Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sécessions'
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Beaudouin, Anouche. "L'applicabilité du principe de l'uti possidetis aux sécessions." Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100164.
Full textIt seems impossible to justify the applicability of uti possidetis to secessions by separating the mode by which States become independent from their title to territory of from the delimitation of their boundaries, in a way to escape effectivity. This justification imposes to face the arguments of the existence of a contradiction between uti possidetis and the neutrality of international law in the matter of secessions. Uti possidetis does not contravene that neutrality : internal acts are only elements of proof of the emplacement of the old administrative limits, so uti possidetis does not give effect to invalid acts. ; uti possidetis is an interpretation of effectivity in the matter of secession.The reference to administrative entities is the only interpretation with which effectivity can determine the territory of the new State : only uti possidetis makes it possible to affirm that, in case of secession, effectivity determines the existence of the State as its territory. Effectivity produces its effects since the beginning of the process of access to independence and uti possidetis intervenes since that moment to regulate that process in a way compatible with international law. Effectivity determines the existence and the territory of the State at the same time as it regulate the process of its formation ; effectivity defines and regulates at one and the same time
Rota-Graziosi, Grégoire. "Sécessions et fédérations, une analyse économique de la fragmentation politique." Besançon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BESA0005.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to provide an economic analysis of secession
Bojanic, Marc. "Les sécessions sur le territoire de l'ex-Yougoslavie à la lumière du droit international." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010274.
Full textLapointe, Simon. "Four Essays on Fiscal Decentralisation and Secessions." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG2054/document.
Full textBetween 1945 and 2008, the number of internationally-recognised countries grew from 74 to 193 (Spolaore, 2008). More recently, many countries experienced increasing decentralisation. In OECD countries, for example, the number of sub-national governments reached 140,000 in 2014. Moreover, these sub-national governments have an increasing influence in these countries (OECD, 2014). Given these trends towards an increasing decentralisation, this thesis studies two aspects of it: fiscal competition, and the endogenous choice of borders. In terms of fiscal competition, this thesis studies the competition between regional governments to attract one of a firm's new plants. The goal of this analysis is to study the strategic behaviour of the firm in such competitions or location contests. Indeed, in contrast to the existing literature on the subject that considers only firms producing in a single location, the first chapter of this thesis shows that the firm can modify its allocation of production across sites by differentiating the plants, thus attracting larger subsidies. In the second chapter, this thesis studies how the addition of prior investment in infrastructure by the regions before the location contest affects both the competition between the regions, and the behaviour of the firm. In terms of endogenous border choice, this thesis provides two analyses: one empirical and one experimental. In the third chapter, this thesis studies the decision of voters in 213 cities of Quebec to secede from a municipal merger that was imposed to them a few years earlier. The analysis reveals that voters choose secession more when the language and income differences between their own town and the other towns in the same merger are larger. The analysis also reveals that these two effects are not independent. Indeed, income differences have a larger effect when language differences are also large. Given the importance of language differences in the formation of ethnic groups in Quebec, these results suggest that the choice of voters is sensitive to ethnic differences, and not only to differences in preferences for public goods, as suggested by Alesina, Baqir, and Hoxby (2004). Finally, the last chapter presents the results of a laboratory experiment on the relationship between decentralisation and secession. The literature on the subject suggests the existence of two opposite effects. Decentralisation could quell secessionist movements by giving regions more liberty to take their own public goods decisions, but could also provide additional ressources to secessionist movements, which would reinforce secessionist movements. The results of the experiment show that the total effect of decentralisation is to decrease to probability of votes for secession
La, Mardière Gérard de. "La Guerre de sécession (1861-1865), vue par les français." Paris 4, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA040113.
Full textMénard, Louis-Marie. "La création d'un état par sécession armée en droit international." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100201.
Full textInternational law alone can determine the characteristics of a State as a subject of this legal order. A population situated on a territory must to be subject to a sovereign authority. Numerous entities long to constitute a State ; they have to accomplish effectively the three constitutive elements. There is no rule of international law that forbids the secession, and the recognition cannot oppose this birth either. International law intervenes by its nature as the supreme and international legal order, to convey immediately the quality of State to this new international fact. Yet it intervenes as well from the beginning of the secessionist armed combat. The success of a secession depends on the application of the principles of non-interference and non-intervention
Dady, Alwyn. "Ségrégation cellulaire lors de la neurogenèse précoce : les cadhérines font Sécession." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00828190.
Full textRuiz, Luz Nidian. "La sécession de Panama à travers les sources diplomatiques en France." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010655.
Full textFrance being one of the countries most closely associated with the construction of the Panama canal, the study of the secession based on french diplomatic documents appeared to be the most logical first step. The diplomatic correspondance of the period is a very important work tool because it shows us the different international protagonists who were to take the centerstage in setting up of the indepandance of Panama. The strategic importance of linking the two oceans, the Pacific and the Atlantic meant that the established world powers could not sit adly by. All were only too keenly aware of the future canal's commercial political and military importance. From 1846 onwards a series of bilateral and multilateral troaties were signed, the ambition of these agreements was to exclude this strategic zone from any one political sphere of influence. The french construction company "la compagnie universelle du canal" won a concession from agreement the new Grenada government (present day Colombia). While the work was being carried out on the canal, the United States never stopped working behind the scenes to hindar its successful completion. These problems were warsened by the internal political climate in Colombia, strife between the opposition parties. The panamian indepandance movement helped by outside factors gained strength. Panama slipped through colombien and international vigilance to win indepandance in 1903
Dady, Alwyn. "Ségrégation cellulaire lors de la neurogenèse précose : les cadhérines font Sécession." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066377.
Full textCadherin transitions play a part in cell segregation phenomenon, involving an Epithelium Mesenchyme Transition phenomenon (EMT). However, during the development of the central nervous system, the E-/N-cadherin transition doesn’t cause an EMT and, unlike the current model, our results show that the E-/N-cadherin switch is not a necessary element in morphogenetic movements of neurulation. The important part in the central nervous system development seems to be mainly the control of the kinetic of this E-/N-Cadherin switch. Avian central nervous system develops according to specific ways: in the anterior part of the embryo, the primary neurulation ; the secondary neurulation which ends to the development of the neural tube by cells accretion which central lumen is created by cavitation. In the thoracic part of the body, the neural tube develops in an original way, with few characteristics from the two classic processes. It is the transition neurulation. The neural precursor of the transition neural tube and secondary neural tube make an EMT, and then migrate in a coordinated and directed way thanks to the polarized deposit of fibronectin, induced by the protein of the planar cell polarity, Prickle, and then re-epithelialized themselves. Neural Crest cells represent a specific population of the neural tube cells. We show that these cells are different from the rest of neuroépithélium thanks to a repertory of expression of specific cadherins: E-Cadherin expressed by non-neural ectodermal cells, Cadherin-6B expressed by neural crest cells and N-cadherin expressed by canonical neural cells. This segregation is orchestrated by a subtle balance between BMP4 and FGF
Tolède, Olivia. "Une sécession française : la Société nationale des beaux-arts (1889-1903)." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100151.
Full textThis study tells the story of the Société nationale des beaux-arts and of its Salons in France, from its foundation in 1890 till its decline at the turn of the century. It analyses the major upheaval initiated by the new institution on the national and international artistic stages in a context of liberalisation of artistic stakeholders. Based on newly discovered archives, it brings a new light on the circumstances of its creation following the scission within the Société des artistes français. The close examination of the undertaken reforms (cooptation of elitist members, jury rotation, unlimited number of works, private exhibitions, careful presentation of works) reveals a modern conception of the Salon exhibition, supporting all arts from painting to architecture including newly admitted decorative arts. Information about the exhibitors from 1890 to 1905 were exploited through a database, enabling for the first time an exhaustive insight on their taking part in the Nationale’s Salons and enhancing a cosmopolite elite mostly composed of North-European and American artists. Taking into account its repercussions in France and Europe, notably on the Munich, Vienna and Berlin Secessions, the hitherto unrecognised Société nationale des beaux-arts can be considered as the first significant artistic Secession and as the spearhead of the European Secessionist movement. This study reveals the action of deeply involved artists, such as Ernest Meissonier, Puvis de Chavannes or Guillaume Dubufe
Ratsimanohatra, Patricia. "John Caldwell Calhoun : le dilemme de la pensée sudiste avant la Sécession." Bordeaux 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR30047.
Full textJacob, François. "La perception de la Guerre de Sécession dans la presse québécoise, 1861-1865." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21832.
Full textLe présent mémoire explore la représentation que les futurs Québécois, anglophones ou francophones, eurent de ce conflit. Cette perception est analysée par le biais de la presse, soit les journaux d'allégeance conservatrice The Morning Chronicle et La Minerve, ainsi que les journaux libéraux Le Pays et The Montreal Witness. La conclusion essentielle est que l'allégeance politique de tel ou tel journal prime sur toutes autres considérations dans les prises de position face à la guerre de Sécession : il y a une grande unité de ton entre le Chronicle et La Minerve, et une animosité absolue entre Le Pays et cette même Minerve, même si ces deux derniers jours sont francophones. De même, Le Pays et le Witness ont en gros la même orientation, et ce même Witness est en opposition avec le Chronicle. L'importance capitale de l'allégeance politique fait que l'analyse de la guerre de Sécession elle-même passe souvent au second plan dans la couverture de cet événement par ces journaux, couverture qui sert plutôt de prétexte pour commenter la politique canadienne.
Baixas, Fernand. "Les antidotes de la guerre de Sécession : un cadre révélateur de la vitalité américaine." Toulouse 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU20017.
Full textTo resist the traumas of a particularly bloody conflict, the witnesses of the Civil War, soldiers or civilians, make use of a wide choice of antidotes leading to an improvement of the mood, expressed in numerous letters, diaries or memoirs. A philosophical background suggests examining in turn the joy of solace, the festive laughter of diversion, or that, more aggressive, of mockery, in the line of an evolution from simplicity to complexity, in keeping with the transformation, during that period, of a country engaged in fast-paced modernization. Theses antidotes for troubled times are rooted in myth, hedonism or satire, as an answer to existential problems. Besides transient solutions found in relief or consolation, there are more meaningful signs of the revitalization of the country. Therapies related to survival and social contact increased solidarity; action and mind activities improved education; discovery, the ironic or humoristic return to pioneer values, facilitated the definition of a national identity transcending North/South or East/West oppositions. Underrated population components, such as women and, chiefly, freed African-Americans witnessed the surge of clear progress, in spite of relentless prejudice. This study of the antidotes attempted to build a patchwork of convincing facts, marked by the reactivity, convergence, or repetitiveness of scenes and anecdotes. The recurrence of characters and the detailed expression of the context add cohesive elements to this presentation
Nowara, Malgorzata T. "La sécession dans l'architecture à Cracovie, 1897-1914: un costume national, moderne et européen." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210725.
Full textA la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, l’Art nouveau envahit la majeure partie de l’Europe. Dans chaque pays, ce mouvement artistique prit des appellations et des physionomies différentes. Mélangé souvent aux traditions locales, ce style international développa un langage original jusqu’à devenir parfois synonyme de style national, revêtant selon le cas un costume national, moderne et européen.
Dans ce contexte international et de promotion de l’identité nationale, le cas très particulier de la Pologne est révélateur, puisqu’elle avait disparue des cartes de l’Europe et était partagée entre trois puissances :la Prusse, la Russie et l’Autriche. Pourtant si l’Etat polonais n’existait plus, la nation n’a jamais cessé d’exister à travers la culture et la religion. A ce titre l’étude de l’architecture de Cracovie, - ancienne capitale de la Pologne, sous occupation austro-hongroise, en Galicie - est significative.
A Cracovie, le style sécessionniste - expression utilisée dans l’Empire austro-hongrois et repris pour l’ensemble de la Pologne - influença le développement de tous les arts. Cependant de nos jours, ces traces sont surtout visibles sur les façades des édifices. De ce fait, notre analyse s’est limitée aux différents costumes sécessionnistes décoratifs dans l’architecture de Cracovie, pendant la période de la Sécession, c’est-à-dire de 1897 à 1914, dans huit quartiers, les plus anciens de la ville.
Au tournant du siècle, Cracovie devint très vite le berceau du mouvement sécessionniste en Pologne, le centre de la modernité, une ville européenne novatrice dans tous les domaines artistiques. Lieu de naissance de la « Jeune Pologne », les premières innovations apparurent grâce à de nombreuses personnalités artistiques marquantes, d’abord en peinture, ensuite en littérature et dans les arts plastiques, enfin en architecture.
La Sécession a laissé une quantité impressionnante de traces dans l’architecture cracovienne, décorant les plus importants monuments de tous les quartiers, s’illustrant dans les immeubles à appartements privés et laissant derrière elle également quelques chefs-d’œuvre.
Le premier chapitre intitulé « La ville de Cracovie », brosse un aperçu du cadre général. Il vise à préciser dans ses grandes lignes le caractère spécifique de la tradition culturelle polonaise à Cracovie.
Le deuxième chapitre « La Sécession et la ville de Cracovie » intègre le rapport de la Sécession à l’intérieur de la ville et ce sous différents angles de vue. C’est doté de cet héritage que les écrivains, les artistes, les architectes et les constructeurs de la fin du siècle vécurent la crise qui remettait en question la fonction et le sens de leur activité par rapport à leur identité nationale. Leur dilemme est illustré par les plus grandes figures de la littérature et des arts plastiques. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence leur difficile tâche d’adaptation de cet héritage culturel, chacun à sa manière, aux problèmes liés aux nouvelles tendances modernes.
Le troisième chapitre intitulé « La Sécession dans l’architecture » constitue le cœur de notre thèse. Il est une analyse rétrospective du système sécessionniste dans l’architecture à Cracovie, accompagné d’un inventaire détaillé de la Sécession dans l’architecture de la ville. Il intègre ensuite ce thème dans le contexte national et le compare avec la situation dans d’autres métropoles européennes.
Le quatrième chapitre, « La Sécession dans les rues de la ville » donne de la perspective à notre inventaire en intégrant la Sécession dans le paysage urbain.
Le cinquième chapitre « L’Homme et la Sécession » s’intéresse à l’interaction entre l’homme et la Sécession et mettra en évidence les propriétaires, les commanditaires, les architectes et les constructeurs.
Enfin, le sixième chapitre intitulé « La Sécession et les juifs de Cracovie » met en relation l’apparition du nouveau style avec une partie de la population polonaise, les juifs de la ville.
De nos jours, il est difficile d’avoir une vue d’ensemble de l’intégration de la Sécession sur les territoires polonais sous occupation au tournant du XIXe et du XXe siècle et dans une plus large mesure en Europe. Il est cependant indéniable qu’elle fit sa première apparition à Cracovie et qu’elle y a marqué de son empreinte une quantité considérable de constructions, avant de s’étendre sur les territoires polonais sous occupation, et prétendre être le berceau de la Sécession en Pologne.
A la différence des autres pays européens, la Sécession cracovienne ne fut pas fondée sur des principes théoriques, sur un programme, résultant de l’évolution socio-historique du pays dont la situation était des plus complexes. En effet, elle a subi l’influence de différents courants européens, surtout de la Sécession viennoise, en revêtant différents costumes :national, moderne et européen.
Résultat de la convergence de facteurs culturels, politiques, économiques, sociaux, démographiques et esthétiques, Cracovie fin de siècle fut un lieu d’expérimentation et constitue encore aujourd’hui, le foyer vivant de cette dynamique culturelle et artistique née à la fin du XIXe siècle.
Si durant l’histoire, la Sécession dans l’architecture de Cracovie n’a pas toujours été appréciée à sa juste valeur, de nos jours un regain d’intérêt se fait sentir notamment par de nouvelles restaurations.
A présent, il est possible de cerner l’ampleur du phénomène sécessionniste à Cracovie. Une analyse de la présence du style dans tous les quartiers de la ville, ainsi que des constructions détruites, est nécessaire afin de mettre en évidence la véritable diffusion du nouveau style dans la ville au tournant du XIXe et du XXe siècle.
La présente thèse constitue un premier pas dans la compréhension du phénomène. Les résultats des travaux en cours au niveau européen permettront d’intégrer davantage la Sécession cracovienne dans un contexte international et de tisser des liens éventuels entre les différents foyers artistiques.
Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
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Olinga, Michel. "Aspects de la construction nationale après les indépendances camerounaises : le désir de sécession (1960 – 2009)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040084.
Full textIn the early 1990s, just over two decades of a single-party system, Cameroon experienced a return to political pluralism. The multiparty system then led to some free speech, to some political relaxation and claims of belonging as well. The then new area of freedom conduced to the raising, at the sociopolitical level, of the issue of postcolonial nation-building in a country where a double colonial legacy (Anglo-French), locally re-appropriated, has coexisted with hundreds of local particularities of ethno-regional, linguistic and religious nature. The issue of nation-building in such a multiple belonging context is actually the very objective of this study, which focuses on the evident liberation in the manifestation of the English-speaking minority’s frustrations in Cameroon after the political relaxation in the early 1990s. The study shows how the modern State of Cameroon, resulting from the reunification of the former French Cameroon and the former British Southern Cameroons, manages its double colonial legacy in an area of a labyrinthine diversity. What has now been termed in Cameroon as: “the Anglophone Problem” seems to have been nurtured by a competitive, hegemonic and nepotistic management, at times, of heritage or identities – identities regarding the Anglo-French colonial heritage. It has also been revealed by tribal or ethno regional identities and by a democratisation process, which can be seen as rather trivial, illusive and lackadaisical
Vahlas, Alexis. "Les séparations d'États : l'Organisation des Nations Unies, la sécession des peuples et l'unité des États." Paris 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA020013.
Full textBattaglia, Antonia. "Du droit des peuples non étatiques à se constituer en Etat souverain." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210207.
Full textCe qui nous intéresse est la fondation d’un droit moral qui puisse se révéler capital dans la résolution de conflits et crises interethniques, et qui puisse faciliter les prises de décisions dans les crises sécessionnistes – quand la sécession en cours sera justifiable – pour aboutir à la création d’un nouvel État pour des raisons biens fondées, raisons qui n’ont pas pu être accommodées à travers des instruments tels quels l’octroi de droits spéciaux, les tentatives de pacification, la cohabitation forcée, l’autonomie, le fédéralisme.
Les événements qui portent une minorité ou un groupe national à contempler une solution sécessionniste sont en général marqués par une tension politique plus ou moins forte, des problèmes d’ordre social ou économique, parfois des violations de droits collectifs ou, pire, des conflits armés, violence de masse, génocide. Ce n’est jamais, ou seulement dans de très rares cas, une situation de bien-être qui génère une demande d’indépendance, et ce sera donc avec une encore plus grande humanité et de sentiments d’impartialité et de bienveillance qu’on devra considérer la situation en question.
Le droit à faire sécession existe parce qu’il appartient à chaque peuple de pouvoir se donner l’organisation politique et juridique de son choix. La référence juridique ne tournera plus autour des droits de l’homme (les droits fondamentaux des individus) mais autour des droits des gens (les droits fondamentaux des peuples) :ce droit, dans lequel ont cru aussi des philosophes comme Walzer, Livingstone, Boykin et Sandel, est une priorité éthique très forte pour la communauté internationale. C’est un droit fondamental et inaliénable, et comme tel il appartient à la sphère de la praxis humaine qui a à faire avec le comportement social, l’organisation politique et l’action civile pour une meilleure survie anthropologique du groupe.
La norme qui devrait sanctionner la fondation du droit moral à faire sécession est l’application effective du droit des peuples à choisir librement leur organisation politique et à poursuivre leur développement économique, social et culturel. Cette norme est reconnue à l’article 1er du Pacte international sur les droits politiques et civils, et à l’article 55 de la Charte des Nations Unies. Mais notre interprétation est très utopiste et elle se place très loin de la pratique de la politique internationale, qui veut voir dans le droit à l’autodétermination des peuples la seule autodétermination politique des peuples avec un État national bien défini :ce magnifique droit collectif est ainsi réduit à la seule possibilité de choisir son régime politique par les élections.
Doctorat en Philosophie
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Maillard-Bjedov, Tjaša. "Three essays in public economics : fiscal decentralization, coordination and secessions." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO22005.
Full textThis PhD thesis falls within the fields of public finance and public choice. It studies the following issues: ideological polarization, decentralization and conflict. It consists of three chapters can be read independently. In the first chapter the focus is on the importance of ideological polarization between but also within political parties on the level and composition of cantonal public spending. The analysis is on Swiss cantonal parliaments and is based on the use and econometric treatment of a very rich database. We made two contributions to the literature on the impact of political fragmentation on public spending. First, we showed that ideological dispersion within political parties is associated with higher public spending while the dispersion between political parties is associated with less public spending. This finding implies that the mode of organization and discipline within political parties are both important. This result is particularly interesting given that previous literature has completely abstracted from ideological dispersion within political parties. Lastly, we showed that ideological dispersion between and within political parties is mainly relevant for current expenditures. The second chapter focuses on the conflict of objectives that may exist between economic agents in a two-stage game with asymmetric payoffs. The literature showed that coordination failures are frequent in one-stage games and that communication can help individuals coordinate with the use of take turn strategies that allow for a reduction in the payoffs’ inequality in the long run. Our contribution was to study whether communication has the same capacity in a two-stage game where the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium requires both players to make opposite choices at both stages of the game and accept unequal payoffs. Our results show that coordination failures occur half of the time and that 18% of the pairs use the take turn strategy. Communication significantly increases coordination on the subgame perfect Nash equi librium because it increases the ability of subjects to initiate a take turn strategy and to maintain it. Thus, communication allows subjects to establish a long-term strategy that increases efficiency and reduces payments differences, induced by the asymmetry in payoffs, by exchanging their relative positions in a fair way. Our results show that communication can solve coordination conflicts, even in more complex situations than in one-stage games usually studied until now. The last chapter focuses on a particular type of conflict: political secessions. Specifically, it addresses the link between secessions, decentralization and group identity. We aim at determining, by means of a laboratory experiment, if decentralizing the provision of public goods reduces the likelihood of secession. We emphasize the importance of local identity. Our experimental design, obviously, do not reproduce all the trade-offs that separatist movements face in the real world. It allows, however, capturing at least two key forces that drive these movements: the proximity to public goods that reduces the phenomena of free-riding and brings public goods closer to citizens’ preferences and the importance of local identities. Our results indicate that the Decentralization treatment increases contributions to local public goods and decreases the likelihood of secessions also when identity is made more salient. If fact, reinforcing local group identity increases the likelihood of secession only when local group members are cooperators
Dupuit, Christine. "Les pratiques littéraires comme réalité sociale : l'écriture fictionnelle de la folie en France à la fin du 19ème siècle : une pratique de sécession." Paris, EHESS, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992EHES0326.
Full textWho is mad. . . When are whe mad. . . Where are whe mad. . . How are we mad. . . Why are we mad. . . When madness is the matter of a french novel in the nineteenth century (1880-1900). This thesis of sociology concerns the literature "fin de siecle" and tries to understand the social reasons of the folly is written in this fiction, during this period and in this way. The textual analysis of six fictions a rebours and en rade de joris karl huysmans, mr venus of rachilde, le dr pascal, l'oeuvre and la bete humaine de zola allowed us to defend the following thesis : the topic of madness is constitutive of a kind of rupture and reconstitution of social order. Against the "industrial", commercial and popular literature, writing the madness is sociologicaly understandable as a disaffected action which derogates from the orthodoxy, the functionalism and the lisisbility of the new burgess printed matter
Paysant, Camille Mona. "Relire la photo-sécession : les relations internationales du groupe et la diversification de la pratique photographique au regard de la correspondance d'Alfred Stieglitz." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H059.
Full textBased on the correspondence between Alfred Stieglitz and his associates, this thesis aims at bringing a complementary view on the official history of the Photo-Secession. Commonly introduced as a group of American photographers united around Alfred Stieglitz's ideals, those written records reveal an alternative history where the nature of this structure reveals itself as being organic, moving and continuously challenged by its main members. The first part of this thesis focuses on analysing the group's structure and operation. The latter unravels the idea of a strictly "American" group where we can discover their international endeavours as well as an organization fragmented by its different 'factions'. In light of those private sources, was the Photo-Secession an international avant-garde? In the second part, we reassess the legacy of this group who worked outside of the limits of aesthetic frameworks, questioning the status of the artist-photographer and redefining the limits of a practice. Based on more than 4000 archival records, the core of this study stems from materials preserved at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Yale, New Haven), the MoMA (New York), the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) and archives from the George Eastman Museum (Rochester)
Parent, Christophe. "L'Etat fédéral multinational." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL20017.
Full textThe concept of multinational Federal Government conceived as a pact between sovereign nations questions the state's ability to arrange the existence of distinct people through federalism. The state, even though it would be question of this particular form of state that is the Federal Government, is unable to recognize sovereignty and national identity of his states. This inability practice of Canadien or Belgian States to officially recognize their multinational character is also a theoretical impossibility. The theory and philosophy prohibit the State to meet the requirements of a multinational State. The republican and liberal states are not separable from the natio-state and the theory of individual rights prohibits cultural rights to nations. Finally, the right to external self-determination of nations is banned by the state ontradict national sovereignty
Desfachelles, Olivier. "Le commandement pendant la guerre civile américaine, 1861-1865." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0034.
Full textOur thesis deals with the study of command we have confronted with different fields of analysis. An anthropological approach has allowed to identify the character and personality traits of the various actors and to see how they were able to influence their praxis of war. An analysis of the relationship between political and military authority revealed a more relational rather than institutional complexity and referred to the question of obedience and subordination from the first to the second. For some generals legality did not automatically lead to the expression of a sense of legitimacy towards its holder. An analysis of the relations between the generals showed that this war was not fought exclusively on the battlefields, but also outside. On both sides there were conspiratorial occurrences led by generals who wished to have their superior removed. The volume of dissensions, rivalries, and jealousies that have passed through the commands have given the feeling that a real internal war was taking place within them. This phenomenon was aggravated in the early months of the conflict by an appointment system that favoured friendships and political considerations over intrinsic skills. The style of operational command varied according to exogenous elements. The main ones are what Clausewitz called the phenomena of "friction" and "fog", powerful factors of uncertainty, and consubstantial and irreducible elements of war
Eabrasu, Marian. "Une théorie politique du conflit." Paris 8, 2007. http://octaviana.fr/document/124493602#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textThe aim of this research is to develop a political theory of conflict and to apply it to the European political arrangement. In order to sustain that conflicts are avoided because and not in spite of European political arrangement it is necessary to introduce a right to secession. The elaboration of our political theory of conflict is based on an a-normative and transdisciplinary taxonomy of conflict and it is constructed with the help of a meta-normative and counterfactual theoretical and argumentative scaffold. Starting with the presuppositions of intentionality and scarcity we applied an analytical framework proper to axiology. Hence, normative and descriptive axiology represents the two main pillars of our political theory of conflict. The analysis of European political arrangement permits us to identify conflicts which could be avoided and resolved if the consent for putting together the common resources was required. Our political theory of conflict proposes the secession right as an assurance for this agreement
Pélissier, Anne. "La déclaration d'indépendance de Chypre du nord et les perspectives de règlement du conflit chypriote." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR30003.
Full textComposed of two ethnical groups (greek and turkish) the Cypriot state which acceeded to independence in 1960, has been under the geostrategical influence of Ankara since turkey's military interventions in 1974. The case of the 1983 North Cyprus's secession involves and brings into conflict fundamental principles of public international law ; it reveals their inadequacy to the specific context (selfdetermination and territorial integrity of states - criteria of statehood and state recognition - legality and effectiveness - consequences on the international level of the recognition of the Republic of Cyprus as sole representative of the whole island - economic and or political independence and sovereignty - border and demarcation line - concept of divided state. . . ). The legal qualification of the "Turkish republic of Northern Cyprus" and of the situation created by its proclamation gives also rise to questions on the future prospects of the settlement of the cyprus conflict. Mutual distrust is very much the key in a conflict aggravated by third states. Great attention must also be given to the capacity of international organizations to promote a settlement. All options proposed, the interpretation given by the greek and turkish parties, reveal an "à la carte" translation of the concept of federalism. The evolution of the international situation which features conflicting trends, might influence the outcome of the intercommunal talks either way
Kennes, Erik. "Fin du cycle post-colonial au Katanga, RD Congo : Rébellions, sécession et leurs mémoires dans la dynamique des articulations entre l'État central et l'autonomie régionale 1960-2007." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26228/26228.pdf.
Full textChristakis, Théodore. "Le droit à l'autodétermination en dehors des situations de décolonisation." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX32031.
Full textIs the right of self-determination obsolete outside the colonial context or is it preparing its resurrection? that is the question this thesis intends to answer by adopting a positivist approach. Not without discussing all the important political controversies that have always marked the principle of self-determination, this study attempts to define its precise legal content through a detailed survey of treaty and customary international law. The first part of this thesis confirms that, despite recent claims to the contrary, ethnic groups within states have no right to secede except in some cases of particularly serious and irreversible violations of human rights. Even though not "permitted", secession is still possible if it ultimately succeeds in imposing itself. In fact, there is a volontary gap in this field, which makes secession much more a question of facts and force than a question of law. However, this study examines to what extent law penetrates this field generally dominated by the principle of effectivity and finds that secession is forbidden in some cases, especially in the case of aggression. The second part reveals the particular current relevance of the internal dimension of self-determination. Despite some important trends concerning especially indigenous peoples, an ethnic groups right to political autonomy within a state has not yet been accepted in positive law. Nevertheless, treaty law has recognised the right of the entire population of a state to democratic government, thus providing protection against tyranny and authoritarian domination. This evolution may be slow, but it denotes a profound transformation of the principle of self-determination which, in the post colonial world, should lead to the well-being of individuals and peoples without threatening the territorial integrity of states
Gleeson, William. "Les lieux de la désolation : évènement, espace et destruction dans la photographie de la guerre civile américaine (1861-1865)." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA070033.
Full textThis dissertation examines American Civil War photography, notably its relationship with the environment. The images from the conflict are placed into their cultural context and are considered as elements of non-discursive rhetoric. One part looks at the difficulty of photographing the Wilderness region of Virginia. Another chapter looks at the possibility of making a portrait by substituting a landscape for an absent body. The dissertation also investigates the use of these images after the war, raising issues of memory and photographic truth. A final chapter concerns the photography of ruins and tries to understand how these ruins establish a lasting manner of looking at destruction
Neveu, Sandra. "L'internationalisation des conflits internes." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT3004.
Full textBraka, Florence. "Gustave Cluseret : de l’Internationale au Nationalisme 1823-1900." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040131.
Full textGustave Cluseret was born in Paris in 1823 and died near Hyères in the Var region in 1900. Like his father he pursued a military career. Leaving Saint-Cyr in 1843, he took part in the suppression of insurgents in June 1848, and was awarded the Croix de Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. Removed from service in March 1850, he returned to serve in the Army in 1853 and participated in the Crimean War and the Kabylia campaigns. He was appointed captain. He resigned from the French Army in 1858. A Republican, Cluseret joined the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860 alongside Garibaldi, who appointed him colonel, he then took part in the Civil War in 1862 on the side of the Northern States. He was appointed brigadier general, and he resigned in 1863. He also took part in the Fenian movement. At the end of the Second Empire, Cluseret joined the International Workingmen's Association. In 1870 he took part in the revolutionary communes of Lyon and Marseille, then in the Commune of 1871 and served for nearly a month as General Delegate for War. Sentenced to death in 1872, Cluseret moved to Switzerland and then to Constantinople, where he pursued three different activities: painting, journalism and propaganda. Returning to France in early 1886 to La Crau in the Var Region. He embarked on a political career as a member of parliament from 1888 until his death. He mostly represented the interests of farmers. He also founded a journal, The Voice of the People of the Var. After 1889 Cluseret broke with the International, and from 1893 he distanced himself from the French socialist collectivists and moved towards anationalist socialism. Anti-dreyfusard, he ends his life defending nationalist positions tinged by xénophobie and antisemitism
Graziani, Nelly. "La citoyenneté dans le Bee-Hive, 1862-1876, et dans l’Industrial Review, 1876-1878." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040174.
Full textThe 1860s-1870s form a turning point in the history of British democracy, because these were the years when the second Reform Act was passed, which extended the right to vote to larger sections of the working classes. Such political change was the result of numerous national demonstrations organised by the Trades’ Unions. By showing their strong commitment to the Union during the American Civil War, and to Italian and Polish national unity, the working classes signalled their determination to enter the field of politics. This doctoral thesis studies the construction of working class citizenship through the pages of the Bee-Hive, a radical and liberal working class paper primarily created in 1861 to claim for suffrage
Le, Corre Gaëlle. "Variations non standard dans les écrits épistolaires de soldats de l'armée confédérée de l'état de Virginie." Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0063.
Full textThroughout the Civil War (1861-1865), thousands of low ranking soldiers on both sides of the conflict took up their pens to inquire after their families and give news from the front. Usually semiliterate, most of these soldiers were far from mastering written conventions. The 170,000-word corpus, on which this thesis is based, is composed of 366 letters written by 80 privates, corporals and sergeants from Virginia. Their idiosyncratic and ingenuous spellings as well as their use of non-standard morphosyntactic variations offer a great opportunity to gain further insight into the vernacular spoken by white lower-class people in Virginia around the middle of the 19th century.According to Guy Bailey (1997), certain specificities of the Southern American Vernacular English (SAVE) appeared after the Civil War, as a reaction against Northern domination and the humiliation caused by the defeat. The non standard variations found in the Virginia Civil War Corpus tend to question this hypothesis and reveal that most of the features, that are today associated with SAVE, were already present in low ranking soldiers' writings.Despite the phonetic spelling and the use of non-standard grammatical and lexical forms, the letters reveal that the soldiers were fully aware that their vernacular speech was not in line with academic conventions. We thus observe a constant tension between the academic prescriptive norm and non-standard variations. We may wonder if this constant oscillation is only triggered by an internal conflict between different linguistic models or if, on the contrary, the presence of these dialectal variations must be understood as signs of specific enunciative operations
Thuillier, Fabrine. "Le Conseil de l'Europe et le droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR1004.
Full textCulaj, Gjon. "La création d’une nouvelle nation au XXIème siècle : l’exemple du Kosovo de 1974 à 2008, au lendemain de l’éclatement de la Yougoslavie." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020074.
Full textMany people believe that the dissolution of Yugoslavia begins and ends in Kosovo. This is a logical continuation of the Yugoslav breakup a fragile federation composed of various nationalities. Autonomous province under the Tito’s era of 1974 - 1989, Kosovo had similar powers to a republic. Milosevic 's regime abolished Kosovo’s autonomy triggering violence and tensions. Faced with constant violations of their human rights, Kosovo Albanians opted for a peaceful resistance, all by boycotting Serbian and Yugoslav institutions. They managed to create a real parallel society, a kind of State in the State. The Yugoslav wars initiated the creation of new States, it is a process of redefining of the national identities of the former Yugoslavia which connects several conceptions of nation and citizenship. There are good reasons to belive that the birth of Kosovo State can cause the creation of a new nation, however, the creation of this nation requires a shared awareness and favorable political circumstances. This thesis aims to argue the causes of the violent collapse of the former Yugoslavia and to learn of a turbulent and sometimes tragic accession of Kosovo to independence and also to analyze the challenge and difficulties for a composite and fragmented society, to access in the 21st century to national sovereignty. This research showed that the main cause of the violent collapse of the former Yugoslavia was the Serbian national program that sought to create a Greater Serbia and that Kosovo's independence after the disintegration of Yougoslavia was the only possible solution that could ensure peace and stability in the region
Weirich, Armelle. "Berta Zuckerkandl (1864 -1945) salonnière, journaliste et critique d'art, entre Vienne et Paris (1871-1918)." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOL037.
Full textAt the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, Berta Zuckerkandl (1864-1945), Austrian salonnière and journalist, engaged actively in artistic, cultural and political exchanges between France and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Being on familiar terms with Georges Clemenceau gave her the opportunity to exchange ideas with artists and intellectuals in Paris, including Rodin, Carriere, Raffaelli, and Geffroy. Her salon in Vienna gathered some of the most pioneering personalities of the Wiener Moderne...- Bahr, Klimt, Wagner, Mahler...- and thus formed the centre of a vast social network within Europe. Being a spokeswoman of the Vienna Secession, Zuckerkandl established herself as one of the most active contemporary art critics. She guided artists and introduced the public into modern art by drawing on French initiatives to influence the art's development. The present study thus aims at highlighting her role in the dynamic artistic exchange between Vienna and Paris. It will first present Zuckerkandl's biography in order to draw attention to her privileged position in the exchange of the French and Austrian cultures. Secondly, it will show her impact on artistic Austrian groups and provide a detailed analysis of a corpus of selected documents dealing with modern art. It will finally discuss her interventions in favour of French artists and the reception of their works in Austria by highlighting the artistic, cultural and political aims pursued by Zuckerkandl, who was determined to preserve the Austrian culture despite the war and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Dzanouni, Lamia. "Le dessin journalistique au service du dessein politique des Noirs aux Etats-Unis et en France (1861-1965) : moments-clés et regards croisés." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA121.
Full textWithin the framework of Histoire croisée, this thesis focuses on the impact of press drawings, in France and in the USA, on the black population’s fight to obtain rights at key moments between 1861 and 1965. Following their surrender at the end of the US Civil War, the Confederates bolstered their racist ideology with a new ideological weapon, the political cartoon, a major asset in the Union’s victory. In the XX century, th the African Americans reacted to the confederate propaganda and a war of images ensued. Simultaneously, some black artists went into exile in France in order to fight back more adequately. France provided an ideal environment for artistic expression due to hostility against them in Paris being lower than in the USA. Their success abroad thus demonstrated the responsibility and the complicity on the part of American institutions in terms of racial discrimination. That said, the French attitude was far from admirable when it came to its colonies, particularly those of black Africa. Though racism and discrimination were clearly visible within the USA, these mindsets were insinuated more perniciously within French society, the country’s newspapers contributing substantially to this pictorial emulation. A focus on the inter-crossings between these two countries reveals unique analogies in the representation of black people in the newspapers of the time, both within the segregationist system of the USA as well as within France’s colonial empire. The stereotypes developed by the racist press pervaded the collective subconscious as archetypes. The partisans of emancipation protested against this propagation through the use of their own image in different phases of their fight – between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States; and from colonial France to the African independence movements. This analysis of the history of the press and of its illustrations seeks to shed light on the progressive convergence of American and French laws aiming at a society free from racial prejudice. It also underlines the idea that the image bears meaning, constituting a language in its own right, and that it plays a significant role in the construction and the deconstruction of racial inequality
Cloutier, Alexandre. "Pour une constitutionnalisation du droit à la sécession au Canada." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2379.
Full textBy imposing a constitutional obligation to negotiate to aIl parties of the federation, the Supreme Court of Canada in the Secession Reference legitimizes the aspirations of Quebec's sovereignist movement. However, the Supreme Court's ambiguity, in regards to the process leading up to the constitutional obligation to negotiate, is the cause of the current juridical debate. The doctrine is divided on the meaning of the expressions "political actors", "clear question" and "clear majority" and the lack of precision of these expressions allows the political parties in power to justify their respective laws on Quebec secession. The two laws in force, an Act respecting the exercise of the fundamental rights and prerogatives of the Quebec people and the Quebec State and the Clarity Act, are at polar opposites on issues as important as the formulation of the question and the required majority. Both legislatures have proceeded unilaterally without any concem in creating a coherent juridical framework. Elected representatives should consider the constitutionalisation of the mIes leading to secession as a solution to solve the current juridical deadlock. Canada would not be the first country to provide such provisions in its Constitution.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit, option recherche (LL.M.)"
Zajc, Milena. "La théorie libérale de la sécession d'Allen Buchanan et ses critiques." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14274.
Full textSimard, Marc. "Stabilité politique, croissance économique et investissements directs étrangers après une sécession : le cas slovaque." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4895/1/M12527.pdf.
Full textBarnay, Martin. "Aux frontières du mercenariat : éléments de contexte et trajectoires de trois «affreux» français de la sécession katangaise (1960-1963)." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12478.
Full textThis thesis studies the case of three French combatants engaged in favor of the secession of Katanga (1960-1963), in the wake of Belgian Congo’s independence. These men were recruited to fight against the Congolese army and UN peacekeepers as those latter sought to reintegrate by force the province into a united Congo. Hardened by a decade of counter-insurgency warfare, the few dozens of French “affreux” proved to be key figures in the Katangese military apparatus. The thesis is informed by recent work in the sociology of intellectual and activist fields, and confirms the relevance of these methodologies in the study of transnational military service. Focusing on the objective conditions that structure practice rather than on the psychological dimensions of action, this research highlights the “deep forces” according to which the intervention of the “affreux” was shaped. The trajectories of these men are examined across the varying levels of context within which they took place: the history of decolonization and of the Cold War; the rapports between old European nations and emerging world powers regarding Africa; the principles, rules and rationale characterizing the foreign policy of France under the Fifth Republic. Our thesis reveals that the use of the “affreux” coincides with the decline of old colonial powers and with the affirmation of new players such as the United States, the Soviet Union and the UN on the international stage. The engagement of these men, without any official status, appears to France as a roundabout way to keep in place some of its interests and influence in Africa.
Mabilat, Julie. "La question de la sécession du Québec après l’avis consultatif de la CIJ du 22 juillet 2010 relative au Kosovo." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9166.
Full textThis research studies the ICJ advisory opinion on the accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo delivered on 22 July 2010 and its probable impacts on the question of Quebec’s secession. Specifically, it examines the migration of constitutional ideas concerning the right to self-determination in the cases of Kosovo and Quebec. A comparative analysis of both situations is thereby undertaken. This thesis concludes to a non-violation of general international law by the ICJ in its opinion, Kosovo being an illustration of remedial secession. Nonetheless, our research leads us to assert an impossibility of transposition of the ICJ solution about the former Serbian province to the Quebec issue. However, the case is not closed as a migration of the spirit of the advisory opinion could take place, which would soften the position adopted by Canada, especially with the Clarity Act.
Beauséjour, Anthony. "Les référendums sur la souveraineté de l'Écosse et de la Catalogne : le renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec en comparaison." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14108.
Full textThe year 2014 is marked by the referendums on sovereignty of Scotland and Catalonia, two nations that have a lot in common in terms of history and culture. The pre-referendum legal framework for each of these regions is basically the same: the legal existence of Scotland and Catalonia comes directly from the will of a unitary central state, respectively the United Kingdom and Spain. The legislative competence to hold a referendum on self-determination of these regions is also ambiguous. Faced with this dilemma, the United Kingdom allows Scotland to hold a referendum on sovereignty. This results in a fair democratic process, equitable, decisive and respected by all. For its part, Spain prohibits Catalonia to do the same, which does not prevent Barcelona to spare no effort to consult its population. The outcome is a public participation process that has nothing to do with a referendum in due form. 20 years after the last referendum on Quebec sovereignty, the study of the Scottish and Catalan referendums allows us to point out the accuracy but also the partial inconsistency of the teachings of the Supreme Court of Canada in its Reference re Secession of Quebec. On one hand, the need to balance the underlying constitutional principles of democracy and constitutionalism is highlighted. At the same time, the concepts of the clear question and answer, effectiveness and post-referendum negotiations take on another color in face of a new imperative that is absent from the conclusions of the Supreme Court: the pre-referendum negotiations.
Auclair, Nicolas. "La démocratie et la Loi sur la clarté : réflexions sur la règle de la majorité dans le cadre d'un référendum." Thèse, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2538.
Full textSince the enactment of the Clarity Act, which repudiated the validity of the majority rule and the famous maxim "one person, one vote", for the benefit of a so-called "clear" majority, this essay attempts to bring to light the validity and the foundation of the historical 50% + 1 rule, in the event of a referendum by the province of Quebec pursuant to "secede" from Canada. Thereby, by examining either the contemporary as weil as the historical justifications in favor of the majority rule, one ought to examine the different arguments put forward by either side of the political specter and try to interpret them in the context of the Secession Reference, which lead to the adoption of the Clarity Act. Analyzing the recent referendums held around the world, 1 will thereby try to examine the validity ofthe majority rule at the national and internationallevels.
"Mémoire présenté à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)"
Guzzo, Rose-Marie. "Les Créoles de couleur de la Nouvelle-Orléans et leurs relations avec les affranchis (1860-1896)." Thèse, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5837/1/D2558.pdf.
Full textCourcelles, Rémi. "Le sécessionnisme durant la crise économique espagnole : une étude comparée de la mobilisation basque et catalane entre 2008 et 2014." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24125.
Full textIn 2012, in the midst of an economic crisis, the autonomous government of Catalonia called snap elections, seeking for the first time since Spain’s return to democracy following the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, a strong majority in order to lead the region towards secession. At roughly the same time, the Basque secessionist armed group, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, announced the end of its decades-long murderous campaign, which had claimed over 800 lives. If the Basques have long been accused of being more separatist than the Catalans, these new developments suggested a role reversal for both secessionist movements. By drawing from the literature on social movements and secession, the aim of this study is to explain this phenomenon. We will firstly show that the economic and institutional structures framing for the regions and their relations with the central state made it that the Spanish economic crisis (2008-2014) offered a political opportunity structure for the success of Catalan secessionism, whereas this was not the case in the Basque Country. Secondly, we will demonstrate that the lack of synchronicity between both regions’ processes of pacifying their political violence cleavages played a decisive role in determining the capacity for nationalists to cooperation on the national questions, thereby affecting the potential for secessionist mobilization. Finally, we will see that, due to the structures presented throughout this work, the secessionist frames used by the strategic claimants and the consistent champions of secession were more relevant and credible in Catalonia than in the Basque Country, which explains the opposite levels of transversal resonance of the secessionist discourse.
En 2012, en plena crisis económica, el gobierno autónomo de Cataluña convoca elecciones anticipadas y, por primera vez desde el restablecimiento de la democracia española tras la muerte del dictador Francisco Franco, exige una mayoría amplia para llevar a la región hacia la secesión. Más o menos al mismo tiempo, el grupo armado secesionista vasco, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, anuncia el fin de su campaña mortífera de décadas, que ha cobrado más de 800 víctimas. Si los vascos han sido acusados durante mucho tiempo de ser más separatistas que los catalanes, estos nuevos acontecimientos sugieren una inversión de roles de sus movimientos secesionistas. Apoyándonos en la literatura sobre los movimientos sociales y la secesión, el objetivo de este estudio es explicar este fenómeno. En primer lugar, mostraremos que las estructuras económicas e institucionales que enmarcan las regiones y sus relaciones con el Estado central aseguraron que la crisis económica española (2008-2014) proporcionara una estructura de oportunidad política para el éxito del secesionismo catalán, mientras que no fue el caso en el País Vasco. A continuación, demostraremos que la falta de sincronía entre los procesos vasco y catalán de pacificación de los clivajes de la violencia política juega un papel decisivo en determinar la capacidad de cooperación entre nacionalistas sobre la cuestión nacional durante la crisis, lo que afecta al potencial de movilización secesionista. Por último, veremos que, gracias a las estructuras presentadas a lo largo de esta encuesta, los marcos secesionistas movilizados por los reclamantes estratégicos y los fervientes defensores de la secesión han sido más creíbles y relevantes en Cataluña que en el País Vasco, lo que explica los niveles opuestos de resonancia transversal del discurso secesionista.
Al 2012, en plena crisi econòmica, el govern autònom de Catalunya convoca eleccions anticipades, demanant per primera vegada des del retorn d’Espanya a la democràcia després de la mort del dictador Francisco Franco, una majoria àmplia per dirigir la regió cap a la secessió. Més o menys alhora, el grup armat secessionista basc, Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, anuncia la fi de la seva campanya mortífera de dècades, que va fer més de 800 víctimes. Si els bascos han estat acusats des de fa temps de ser més separatistes que els catalans, aquests esdeveniments suggereixen una reversió dels papers dels seus moviments secessionistes. Recolzant-nos en les literatures sobre els moviments socials i la secessió, l’objectiu d’aquest estudi és d’explicar aquest fenomen. Primer, mostrarem que les estructures econòmiques i institucionals que emmarquen les regions i les seves relacions amb l’Estat central van assegurar que la crisi econòmica espanyola (2008-2014) proporcionés una estructura d’oportunitat política per a l’èxit del secessionisme català, mentre que això no va ser el cas al País Basc. En segon lloc, demostrarem que la manca de sincronia entre els processos basc i català de pacificació dels clivatges de la violència política juga un paper decisiu en determinar la capacitat de col·laboració entre nacionalistes sobre la qüestió nacional durant la crisi, el que afecta el potencial de mobilització secessionista. Finalment, veurem que, gràcies a les estructures presentades al llarg d’aquest estudi, els marcs secessionistes mobilitzats pels reclamants estratègics i els fervents defensors de la secessió han estat més creïbles i rellevants a Catalunya que al País Basc, el que explica els nivells oposats de ressonància transversal del discurs secessionista.