model in Shenzhen." In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6058228.

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Sharqawy, Mostafa H., John H. Lienhard, and Syed M. Zubair. "On Thermal Performance of Seawater Cooling Towers." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23200.

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Seawater cooling towers have been used since the 1970’s in power generation and other industries, so as to reduce the consumption of freshwater. The salts in seawater are known to create a number of operational problems including salt deposition, packing blockage, corrosion, and certain environmental impacts from salt drift and blowdown return. In addition, the salinity of seawater affects the thermophysical properties which govern the thermal performance of cooling towers, including vapor pressure, density, specific heat, viscosity, thermal conductivity and surface tension. In this paper, the thermal performance of seawater cooling towers is investigated using a detailed model of a counterflow wet cooling tower. The model takes into consideration the coupled heat and mass transfer processes and does not make any of the conventional Merkel approximations. In addition, the model incorporates the most up-to-date seawater properties in the literature. The model governing equations are solved numerically and its validity is checked by data in the literature. Based on the results of the model, a correction factor is obtained which characterizes the degradation of the cooling tower effectiveness when seawater is used.
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Andrulionis, Natalia, Natalia Andrulionis, Ivan Zavialov, Ivan Zavialov, Elena Kovaleva, Elena Kovaleva, Peter Zavialov, et al. "SITE-SPECIFIC EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR COASTAL SEA AREAS AND INLAND WATER BODIES." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_589b5bebd4a21.

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This article presents a new method of laboratory density determination and construction equations of state for marine waters with various ionic compositions and salinities was developed. The validation of the method was performed using the Ocean Standard Seawater and the UNESCO thermodynamic equation of state (EOS-80). Density measurements of water samples from the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Issyk-Kul Lake were performed using a high-precision laboratory density meter. The obtained results were compared with the density values calculated for the considered water samples by the EOS-80 equation. It was shown that difference in ionic composition between Standard Seawater and the considered water bodies results in significant inaccuracies in determination of water density using the EOS-80 equation. Basing on the laboratory measurements of density under various salinity and temperature values we constructed a new equation of state for the Aral Sea and the Black Sea water samples and estimated errors for their coefficients.
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Andrulionis, Natalia, Natalia Andrulionis, Ivan Zavialov, Ivan Zavialov, Elena Kovaleva, Elena Kovaleva, Peter Zavialov, et al. "SITE-SPECIFIC EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR COASTAL SEA AREAS AND INLAND WATER BODIES." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9452bebe47.34318019.

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This article presents a new method of laboratory density determination and construction equations of state for marine waters with various ionic compositions and salinities was developed. The validation of the method was performed using the Ocean Standard Seawater and the UNESCO thermodynamic equation of state (EOS-80). Density measurements of water samples from the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Issyk-Kul Lake were performed using a high-precision laboratory density meter. The obtained results were compared with the density values calculated for the considered water samples by the EOS-80 equation. It was shown that difference in ionic composition between Standard Seawater and the considered water bodies results in significant inaccuracies in determination of water density using the EOS-80 equation. Basing on the laboratory measurements of density under various salinity and temperature values we constructed a new equation of state for the Aral Sea and the Black Sea water samples and estimated errors for their coefficients.
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Romeo, Raffaella, Simona Lago, Paola Alberto Giuliano Albo, and Marc Le Menn. "Seawater density measurements in the temperature range between 278.15 K and 308.15 K at ambient pressure." In 2018 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea; Learning to Measure Sea Health Parameters (MetroSea). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metrosea.2018.8657874.

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Li, Yuanjie, Shuai Ren, and Chin Pan. "Experimental Study of Boiling Characteristics of Seawater After an Accidental Shutdown of the Pump." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16648.

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Abstract Water is the most common working fluid using as the coolant for most of nuclear power plants due to its low cost, wide availability, and high heat capacity. In the Fukushima Daiichi accident caused by the tsunami following a powerful earthquake on 11th March 2011, the loss of heat sink occurred. Seawater, which had been considered as an alternative coolant before, was eventually injected into the nuclear reactor for more than one week as an emergency measure. The studies about the characteristics of heat transfer with the seawater as the working fluid have received much more attentions after the Fukushima Daiichi accident. The differences of thermophysical properties such as density, dynamic viscosity, and surface tension, between deionized water and seawater play an important role in the heat transfer. In addition, different boiling behaviors exhibit in the boiling process for two types of working fluid. Compared to pure water, the diameter of bubbles in seawater during pool boiling could be smaller than in water. To improve the safety of a nuclear reactor power plant, mechanisms of the heat transfer using seawater as an alternative emergency coolant should be studied thoroughly. In the present research, experiments of pool boiling in an annulus gap with a riser section after the sudden shutdown of the pump are investigated. Heat transfer characteristic of the heated surface using DI water and 3.5 wt% artificial seawater are described. Boiling behaviors at each fluid are compared and studied.
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Chakkarapani, Venkat, and Gautam Chaudhury. "Concept to Design: A Novel Seawater Intake Riser System." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24607.

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FLNG cooling process uses large volume of cold seawater drawn from 500–1000 feet below the mean sea level utilizing several vertical risers (20in–30in ID) hanging from the vessel. These risers have requirements very different from conventional risers supported at hang-off and seabed. The design challenges are hang-off loads (in both strength and fatigue), minimum bend radius (MBR) and interference. Hang-off loads can be lowered using low stiffness and light weight risers, but the associated deflections and riser motions will be excessive leading to low MBR and potential interference issues. On the other hand, interference and MBR issues can be addressed by using suffer and heavier weight risers, but this will increase hang-off loads and stresses at the platform base. Weight mass not only affects the dynamics but also provides valuable restoring moment thus helps to reduce static displacement due to current forces. Stiffness affects the bending deflections and helps achieve an acceptable MBR. Based on this, a novel alternative design for seawater intake is to use a single large diameter (60in-70in) steel caisson riser. This paper will briefly outline the preliminary concept verification and concentrate on the engineering of the concept in terms of design optimization, cost/schedule, construction, and installation. Other materials such as High Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE), Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP), will be examined for feasibility. FLNG process technology is continuing to develop to be safe, compact, and cost-efficient which also increases the possibilities of developing a number of stranded deep water gas reservoirs around the world. FLNG processes will become more efficient and cost effective with the proposed novel seawater intake system. Cost effectiveness will be evaluated in a qualitative manner.
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10

Liu, Xaohua, Wenbo Chen, Shengqiang Shen, Dawei Liu, and Guangbin Zhao. "The Analysis of Influence Factors on Sprinkle Density of Falling Film in Horizontal Tube Evaporator for Seawater Desalination." In 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2011.5748960.

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Reports on the topic "Seawater density"

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User's guide to SEAWAT; a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow. US Geological Survey, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/twri06a7.

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