Dissertations / Theses: 'Sebou'

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Harazim, Petr. "Dynamická analýza válcových komínů stojících za sebou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226461.

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The diploma thesis deals with the response of a steel smokestack structure to wind loads. A detailed computational model implementing the finite element method was created in accordance with the available drawing documentation. The new smokestack was placed next to an existing one, thus it can be assumed that these two structures will affect each other. The thesis also elaborates on the problems of aerodynamic and aeroelastic stability of the earlier smokestack; in particular, the occurrence of vortex shedding in resonance with eigenfrequency of the structure, with the use of the program ANSYS CFX. The evaluation of the structure includes survey of the strength and deflections of the structure. The calculations are in accordance with valid ČSN EN norms.

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Faleh, Ali. "Les Pays du Sebou prérifain (Maroc) : étude géomorphologique." Tours, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOUR4506.

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L'etude geomorphologique des pays du sebou prerifian, qui se situent dans le prerif central, consiste a analyser les caracteristiques des formes et des formations quaternaires et les manifestations de la morphodynamique actuelle. Trois generations de depots quaternaires s'etagent ou s'emboitent au dessus du niveau actuel de l'oued sebou. Le quaternaire ancien silicieux, rubefie et ferruginise est mis en place par des paleochenaux de l'ouerrha. Le quaternaire moyen se caracterise par une forte concentration de carbonate et par les deformations affectant les materiaux du niveau 5. L'originalite du quaternaire recent reside dans l'absence de la rubefaction des depots du niveau 2 et dans le fort remaniement des materiaux du niveau 1. La predominance des roches tendres, l'irregularite des aleas climatiques, et l'intensification de l'utilisation des sols favorisent le declechement de certains processus erosifs et accelerent d'autres. La plaine alluviale connait aussi une dynamique liee au role morphogenique du corps de l'oued sebou et de sa mobilite spatio-temporelle
The geomorphologic study of prerifain lands of sebou consists of analysing the characteristic of forms and of quaternary formations and the actual morphodynamic manifestations. Three generations of settlings rise in tiers or encase above the actual level of sebou river. The ancient siliceous quaternary is put in place by the ancient channel of ouerrha. The middle quaternary is characterised by an encrusting and deformation of level 5 materials. The originality of the recent quaternary resides in the absence of the "rubefaction" of settlings of level 2 and the strong altering of materials of level 1. The predominance of soft rocks, the irregularity of climatic risks and the intensity of the use of earth over the excessive down grounds, favor the releasing of certain erosive process and accelarate others

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Barhazza, Touria. "L'érosion sur les versants entre l'Oued Ouergha et l'Oued Sebou." Paris 12, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA120082.

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Le pre-rif central fait partie du pre-rif, la zone la plus exposee a l'erosion hydrique. Cette zone rassemble toutes les conditions favorables au developpement de l'erosion dont les consequences sont dramatiques. Les manifestations de cette erosion sont nombreuses et spectaculaires. Notre but principal,est une etude qualitative de l'erosion sur les versants en essayant de caracteriser la dynamique de ce milieu fragile. L'approche poursuivie s'est faite sous trois angles essentiels. D'abord l'etude des types de formes engendrees ensuite l'analyse des processus dont elles decoules en tenant compte des facteures du milieu et de de l'action anthropique qui jouent un role primordial dans la genese de ces formes. Enfin la proposition d'amenagements a entreprendre pour luter contre cette erosionet pour ameliorer la productivite des sols tout en conservant son capital.

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HADI, MOUDOI HADI SAMIRA. "La dynamique actuelle dans le moyen sebou -region de fes-." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR10005.

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Notre etude, consiste a analyser les manifestations de la dynamique actuelle dans le moyen sebou. Il ressort de cette etude que tous les secteurs de cette region connaissent des mouvements de terrain, c'est en effet la conjonction des facteurs de site, avec les facteurs declenchants qui explique au total la violence de l'erosion et la variete de ses manifestations. Les zones les plus exposees aux mouvements de terrain, sont celles ou le maximum de ces facteurs est present, ainsi, les formations meubles sont tres vulnerables des les faibles pentes, alors que les formations massives sont assez stables. Il s'est avere aussi, que les types de mouvements sont differents selon les secteurs, ainsi, les zones exposees au nord sont affectees par le ravinement et les mouvements de masses, et ceux exposes au sud, faconnees par le ruissellement en nappe decapante et le ravinement concentre evoluant en bad-lands
Our study consists in analysing the manifestation of dynamics in the present state in middle sebou. This study shows us all the parts of this country know mouvements of ground, this is actually the conjonction of the site factors, with the releasing factors that explains the violence of the erosion and the diversity of its manifestations. The most exposed areas to the grand mouvements are the ones where most of these factors are present. So the running begining formations are very vulnerable begining from feable slopes,, where as the massive formations are stable enough. It appears also that the types of mouvements are different depending on the sectors, so the areas exposed to the north are touched by the gullying and the masses mouvements, the areas exposed to the south are shaped by the scearing runoff of the water and the concentrated gullying evoluing in bad-lands

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Qadem, Abdelghani. "Quantification, modélisation et gestion de la ressource en eau dans le bassin versant du Haut Sebou (Maroc)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0263/document.

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L’eau constitue un des défis majeurs de notre époque quelque soit le continent, et à l’instar de nombreux pays de la rive sud de la méditerranée, le Maroc est particulièrement affecté par une pénurie d’eau. Il apparaît que pour pallier ce manque d’eau il est fait appel à la grande hydraulique (128 barrages au Maroc) pour alimenter, à partir des régions les plus arrosées, des bassins versants les plus propices ou des régions riches en eau souterraine, les villes principales ou des périmètres agricoles irrigués de grande surface. Néanmoins cette politique de grande hydraulique qui prévaut actuellement se heurte à plusieurs limites (durée limitée des réservoirs, nombres de sites propices, investissements) si bien qu’un des leviers prometteurs reste une gestion efficiente des ressources en eau. Cependant, pour bien les gérer il est essentiel de connaître la quantité d’eau disponible dans chaque bassin ainsi que ses différentes utilisations. Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à la connaissance de la ressource en eau sur un territoire clef. Le Moyen-Atlas, que l’on peut considérer comme le "château d’eau" du Maroc. Une démarche géographique est mise en place, tant au niveau de l’évaluation de la ressource que celle de l’utilisation, sur une des trois grandes unités hydrologiques qui draine le Moyen-Atlas : le bassin versant du Sebou à l’amont de la station hydrométrique d’Azzaba. Organisé en 4 parties ce travail, inscrit dans un cadre de coopération franco-marocain, démontre l’hétérogénéité des processus hydrologiques en relation avec un contexte géographique montagnard complexe. Tant l’analyse des phases hydrologiques que l’apport de la modélisation démontrent une contribution importante des eaux souterraines aux débits des cours d’eau mais également l’importance de sa redistribution à l’intérieur du bassin du Haut Sebou et vers les bassins contigus. D’autre part une enquête auprès des agriculteurs démontre les mutations agricoles en cours dans ce secteur du Moyen-Atlas et met en évidence les changements des modes de prélèvement d’eau dans l’hydrosystème : le système traditionnel de prélèvement au fil de l’eau étant de plus en plus concurrencé par des prélèvements à même la nappe par pompage
Water is one of the major issues of our time in all continents. Like many countries on the southern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, Morocco is particularly affected by water shortages. It seems that to overcome this lack of water, the country uses large hydro (128 dams in Morocco) to power, from the regions that receive the largest amounts of rain, or regions richest in groundwater, major cities and agricultural areas irrigated large area. However, this large and predominant hydraulic policy faces such several limitations (limited life of reservoirs, number of sites suitable, and investment) that promising levers remain efficient ways of managing water resources. However, to effectively manage this, it is essential to know the amount of water available in each basin and its different uses. This thesis is a contribution to the knowledge of water resources in a key area. The Middle Atlas can be considered the "water tower" of Morocco. A geographical approach is in place, both in terms of the resource assessment and use of one of three major hydrological units that drains the Middle Atlas: the watershed of the Sebou up stream of the hydrometric station Azzaba. set in 4 parts, this work- being of the Franco-Moroccan academic cooperation- demonstrates the heterogeneity of hydrological processes in relation to a complex mountainous geographical context. Both the analysis of hydrological phases and the contribution of modeling show a significant contribution of groundwater to stream flow, the importance of redistribution within the basin of the Upper Sebu and from adjacent basins. In this regard, research in the form of survey aimed at apopulation farmers shows agricultural changes forming in the Middle Atlas sector, and highlights the changes in water sampling modes in river systems, the traditional sampling system over water being increasingly challenged by levies same groundwater pumping

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Bartoň, Marian. "Řežou si bobři pod sebou větev? Analýza dosahování potravy z dlouhodobé perspektivy." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-260341.

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This thesis is focused on the analysis of eurasian beavers foraging behaviour and their strategy of getting food in the long-term perspective. First part (theoretical) of the thesis contains an explanation of the theory of the central place foraging, animal selective behaviour when food is selected and central place foraging influence on trees fertility. In this part is also mentioned the predation risk or how does the beaver perceives competitive pressure from other animals, and factors that can cause the change in population density of beaver colonies. The objective of this work is to determine the effect of long-term beaver populating on the volume of comsumed biomass and expanse of the territory, and a comparison of these results with one another in terms of different times of occupated territories. The second part describes the methodical procedure of the field survey. Data I collected from the areas of Šumava, Český les and South Moravia. I tried to find out, how the beaver´s foraging behaviour is induced depending on time inhabiting the territory and on increasing distance from the shore. This research shows that the beaver trips for food increases with age of occupation in 7-10 years and then the distance of tree cuts declined again from the shore. The volume of consumed biomass in reliance of increasing time of beaver occupation also decline and the most favoured tree species was an oak tree for which beavers were willing to walk long distances. The results of the simple analysis are presented as a measurement for both the entire region and also for each territory.

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Hayzoun, Hanane. "Caractérisation et quantification de la charge polluante anthropique et industrielle dans le bassin du Sebou." Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0007/document.

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L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est d’évaluer l'impact des activités anthropiques sur le fonctionnement des systèmes aquatiques. L’impact des rejets urbains de Fès sur le Sebou, l'une des plus grandes rivières du Maroc, a été choisi pour cette étude. Les eaux usées domestiques et industrielles de la ville de Fès (~1M hab), véhiculées par son affluent l’oued Fès, sont rejetées dans le Sebou quasiment sans traitement. Deux sites du Sebou, en amont et en aval des rejets de la ville de Fès, et un site situé sur l’oued Fès ont été étudiés. Une campagne de prélèvement de carottes de sédiments et onze campagnes mensuelles de prélèvement d’eau et de matières en suspension (MES) ont été effectuées dans le but de quantifier les apports en nutriments, éléments traces métalliques (ETM) et carbone organique afin d’étudier la dynamique de ces polluants. Les résultats obtenus ont mis en évidence une augmentation des concentrations de presque tous les éléments étudiés en aval de la ville de Fès aussi bien dans la colonne d’eau que dans les sédiments. L’étude des carottes sédimentaires a révélé une contamination modérée par les butylétains totaux (ΣBT) avec la prédominance du monobutyétain dans les trois sites d’étude et sur toutes les profondeurs. Les sédiments du Sebou, en amont de la ville de Fès se caractérisent par les teneurs les plus faibles en métaux alors que ceux de l’oued Fès présentent une forte pollution polymétallique, accentuée dans les sédiments de surface, ce qui reflète clairement la signature d'apports anthropiques récents résultant des rejets non traités de la ville de Fès. L’augmentation consécutive des teneurs des métaux dans les sédiments du Sebou en aval de la confluence Fès-Sebou traduit l'influence significative des particules polluées de l’oued Fès. Dans la colonne d’eau, les concentrations mesurées dans le Sebou en amont de la confluence Fès-Sebou sont proches des rivières naturelles, à l’exception de Cl-, Cr, Na+ et NO3- dont les concentrations traduisent des pollutions agricoles et/ou domestiques. En revanche, la signature anthropique des rejets de la ville de Fès apparait évidente dans les eaux de l’oued Fès qui montrent des concentrations très élevées en ETM dissous et particulaires. La majorité des ETM provenant des apports anthropiques subissent des changements importants de leur coefficient de distribution Kd et présentent un comportement non conservatif dans le mélange entre les eaux du Sebou et celles de l’oued Fès. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par le modèle WHAM qui permet de prédire correctement le fractionnement dissous/particulaire, du Cu, Pb et Zn. La spéciation chimique de ces éléments ainsi que leur répartition dissous/particulaire apparaissent significativement influencées par les conditions particulières (anoxie, forte contamination, teneurs importantes en matière organique) des eaux de l’oued Fès. Ces conditions sont aussi à l’origine du comportement non conservatif de la majorité des éléments lors d'un mélange Sebou/Fès, observé aussi bien dans la colonne d’eau que dans les sédiments
The main goal of this PhD was to evaluate the impact of the anthropogenic activities (urban, industrial or agricultural activities) on aquatic systems. The Fez metropolitan area and its impacts on the Sebou River, the main Moroccan river, were chosen as a case study. The Fez agglomeration (~1M hab), is surrounded by the Fez River, receiving the wastewaters of this developing city and then flowing into the Sebou. This work was performed on two sites along the Sebou River (upstream and downstream from the confluence with Fez River), and one site in the Fez River, downstream from the Fez city. One sampling campaigns of sediment cores and eleven sampling campaigns were performed during low flow conditions to quantify nutrients, organic carbon and trace metals and to study the dynamic and the transport of trace elements in the Sebou and Fez rivers. The obtained results revealed a global increase of studied elements in the Sebou River from upstream to downstream sampling site, in both sediments and water column. A moderate level of contamination by butyltins was observed, with monobutyltin being the dominant species across all sites and depths. The lowest level of metal pollution was identified in the Sebou's sediments upstream Fez city. Whilst the Fez' sediments were heavily polluted and exhibited bottom-up accumulation trends, which clearly evidence recent inputs from the untreated wastewaters of Fez city. The increase of metal levels in Sebou downstream sediments reflects a significant contribution of polluted particles from the Fez River. Dissolved and particulate concentrations of most of the analyzed elements in the Sebou, upstream from Fez city, are close to the natural rivers, except Cl-, Cr, Na+ et NO3- probably due to untreated urban inputs from several small/medium-size towns located upstream Fez. In the opposite On the contrary, high dissolved and particulate trace metals concentrations in the Fez River clearly indicated strong anthropogenic inputs from Fez city. Most of the studied trace metals originated from anthropogenic sources, underwent significant changes of Kd and behaved non-conservatively in the Sebou/Fez waters mixing due to drastic changes of the waters quality (anoxic condition, high concentration, high organic matter content). Dissolved/particulate partitioning were correctly assessed by WHAM-VII modeling for Cu, Pb and Zn, depicting significant differences in chemical speciation in Fez River when compared to Sebou one

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Kadiri, Zakaria. "Gestion de l'eau d'irrigation et action collective : cas du périmètre du Moyen Sebou-Inaouen aval /." Montpellier : CIHEAM-IAM Montpellier, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41368320r.

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Texte remanié de: Thèse de Master of science--Agronomie--Montpellier--CIHEAM, 2007.
CIHEAM = Centre international des hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes. IAM = Institut agronomique méditerranéen de Montpellier. En appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 101-103. Résumé en français et en anglais.

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Kadiri, Zakaria. "L'action publique à l'épreuve de la participation : Généalogie du projet d'irrigation du Moyen Sebou au Maroc." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3051.

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La thèse porte sur l'analyse de l'action publique dans le domaine de l'eau d'irrigation au Maroc. Nous analysons la rencontre entre un projet étatique d'aménagement, et un territoire rural au Maroc, à travers les configurations des acteurs et les enjeux locaux de ses composantes sociales et politiques. Comment le projet d'irrigation a-t-il permis d'accélérer une reconfiguration des rapports de pouvoirs et du leadership local, que nous avons analysé à travers les logiques des différents acteurs. Nous avons adopté un cadre analytique emprunté à la sociologie politique et basé sur l'analyse de l'action publique dans le domaine de l'irrigation. Ce cadre analytique nous a permis de mobiliser en parallèle deux modèles d'analyse : 1) le modèle synoptique pour l'analyse d'une action publique monopolisée par les acteurs publics, 2) celui des ajustements mutuels pour l'analyse d'une multitude d'acteurs dans une situation où l'Etat n'a plus le monopole de l'action publique. Nous avons fais le choix méthodologique d'analyser les acteurs en action, en privilégiant un travail empirique basé sur l'analyse des pratiques, et en décryptant une généalogie fine du projet d'irrigation du Moyen Sebou au Maroc. C'est une zone aménagée par les pouvoirs publics dans une perspective de gestion centralisée par l'administration agricole. Les négociations avec le bailleur de fonds, surgies lors du débat international sur la Gestion Participative en Irrigation, ont amené l'administration à confier la gestion de l'irrigation après aménagement à des agriculteurs organisés en associations
The subject of this thesis is the analysis of public action in the field of irrigation water in Morocco. We analyze the confrontation of a state-led irrigation project, and a rural territory in the North of Morocco, by looking at the configuration and interaction of actors and local issues of its social and political components. How did the irrigation project contribute to the acceleration of a reconfiguration of power relations and local leadership in the area? Our analysis examined this question through the logic of the different actors. We worked within an analytical framework borrowed from political sociology and based on the analysis of state action in the field of irrigation. This analytical framework allowed us to identify two parallel models of analysis: 1) the synoptic model for the analysis of public action monopolized by public actors, 2) the mutual adjustments for the analysis of a multitude of actors in a situation where the state no longer has the monopoly of public action. We have made the methodological choice of analyzing the actors in action, focusing on empirical work based on the analysis of practices, and by decrypting a fine genealogy of the Moyen Sebou scheme in Morocco. The area is managed by public authorities in the context of a state-centralized management of the agricultural administration. Negotiations with the financial donors, that took place during the international debate on ‘Participative Irrigation Management', led the public administration to entrust the management of irrigation to farmers who are active in associations

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Madouni, Abdellatif. "Géomorphologie et aménagement du littoral de Kénitra : de part et d'autre de l'estuaire du Sebou (Maroc)." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRESA001.

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Nejjari, Abdelouahab. "La sécheresse, l'eau et l'homme dans le bassin versant du Haut Sebou (Moyen Atlas septentrional - Maroc)." Metz, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002METZ004L.

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Le phénomène de la sécheresse au Maroc soulève des approches qui tentent d'expliquer son organisation dans le temps et dans l'espace. A partir d'un exemple régional, ce travail engage une réflexion sur ce phénomène et sa caractérisation. Le contexte général du bassin versant du Haut Sebou a permis de mettre en valeur les contrastes naturels que soulève sa géographie. Les infiltrations sont généralisées en amont du bassin et annoncent la modicité et la fragilité des ressources en eau disponibles. La caractérisation de la sécheresse climatique récente est basée sur des données pluviométriques. La variabilité temporelle du climat est de règle et maintient une situation moyenne non inquiétante jusqu'aux années 70. En revanche, les 25 dernières années sont dites "organisées", car il existe une tendance avec des précipitations annuelles de plus en plus faibles. Ce déficit pluviométrique est accompagné d'une saison sèche plus longue en aval du bassin. L'utilisation de méthodes de cartographie des précipitations (interpolateurs simples, modèles statistiques, géostatiques multivariées) et l'apport des variables complémentaires MNT (modèle numérique de terrain) et NDVI (indice de végétation par différence normalisée ont permis de réaliser des cartes de précipitations moyennes annuelles pour des périodes différentes. La variabilité interannuelle du climat et la diversité spatiale des conditions lithologiques montrent l'incidence de la sécheresse climatique sur le régime hydrologique du haut Sebou et témoignent d'un fonctionnement très complexe. Des campagnes de mesures des débits d'étiage confirment l'hétérogénéité spatiale des ressources en eau, inhérente à l'anisotropie des aquifères traversés et la diversité des milieux. L'homme dans le haut Sebou montre, par ses interventions, un savoir-faire dans l'utilisation des eaux disponibles, mais il peut aussi se comporter de manière irrationnelle vis-à-vis de cette ressource
The phenomenon of the drought in Morocco is studied by approaches which try to explain its organization in time and in space. From a regional example, this work engages a reflection on this phenomenon and its characterization. The general context of the "haut Sebou" basin allowed to highlight the natural contrasts which characterize its geography. Infiltrations are generalized upstream in the basin and announce lowness and fragility of resources in water available. The recent climatic drought and its characterization was led from data rainfall. The temporal variability of the climate is evident and it maintains a non disturbing average situation until the 70s. On the other hand, the last 25 years are called "organized", because there is a trend with annual precipitations more and more weak. This rainfall deficit is accompanied with a longer dry season downstream in the basin. The use of methods of cartography of precipitation (simples interpolators, stastical models, multivariate geostatistics) and the contribution of additional variable (DEM and NDVI) allowed to realize maps of annual average precipitation for different periods. The interannual variability of the climate and the spatial variety of lithologic conditions show the incidence of the climatic drought on the hydrological regime of "haut Sebou" and evidence a very complex functioning. Campaigns of measures of the low-water discharge confirm the spatial heterogeneousness of resources in water, inherent to the anisotropy of the crossed aquifers and to the variety of the environment. The man in the "haut Sebou" can, by the interventions, give evidence of a know-how in the use of the available waters, but he can also behave in a irrational way face to face of this resource

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Nejjari, Abdelouahab Corbonnois Jeannine. "La sécheresse, l'eau et l'homme dans le bassin versant du Haut Sebou (Moyen Atlas septentrional - Maroc)." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2002/Nejjari.Abdelouahab.LMZ0204.pdf.

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El, Khalki Yahia. "Etude hydrogéomorphologique du Haut-Sebou : cas du synclinal de Skoura et de ses bordures (Moyen Atlas, Maroc)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX23009.

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L'etude hydrogeomorphologique du haut-sebou perlet de degager un certain nombres d'indications : -sur le plan geomorphologique, la cuvette de skoura a connu une evolution morphogenetique tout a fait remarcable. Au miocene, elle a piege des sedients friables (marnes et gres) et au cours du quaternaire, elle a ete modelee en une serie de glacis-terrasses etages. Quant aux formes karstiques, leur presence est plus discrete puisqu'on rencontre que les formes superficielles (lapie, vasque de dissolution, depression nivo-karstiques et polje). Toutes ces formes karstiques temoignent d'une longue evolution crypto-karstique. -sur le plan hydrologique, l'o. Sebou a ain timadrine a un regime mediterraneen de type plivio-nival influence par le karst. Trois facies chimiques ont ete deceles : bicarbonate- calcique, bicarbonate-magnesien et bicarbonate chlorure-sodique. L'homothermie des eaux des sources et la constance de leurs elements chimiques montrent l'importance des reserves de l'aquifere de lias du moyen atlas qui se classe parmi les systemes karstiques complexes.

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Messoussi, Driss. "L'Impact de la politique d'aménagement hydro-agricole sur le milieu rural du Gharb : étude de cas de la première tranche d'irrigation du projet Sebou." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010615.

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La pauvrete de la majorite de la population rurale et le deficit alimentaire, constituent, aujourd'hui, les principales preoccupations des gouvernements des pays du tiers-monde. Dans le dessein de lutter contre ces deux veritables fleaux, les pvd ont demande l'aide des pays developpes et celle des organismes internationaux, tels la fao, le pnud et la bird. Ces derniers ont propose divers projets de developpement rural ou l'irrigation prend le plus souvent un role primordial et prioritaire, compte tenu de l'aridite climatique plus ou moins prononcee qui pese lourdement sur la majeure partie des pvd. Le maroc, conscient de l'importance de ce facteur principal, a accorde a l'irrigation une place de choix dans sa politique agricole. Certes, l'analyse de l'impact de l'amenagement du gharb, principale region beneficiaire du programme d'irrigation presente des avantages indiscutables, notamment pour les cultures sucrieres et celles destinees a l'exportation, car permettant la diminution du deficit de la balance commerciale agricole marocaine et le renforcement de l'independance nationale de certains produits agricoles, (lait. . . ) cependant, cette politique d'irrigation telle qu'elle a ete appliquee au maroc, a ete beaucoup plus avantageuse pour les grands proprietaires (subventions de l'etat, equipements. . . ), que pour la masse de la population rurale.

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Kaemmerer, Michel. "Étude des sols et des encroutements calcaires sur les formations alluviales quaternaires du Sebou et de la Moyenne Moulouya (Maroc)." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30293.

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A partir d'observations realisees a l'echelle microscopique, nanoscopique et sur le terrain dans 3 bassins du maroc oriental, on caracterise les formations quaternaires. La pedogenese se resume a une redistribution verticale du calcaire. On montre l'influence jouee par la granulometrie du materiau originel, la dynamique propre des bassins et du climat, et l'action anthropique sur les processus de dissolution-precipitation et de neoformation. Les paysages des zones arides, soumises a une intense erosion eolienne sont marques par des calcretes surmontant les encroutements de nappe profonds

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Kaemmerer, Michel. "Etude des sols et des encroutements calcaires sur les formations alluviales quaternaires du Sebou et de la moyenne Moulouya, Maroc." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606234p.

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Boudouhou, Nouzha. "Le Piémont Rifain entre le Loukkos et le Sebou de la préhistoire à la période contemporaine : étude historique et prospection archéologique." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010609.

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L'étude historique et archéologique de la région du piémont rifain, entre le Loukkos et le Sebou, a pour objectif de tracer les différentes étapes de l'occupation du sol et consiste à établir un inventaire de tous les sites depuis la préhistoire jusqu'à la période idrisside. Le piémont rifain, entre le Loukkos et le Sebou, faisait depuis des millénaires partie du monde habite, carrefour ethnique de première importance. Sa position géographique entre divers fleuves était fondamentale pour les dynasties maures successives, depuis Baga jusqu'à Ptolémée. L'annexion de la tingitane en 40 P. -C. A certainement bouleversé la géographie humaine de la region en question. La population des tribus et leur répartition géographiques dans le piémont du rif ont joué un rôle dans les rapports avec l'autorité romaine. Après l'évacuation de la tingitane, nos connaissances sont réduites sur l'histoire et la géographie de la région. Avec la dynastie idrisside, un nouveau peuplement de la région donne une importance primordiale au piémont rifain. Un renouveau du commerce grâce aux voies de communications est constaté. Le culte des idrissides a persisté dans la région grâce à la Zaouia de Ouezzane fondée au début du XVIIe siècle
TThe historical and archaeological study of the Rifan Piedmond, between the Loukkos and the Sebou, aims to define the different stages of the occupation and consists in a comprehensive inventory of the sites from prehistory to the idrisside period. The Rifan Piedmont between the Loukkos and the Sebou has been part of the inhabited world for a thousand years and has been a very important ethnic crossroad. Its geographical position between several rivers was important for the successive moorish dynasties from baga to ptolemy. The tingitane annexation in 40 P. C. Has certainly disrupted the human geography of the considered area. The tribal populations and their geographical arrangement in the piedmont of the rif have played a part in their relationships with the roman authority. We know little about the history and geography of the area after the tingitane evacuation. During the idrisside dynasty reign, we can notice a new occupation of the area which gives a great importance to the rifan piedmont. Thanks to new routes, a commercial revival can be observed. The religion of the idrissides has persisted in the area due to the zaonia of ouezzane founded at the banining of the 17th century

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Messoussi, Driss. "L'Impact de la politique d'aménagement hydro-agricole sur le milieu rural du Gharb étude de cas de la première tranche d'irrigation du projet sebou." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375996048.

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Novák, Vladimír. "Objevování vnitřní krajiny divadelní tvorba ve specifické skupině - divadlo jako jedna z možností, jak pomoci lidem s postižením k jejich seberealizaci, k možnosti být sám sebou a být celistvý." Doctoral thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze.Divadelní fakulta. Knihovna, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-156027.

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Dissertation is focused on theatre in a specific group of people with mental disabilitiy. I try to outline the issues of people with disabilities in the context of theatre with an overlap to the visual arts and theatre antrhopology and caoture the vasic principles of this work, I come out from pumped knowledge, insights and experiences gained during twelve years of intensive work and research in this specific group

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Pártlová, Zuzana. "Autorské herectví jako (ne)výchova k osobnosti." Doctoral thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze.Divadelní fakulta. Knihovna, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391705.

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This doctoral thesis explores the potential of authorial acting as a tool for open-ended self-education. It focuses on the properties and the process of acquiring psychosomatic capacity for presentation in front of an audience as a means of self-discovery and self-realization through play (Dialogical Acting with the Inner Partner) and other preparatory psychosomatic drama disciplines. The secondary subject of this thesis is the relevance of this capacity to teachers and educators. In the theoretical section, I present the essential terms and concepts as well as the basis of my research. I explain why I use the expression "(non)education towards a self” rather than "personal education” and how one's holistic and creative conditioning relates to the skills of a pedagogue or educator in the broadest sense of the word. The qualitative research section consists of three parts which correspond to three research projects. The first part explores the "personal trajectories" of students of the two-year “Creative Pedagogy-Pedagogical Condition” (CP-PC) study program. The exploration is based on written reflections and a two-day encounter devoted to discussion and creative work. The encounter involved practical workshops as well as talks with I. Vyskočil and E. Vyskočilová and student discussions. The aim was to explore the development of the individual psychosomatic “fitness" by means that go beyond written subjective reflections and offer live confrontations with oneself and others in workshops and discussions. The second part focuses on the issue of authenticity and the triple actor-viewer-assistant relation. Using simultaneous recording with two cameras and focus groups, we tried to analyze the moments of spontaneity during the experimentation and to identify the essential features of authentic expression. The themes that significantly emerged from the research were the theme of inner and outer spectator and of body resonance and joy as main characteristics of authentic presence. In the third section, I followed up on the findings of the previous sections in 16 semistructured interviews with students of the CP-PC program as well as regular and external students at the department. These interviews were analyzed using the method of open coding combining two perspectives: a broader, theme-focused perspective and a narrower, notional one. This research reveals the complexity of tacit learning processes which, in the context of play and psychosomatics, foster a personal evolution towards an original, creative personality, i.e. "becoming one's self”. Simultaneously, this research attempts to define the essential "virtues” of authentic acting and outlines the benefits of Vyskočil´s pedagogy for education of educators.

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Sabatié, Marc-Richard. "Recherches sur l'écologie et la biologie des aloses au Maroc (Alosa Alosa Linne, 1758 et Alosa Fallax Lacépède, 1803) : exploitation et taxinomie des populations atlantiques : bioécologie des aloses de l'Oued Sebou." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2005.

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Les populations marocaines d'aloses vraies et d'aloses feintes occupent une aire de répartition qui s'est fortement réduite sous l'impact de diverses pollutions et en conséquence, les captures d'aloses ont fortement régressé. Une étude détaillée de la biométrie a permis d'identifier les taxons ou des hybrides ont été observés de façon sporadique. Un polymorphisme peut être suspecté entre populations du Sebou et du Loukos, mais les aloses vraies d'Essaouira et d'Agadir proviennent du stock sebou. Une méthode scalimétrique a permis d'obtenir une détermination fiable de l'âge. La présence originale d'une marque de crue automnale comme l'absence de marque de frai a été notée. Les principales caractéristiques biologiques sont: 1) une graduation des caractères allant des mâles aux femelles et des feintes aux aloses vraies, ou les hybrides occupent une place intermédiaire; 2) en mer, des performances de croissance remarquables de l'alose vraie liées à la richesse trophique de l'upwelling qu'elles colonisent. L’étude a porté aussi sur les tendances saisonnières du flux migratoire et l'influence des facteurs du milieu sur les rendements journaliers; le niveau actuel du potentiel reproducteur est bas. Enfin, le cycle biologique des aloses du Sebou a été précisé.

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Zamrane, Zineb. "Recherche d’indices de variabilité climatique dans des séries hydroclmatiques au Maroc : identification, positionnement temporel, tendances et liens avec les fluctuations climatiques : cas des grands bassins de la Moulouya, du Sebou et du Tensift." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT181/document.

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Ce travail consiste à caractériser la variabilité temporelle et spatiale des séries chronologiques de paramètres hydroclimatiques (pluies, débits) au niveau de trois grand bassins au Maroc ; (bassins de la Moulouya, du Sebou et du Tensift) et à chercher les liens entre cette variabilité hydrologique et les fluctuations climatiques matérialisées par différents indices climatiques, NAO, SOI, WMOI. L’approche d’étude est basée le traitement statistique des séries temporelles, liée aux dimensions temps et espace.Les grands bassins versants d'échelle continentale comme le Tensift, le Sebou et la Moulouya en climat méditerranéen sous influence océanique, intègrent sur des grandes surfaces la réponse hydrologique aux changements climatiques et environnementaux (fluctuations du climat, précipitations, débits) à de larges échelles spatiales et temporelles, mais également les modifications du milieu physique d’origine anthropique (changements d’occupation des sols, aménagements…), ce qui rend parfois difficile l’identification des liens entre la variabilité hydrologique et la variabilité climatique. Les principaux objectifs de ce travail sont de déterminer et de quantifier les relations entre la variabilité hydroclimatique et les fluctuations du climat à l’échelle de chaque bassin étudié et de ses principaux sous-bassins, via l'utilisation de méthodes d’analyses spectrales adaptées à l’étude des processus non stationnaires (analyse en ondelettes continues, analyse de la cohérence par ondelettes). Plusieurs modes de variabilités sont identifiés à partir de l’analyse par station (pluies et débits), du cycle annuel au mode 16-22 ans, cette analyse sera complétée par une analyse par maille, dont les données sont issues d’un fichier (SIEREM) couvrant la période 1940-1999, où on identifie des fréquences de 1an au 8-16 ans, distinguées sur des périodes différentes au niveau de chaque bassin, permettant ainsi une décomposition de la variabilité spatiale des signaux mis en évidence. Trois principales discontinuités sont identifiées en 1970, 1980 et 2000. La contribution des indices climatiques est assez importante elle est entre 55% et 80%
This work is to characterize the temporal and spatial variability of hydroclimatic time series (rainfall, flow) at three large basins in Morocco; (basins of the Sebou and Moulouya Tensift) and look links between the hydrologic variability and climate fluctuation materialized by various climate indices, NAO, SOI, WMOI. The approach to study is based on statistical analysis of time series, related to time and space dimensions.The great watershed of continental scale as Tensift, Sebou and Moulouya in Mediterranean climate under oceanic influence, integrate over large areas the hydrological response to climate and environmental changes (climate fluctuations, precipitation, flows) not only to large spatial and temporal scales, but also to changes in the physical environment anthropogenic (land use changes, developments ...), which sometimes makes difficult to identify the links between hydrological variability and climate variability. The main objective of this work is to determine and quantify the relationships between hydrological variability and climate fluctuations (regionalised precipitation, climate change indexes) across each studied basin and its main sub-basins, via using spectral analysis methods adapted to the study of non-stationary processes (continuous wavelet analysis, coherence analysis wavelet). Many modes of variability are identified from the station analysis (rainfall and flow rates), the annual cycle to 16-22 years, this analysis will be complemented by a grid analysis, the data come from a (SIEREM) file covering the period from 1940 to 1999, which will allow a better understanding of the spatial variability of signals set highlighted. Which is identified frequencies the 1 year 8-16 years, distinguished different time periods at each basin, three main discontinuities identified in 1970, 1980 and 2000. The contribution of climatic indices is important enough it is between 55% and 80%

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Snoussi, Mamma. "Nature, estimation et comparaison des flux de matières issus des bassins versants de l'Adour, France, du Sebou, de l'Oum-er-Rbia et du Souss, Maroc : impact du climat sur les apports fluviatiles à l'océan /." Talence : Université Bordeaux I, Institut de géologie du bassin d'Aquitaine, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34937648f.

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Snoussi, Mama. "Nature, estimation et comparaison des flux de matières issus des bassins versants de l'Adour (France), du Sebou, de l'Oulm-er-Rbia et du Souss (Maroc) impact du climat sur les apports fluviati à l'océan /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601327g.

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Snoussi, Mama. "Nature, estimation et comparaison des flux de matières issus des bassins versants de l'Adour (France), du Sebou, de l'Oum-er-Rbia et du Souss (Maroc) : Impact du climat sur les apports fluviatiles à l'Océan." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10877.

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Cette etude est une contribution a la connaissance des flux de matieres apportes a l'ocean par les fleuves; a partir de bilans, elle vise a preciser l'impact du climat sur la nature chimique et/ou mineralogique des substances dissoutes et particulaires issues des bassins versants de l'adour (france), du sebou, de l'oum-er-rbia et du souss (maroc). La confrontation des processus d'alteration chimique, d'erosion mecanique et de transport fluvial et estuarien dans la sequence climatique, revele que les materiaux exportes par ces rivieres a l'ocean, presentent selon les bassins, des degres differents de maturation chimique. L'etude des mecanismes dans un continuum allant des sources geologiques jusqu'aux depots marins, fait ressortir le role specifique des diverses plaines alluviales dans le piegeage des elements mobilises a l'amont. De l'humide vers l'aride le piegeage geochimique des elements s'intensifie avec l'aridite du climat et prend le relais du piegeage mecanique

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Snoussi, Mama. "Nature, estimation et comparaison des flux de matières issus des bassins versants de l'Adour (France), du Sebou, de l'Oum-er-Rbia et du Souss (Maroc) : Impact du climat sur les apports fluviatiles à l'Océan." Bordeaux 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR10687.

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Cette etude est une contribution a la connaissance des flux de matieres apportes a l'ocean par les fleuves; a partir de bilans, elle vise a preciser l'impact du climat sur la nature chimique et/ou mineralogique des substances dissoutes et particulaires issues des bassins versants de l'adour (france), du sebou, de l'oum-er-rbia et du souss (maroc). La confrontation des processus d'alteration chimique, d'erosion mecanique et de transport fluvial et estuarien dans la sequence climatique, revele que les materiaux exportes par ces rivieres a l'ocean, presentent selon les bassins, des degres differents de maturation chimique. L'etude des mecanismes dans un continuum allant des sources geologiques jusqu'aux depots marins, fait ressortir le role specifique des diverses plaines alluviales dans le piegeage des elements mobilises a l'amont. De l'humide vers l'aride le piegeage geochimique des elements s'intensifie avec l'aridite du climat et prend le relais du piegeage mecanique

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Leleyter, Lydia. "Speciation chimique des elements majeurs, traces et des terres rares dans les matieres en suspension et dans les sediments de fond des cours d'eau : application aux fleuves de patagonie (argentine), a la piracicaba (bresil), a l'oued sebou (maroc) et a l'ill (france)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR13188.

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Afin d'identifier l'origine, le devenir et la disponibilite biologique des elements adsorbes sur les sediments de rivieres, la speciation des elements alcalins (rb, cs), alcalino-terreux (sr, ca), metaux (fe, mn, co, pb), actinides (th, u) et l'ensemble des lanthanides a ete determine sur 37 echantillons de matieres en suspension et de sediments de fond provenant de rivieres d'argentine, du bresil, de france et du maroc grace a une nouvelle methode d'extraction sequentielle. Cette methode, qui compte 7 etapes, dissout et separe differentes les fractions de l'echantillon, susceptibles d'etre affectees par un changement de conditions physico-chimiques, selon l'ordre suivant : elements solubles a l'eau, reellement echangeables, lies aux carbonates, lies aux oxydes de manganese, lies aux oxydes de fer amorphes, lies aux oxydes de fer cristallins et lies avec la matiere organique. Les resultats obtenus montrent que les elements appartenant a une meme famille chimique ont les memes sites d'adsorption preferentiels. Les alcalins sont principalement associes avec la fraction residuelle. Les alcalino-terreux sont principalement controles par les fractions echangeable et carbonatee. Les metaux sont principalement lies a la fraction reductible. De meme, les actinides sont essentiellement associes avec la fraction reductible bien que l'uranium soit aussi parfois controle par les carbonates. Enfin, les lanthanides, qui ne possedent pas tous les memes sites preponderants d'adsorption, sont essentiellement associes aux oxydes de fer, aux carbonates et a la matiere organique. Les anomalies des diagrammes de distribution des terres rares dans chaque fraction lessivee varient en fonction des caracteristiques physico-chimiques de la phase aqueuse de l'environnement aquatique.

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Moraes, Maria Silvana Aranda. "Biodiesel de sebo: avaliação de propriedades e testes de consumo em motor a diesel." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14351.

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O biodiesel é um combustível biodegradável e alternativo ao diesel de petróleo constituído de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos. Os ésteres alquílicos são produzidos a partir da transesterificação de óleos vegetais ou gorduras animais com álcool na presença de um catalisador ácido ou básico. Neste trabalho o biodiesel foi obtido pela reação de transesterificação do sebo bovino com metanol utilizando KOH como catalisador. A matéria-prima e o biodiesel foram caracterizados quanto a sua composição de ácidos graxos, índice de iodo e índice de acidez. Foram produzidas misturas diesel/biodiesel em várias concentrações. Os ésteres metílicos de gordura animal e as suas formulações com diesel foram avaliados em relação a algumas propriedades combustíveis de acordo como as normas ASTM. Todos os ensaios demonstraram que o biodiesel e suas formulações com o diesel podem apresentar resultados semelhantes ou melhores que os do diesel mineral. Em geral o índice de cetanos, o ponto de fulgor, o ponto de entupimento, a densidade e a viscosidade cinemática aumentam conforme aumenta o teor de biodiesel nas misturas diesel/biodiesel. O B100 e as misturas diesel/biodiesel também foram comparados com o diesel através de testes de consumo em um motor a diesel utilizado para geração de energia e encontrou-se um pequeno aumento no consumo conforme se aumenta o teor de biodiesel nas misturas.
Biodiesel is a biodegradable and alternative fuel for petroleum diesel, it is formed by alkyl esters of fatty acids. The alkyl esters are produced from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with alcohol in the presence of an acid or basic catalyst. In this work the biodiesel was obtained by transesterification reaction of bovine fat with methanol using KOH as catalyst. The raw material and the biodiesel were characterized through their composition on fatty acids, iodine number and acid number. Blends of diesel/biodiesel were produced in several concentrations and were appraised in relation to some combustible properties according to the ASTM standards. All assays demonstrated that the biodiesel and their formulations with diesel can present similar results, or sometimes better results, than those of mineral diesel. In a general way, cetane number, flash point, plugging point, density and cinematic viscosity increase when the amount of biodiesel in the blends was increased. Blends diesel/biodiesel and biodiesel (B100) were also compared with the diesel through consumption tests in a diesel engine used for energy generation and it was found that the consumption increase with the amount of biodiesel.

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Cunha, Michele Espinosa da. "Caracterização de biodiesel produzido com misturas binárias de sebo bovino, óleo de frango e óleo de soja." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15644.

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O biodiesel é um combustível biodegradável e alternativo ao diesel de petróleo, constituído de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos. Os ésteres alquílicos são produzidos a partir da transesterificação de óleos vegetais ou gorduras animais com álcool na presença de um catalisador básico. Neste trabalho o biodiesel foi obtido pela reação de transesterificação do sebo bovino, do óleo de soja e óleo de frango com metanol, utilizando KOH como catalisador. Além de produzir biodiesel dos óleos de soja e frango e do sebo bovino individualmente, também foi produzido biodiesel a partir de misturas binárias dos mesmos em diferentes proporções. Os óleos e gorduras utilizados como matéria-prima foram caracterizados quanto à composição de ácidos graxos, índice de acidez e índice de iodo. O biodiesel produzido foi submetido às análises do índice de acidez, composição de ácidos graxos e propriedades combustíveis, de acordo com as normas ASTM. Estas análises confirmaram que o método de transesterificação metílica alcalina nas condições aplicadas foi satisfatório para converter os ácidos graxos presentes nos óleos e gorduras aplicadas em ésteres metílicos, visto que suas propriedades combustíveis apresentaram-se de acordo com a especificação brasileira para as mesmas. As análises também demonstraram que a mistura de óleos e gorduras conferiram características semelhantes ao biodiesel obtido dos mesmos óleos e gorduras individualmente. Entre as amostras, o biodiesel de sebo bovino, com ésteres metilicos majoritários saturados, apresentou ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio mais elevado que os demais, e não adequado para ser utilizado em regiões frias. Notando-se que a adição de óleo de soja ou outro óleo com menor conteúdo de saturações, como o de frango, ao sebo bovino antes da transesterificação confere uma melhor característica ao produto final, o biodiesel.
Biodiesel is a biodegradable fuel, alternative to petrodiesel constituted by a mixture of alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters of fatty acids. Fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) may be produced from the transesterification of vegetal oils or animal fats with methanol in the presence of a catalyst (acid or basic). In this work biodiesel was obtained by the transesterification of beef tallow, soybean oil and chicken oil, using KOH as catalyst and methanol. Beyond the production of biodiesel from these individual oils, it was also produced biodiesel starting from blends of these oils in variable proportions. The raw materials were characterized by acidic index, iodine index and chromatographic profile of fatty acids, while biodiesels were submitted to the main analyses of fuel properties, according the ASTM norms. The analyses confirmed that the transesterification method was satisfactory for all the raw materials and mixtures of them, due to the results of specification tests for the ANP 42 Resolution. These analyses also demonstrated that the mixtures of raw materials have similar properties to biodiesels from individual ones. Beef tallow, the most saturated raw material in this study, presented the higher cold filter plugging point, which avoided its utilization pure in cold climate regions. The temperature properties of beef tallow biodiesel can be reasonable improved by adding soybean oil or chicken oil in the raw material before transesterification.

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Goryunova, Aleksandra. "Beitrag zur Kristallchemie und Kristallsynthese binärer Seltenerdborate vom Typ SEB3O6 und SEBO3." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968657192.

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Simonis, Francis. "Des français en Afrique : Les "Européens" de la région de Segou : 1890-1962." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070083.

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Cette these etudie l'evolution de la communaute coloniale de la region de segou de laconquete aux premieres annees de l'independance du soudan-francais (mali). Les coloniaux que s'appelaient eux-memes "europeens" etaient en tres grande majorite des francais qui ne passaient que quelques annees dans la region. Aux militaires et aux pretres succederent les techniciens et les agents des services publics. Peu a peu, des femmes vinrent les rejoindre ce qui modifia considerablement les rapports avec la population africaine. Europeens et africains n'avaient d'autres rapports que professionnels et vivaient en s'ignorant, comme le montrent les nombreux temoignages recueillis et analyses. L'independance du pays apparut alors aux europeens comme une injustice et une erreur
This thesis studies the evolution of the colonial community in the region of segu from the conquest to the early years of western sudan's (mali) independence. The colonials who would call themselves "europeans" were in great majority french people spending only a few years in the region. Technicians and members of public utilities succeeded servicemen and priests. Gradually, women came and met them what considerably modified the relationships with the african population. The only relation ships between the europeans and the africans were professional one. They lived ignoring each other as it is shown in the numerous accounts collected and analyzed. The indendence of the country was then considered by the europeans as an injustice and a mistake

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Drabo, Paul. "Réminiscences mythiques et quête initiatique dans la geste de Segou : transcription, traduction, commentaire." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120040.

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La formulation de notre sujet de these "reminiscences mythiques et quete initiatique dans la geste de segou" s'inspire du constat qu'il existe une relation trinitaire et consubstantielle entre le mythe fondateur, le scheme initiatique et la chanson de geste. Nous avons donc cherche a etablir que si les mythes et l'initiation appartiennent au domaine du sacre, hermetique et esoterique, la vocation naturelle de la geste est de les vulgariser pour l'entendement du commun. Nous avons circonscrit notre domaine de recherches sur l'etude de douze episodes transcrits et traduits de la geste de segou, racontes par le griot baba cissoko, le chroniqueur daye baba diallo et l'orchestre choregraphique denomme, ensemble instrumental national du mali. Le choix des recits a ete dicte par la chronologie de l'histoire du royaume bambara de segou, notamment, l'origine et la fondation de l'etat, l'apogee des dynasties kouloubali et diara, les guerres d'annexions territoriales et le declin de la puissance de segou, consecutif a l'irredentisme peul du masina. Notre methodologie, si elle se fonde sur des travaux ethnologiques, historiques et linguistiques, a veille a s'en degager essentiellement par l'analyse et la mise en exergue du phenomene de litterarite, en l'occurrence la manifestation de l'oralite dans le recit epique. Conformement a cette optique, nous avons centre notre etude sur les themes de la parole dans son acception mythique et apologetique de verbe-createur, de la notion du divin dans la cosmogenese bambara, du pouvoir politique et de ses aspects hieratiques et hierarchiques, de l'esprit de vie convivial dans la cite, du sens de l'institution familiale en correlation avec les principes normatifs de l'education, de la morale et de la tradition. Pour ce faire, nous avons echelonne le developpement sur les etapes suivantes : en toile de fond nous avons presente un apercu historique des bambara de segou et du kaarta suivi d'une introduction au pantheon et au sanctuaire bambara, dans le dessein de prouver que les reminiscences mythiques et initiatiques de la geste prennent leur source dans les croyances spirituelles bambara. Nous sommes arrive a la conclusion qu'au travers de l'allegorie de la geste de segou, forme degradee ou degenerescente des mythes cosmogoniques et etiologiques, se lit en filigrane la theologie, la politique, l'ethique et l'esthetique du verbe
The formulation of our subject of thesis "mythical reminiscences and rite initiatory quest in segou's verse chronicle (segou's "geste") is inspired by the observation that a trinitarian and consubstantial relationship exists between the underlying myth, the initiatory schema and the epic poem (la chanson de geste). Therefore, we have tried to establish the fact that, if myths and initiation belongto the domain of the sacred, the abstruse and the esoteric, the natural vocation of the verse chronicle is to popularize them, permitting their understanding by the ordinary man. We have defined the scope of our research domain by the study of twelve episodes, that are transcribed and translated from segou's "geste", and told by the griot baba cissoko, the chronicler daye baba diallo and the choreographic orchestra named "national instrumental group of mali". The choice of those narratives was dictated by the historical chronology of segou's bambara kingdom, and notably, the origin of the state foundation, the pinnacle of kouloubali and diara dynasties, the territorial annexation wars and the decline of segou's power, resulting from macina's fulani "irredentism". Our methodology, based on ethnologic, historical and linguistic works, take care to emerge from those works, essentially by the analysis and the highlighting of literality phenomenon, and, as it happens, the expression of the orality in the epic tales. In accordance with this perspective, we have focused our study on the themes of lyrics in their mythical and apologetic meaning of creative word, of the concept of the divine in bambara's cosmogenesis, of the political power and its hieratic and hierarchical aspects, of the spirit of convivial life in the city, of the family institution in correlation with the normative principles of education, of morality and tradition. To reach this aim, we have spaced out the development on the following steps : in backdrop, we have presented an historical glimpse of segou's and kaarta's bambaras, followed by an introduction of bambara's pantheon and sanctuary, with the intention to prove that the mythical and rite initiatory reminiscences of the "geste" take their source from the bambara's spiritual beliefs. We have got the conclusion that, through the allegory of segou's "geste", a deteriorated or, at least, a degenerative form of cosmogonic and etiological myths

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33

Mendonça, Daniel Ribeiro de. "Emprego da argila montmorillonita como catalisador para a síntese de biodiesel de sebo bovino." Universidade Federal da Bahia. Escola Politécnica, 2013. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/18834.

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Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo do processo de obtenção de biodiesel metílico de sebo bovino (BMSB) empregando-se o hidróxido de potássio (KOH) como catalisador alcalino homogêneo e a argila Montmorillonita (K10) pura e ativada (H2SO4-K10) como catalisadores ácidos heterogêneos. A atividade catalítica do KOH foi investigada na transesterificação metílica do sebo bovino e para os catalisadores K10 e H2SO4-K10 foram investigadas na transesterificação do sebo bovino, na esterificação dos ácidos graxos do sebo bovino e, adicionalmente, em ambas as rotas simultaneamente. Nestes experimentos, as variáveis reacionais estudadas foram: a temperatura do sistema, o tempo, a razão molar metanol:sebo bovino (ou metanol:ácidos graxos do sebo bovino) e a razão mássica catalisador:sebo bovino (ou catalisador:ácidos graxos do sebo bovino). Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos de acordo com o Planejamento Fatorial Completo e o Planejamento Matriz de Doehlert. Os efeitos e as interações entre os efeitos das variáveis reacionais sobre a pureza e o rendimento do biodiesel, obtidos ao final da reação, foram avaliados através da realização de Análise Estatística da Variância. As elevadas purezas alcançadas através do uso do H2SO4-K10 na transesterificação do sebo bovino e do K10 na esterificação metílica dos ácidos graxos do sebo bovino foram de até 98 % para os dois catalisadores, demonstrando que os catalisadores são ativos para estes sistemas reacionais e promissores para a produção do BMSB. O biodiesel metílico do sebo bovino obtido foi caracterizado e as análises indicaram que o mesmo atende às especificações constantes na Resolução nº 14 da Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, com exceção da massa específica que ficou abaixo da faixa especificada. O reuso dos catalisadores K10 e H2SO4-K10 mostrou que os mesmos desativam significativamente após o primeiro uso. Isto resultou em baixas purezas em termos de ésteres metílicos de sebo bovino em todos os ciclos. Contudo, os catalisadores K10 e H2SO4-K10 mostraram-se ativos para catalisar a transesterificação e a esterificação a partir do emprego de outros álcoois como o etanol, propanol e butanol.

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34

Santos, KÃssia Moreira. "Sebo bovino e emulsificante na dieta de suÃnos em crescimento e terminaÃÃo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13245.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Foram realizados dois ensaios para determinar a composiÃÃo quÃmica e a energia metabolizÃvel do sebo bovino e para avaliar este ingrediente como fonte lipÃdica alternativa em raÃÃes para suÃnos nas fases de crescimento e terminaÃÃo com ou sem a adiÃÃo de emulsificante, sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade dos nutrientes das raÃÃes, triacilglicerÃis sÃricos, caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa e avaliaÃÃo econÃmica. Para o ensaio de metabolismo foram utilizados 15 suÃnos machos castrados de peso inicial de 22,03Â0,62 kg que foram distribuÃdos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, pelo mÃtodo de coleta total de fezes e urina. Os tratamentos foram: RR â raÃÃo referÃncia, formulada a base de milho e farelo de soja; RT1 â raÃÃo teste composta por 95% da raÃÃo referÃncia e 5% de sebo bovino e RT2 â raÃÃo teste composta de 90% de raÃÃo referÃncia e 10% de sebo bovino. O sebo bovino apresentou 99,94% de matÃria seca e 7130,97 kcal de energia metabolizÃvel (EM)/kg. Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizados 30 suÃnos machos castrados com peso inicial de 24,85Â1,18 kg, distribuÃdos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetiÃÃes de um animal. Os tratamentos diferiram quanto Ã fonte lipÃdica incluÃda, nÃvel de EM e adiÃÃo do emulsificante, sendo: T1 â dieta com inclusÃo de Ãleo de soja e 3230 kcal de EM/kg; T2 â dieta com inclusÃo de sebo bovino e 3230 kcal de EM/kg; T3 â dieta com inclusÃo de sebo bovino e 3080 kcal de EM/kg; T4 â dieta com inclusÃo de sebo bovino, 3080 kcal de EM/kg e adiÃÃo de 0,1% emulsificante; T5 â dieta com inclusÃo de sebo bovino, 2930 kcal de EM/kg e adiÃÃo de 0,1% de emulsificante. NÃo houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre as variÃveis de consumo de raÃÃo e ganho diÃrio de peso em todas as fases avaliadas. Entretanto, observou-se que houve diferenÃa significativa para a conversÃo alimentar no crescimento II e na terminaÃÃo, onde os animais alimentados com a raÃÃo contendo sebo bovino e reduÃÃo na energia para 3080 kcal/kg (T3) e para 2930 kcal/kg com adiÃÃo de emulsificante (T5) apresentaram pior conversÃo alimentar. NÃo houve diferenÃa significativa (P>0,05) para os nÃveis de triacilglicerÃis no sangue e para as caracterÃsticas de carcaÃas (peso, rendimento e comprimento de carcaÃa, quantidade e percentual de carne magra, espessura de toicinho, profundidades de lombo e de gordura, Ãreas do olho de lombo e da gordura e relaÃÃo gordura carne). Dependendo do valor energÃtico, o sebo bovino pode substituir o Ãleo de soja como fonte lipÃdica em raÃÃes para suÃnos nas fases de crescimento e terminaÃÃo. A reduÃÃo em 150 kcal de EM/kg da raÃÃo com uso de sebo bovino pode ser compensada com a adiÃÃo de emulsificante.
This study aimed to determine the chemical and metabolizable energy of beef tallow and evaluate this feedstuff as an alternative lipid source in diets for growing and finishing pigs with or without emulsifier addition, on performance, digestibility of the nutrients, serum triacylglycerols, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation. For the metabolism assay a total of 15 barrows were used with an initial weight of 22.03 Â 0.62 kg and distributed in a completely randomized design, using the total of feces and urine method. The treatments were: RR - basal diet, formulated based on corn and soybean meal; RT1 - ration test comprised 95% of basal diet and 5% beef tallow and RT2 - test diet composed of 90% of basal diet and 10% beef tallow. The beef tallow showed 99.94% of dry matter and 7130.97 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg. To test the performance, a total of 30 barrows with an initial weight of 24.85 Â 1.18 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments and six repetitions of an animal. The treatments differed in fat source included, level of ME and addition of emulsifier, as much: T1 - diet with soybean oil and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T2 - diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T3 - diet with beef tallow and 3080 kcal ME/kg; T4 - diet with beef tallow, 3080 kcal ME/kg and addition of 0.1% of emulsifier; T5 - diet with beef tallow, 2930 kcal ME/kg and addition of 0.1% of emulsifier. It was not observed effects on variables of feed intake and average daily gain in all phases. However, it was observed that there was a significant difference in feed conversion in growing II and finishing phase; animals fed the diet containing beef tallow and reduction in energy to 3080 kcal ME/kg (T3) and 2930 kcal ME/kg with emulsifier (T5) presented worse feed conversion. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among levels of triglycerides in the blood and carcass characteristics (weight, yield and carcass length, amount and percentage of lean meat, backfat thickness, loin depth and fat depth, loin eye area and fat area and meat/fat ratio). Depending on the energy level, beef tallow can replace soybean oil as a lipid source in diets for pigs during the growing and finishing phases. The reduction of metabolizable energy at 150 kcal/kg with the use of beef tallow can to be compensated with the addition of emulsifier.

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35

Santos, Kássia Moreira. "Sebo bovino e emulsificante na dieta de suínos em crescimento e terminação." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18786.

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SANTOS, Kássia Moreira. Sebo bovino e emulsificante na dieta de suínos em crescimento e terminação. 2014. 43 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2014
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This study aimed to determine the chemical and metabolizable energy of beef tallow and evaluate this feedstuff as an alternative lipid source in diets for growing and finishing pigs with or without emulsifier addition, on performance, digestibility of the nutrients, serum triacylglycerols, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation. For the metabolism assay a total of 15 barrows were used with an initial weight of 22.03 ± 0.62 kg and distributed in a completely randomized design, using the total of feces and urine method. The treatments were: RR - basal diet, formulated based on corn and soybean meal; RT1 - ration test comprised 95% of basal diet and 5% beef tallow and RT2 - test diet composed of 90% of basal diet and 10% beef tallow. The beef tallow showed 99.94% of dry matter and 7130.97 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg. To test the performance, a total of 30 barrows with an initial weight of 24.85 ± 1.18 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments and six repetitions of an animal. The treatments differed in fat source included, level of ME and addition of emulsifier, as much: T1 - diet with soybean oil and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T2 - diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T3 - diet with beef tallow and 3080 kcal ME/kg; T4 - diet with beef tallow, 3080 kcal ME/kg and addition of 0.1% of emulsifier; T5 - diet with beef tallow, 2930 kcal ME/kg and addition of 0.1% of emulsifier. It was not observed effects on variables of feed intake and average daily gain in all phases. However, it was observed that there was a significant difference in feed conversion in growing II and finishing phase; animals fed the diet containing beef tallow and reduction in energy to 3080 kcal ME/kg (T3) and 2930 kcal ME/kg with emulsifier (T5) presented worse feed conversion. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among levels of triglycerides in the blood and carcass characteristics (weight, yield and carcass length, amount and percentage of lean meat, backfat thickness, loin depth and fat depth, loin eye area and fat area and meat/fat ratio). Depending on the energy level, beef tallow can replace soybean oil as a lipid source in diets for pigs during the growing and finishing phases. The reduction of metabolizable energy at 150 kcal/kg with the use of beef tallow can to be compensated with the addition of emulsifier.
Foram realizados dois ensaios para determinar a composição química e a energia metabolizável do sebo bovino e para avaliar este ingrediente como fonte lipídica alternativa em rações para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação com ou sem a adição de emulsificante, sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade dos nutrientes das rações, triacilgliceróis séricos, características de carcaça e avaliação econômica. Para o ensaio de metabolismo foram utilizados 15 suínos machos castrados de peso inicial de 22,03±0,62 kg que foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, pelo método de coleta total de fezes e urina. Os tratamentos foram: RR – ração referência, formulada a base de milho e farelo de soja; RT1 – ração teste composta por 95% da ração referência e 5% de sebo bovino e RT2 – ração teste composta de 90% de ração referência e 10% de sebo bovino. O sebo bovino apresentou 99,94% de matéria seca e 7130,97 kcal de energia metabolizável (EM)/kg. Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizados 30 suínos machos castrados com peso inicial de 24,85±1,18 kg, distribuídos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de um animal. Os tratamentos diferiram quanto à fonte lipídica incluída, nível de EM e adição do emulsificante, sendo: T1 – dieta com inclusão de óleo de soja e 3230 kcal de EM/kg; T2 – dieta com inclusão de sebo bovino e 3230 kcal de EM/kg; T3 – dieta com inclusão de sebo bovino e 3080 kcal de EM/kg; T4 – dieta com inclusão de sebo bovino, 3080 kcal de EM/kg e adição de 0,1% emulsificante; T5 – dieta com inclusão de sebo bovino, 2930 kcal de EM/kg e adição de 0,1% de emulsificante. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis de consumo de ração e ganho diário de peso em todas as fases avaliadas. Entretanto, observou-se que houve diferença significativa para a conversão alimentar no crescimento II e na terminação, onde os animais alimentados com a ração contendo sebo bovino e redução na energia para 3080 kcal/kg (T3) e para 2930 kcal/kg com adição de emulsificante (T5) apresentaram pior conversão alimentar. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para os níveis de triacilgliceróis no sangue e para as características de carcaças (peso, rendimento e comprimento de carcaça, quantidade e percentual de carne magra, espessura de toicinho, profundidades de lombo e de gordura, áreas do olho de lombo e da gordura e relação gordura carne). Dependendo do valor energético, o sebo bovino pode substituir o óleo de soja como fonte lipídica em rações para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. A redução em 150 kcal de EM/kg da ração com uso de sebo bovino pode ser compensada com a adição de emulsificante.

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36

Diop, Elhadj Moussa. "Totalitarisme et re-education : le camp boiro en guinee sous le regime de sekou toure." Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA080203.

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Pendant 26 ans, les guineens ont donne des purges, une explication consistante et logique. Un vaste reseau de conspiration, organise par des traitres appartenant a la direction meme du parti, s'etait developpe dans tous les domaines de l'activite du pays. Les objectifs, conformes aux vues des services secrets occidentaux, etaient l'assassinat du chef de l'etat, la restauration du capitalisme et le sabotage de tous les rouages de la vie nationale. La conspiration decouverte, ses promoteurs, contraints d'avouer leurs crimes, avaient ete "juges" et justement chaties a la grande satisfaction du peuple. Des milliers de personnes ont ete deportees au camp boiro qui etait a la fois un camp de reeducation et un camp d'extermination. Le lien entre ces deux notions fait l'objet de cette these. Nous avons voulu, en outre, faire le lien entre les systemes politiques autoritaires et l'institution totalitaire de reeducation. C'est generalement dans les periodes politiques critiques que la necessite de transformer le systeme educatif ou de reeducation se fait le plus sentir. Aussi, les "revolutionnaires" exigent-ils un changement de l'institution scolaire a la mesure de leur volonte de batir la societe nouvelle. Le but avoue est de faconner un homme nouveau qui correspondrait a la societe qu'ils veulent edifier. Les systemes educatifs centralises entre les mains de l'etat et du parti contribuent a l'"integration" politique des individus jusqu'a leur desintegration psychique et physique, car le totalitarisme tend vers des solutions "totales" ou "finales".

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37

Cárdenas, Osiris. "Estudo comparativo da combustão de sebo bovino e diesel em fornalha calorimétrica flamotubular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18147/tde-07072011-172456/.

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Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a queima do sebo bovino por meio de uma fornalha calorimétrica flamotubular instrumentada que opera à pressão atmosférica. Como parte do trabalho experimental, foram analisadas as curvas de rendimento térmico da queima do combustível, sebo bovino, e verificou-se seu comportamento quanto à transferência de calor e emissão de gases. Experimentalmente, a fornalha calorimétrica foi remodelada e adaptada para operar com sebo bovino, incorporando-se a esta um elemento de aquecimento prévio, trata-se de um queimador desenvolvido no NETeF possuindo um sistema de alimentação com aquecimento para o combustível, já que o sebo se encontra no estado sólido a temperatura ambiente. O queimador utilizado no experimento foi do tipo misto. Os resultados das medições do poder calorífico do sebo bovino mostraram-se altos: 39.985,5 kJ/kg (dados obtidos no laboratório do NETeF), fazendo com que o sebo se torne uma fonte menos poluente.
In this study, we evaluated the burning of tallow by a calorimetric flamotubular instrumented furnace which operates at atmospheric pressure. As part of the experimental work, the curves of thermal efficiency of fuel combustion (beef tallow) were analyzed, and it was possible to set their composition toward the transfer of heat and gas emissions. Experimentally, the calorimetric furnace was remodeled and adapted to operate with beef tallow by incorporating an element of this preheating, it is a burner developed in NETeF and it has a system to supply heating for fuel, as the tallow is solid at room temperature. The burner used in the experiment was of mixed type. The results of measurements of the calorific value of beef tallow were shown to be high: 39985.5 kJ/kg (data obtained in the laboratory of NETeF), causing the fat to become a viable source.

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38

Pivesso, Paulo Roberto. "Caracteriza??o de res?duo s?lido formado em biodiesel de sebo bovino." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2011. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17735.

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Biodiesel production has increased over the last decade because of the benefits associated with this fuel, including renewability, domestic feedstock, lower toxicity, and biodegradability. From 2008, the use of beef tallow as a feedstock for biodiesel production in Brazil has increased in significance, representing the second largest source of biodiesel, after soybeans. However, the performance of biodiesel in cold weather conditions is worse than diesel because of deposition of insoluble at low temperatures, accelerating the plugging of fuel filters and injectors of the vehicle engine. Studies have been conducted on beef tallow biodiesel, mostly related to the properties of thermal and oxidative stability. However, few studies have described the nature of the precipitate formed and its influence on product quality. Research suggests that the cause of deposition is related to the nature of saturated esters and monoacylglycerols as inducing agents. This study monitored the levels of mono-, diand triacylglycerols, the oxidation stability and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) in beef tallow biodiesel samples from two commercial producers in Brazil for a period of twelve months. Filtered precipitates were analyzed by comparative techniques of GCFID, HPLC-UV/VIS, HPLC-MS-IT-TOF and TG to verify the nature, using monopalmitin and monostearin as reference standards. The formation of precipitate reduced the levels of monoacylglycerols in the beef tallow biodiesel. GC-FID and LCMS- IT-TOF results confirmed the nature of the deposit as saturated monoacylglycerols, predominantly monostearin and monopalmitin as the second major component. Moreover the TG analysis of the residue indicated similar thermal decomposition of the reference standards. The precipitate did not affect the oxidation stability of beef tallow biodiesel and the CFPP characteristic of blends up B60. However, the presence of iron reduced significantly the oxidation stability of biodiesel
A produ??o de biodiesel aumentou na ?ltima d?cada em fun??o dos benef?cios associados a este combust?vel, incluindo renovabilidade, mat?rias-primas nacionais, menor toxicidade e biodegradabilidade. Desde 2008, o uso do sebo bovino como mat?ria-prima na produ??o de biodiesel no Brasil tem aumentado em import?ncia, representando a segunda fonte de produ??o, depois da soja No entanto, o desempenho do biodiesel em condi??es de clima frio ? pior que do ?leo diesel devido ? ocorr?ncia de materiais insol?veis a baixas temperaturas, acelerando o entupimento de filtros e injetores de motores de ve?culos. Estudos t?m sido realizados acerca do biodiesel de sebo bovino, em sua maioria relacionados ?s propriedades de estabilidade t?rmica e oxidativa; no entanto, poucos abordam a natureza do precipitado formado e sua influ?ncia na qualidade do biodiesel. Pesquisas sugerem que a causa da deposi??o esteja relacionada ? natureza de ?steres saturados, sendo os monoacilglicer?is prov?veis agentes indutores. Este trabalho apresenta os n?veis de mono-, di- e triacilglicer?is, a estabilidade ? oxida??o e o ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio (PEFF) de amostras de biodiesel de sebo bovino de dois produtores comerciais, avaliados por um per?odo de 12 meses. Amostras de precipitados filtrados foram analisadas pelas t?cnicas comparativas de CG-DIC, CLAE-UV/VIS, CLAE-MS-IT-TOF e TG para verificar a composi??o, utilizando monopalmitina e monoestearina como padr?es de refer?ncia. Verificou-se que a forma??o de precipitado reduziu os n?veis de monoacilglicer?is no biodiesel de sebo bovino. Os resultados cromatogr?ficos confirmaram a natureza do precipitado como monoacilglicer?is saturados, com predomin?ncia de monoestearina e monopalmitina como segundo componente majorit?rio. Al?m disso, a an?lise de TG do precipitado resultou perfil de decomposi??o t?rmica semelhante ao dos padr?es de refer?ncia. O dep?sito formado n?o afetou a estabilidade ? oxida??o do biodiesel de sebo bovino e a caracter?stica de PEFF em misturas at? B60. No entanto, a presen?a de ferro reduziu significativamente a estabilidade ? oxida??o do biodiesel

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Martinelli, de Faria Lígia. "Produção de biodiesel etílico a partir da esterificação de ácidos graxos livres." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6405.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O biodiesel é um combustível obtido a partir de matérias-primas vegetais ou animais. Alguns óleos após a extração ou depois de um período de armazenamento apresentam um índice de acidez elevado devido à conversão dos triacilgliceróis em ácidos graxos livres. A alcoólise de óleos com acidez elevada utilizando catalisador básico forma uma grande quantidade de sabão como resíduo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo da hidrólise do sebo bovino utilizando semente de mamona que contém a enzima Lipase Ricinius Communis seguido da esterificação de ácidos graxos livres com álcool etílico usando catálise homogênea e heterogênea. A reação heterogênea foi realizada em reator pressurizado durante 120 minutos a uma temperatura de 150°C, relação álcool/óleo 7/1 e uma fração mássica de catalisador de 5% em relação à massa de ácido graxo. A esterificação homogênea também foi realizada em reator pressurizado, em temperaturas de 70°C a 130°C, proporção álcool/óleo 5/1 a 9/1, uma fração mássica de catalisador de (0,2 a 0,8)%, durante 60 minutos. Para a catálise homogênea foi realizado um planejamento fatorial com três variáveis, dois níveis e réplicas no ponto central. Os resultados mostraram que a hidrólise enzimática durante 24 horas a 40°C, a conversão de triacilgliceróis em ácidos graxos livres (FFA) foi 90,93%. Na reação de esterificação heterogênea, o catalisador sólido que apresentou melhor resultado foi a zircônia sulfatada com conversão de 45,3%. Na reação de esterificação homogênea, o rendimento de éster aumentou com o aumento da temperatura, da relação álcool/óleo e da concentração do catalisador. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos a 130°C e com 0,8% do catalisador na relação álcool/óleo de 5/1 ou de 9/1. A cinética de esterificação homogênea foi satisfatoriamente representada por dois modelos sendo um modelo de segunda ordem reversível e o outro pseudo-homogêneo reversível

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Bouazza, Mohammed. "Etude phyto-écologique de la steppe à Stipa tenacissima L. Au sud de Sebdou (Oranie-Algérie)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30065.

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COSTA, Potí Oliveira Cortêz. "Elaboração de um reator contínuo para síntese de biocombustível: avaliação experimental com sebo animal." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/704.

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Em busca de alternativas para o aproveitamento de resíduos do abate animal foi estudado um protótipo de reator contínuo de custo-benefício acessível para uso popular na agroindustrial local, com fins de produzir biocombustível líquido. Bem como, avaliação experimental por meio deste aproveitamento com o sebo, adquirido nos abatedouros públicos e caseiros de Catolé do Rocha-PB, utilizando dois tipos de métodos, a saber: hidroesterificação e craqueamento térmico catalítico. O sistema foi construído em escala de laboratório, composto por materiais metálicos de aço inox e algumas conexões de silicone. O sistema foi composto por reator, trocador de calor e uma bomba periférica comercial de 1/4CV. O aquecimento foi efetuado por chama a gás, o fluxo, a temperatura e pressão foram monitoradas. O reator foi manufaturado resultando em um volume de 687,22 mL. A avaliação experimental do sistema proposto foi realizada introduzindo gordura animal, a qual foi extraída do sebo por duas técnicas, chapa elétrica e autoclave, buscando investigar o melhor rendimento. A autoclave foi mais significativa (75,7%). Posteriormente, a síntese do biocombustível com o método da hidroesterificação adotando o referido sistema, apresentou não conformidade operacional na conexão da saída do reator, visto que estas foram rompidas, devido à formação de vapor internamente, ocasionando retorno da mistura aquecida para a conexão com a bomba periférica. Esperava-se atingir temperatura de 260 ºC e pressão de 3bar, mas não foram atingidas. A segunda tentativa foi realizada buscando se atingir 200 ºC a 2bar, porém aos 157 ºC houve nova formação de refluxo. Diante deste fato, o sistema foi modificado, entre o reator e o trocador de calor a fim de se realizar um craqueamento termocatalítico, utilizando dois tipos de catalisadores independentemente, o carbonato de cálcio e a ferrita de níquel. Adotou-se a razão de 1:10 de catalisador/gordura injetados no sistema, pressão ambiente e temperatura acima de 600 ºC. Este método revelou bom funcionamento para o sistema idealizado, mas, ainda necessita ser aprimorado, em virtude do rendimento do bio-óleo ter sido inferior ao citado em literatura. Comparando a síntese entre os catalisadores o bio-óleo de carbonato de cálcio obteve melhor rendimento (49,51%), menor índice de acidez (1,45 mgKOH/g) porém o perfil térmico sugeriu maior presença de ácidos graxos combinados, moléculas de diacilglicerídeos e triacilglicerídeos. Já com ferrita de vii níquel teve menor rendimento 32,22%, maior índice acidez (5,36 mgKOH/g) e perfil térmico característico de apenas uma decomposição térmica sugerindo uma melhor ação catalítica. Ambos os bio-óleos apresentaram índice de acidez acima das normas da ANP.
In search of alternatives to recovery waste to animals slaughter, was studied a prototype of affordable continuous reactor for public use and local agribusiness, for purposes of producing liquid biofuels. As well, through the experimental evaluation of tallow use, acquired in public and homemade slaughterhouses Catolé Rocha-PB, using two types of methods, namely: hidroesterification and catalytic thermal cracking. The system was built on a laboratory scale, composed of metallic materials of stainless steel and some silicone connections. The system is composed of reactor, heat exchanger and pumps a commercial peripheral 1/4CV. Heating was affected by flame gas, and both flow with temperature and pressure were monitored. The reactor was manufactured resulting in a volume of 687.22 mL. The experimental evaluation of the system was carried out by introducing animal fat, which was extracted from tallow by two techniques, plates and autoclave techniques in order to investigate the best performance. The autoclave was more significant (75.7%). Thereafter, the biofuels synthesis was performed in the system, initially with the method of hidroesterification, in which one cannot observe operating line of the system, the reactor outlet connection, since these were broken due to formation of steam internally, causing returning the mixture heated for connecting to peripheral pump. Was expected reach 260 °C temperature and 3bar pressure, without success. A second attempt was carried out in order to achieve 2bar to 200 ºC, but at 157 ºC was new line of reflux. Given this fact, the system was modified between the reactor and the heat exchanger in order to hold a thermo catalytic cracking using two types of catalysts, independently, calcium carbonate and nickel ferrite. Adopted the ratio of 1:10 catalyst/fat injected into the system, ambient pressure and temperature above 600 °C. This method showed good run for the idealized system, but still needs to be improved since the yield of bio-oil was lower than that cited in the literature. Comparing the synthesis of the catalysts as calcium carbonate bio-oil obtained better yield (49.51%), acidity index (1.45 mgKOH/g), however the thermal profile suggested greater presence of fatty acids combined, diacilglicerídeos and triacilgerídeos molecules. Already with nickel ferrite had lower yield (32.22%), higher acidity index (5.36 mgKOH /g) and ix characteristic thermal profile of just one thermal decomposition suggesting a better catalytic action. Both bio-oils had acidity index above the standard of the ANP.

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Marx, Fábio Ritter. "Uso do óleo de soja e sebo bovino sobre a digestibiblidade da dieta, perfil bioquímico e consistência fecal de cães adultos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60958.

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Em dietas de melhor qualidade e maior densidade energética para cães, o acréscimo de altos níveis de gordura é fundamental. A gordura na dieta traz uma série de benefícios, como sua alta digestibilidade aparente (85 – 95%) e fornecimento de ácidos graxos essenciais. Os triglicerídeos são o tipo de gordura mais importante da dieta e dependendo do tipo de ácidos graxos contidos nos mesmos podem ser diferenciados nos alimentos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos que o óleo de soja e o sebo bovino em níveis de inclusão crescente na dieta venham a exercer nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA); na energia metabolizável (EM); nos consumos; na glicose, triglicerídeos e colesterol total séricos e no escore fecal de cães adultos. Para isso, foi utilizado como desenho experimental um quadrado latino duplo (5x5), com 10 repetições para cada um dos 5 tratamentos. Os tratamentos foram divididos em 3 níveis de inclusão (Controle, 6,5% e 13%) de cada uma das 2 fontes de gordura, o nível controle foi composto pela inclusão de apenas 1% de óleo de soja sobre os kibbles da dieta basal. A fonte e o nível de inclusão de gordura apresentaram efeitos. Os animais não foram capazes de regular o consumo voluntário das dietas, refletindo em maiores consumos de energia para as dietas mais energéticas, demonstrando a grande influência da gordura na palatabilidade e textura dos alimentos, destaque para o tratamento com inclusão de 13% de sebo bovino (SB13%). O tratamento com 13% de inclusão de óleo de soja (OS13%) obteve os melhores resultados dos CDA, os valores mais elevados de EM e não apresentou desvantagens para o escore fecal. A digestibilidade do óleo de soja apresentou-se superior a do sebo bovino. Os parâmetros bioquímicos séricos avaliados ficaram dentro das referências para cães, em todos os níveis de inclusão independentemente da fonte de gordura.
In diets with higher quality and higher energy density for dogs, the addition of high levels of fat is essential. The fat in the diet has a number of benefits, such as its high digestibility (85-95%) and provision of essential fatty acids. Triglycerides are the most important type of dietary fat and depending on the fatty acids contained therein may be varied in foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the soybean oil and beef tallow in increasing inclusion levels in the diet may have on the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD); metabolizable energy (ME); intakes; serum glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol; and on fecal score of adult dogs. To this, was used a Latin square design (5x5) with 10 repetitions for each of the five treatments. The treatments were divided into three inclusion levels (Control, 6.5% and 13%) of each of the two fat sources, the control level was made by the inclusion of only 1% of soybean oil on the kibbles of the basal diet. The source and inclusion levels of fat showed differences. The animals were not able to regulate the voluntary intake, reflecting on higher energy intakes for the most energetic diets, showing the great influence of fat in flavor and texture of foods, especial emphasis to the treatment with 13% beef tallow inclusion (BT13%). The treatment with 13% inclusion of soybean oil (SO13%) achieved the best CTTAD values, higher ME and showed no disadvantages to the fecal score. The digestibility of soybean oil was better than the beef tallow. The serum biochemical parameters evaluated remained inside the reference range for dogs in all addition levels regardless of the fat source.

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Diallo, Abdoulaye. "Acteurs et actrices du système éducatif Guinéen sous Sekou Touré : enjeux politiques et implications sociales (1957-1984)." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA070081.

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En 1958, la Guinée rejette la proposition d'intégrer la communauté franco-africaine que propose le général de Gaulle. La France tire toutes les conséquences de ce vote en se retirant de sa désormais ex-colonie. Emportant avec elle tous les moyens matériels, financiers et humains qui faisaient tourner l'administration et l'état. A l'instar de tous les secteurs, l'éducation est littéralement anéantie. Le jeune état doit faire table-rase du passé et édifier un système éducatif de manière ex-nihilo. Le président Sekou Toure courtisé par toutes les puissances dans le contexte de la guerre froide se lance dans l'édification d'un systeme éducatif de type révolutionnaire qui aura la charge de former l'homme nouveau qui fera de la Guinée un pays prospère. Peu de temps apres l'indépendance le régime dictatorial mis en place par le pdg-rda politise à outrance le système éducatif et instrumentalise l'école pour perenniser son pouvoir. Cette thèse retrace le processus d'édification du système éducatif guinéen en essayant de penser ensemble la triptyque enseignants-enseignés-acteurs politiques pour comprendre toute la complexite de la politisation de l'école guinéenne. Pour ce faire, l'auteur répond aux interrogations suivantes : quel est le rôle des acteurs de l'éducation dans l'avénement de l'indépendance et l'impact de cette dernière au niveau du système éducatif ? Que signifie être enseignant et qui sont-ils sous Sékou Touré ? Qu'est-ce qu'un élève / étudiant sous le régime du Pdg ? Bref, que signifie être acteurou actrice de l'éducation sous le régime du PDG-RDA ?
In 1958, Guinea rejects the proposal to integrate the franco-african community that the general de Gaulle proposes. France draws its conclusions from this vote and withdraws from its former colony, taking away all the material financial and human resources which made administration and government Services work. Like every other sector. Education is literally destroyed. The Young state has to start with a blank slate and build an education system put of Nothing. President Sékou Touré, courted by all the powers during the cold war. Launches The construction of an educational system of revolutionary type which will have the responsibility of forming the new man' who will make guinea a prosperous country. Shortly after independence the dictatorial regime set up by the pdg-rda politicizes with excess the educational system and instrumentalises school in order to perpetuate its power. This thesis retraces the process of construction of the guinean educational System while trying to analyse the triptych teachers-students-political players to understand the complexity of the politicization of the guinean school system. For this purpose, the author answers the following questions: which is the role of the protagonists of the educational system in the declaration of independence and the impact of the latter on the educational system? What does it mean to be a teacher and who are the people under Sékou Touré? What does it mean to be a student under the regime of the PDG? In short. What does it mean to be a protagonist of the educational system under the regime of the PDG-RDA?

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Silva, Guilherme Augusto Martins da. "Síntese enzimática, caracterização físico-química e térmica de biodiesel de sebo bovino por rota etílica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97137/tde-20082013-092446/.

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O objetivo deste projeto foi estabelecer um processo de síntese enzimática de biodiesel empregando sebo bovino como matéria-prima lipídica. Para o desenvolvimento deste projeto de mestrado, o trabalho experimental foi direcionado para as seguintes atividades: 1) Determinação das propriedades físico-químicas da matéria-prima; 2) Testes de seleção do derivado imobilizado mais efetivo para mediar a síntese de biodiesel a partir do sebo bovino; 3) Estabelecimento de metodologias para analisar o produto transesterificado por diferentes técnicas; 4) Otimização da síntese de biodiesel por planejamento experimental; 5) Aumento de escala e comprovação do modelo estatístico e 6) Caracterização do produto formado e comparação com o biodiesel comercial. Os resultados das análises de composição da matéria-prima indicaram que a amostra de sebo bovino atende ao padrão exigido para ser utilizado na reação de transesterificação (baixo teor de água e índice de acidez). Para os testes de triagem do biocatalisador, diferentes fontes de lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) foram imobilizadas no suporte híbrido POS-PVA e utilizadas para mediar a reação de transesterificação do sebo bovino e etanol em meio isento de solventes. Todas as reações foram realizadas nas mesmas condições operacionais (temperatura de 45°C, razão molar de 1:9 (gordura/álcool) e 400 unidades de atividade enzimática por grama de sebo bovino). Os rendimentos de transesterificação, bem como os valores de produtividade, foram os parâmetros relevantes na escolha do biocatalisador mais efetivo. Os produtos transesterificados obtidos com rendimentos superiores a 90% foram ainda submetidos a análises complementares, tais como viscosidade cinemática, espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho e termogravimetria. O derivado imobilizado selecionado (Pseudomonas cepacia) foi caracterizado quanto às suas propriedades bioquímicas, cinéticas e de estabilidade térmica. Um planejamento experimental foi adotado para determinar a influência do pH e da temperatura na atividade enzimática. Para o estudo da cinética enzimática foram realizados experimentos com diferentes concentrações de substrato (azeite de oliva) visando determinar os parâmetros Km e Vmax na cinética de Michaelis-Menten. Um estudo da estabilidade térmica da lipase livre e imobilizada foi realizado a 60°C para determinar a constante de desativação térmica. Na seqüência, o derivado imobilizado selecionado foi utilizado para otimizar as variáveis do processo (temperatura e razão molar) empregando a metodologia de superfície de resposta, obtendo o seguinte modelo matemático para o rendimento de transesterificação: Y = 86,89-7,46 x1-2,04 x2 em que x1 e x2 são os valores codificados para as variáveis temperatura e razão molar, respectivamente. Com os resultados obtidos, as condições ótimas de reação foram determinadas por software (T= 48ºC e razão molar 1:7 (sebo:etanol)) e então um experimento de comprovação do modelo foi realizado usando uma massa de 110 gramas de meio reacional. Os valores de rendimento da reação apresentaram uma boa correlação com os resultados preditos pelo modelo (91,62% em 8h de reação). Finalmente o produto obtido foi submetido a uma sequência de testes e análises para verificar o potencial do processo enzimático. Os testes indicaram que o processo enzimático é capaz de produzir biodiesel com boa qualidade, apesar de não atender plenamente as normas estabelecidas pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo para uso de combustíveis no país.
The objective of this project was to establish a process for enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel using beef tallow and ethanol as feedstock. For the development of this project, the experimental work was directed to the following activities: 1) Determination of the physicochemical properties of the raw material; 2) Tests for selection of the most eficiente immobilized derivative to mediate the biodiesel synthesis from beef tallow; 3) Methodology establishment for analyzing the product transesterificated by different techniques; 4) Optimization the synthesis of biodiesel by factorial design; 5) Mathematical model comprovation and increase the reaction mass 6) Characterization of the product formed and comparison with the industrial biodiesel. The results of analysis of composition of the raw materials indicated that the sample of beef tallow meets the standard required to be used in the transesterification reaction (low water content and acidity). For screening tests of biocatalysts, different sources of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) were immobilized on POS-PVA support and used to mediate the transesterification of beef tallow and ethanol in solvent free medium. All reactions were performed under the same operating conditions (temperature of 45°C, molar ratio of 1:9 (fat/ alcohol) and 400 units of enzyme activity per gram of beef tallow). The transesterification yields and the productivity values were important parameters in choosing the most effective biocatalysts. Transesterificated products obtained with yields higher than 90% were subjected to additional tests, such as kinematic viscosity, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and 1H NMR. The immobilized derivative selected (Pseudomonas cepacia) was characterized according to biochemical and kinetics properties and thermal stability. An experimental design was adopted to determine the influence of pH and temperature on enzyme activity. To study the enzyme kinetics experiments were performed with different concentrations of substrate (olive oil) to determine the parameters Km and Vmax in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A study of thermal stability of free and immobilized lipase was performed at 60 °C to determine the constant of thermal deactivation. Following this, the chosen immobilized derivative was used to optimize the transesterification reaction (temperature and molar ratio) via response surface methodology, obtaining the following mathematical model (Y=86.89-7.46x1-2.04x2) for the transesterification yield, where x1 and x2 are the coded values for the variables temperature and molar ratio, respectively. Optima reaction conditions were determined by software (T = 48 ° C and molar ratio of 1:7 (tallow: ethanol)) and then a trial to confirm the mathematical model was performed using 110 g of reaction medium. The yield value showed good correlation with results predicted by the model (91.62% in 8 h reaction). Finally, the product was submitted to a sequence of tests and analysis to verify the potential of the enzymatic process. The tests indicated that the enzymatic process allows producing biodiesel with good quality, although the specifications recommended by the Brazilian Petroleum Agency (ANP) to be used as biofuel were not fully attained.

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Lira, Cinthya Petrucia Gomes de. "Medição experimental e modelagem termodinâmica de parâmetros de escoamento a frio do biodiesel de sebo." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/10333.

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Um dos problemas enfrentados pelo uso do biodiesel é a solidificação parcial ou total, dificultando sua fluidez,levando a interrupção do fluxo do combustível e o entupimento do sistema de filtração e injecão, ocasionando problemas na partida do motor em climas de baixas temperaturas. Além do mais, a propriedade de estabilidade do biodiesel em relação à formação de depósitos é objeto de estudo nos setores produtivo e comercial pois compromete as operações de transferência e armazenamento do produto na sua rota tecnológica e na logística de distribuição. O trabalho consiste em análises experimentais e simulações computacionais no biodiesel oriundo de gordura animal cedido pela indústria JBS. Foi usado aditivo anticongelante, Viscoplex, cedido pela Evonik Industries,diesel S50 cedido pela BR Distribuidora Suape e óleo soja comercial, para tentar melhorar as propriedades de fluxo a frio do biodiesel estudado. Uma parcela do trabalho foi a realização de análises físico químicasno biodiesel de gordura animal com intuito de estudar a formação de um precipitado de natureza desconhecida formado a baixas temperaturas. A outra parcela consistiu em determinar o ponto de turvação por simulação computacional e comparar com o obtido experimentalmente. Para realização do modelo computacional se fez necessário o uso de análises cromatográficas para determinação da composição mássica do biodiesel estudado, bem como as propriedades termofísicas dos ésteres de ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados, em particular no que se refere a entalpia de fusão e temperatura de fusão.

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Santos, Anne Gabriella Dias. "Avalia??o da estabilidade t?rmica e oxidativa dos biodieseis de algod?o, girassol, dend? e sebo bovino." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17619.

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The search for new sources of environmentally friendly energy is growing every day. Among these alternative energies, biodiesel is a biofuel that has had prominence in world production. In Brazil, law 11.097, determine that all diesel sold in the country must be made by mixing diesel/biodiesel. The latter called BX, , where X represents the percent volume of biodiesel in the diesel oil, as specified by the ANP. In order to guarantee the quality of biodiesel and its mixtures, the main properties which should be controlled are the thermal and oxidative stability. These properties depend mainly of the chemical composition on the raw materials used to prepare the biodiesel. This dissertation aims to study the overall thermal and oxidative stability of biodiesel derived from cotton seed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and beef tallow, as well as analyze the properties of the blends made from mineral oil and biodiesel in proportion B10. The main physical-chemical properties of oils and animal fat, their respective B100 and blends were determined. The samples were characterized by infrared and gas chromatography (GC). The study of thermal and oxidative stability were performed by thermogravimetry (TG), pressure differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC) and Rancimat. The obtained biodiesel samples are within the specifications established by ANP Resolution number 7/2008. In addition, all the blends and mineral diesel analyzed presented in conformed withthe ANP Regularion specifications number 15/2006. The obtained results from TG curves data indicated that the cotton biodiesel is the more stable combustible. In the kinetic study, we obtained the following order of apparent activation energy for the samples: biodiesel from palm oil > sunflower biodiesel > tallow biodiesel > cotton biodiesel. In terms of the oxidative stability, the two methods studied showed that biodiesel from palm oil is more stable then the tallow. Within the B100 samples studied only the latter were tound to be within the standard required by ANP resolution N? 7. Testing was carried out according to the EN14112. This higher stability its chemical composition
A busca por novas fontes de energia, que sejam ecologicamente corretas, cresce a cada dia. Dentre essas energias alternativas, o biodiesel ? um dos biocombust?veis que vem tendo destaque na produ??o mundial. No Brasil, a Lei n? 11.097, determina que todo diesel vendido no pa?s, deve ser constitu?do pela mistura de ?leo diesel/biodiesel, denominado BX, onde X representa o percentual em volume de biodiesel no ?leo diesel, conforme especifica??o da Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo (ANP). Entre as principais propriedades que devem ser controladas para garantir a qualidade do biodiesel est?o as estabilidades t?rmica e oxidativa, as quais dependem, basicamente, da composi??o da mat?ria prima utilizada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a estabilidade t?rmica e oxidativa de biodieseis provenientes dos ?leos de algod?o, girassol, dend? e do sebo bovino, assim como analisar as propriedades das blendas feitas do ?leo mineral com biodiesel, na propor??o B10. Foram determinadas as principais propriedades f?sico-qu?micas dos ?leos vegetais e gordura animal, das respectivas amostras de B100 e suas misturas, al?m de caracteriza??es atrav?s de infravermelho e cromatografia a g?s. O estudo das estabilidades t?rmica e oxidativa foram realizados atrav?s de Termogravimetria (TG), Calorimetria Explorat?ria Diferencial sob Press?o (PDSC) e Rancimat. As amostras de biodiesel obtidas est?o dentro das especifica??es estabelecidas pela Resolu??o da ANP No7/2008. As misturas analisadas e o diesel mineral apresentaram todos os resultados em conformidade com as especifica??es da Portaria da ANP N?15/2006. Os resultados obtidos via TG apontam o biodiesel de algod?o como o mais est?vel. No estudo cin?tico, obteve-se a seguinte ordem de energia de ativa??o aparente: biodiesel de dend? > biodiesel de girassol > biodiesel de sebo > biodiesel de algod?o. Em rela??o ? estabilidade oxidativa os resultados obtidos via PDSC e Rancimat indicaram que o biodiesel de dend? foi o mais est?vel, e em seguida o de sebo. Dentre os B100 estudados, o de dend? e sebo bovino, se encontraram dentro dos padr?es exigidos na Resolu??o ANP N?7 (tempo de indu??o 6h), os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com a norma Europ?ia EN14112, a temperatura de 110?C. A maior estabilidade do biodiesel de dend? pode ser atribu?do ? sua composi??o qu?mica

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Norton, Andrew. "The village community and social change : experience and understanding of rural transition among Bambara peasant farmers in the Segou region of Mali." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363622.

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Tavares, Doralice Chagas. "Estudo do efeito das misturas de ?leos de pinh?o manso, de fritura e sebo bovino na produ??o de biodiesel." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1538.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The discussion on energy issues are increasingly in evidence. The dynamics of gradual depletion of non-renewable energy reserves such as oil and global warming encourages a race to renewable energy alternatives. This dynamic search economically viable new energy sources through technological progress. In this context, it has increased the development of biodiesel as a renewable energy source. In the case of the Brazilian energy, biodiesel plays a promising role. The country has in its geography major agronomic advantages, being situated in a tropical area, with high brightness and mean annual temperatures. On water availability and regularity of rainfall, becomes the country with the highest potential for renewable energy production. This contributes to the generation of jobs in the primary sector, which in Brazil is of utmost importance to social development and priority of our current government. This ensures the work in the field, reducing the swelling of the big cities and favoring the cycle of self-supporting economy essential to the autonomy of the country. Moreover, the price of diesel fuel in the energy matrix is considerably high compared with other countries. Therefore, biodiesel has a higher potential market in Brazil and the technological innovations associated with it can increase the efficiency of diesel in the consumer sectors, especially the transportation sector. Therefore, this dissertation's main objective is the evaluation of the influence of the major operating variables of the transesterification reaction using as raw material mixtures of jatropha oil, frying oil and beef tallow in different proportions (30/70, 50/50, and 70/30) in the presence of methanol. Moreover, it was studied the technical viability of two different technologies for producing biodiesel (conventional, microwave) and their influence on the reaction conversion. For a better evaluation of the experiments, different schedules were performed, according to the operational variables such as time, molar ratios, temperature, proportion of mixture and catalyst concentration. The best yield value obtained for the production of biodiesel frying / sebum with the conventional technology (BFSC) was 87.09% by weight, 99.20% in content of esters, having a viscosity of 5.42 mm?/s. This performance was achieved using 0.5% KOH, mixtures of 70/30, with time of 3 hours, in terms of molar ratio 9:1 at 70 ?C. In the production of biodiesel frying / sebum with the use of microwaves (BFSM) it was observed that with 1.5% KOH, mixtures of 70/30 at time 10 seconds, the molar ratio of 9:1, was obtained a maximum yield of 88.87% by weight, 99.42% by ester content and a viscosity of biodiesel 5.61 mm?/s. In biodiesel frying / Jatropha using conventional technology (BFPC), it was reached a best yield of 80.42% by weight, 99.99% in amounts of esters, using 0.5% of KOH, mixtures of 70/30, with 3 hours reaction time, molar ratio 9:1, at 70 ?C. The best operational condition for the production of biodiesel from mixture of frying / jatropha with the use of microwaves (BFPM) was observed in 1.5% KOH, with mixtures of 30/70, 10 seconds of time and a molar ratio of 9:1, reaching a total biomass yield, conversion to esters and viscosity of 77.30%, 99.89% and 5.25 mm?/s respectively
A discuss?o em torno das quest?es energ?ticas est? cada vez mais em evid?ncia. A din?mica de esgotamento progressivo de reservas de energias n?o renov?veis como o petr?leo e o aquecimento global incentiva uma corrida por energias renov?veis alternativas. Esta din?mica busca viabilizar economicamente novas fontes energ?ticas por meio do progresso tecnol?gico. ? neste contexto que vem crescendo o desenvolvimento do biodiesel como fonte de energia renov?vel. No caso da matriz energ?tica brasileira, o biodiesel assume um papel promissor. O pa?s tem em sua geografia grandes vantagens agr?colas, por estar situado em uma regi?o tropical, com altas taxas de luminosidade e temperaturas m?dias anuais. Ligado a disponibilidade h?drica e regularidade de chuvas, torna-se o pa?s com maior potencial para produ??o de energia renov?vel. Isso contribui para a gera??o de empregos no setor prim?rio, que no Brasil ? de suma import?ncia para o desenvolvimento social e prioridade de nosso atual governo. Com isso, assegura o trabalho no campo, reduzindo o incha?o das grandes cidades e favorecendo o ciclo da economia auto-sustent?vel essencial para a autonomia do pa?s. Al?m disso, o pre?o do diesel mineral na matriz energ?tica ? consideravelmente elevado se comparado com outros pa?ses. Sendo assim, o biodiesel tem um mercado potencial elevado no Brasil e as inova??es tecnol?gicas a ele associadas podem aumentar a efici?ncia nos setores consumidores de diesel, sobretudo o setor de transportes. Portanto, este trabalho de disserta??o tem como principais objetivos a avalia??o da influ?ncia das principais vari?veis de opera??o da rea??o de transesterifica??o usando como mat?ria-prima a mistura dos ?leos de pinh?o manso, de fritura e sebo bovino, em diferentes propor??es (30/70, 50/50, e 70/30), na presen?a de metanol, na convers?o reacional e a avalia??o da influ?ncia de duas tecnologias de produ??o de biodiesel (convencional e microondas) na convers?o da rea??o. Para uma melhor avalia??o dos experimentos, foram realizados diferentes planejamentos de experimentos, de acordo com as vari?veis de opera??o como tempo, raz?o molar, temperatura, propor??o da mistura e concentra??o de catalisador. O melhor valor de rendimento obtido para a produ??o do biodiesel de fritura/sebo com a tecnologia convencional (BFSC) foi de 87,09% em massa, 99,20% em teor de ?steres com uma viscosidade de 5,42 mm?/s. Esse rendimento foi alcan?ado usando 0,5% de KOH, nas misturas de 70/30, com tempo de 3 horas, raz?o molar em condi??es de 9:1, a 70 ?C. Na produ??o do biodiesel de fritura/sebo com o uso das microondas (BFSM) observou-se que com 1,5% de KOH, nas misturas de 70/30, com tempo 10 segundos, raz?o molar de 9:1, foi obtido um rendimento m?ximo de 88,87% em massa, 99,42 % em teor de ?steres e um biodiesel com viscosidade de 5,61 mm?/s. No biodiesel de fritura/pinh?o manso utilizando a tecnologia convencional (BFPC) obteve-se o melhor rendimento em massa de 80,42%, em teores de ?steres de 99,99% usando 0,5% de KOH, nas misturas de 70/30, com tempo reacional de 3 horas, raz?o molar 9:1 a 70 ?C. A melhor condi??o operacional para a produ??o de biodiesel de fritura/pinh?o manso com o uso das microondas (BFPM) foi observado em: 1,5% de KOH, nas misturas de 30/70, com tempo de 10 segundos e raz?o molar de 9:1, com rendimento em massa, convers?o em ?steres e viscosidade de 77,30%, 99,89% e 5,25 mm?/s, respectivamente

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Teixeira, Geuza Araújo de Albuquerque. "Avaliação do tempo de vida útil de biodiesel metílico obtido a partir da mistura de sebo bovino e óleos de soja e babaçu." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2010. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7034.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study evaluates biodiesel samples produced from mixtures of beef tallow, babassu oil and soybean oil at four different ratios, by transesterification using methyl alcohol and basic catalysis, seeking to explain its oxidative stability during storage for 180 days. The biodiesel synthesis in methylic route was processed under conditions of oil-alcohol molar ratio of 1:6 (m/m), 1.5% KOH, 50°C. After the methoxide addition the bath was turned off. The results on the physical-chemical properties of biodiesel samples have met the limits set by the technical regulation No. 7 of the National Agency for Oil, Natural Gas and Biofuels. By gas chromatography it was possible to identify the fatty acids mixtures and their esters. Thermal study of the mixtures, in oxidizing atmospheres (synthetic air and oxygen), shows three stages of thermal decomposition, and for biodiesel samples, under the same analysis conditions, there are two steps. The first step can be attributed to the volatilization of fatty acid esters, as well as the loss of volatile compounds formed by oxidation process, and the second step can be attributed to the polymers combustion formed during the analysis. The TMDSC curves of biodiesel samples, shows crystallization temperatures very close to those found in PEFF. It is also observed in the thermograms that the biodiesel samples are more volatile in relation to mixtures. The biodiesel fuel samples produced satisfactory combustion properties. The storage study of biodiesel samples in the period of 180 days showed results of specific mass (20ºC), viscosity (40°C), cold flow plugging point (CFPP) and acidity index within specifications. Biodiesel 1 showed the oxidation induction time lower than that prescribed. Since the water content found for all biodiesel samples showed values above the set. Nevertheless the samples of biodiesel made from mixtures of oils and animal fats can be applied as fuel.
O presente trabalho procurou avaliar as amostras de biodiesel, proveniente das misturas de sebo bovino, óleo de babaçu e óleo de soja em quatro diferentes proporções, através da reação de transesterificação utilizando o álcool metílico via catálise básica. Procurando explicar a sua estabilidade oxidativa durante o armazenamento de 180 dias. A síntese do biodiesel na rota metílica processou-se sob condições de: razão molar óleo-álcool de 1:6 (m/m), 1,5 % de KOH, temperatura de 50 °C, após a adição do metóxido o banho foi desligado. Nas análises físico-químicas, as amostras de biodiesel satisfizeram as exigências dos limites estabelecidos pelo Regulamento Técnico nº 7 da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis. Através da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, foi possível identificar os ácidos graxos das misturas, bem como seus respectivos. No estudo térmico, das amostras de biodiesel, em atmosferas oxidantes (ar sintético e oxigênio), foram verificadas duas etapas de perda de massa. A primeira etapa podendo ser atribuída à volatilização dos ésteres de ácidos graxos, como também a perda dos compostos voláteis formados pelo processo de oxidação, e a segunda etapa pode-se atribuir à combustão dos polímeros formados durante a análise. No estudo térmico das misturas oleosas em atmosferas oxidantes (ar sintético e oxigênio), são verificadas três etapas de decomposição térmica, e para as amostras de biodiesel, nas mesmas condições de análise, observamos duas etapas, sendo a volatilização e decomposição. Observa-se também nas curvas termogravimétricas que as amostras de biodiesel são mais voláteis em relação às misturas oleosas. Nas curvas de TMDSC das amostras de biodiesel, apresentam temperaturas de cristalização bem próximas aos valores encontrados no PEFF. As propriedades carburantes das amostras de biodiesel apresentaram resultados satisfatórios. O estudo do armazenamento das amostras de biodiesel, no período de 180 dias evidenciou que os resultados obtidos das análises de: Massa específica a 20º C, Viscosidade Cinemática a 40ºC, Ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio e Índice de acidez, apresentaram valores dentro das especificações exigidas. Porém o Biodiesel 1 apresentou o tempo de indução oxidativa inferior ao estabelecido, como também, o teor de água encontrado para todas as amostras de biodiesel, apresentou valores acima do estabelecido. Contudo as amostras de biodiesel obtidas a partir das misturas de óleos e gordura animal podem ser aplicadas como combustível.

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Firmo, Lúcia Maria. "Quando a lama virou pedra e mandacaru secou... Eu perdi o seu retrato : um estudo semiótico e comparativo dos cacioneiros de Luiz Gonzaga e Adoniran Barbosa." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6200.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
From an experience with students of the courses of Graduation and Specialization in Letras, who were interested in Semiotics and in developed processes in analyses for production and comprehension of texts, it was searched, in Semiotic Theory, subsidies for the exam of meaning of texts in discourse. In this work, which has as corpus selected texts from works of the singers and composers Luiz Gonzaga and Adoniran Barbosa, It was done comparative analyses, in a semiotic perspective, in three segments narrative structures, discursive structures and fundamental structure , having as general objective to find out the ideologic aspects which are similar or different in the discourses. It justifies the choice of these authors the fact of taking a kind of text closer of student's universe constitutes a facilitative element in assimilation of contents of Portuguese Language, as well as the practice of comparative analysis may be developed in the activities of other concerning subjects in the course of Letras. The importance of this research is justified for working a corpus of the repertory of popular Brazilian music and for comparative analyses that characterize themselves as a different work. The methodology was the comparative analysis of the following pairs of texts: Paraíba (Luiz Gonzaga/Humberto Teixeira)/Iracema (Adoniran Barbosa), Cidadão1 1 Music sung by Luiz Gonzaga. (Lúcio Barbosa)/Despejo na Favela (Adoniran Barbosa) e O Xote das Meninas (Zé Dantas/Luiz Gonzaga)/Vila Esperança (Adoniran Barbosa/Marcos César), based on theoric studies which were done in Linguistics and Semiotics and about the authors life and work, with more attention for the used themes in composition of their texts.
A partir de uma experiência vivenciada com alunos dos cursos de Graduação e Especialização em Letras que se mostraram interessados na semiótica e nos processos desenvolvidos nas análises para a compreensão e produção de textos, buscaram-se, na teoria semiótica, subsídios para o exame da significação dos textos em discurso. Neste trabalho, que tem como corpus textos selecionados das obras dos cantores e compositores Luiz Gonzaga e Adoniran Barbosa, foram realizadas análises comparativas, sob uma perspectiva semiótica, nos três segmentos estruturas narrativas, discursivas e fundamental , tendo como objetivo geral detectar traços ideológicos semelhantes ou divergentes, subjacentes aos discursos. Justifica a escolha desses autores o fato de que levar um tipo de texto mais próximo do universo do aluno constitui um elemento facilitador na assimilação dos conteúdos de Língua Portuguesa, como também, a prática da análise comparativa pode ser desenvolvida nas atividades de outras disciplinas concernentes ao curso de Letras. A relevância desta pesquisa justifica-se por se trabalhar um corpus do repertório da música popular brasileira e pelas análises comparativas que se caracterizam como uma dinâmica de trabalho diferenciada. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise comparativa dos seguintes pares de textos: Paraíba (Luiz Gonzaga/Humberto Teixeira)/ Iracema (Adoniran Barbosa), Cidadão1 1 Música interpretada por Luiz Gonzaga. (Lúcio Barbosa)/ Despejo na Favela (Adoniran Barbosa), e O Xote das Meninas (Zé Dantas/Luiz Gonzaga)/ Vila Esperança (Adoniran Barbosa/ Marcos César), com base em estudos teóricos feitos sobre Linguística e Semiótica e sobre os autores vida e obra, com a atenção mais voltada para os temas utilizados na composição dos seus textos.

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