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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Second and First Centuries'
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Kile, Jon. "Martyrdom as witness in the first and second centuries." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.
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Nisbet, Gideon. "Greek skoptic epigram of the first and second centuries AD." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286241.
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Bendlin, Andreas E. "Social complexity and religion at Rome in the second and first centuries BCE." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5591ee29-9497-4a1a-a1f2-9bbc56af7879.
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This thesis studies the religious system of the city of Rome and its immediate hinterland from the end of the Second Punic War to the emergence of autocratic rule shortly before the turn of the millennium. The Romans lacked a separate word for 'religion'. Scholars therefore hold that modern notions of religion, due to their Christianizing assumptions, cannot be applied to Roman religion, which consisted in public and social religious observance rather than in individual spirituality. The first chapter argues that Roman religion can be conceptualized as a system of social religious behaviour and individual motivational processes. A comparative definition of 'religion', which transcends Christianizing assumptions, is proposed to support this argument. In chapter two, modern interpretations of Roman religion, which view Republican religion as a 'closed system' in which religion is undifferentiated from politics and from public life, are criticized. It is argued that these interpretations start from unwarranted preconceptions concerning the interrelation of religion and society. Instead, I suggest that we should apply the model of an 'open system': the religious system at Rome was interrelated with its environment, but at the same time it could be conceptualized as being differentiated from other realms of social activity at Rome. Chapter three refutes the view that the identity of religion at Rome can be described by models of political or cultural identity. Instead, religious communication in Late Republican Rome was characterized by contextual rather than by substantive meanings. The fluidity of religious meaning in Late Republican Rome, a metropolis of nearly 1,000,000 inhabitants, implies that normative definitions of the constituents of Roman religion fail to convince. In relation to coloniae and municipia it is attempted to show that the religious system of Rome, a local religion geared to the physical city and its immediate hinterland, was not capable of becoming a universal religion. In the fourth chapter, the parameters organizing Roman religion are discussed. My thesis is that Roman religion in the Late Republic was decentralized in that religious authority was diffused and religious responsibilities were divided. In the city of Rome, there existed a market of religious alternatives, which was characterized by the compatibility of different deities and cults in a polytheistic context.
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Murray, Michele D. "Playing a Jewish game, gentile Christian Judaizing in the first and second centuries CE." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ49992.pdf.
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Griffiths, Karen Elizabeth. "Market exchange systems within the Roman economy of the first and second centuries A.D." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/855.
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A primary hypothesis is proposed concerning the presence and importance of market exchange systems within the Roman economy. In Part I this hypothesis is placed in its context with a number of contrasting models of the Roman economy being summarised and discussed. Those produced by classical historians are supplemented by the less familiar but often theoretically more sound models derived from the work of a selection of social and economic historians. Problems of economic theory are further highlighted in the closing chapter. In Part II the relevance of archaeology and in particular the evidence of ceramic data to the testing of the primary hypothesis is examined. An analysis of a set of ceramic data from an area in Northamptonshire is preceded by a resume of the archaeology and pottery of that county. The analysis concludes that market exchange systems were indeed operating in second century Northamptonshire. Part III takes this conclusion as a starting point for reassessing archaeological models of the Romano-British economy and then extends the discussion to incorporate the Roman economy as a whole. The use of ethnographic and historical analogies in this context is examined, and the latter used to produce a modified, dynamic model of the Roman economy. The concluding chapter assesses the validity of the final model, stressing the fact that even though the Roman economy seems never to have been fully Imarketized' this does not mean that it was in any way a failure. The increase in material wealth enjoyed by almost the entire population of the empire is confirmed by archaeologists and economic historians alike. The thesis closes with a section in which suggestions are made about directions for future research into the subject of the Roman economy.
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Jurišić, Mario. "Ancient shipwrecks of the Adriatic : maritime transport during the first and second centuries AD /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37192997j.
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Murray, Michele. "Playing a Jewish game : gentile Christian Judaizing in the first and second centuries CE /." Waterloo (Ont.) : Wilfrid Laurier university press, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39216414d.
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Mansfield, Stanley A. "The role of Christian women in the Roman empire in the first and second centuries." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.
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Myers, Phillip James. "Developing identities within Roman Iberia : hybridity, urbanism, and economics in southern Iberia in the second and first centuries BC." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7454/.
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This thesis examines the development of identities within Iberia during the Roman conquest of the peninsula through the lens of cultural hybridism, urbanism and economic changes. The aim is to explore how local Iberian communities evolved culturally through centuries of pre-Roman contact, and how these interactions fuelled later adaptations to Roman rule. Iberian communities, within this context, did not simply ‘become Roman’ but many acculturation theories have struggled to create alternatives to the ‘Romanization’ model successfully. While ‘Romanization’ is clearly problematic, this thesis will challenge and adapt several acculturation models to explore the visibility of cultural hybridity within ‘Roman’ and Iberian communities, and alternatively suggest the emergence of a pan-Mediterranean cultural background. These theories will then be applied in four case studies of prominent cities in southern Iberia: Italica (Santiponce), Hispalis (Sevilla), Corduba (Cordoba), and Augusta Emerita (Merida). In each of these case studies the thesis will address aspects of acculturation seen in the urban and economic evidence at those sites. The conclusion of this thesis will indicate that, while further study should be conducted, a more flexible approach to cultural identity should be considered in light of the evidence presented in the case of the evidence seen in these four towns.
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Karavas, John. "The evolution of Roman frontier defence systems and fortifications in the Lower Danube provinces in the first and second centuries AD." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3957/.
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The defence of the Roman Empire from barbarian attacks depended on two distinct but interrelated features: the actual fortifications on the borders of the imperial provinces and the troops that garrisoned them. The main aim of this dissertation is to provide a collective analysis of Roman defence systems on the Lower Danube region, i.e. the provinces of Pannonia Inferior, Moesia Superior, Moesia Inferior and Dacia. The period of study spans from the early first century to the middle of the second century AD, a period which corresponds to the gradual emergence and final consolidation of the Roman frontier defence systems in the area. On the basis of the physical evidence that has survived from the frontier fortifications of the Lower Danube area, this study attempts to present a reconstruction of the strategic and tactical situation on the frontier and to provide some fresh observations on the motives behind the creation, purpose and function of Roman frontiers during the early Principate. After a brief introduction on some of the views that have been put forward on the subject, the main part of the thesis is divided into four separate chapters, one for each of the provinces studied. These chapters study the fortifications themselves in order to establish their date and garrison so as to offer an evaluation of the characteristic features of the defensive system of each frontier sector. The last chapter brings together the above information in order to produce some conclusions on the defence systems in the area, especially in relation to the rationale behind their creation and subsequent development.
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Baker, Patricia Anne. "Medical care for the Roman Army on the Rhine, Danube and British frontiers in the first, second and early third centuries AD." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/486.
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The study of Roman frontiers tends to concentrate on the historical development and military tactics, in construction and actions, of the Roman army. Little attention has been given to the daily life of the soldiers; and those studies that address daily organisation tend to rely upon interpretations that were made about the Roman army in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Furthermore, the scholars who have researched this aspect tend to apply their arguments to the army as a whole, believing it to have been an homogenous group of people. The early interpretations were often based on anachronistic views that the Roman army was organised and operated in a similar manner to the military system of the time these early archaeologists were writing. One area of the organisation of the Roman army that requires greater deliberation is health care, many aspects of which are taken for granted or interpreted on the basis of understandings made by scholars early on in the development of the discipline. The more recent theories about the system of medical care in the army are also based on rather sparse supporting evidence. It is, therefore, the aim of this thesis to make a two-fold examination of the subject by examining legionary and auxiliary fortifications on the Rhine, Upper and Middle Danube and British frontiers. Queries are raised about previous scholarship in order to see if there is sufficient evidence to support the interpretations and understandings on which more recent scholarshipis based. Following this, new questions are asked of the archaeological and epigraphical material, in the context of more recent anthropological, historical and theoretical archaeological methods not previously applied in studies of Roman military medicine. The main issues are: to see if there is evidence to support the idea of a single system of medical care in the army or if the evidence shows variation within the system, either between the provinces or units; whether there was a difference in care offered to the auxiliary and legionary units; if there is evidence for civilians being treated by military doctors; and if there is evidence for cultural variation of medical practice within the units. The questions are broached by comparing the epigraphical, archaeological and architectural remains relating to medical treatment. Inscriptions mentioning doctors are examined to see if these support the idea of differences in the types of doctors employed according to frontier and unit type. In order to gain information about the cultural background of doctors and the development of medical care in the army the home of the doctors and the dates of the inscriptions are also examined. Medical instruments are employed as a source of evidence to determine the distribution and range of health care in the army. Not only are the instruments compared between fortifications and frontiers to see if there is evidence for medical variation, but they are examined for their context and deposition.It is argued that depositional processes can tell us much about how people understood medical tools and their associations with disease, wounds and death. Finally, the archaeological evidence of buildings identified as military hospitals is considered. In particular, it is questioned whether there is enough evidence to support the definition of the 'hospitals' as hospitals. Artefactual remains from within 'hospitals' are examined and compared when known, as are the plan and layout of each structure that has been recognised as a hospital. The description of Roman hospitals is frequently presented as if they were planned to serve the same functions as modem hospitals, so a comparison of these buildings and their functions, both civilian and military, is made with later (medieval and early-post-medieval) hospitals. Questions of the cultural construction of space are brought into this chapter as a means of demonstrating that the construction and use of buildings is culturally variable and not always undertaken according to a common sense or functional approach as understood in the modem west. It is apparent that our current identification of certain structures as 'hospitals' is far from secure. The thesis concludes by arguing that there is no solid evidence for the existence of a single medical system within the Roman army. A combination of military events and circumstancesa long with cultural variation in the make-up of the units provides the most plausible explanation for this pattern of variability.
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Montaguti, Sofia. "A Mirror on the World : Roman Architecture in Tergeste in the First and Second Centuries AD and the Reproduction of Social Order and Identity." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385916.
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This thesis will investigate how Roman monumental architecture in Tergeste dating to the first and second centuries AD reflected and reaffirmed the social order of the city, and how it was used in the creation and maintenance of identities. The material used will be two select structures, the basilica and theater, located in the eastern and north-eastern sections of Tergeste, respectively. By using theories of social architecture, agency, identity, and compounding them with the ideology of Roman urbanism, focus will be placed on how movement within a structure and the occupation of its different locales influenced the adoption of particular roles and self-conceptions. A number of statues and dedicatory inscriptions associated with the architectural structures will serve to further corroborate these points, and to add information about whether a specific type of identity was favored above others in the city. The results will provide a first overview of how architecture responded to the social reality in Roman Tergeste, in the hope to encourage further research in this direction.
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Matthew, Robert. "Frater, soror, contubernalis : greedy institutions and identity relationships in the auxiliary military communities of the northern frontier of Roman Britain in the first and second centuries A.D." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/frater-soror-contubernalis-greedy-institutions-and-identity-relationships-in-the-auxiliary-military-communities-of-the-northern-frontier-of-roman-britain-in-the-first-and-second-centuries-ad(bf8148d4-2950-4222-aaf4-9f0c5126cee7).html.
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This thesis is a reassessment of the concept of the ‘fort community’ and analysis of the people who dwelled within it, utilising archaeological evidence from the northern frontier of Roman Britain. Traditional approaches which have focused on military functions or on military-civilian dichotomies cannot provide a full account of discrepant identities (Mattingly 2011). A holistic approach which acknowledges and incorporates non-military activities can provide an important alternative perspective into how the inhabitants of Roman fort communities related to one another. The thesis utilises Lewis Coser’s concept of the ‘greedy institution’ (1974) to resituate the imbalance of power affecting identity within the Roman military. The discussion is framed within nested layers of identity and community. In the first chapter, a historical overview of Roman military scholarship is presented that contextualises the current archaeological climate and illustrates key issues of bias. Three core forms of identity are analysed in the second chapter in the context of the Roman auxilia; socio-cultural, gender, and ethnicity. This discussion positions the auxiliaries as a group both empowered and subjugated, consisting of ‘martial races’ exploited within a military role. In the third chapter, the textual evidence for identity on the northern frontier is analysed, using epigraphy and the Vindolanda tablets. Within these the discrepant identities of members of the fort communities are identified. In the fourth chapter, I analyse the architectural underpinnings of military identity through an examination of the development and ideology of the ‘standard plan’ fort. In the fifth chapter, I analyse the material evidence for the habitus of fort community life, focusing on three activity contexts; military display, craft and industry, and bodily consumption. The thesis concludes by assessing the strengths of the ‘greedy institution’ approach and outlining its significance with regards to future research.
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Vengalis, Rokas. "Eastern Lithuanian Settlements from the First to the Twelfth Centuries." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090707_154805-64263.
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The main goal of this dissertation is the evaluation of the current material from the Iron Age eastern Lithuanian settlements in the context of the settlement archaeology. Historically developed circumstances determined that Lithuanian archaeology nearly from its origins has been oriented mainly towards ethnocultural research. Consequently the material from the burial monuments has been under the greatest consideration, settlement excavations were considered less informative. As the goals of archaeological research are broadening in Lithuania recently, social, economic and ideological aspects of culture are becoming more relevant. Settlement material is essential for the analysis of these subjects. However, as the majority of the settlement excavations were implemented under the different goals with different methods, the employment of their data is complicated. The data is not fully reliable, it requires reconsideration. Methodological aspects of settlement excavation and interpretation of its data are widely analysed in this dissertation. The model of settlement archaeology fitted to the properties of Lithuanian Iron Age sites is introduced here. Data from the Eastern Lithuanian settlements are treated in the context of this model. Problems of the chronology of settlements are under consideration here as well. Pottery from the Eastern Lithuanian settlements was revised for this purpose. The chronological scale with the intervals of 1-3 centuries has been constructed.<br>Disertacijos tikslas – šiuo metu turimos medžiagos iš Rytų Lietuvos geležies amžiaus gyvenviečių įvertinimas gyvenviečių archeologijos kontekste. Dėl taip susiklosčiusių istorinių aplinkybių, Lietuvos archeologijos mokslas beveik nuo pat savo ištakų buvo orientuotas gana siaura kryptimi – būtent į etnokultūrinius tyrinėjimus. Dėl šios priežasties didžiausias dėmesys nuolat buvo skiriamas laidojimo paminklams, o gyvenviečių medžiaga laikyta neinformatyvia. Pastaruoju metu, plečiantis archeologijos mokslo interesams, vis daugiau dėmesio skiriama socialiniams, ekonominiams, ideologiniams klausimams, kurių analizė be gyvenviečių medžiagos jau neįmanoma. Tačiau kadangi dauguma gyvenviečių kasinėjimų vykdyta keliant kitus tikslus, kuriems įgyvendinti taikyta kitokia metodika, šios medžiagos panaudojimas yra gana komplikuotas. Turimais duomenimis ne visada galima pasitikėti, jie reikalauja naujos interpretacijos.
Disertacijoje daugiausiai dėmesio skiriama metodologiniams gyvenviečių tyrinėjimų ir medžiagos interpretavimo aspektams. Suformuluotas prie Lietuvos geležies amžiaus specifikos pritaikytas gyvenviečių archeologijos modelis, jis derinamas su turimais duomenimis iš Rytų Lietuvos gyvenviečių. Analizuojama, kokiems klausimams spręsti medžiagos turima daugiau, kuriems mažiau, kokie metodai gali padėti išspręsti aktualiausias problemas.
Taip pat disertacijoje daug dėmesio skiriama gyvenviečių chronologijos problemoms, kurios iki šiol dar beveik neanalizuotos. Šiuo tikslu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Theodossiev, Nikola. "North-Western Thrace from the fifth to first centuries BC /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37207927w.
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Strobel, Claudia. "Studies in Atticistic lexica of the second and third centuries AD." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c6c7865d-f22e-4931-a45b-acfc333be8d5.
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This thesis provides individual studies in and a comparison of the Atticistic lexica of the second and third centuries AD. Modern European classicists have looked at the lexicogra-phers separately, but never as a group or in direct comparison. German philologists of the 19th and early 20th centuries looked at them in depth, but did not draw conclusions for their social context, other than the supposed rivalry between Phrynichus and Pollux, while modern classicists of the late 20th century referred to them mainly as source to strengthen their theories for the broader social context of the Second Sophistic. Most extant Atticistic lexica stem from the second and third centuries AD, and it seems natural to concentrate on this period of time in this context. The first chapter of this thesis summarises the linguistic developments leading up to this period of time to provide a bet-ter understanding of Atticism. Atticism cannot be understood fully without special consid-eration of the Atticistic lexicographical movement and vice versa. Chapter II discusses Ae-lius Dionysius and Pausanias, the so-called “forefathers of Atticistic lexicography”, and establishes their neutral approach to the promotion of Atticism. Philemon and the Antiatti-cist are briefly introduced in Chapters III and IV, [but not discussed in length due to exist-ing literature and fragmentary character of the former and the unusual approach of the sub-ject matter and the weak manuscript tradition of the latter.] Chapters V, VI and VII form the core of this analysis with the discussion of Phrynichus’ feisty promotion of Atticism, Moeris’ close links to Phrynichus and his unusual tripartite criteria (Ἀττικόν, Ἑλλήνικον, κοινόν), and Pollux’ Onomasticon which provides us with a unique insight to the lexicog-rapher’s methods, intentions and readership. Chapter VIII reveals that there was harsh crit-icism of those who “over-Atticised,” and discusses who of these lexicographers might have fallen under this criticism. Just as there was no standardised approach to the imitation of Attic Greek, there was no standardised lexicographical approach to providing guidance.
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Lawson, Christopher William. "The development of the trinity doctrine of the first three centuries." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 1985. http://www.tren.com.
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Marsden, Peter Caldwell Caroline. "Ships of the port of London : first to eleventh centuries AD /." London : English heritage, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36686704n.
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Rhee, Helen. "Early Christian literature : Christ and culture in the second and third centuries /." London : Routledge, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41169614j.
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Texte remanié de: Ph.D. dissertation--Center for Advanced Theological Studies, School of Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary.<br>La page de couverture porte en plus : "The Apologies, apocryphal acts and martyr acts" Bibliogr. p. 228-259.
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Lawrence, Tracee Ann Lang Adler Susan A. "First language literacy and second language reading." Diss., UMK access, 2005.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--School of Education. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.<br>"A dissertation in curriculum and instructional leadership." Advisor: Susan Adler. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed June 23, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-125 ). Online version of the print edition.
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Slocum, Sheryl. "First language status and second language writing." Thesis, The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3564644.
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<p> In spite of growing numbers in high schools and colleges, US-resident adolescent bilingual learners, sometimes termed "English as a second language" (ESL) or "Generation 1.5," are not succeeding academically in proportion to their monolingual English-speaking peers. This achievement gap is evident in their writing as they enter college. Depending on the elementary and secondary schools they have attended, bilingual learners may have received no extra English learning support (often termed "immersion"), ESL support classes, or bilingual education. In addition, depending on school and community resources, bilingual learners have varying knowledge of their first language (L1): some may only speak it, others may have basic L1 literacy, others may have studied their L1 as a school subject, while others may have studied in the medium of their L1, either in their family's home country or in a bilingual education program in the US. The purpose of this study is to determine which kind of English learning support and which kind of L1 education are more likely to prepare bilingual learners to write English successfully at college. </p><p> This study uses three sources of data: a survey on language background, a writing sample, and an optional interview. Twenty-nine college undergraduate bilingual learners participated. Their survey responses develop a profile of the varied kinds of English and L1 education they received. Each participant's communication course placement composition, written as she was applying to college, is analyzed with 12 different measures: six for surface features, four for discourse/rhetorical features, and two for coherence. The writing analysis scores are correlated with the survey data and enriched with interview excerpts to discover which forms of English and L1 education correlate with high or low writing analysis scores. </p><p> The results for this group of participants show that bilingual education and ESL support correlate most often with highly-rated communication placement compositions. Moreover, formal education in the L1 explains the writing analysis scores more accurately than the kind of language learning education the participants received. Interview data suggests that bilingual education and formal L1 education may assist students' English composition skills by helping them develop metalinguistic awareness.</p>
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Risner, Kevin. "A First Language in Second Language Writing." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1333732768.
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Wickström, Carina, and Robin Holmquist. "The Solo First Pair Second Programming Model." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299589.
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Software is fundamental to life in modern society. We have come to depend on it for critical aspects such as managing bank transactions and medical records. However, code defects in software is a common issue, and software not working properly has the potential to cause major damage to both humans and the environment. Many attempts have been made in order to improve software development in order to reduce code defects, among other aspects. One such attempt is the invention of the practice pair programming, where two programmers share and work together on a single workstation. The more traditional way of developing software is solo programming, where each developer is assigned an individual workstation. However, the issue with code defects still remains. Hence, there is a need for better methods for reducing software defects. The purpose of this thesis is to create a software development model for reducing software defects. The model suggested in this thesis is a combined practice where coding with solo programming is followed by re-coding with pair programming called Solo First Pair Second Programming (SFPSP). The goal is to help software development teams to develop more reliable software. Our research was qualitative with support from quantitative data. The research included a literature study and an action study. The literature study was done in order to create a first version of SFPSP entirely based on literature, whereas the action study was done in order to evaluate as well as refine SFPSP based on practical experience. The results of this thesis is the practice SFPSP as well as an evaluation of said practice. Our evaluation shows that SFPSP leads to fewer code defects compared to solo programming. However, the cost with regard to development time and effort is significantly higher for SFPSP compared to solo programming. SFPSP is based on both theoretical and practical knowledge, and has therefore a solid foundation to build upon. Our literature study verified that no practice like SFPSP existed before this thesis.<br>Programvara är grundläggande för livet i det moderna samhället. Vi är beroende av det för kritiska aspekter som att hantera banköverföringar och medicinska journaler. Kodfel i programvara är dock ett vanligt problem, och programvara som inte fungerar som den ska kan orsaka stora skador på både människor och miljön. Många försök har gjorts för att förbättra programvaruutveckling med målet att minska bland annat kodfel. Ett sådant försök är uppfinningen av praxisen parprogrammering, där två programmerare delar och arbetar tillsammans på en enda arbetsstation. Det mer traditionella sättet att utveckla programvara är soloprogrammering, där varje utvecklare tilldelas en individuell arbetsstation. Dock kvarstår problemet med kodfel. Därför finns det ett behov av bättre metoder för att minska kodfel. Syftet med denna avhandling är att skapa en programvaruutvecklingsmodell för att minska kodfel. Modellen som föreslås i denna avhandling är en kombinerad praxis där kodning med soloprogrammering följs av omkodning med parprogrammering, kallad Solo First Pair Second Programming (SFPSP). Målet är att hjälpa programvaruutvecklingsteam att utveckla mer pålitlig programvara. Vår forskning var kvalitativ med stöd av kvantitativ data. Forskningen omfattade en litteraturstudie och en aktionsstudie. Litteraturstudien gjordes för att skapa en första version av SFPSP helt baserad på litteraturen, medan aktionsstudien gjordes för att utvärdera och förfina SFPSP baserat på praktisk erfarenhet. Resultaten av denna avhandling är praxisen SFPSP samt en utvärdering av denna praxis. Vår utvärdering visar att SFPSP leder till färre kodfel jämfört med soloprogrammering. Dock visar den att kostnaden med avseende på utvecklingstid och ansträngning är betydligt högre för SFPSP jämfört med soloprogrammering. SFPSP bygger på både teoretisk och praktisk kunskap och har därför en stabil grund att bygga på. Vår litteraturstudie verifierade att det inte fanns någon praxis som SFPSP före denna avhandling.
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Mason, Edward. "MORE THAN AN "IMMODERATE SUPERSTITION": CHRISTIAN IDENTITY IN THE FIRST THREE CENTURIES." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/20.
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Only recently have scholars given particular attention to the development of the racial discourse present in early Christian apologetics. This study is aimed at understanding the Latin and Greek literary antecedents to the development of a Christian discourse on race and identity and examining in detail the apex of this discourse in the work of third century apologist Origen of Alexandria. Origen’s work represented the apex of an evolving discourse that, while continuing to use traditional vocabulary, became increasingly universalizing with the growth of the Roman Empire. By understanding how Christians in the first three centuries shaped their attitudes on race and identity, scholars can better comprehend the place of Christianity within the cultural framework of the Roman Empire.
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Mudd, Shaun Anthony. "Constructive drinking in the Roman Empire : the first to third centuries AD." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18157.
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This thesis explores ancient ideas regarding the constructive properties of intoxicating drinks, as presented in Greco-Roman sources from the first to third centuries AD. In doing so, it responds to Mary Douglas' Constructive Drinking (1987), which emphasised that, contrary to anthropological findings, many societies' authorities tend to focus upon, and overemphasise, the destructive aspects of alcohol consumption. This pattern is particularly prevalent in modern Western scholarship. The same trend can be detected within both Greco-Roman society and classical scholarship. Although many Greeks and Romans undoubtedly consumed quantities of wine, on a regular basis, in a manner which was widely considered 'moderate', the literary evidence from this period tends to focus most heavily upon excessive and/or destructive drinking. Similarly, much of the modern scholarship which addresses drinking in the Roman Empire focuses upon drunkenness and the destructive aspects of drinking. Yet it is clear that Greco-Roman society considered wine consumption to be significantly beneficial, in a wide variety of ways, provided that moderation was employed. The destructive consequences of drinking were almost exclusively associated with excessive and inappropriate consumption. In reaction to this bias in the sources and scholarship, this thesis undertakes a re-reading of the ancient evidence through the 'Constructive Drinking' lens. It identifies and explores the ways in which the Greeks and Romans of this period considered drinking to be important, useful, or otherwise 'constructive' to the individual and society. Where possible, this thesis attempts to identify how important and widespread such beliefs were. This thesis has two main areas of focus. First, the ways in which intoxicating drink was considered to be constructive for an individual's health and wellbeing. Second, the ways in which intoxicating drink was considered to be of social benefit to both individuals and groups. This thesis accordingly provides a fresh perspective on drinking in antiquity, and illustrates the methodological significance of the Constructive Drinking lens for future research.
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Baker, Gabriel David. "Spare no one : destroying communities in Roman warfare, third and second centuries BCE." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6699.
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In Greek and Latin historical narratives, Roman armies are repeatedly said to destroy enemy communities, both their physical urban spaces and inhabitant populations. Some ancient authors claim that this conduct was characteristic of the Roman way of war, particularly during the period of the Middle Republic. However, this seemingly prevalent feature of Roman warfare remains poorly understood. Ancient descriptions of urban destruction and mass killing are often vague or formulaic, and rarely indicate how or why this violence took place. Although a few modern studies have examined mass violence in antiquity, the destruction of communities is seldom treated as a distinct category of Roman military action, with its own methods and motives. Furthermore, there has been little effort to explore how ancient armies actually destroyed cities or peoples using pre-modern tools.
To redress these gaps in the scholarship, this dissertation aims to demonstrate how and why Roman armies destroyed urban spaces and populations. The project first examines descriptions of urban destruction and mass killing in ancient texts, archaeological and art historical evidence of mass violence, and comparative evidence from other historical periods. The second half of the project investigates individual cases in which Roman commanders attacked and destroyed enemy cities or populations. Case studies allow in-depth examinations of individual events, making it possible to situate episodes of mass violence within a larger set of historical circumstances; this approach highlights the specific causal factors that encouraged Roman military leaders to target enemy communities.
Using these methods, this dissertation argues that ancient armies employed demolition and mass arson to destroy urban spaces, and killed populations using cold-blooded mass executions or hot-blooded indiscriminate massacres. Although ancient military forces rarely, if ever, razed entire towns or exterminated whole peoples, even partial destruction required an expenditure of time, labor, and resources. Thus the destruction of communities was not the result of haphazard outburst or violent frenzy, but stemmed from the calculated decisions of military and political leaders. This study further argues that Roman commanders destroyed enemy communities instrumentally, to accomplish a range of goals and objectives. While many Roman commanders employed mass violence strategically, as a response to specific military problems, their political, economic, and personal goals could also motivate destruction and mass killing in war.
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Clancy, Madelaine. "Women and Employment| Housewives First, Career Women Second." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1568388.
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<p> This study investigates women's future family and work expectations and anticipations. It uses data gathered from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), specifically from the Washington Post: DC-Region Moms Poll, April 2005 dataset. Focusing on women and their expectations for future family and work life, the study aspires to examine what motherhood has to offer women as well as how women experience employment. Regarding workplace suitability for women who are also mothers, it was hypothesized that attitudes in agreement with workplaces being set up to handle the needs of mothers would be higher for (1) white women than women of racial minority, (2) women who are currently married than women who are not currently married, (3) women who report that they have a paid job in addition to being a mother than women who report that they do not have a paid job in addition to being a mother, (4) women aged thirty through thirty-nine years than for women of other ages, and (5) women who have attended college than for women who have not attended college. The dependent variable is attitude about whether workplaces are set up to handle the needs of mothers; the independent variables are race, marriage status, paid job in addition to motherhood, age, and education level. My findings suggest that race and education level significantly predict one's attitudes about whether workplaces are set up to handle the needs of mothers. However, marital status, paid job in addition to motherhood, and age did not significantly predict one's attitudes about whether workplaces are set up to handle the needs of mothers. This study is consistent with previous research and suggests there are differences between individuals in terms of their future family and work expectations.</p>
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Crosby, Casey. "Second baptism and baptism in blood as motifs in the martyrdom and patristic literature of the second-fourth centuries A.D." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p050-0161.
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Carroll, Jason Scot, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Reconstructing celibacy : sexual renunciation in the first three centuries of the early church." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2007, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/534.
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This thesis explores the philosophical and theological motivations for early Christian celibacy prior to the appearance of monasticism. This thesis will challenge recent scholarly positions that portray early Christian celibacy only in light of the emergence of monasticism in the fourth century, and which argue that celibacy as an ascetic practice was motivated primarily by resistance to the dominant social structures of antiquity. The practice of celibacy was a significant movement in the early church well before the appearance of monasticism or the development of Christianity as the dominant social force in the empire, and although early Christian sexual austerity was similar to the sexual ethics of Greco-Roman philosophical constructs, early Christian sexual ethics had developed in relation to uniquely Christian theological and cosmological views. Moreover, a segment of the early Christian community idealized celibacy as an expression of the transformation of human nature amidst a community that continued to remain sexually austere in general.<br>vi, 267 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Bota, Gabriela, and Gabriela Bota. "Determination of first and second hydrolysis constants for lead." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626814.
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Differential Pulse Polarography is used to study complex
formation between Pb(II) and hydroxide. Measurements have
been made at four different temperatures (16.5°C, 20.5°C,
25.7°C, 28.8°C) and three different ionic strength (I=
0.05M, 0.1M, 0.3M), using total ion concentration= 0.02mM.
The following values for 25.7°C and 0.05M were obtained:
logKPbOH+ = 6. 81 _=!=_ 0. 08, logKPb(OH)2 = 11.61 _=!=_ 0. 07.
Temperature dependence is expressed by the following
relations: logKPboH+ = -6225.2 (1/T) + 27.64,
logKPb(OH)2 = -7422 (1/T) + 36.39 (I=0.05M). Free energy,
enthalpy, and entropy for both complexes are calculated
using the corrected values for the ionic strength effects
and then extrapolated to zero ionic strength. Total lead
concentration changed with pH during titrations, due to
adsorption on vessel walls; the calculated values for
hydrolysis constants are independent of lead concentration.
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Remillard, Gilbert. "Implicit learning of first- and second-order transition probabilities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23470.pdf.
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Underwood, Anand Malcolm. "First and second order optimality conditions in control theory." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429577.
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Liu, Xu. "First and second order conditions for optimal control problems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443828.
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Tsougaraki, Sophia Louisa. "Spiritual conflict in Gustav Mahler's first and second symphonies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411605.
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Izura, Cristina. "Age of acquisition effects in first and second languages." Thesis, University of York, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9847/.
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Berlin, Andreas, and Kajsa Hammarström. "First Language Use in Second and Foreign Language Teaching." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-125620.
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The Swedish curriculum for the subject English in upper secondary school clearly states the English should be used“as far as possible” in the classroom. However, the possible amount of first language usage is never mentioned. Thisfact piqued our interest for investigating how much, if any, first language use is beneficial for learning a newlanguage. For this reason, we decided to pose our research questions as follows: What are the different views on theusage of the L1 in an L2 and foreign-language classroom according to the teachers and learners? What has been saidabout only target language usage from a historical and a contemporary perspective? Does the use of the L1 in asecond-language/foreign-language classroom have a positive or negative effect on the learners’ language learning?To answer these questions, we have read and analysed sixteen empirical studies. Firstly, the research shows that bothlearners and teachers prefer to use the second language/target language as much as possible. However, they alsorecognise the benefits that the first language can have. The second question we have answered using both empiricalstudies as well as theorists from second language acquisition research and sociocultural theory. Our literaturedescribes a shift in language learning and teaching, from the bilingual grammar-translation method towards a moremonolingual classroom where the first language has no place. However, the empirical studies signal a new shift insecond-language/foreign-language education, reverting back to a more bilingual approach. Finally, all studies agreethat the first language has a complementary role in the language classroom, and if used properly, it can have apositive effect on language acquisition. Through our results we argue that the first language can increase the learners’motivation, move the tasks along and create a non-threatening environment where learners can feel safe to use thetarget language. Although the first language can benefit second language learning, learners and teachers must beaware of the danger of extensive usage, as it should remain a supplement to the target language.
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Somayaji, Chandramohan 1980. "First and second law analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03102008-143144.
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Rizzo, Mayara. "Stability of first and second premolars extraction space closure." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25144/tde-19072018-145926/.
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Premolars are the most commonly extracted teeth to provide space to correct crowding and excessive labial protrusion. After treatment, the extraction spaces have to remain closed. Nevertheless, several studies have shown that there is a tendency for some relapse even in patients finished with an adequate occlusion. The objective of this study was to compare the stability of extraction space closure of the first and second premolars. A sample 72 patients´ dental casts were divided into two groups. Group 1, comprised 29 patients (116 extraction spaces) were treated with first premolar extractions at a mean initial age of 13.78 years and group 2, comprised 43 patients (100 extraction spaces) were treated with second premolar extractions at a mean initial age of 15.20 years. The dental casts obtained at pretrement, posttreament and a between 3 to 4 years postretention were digitized using a 3- dimensional scanner (R700; 3Shape,Copenhagen, Denmark). Chi-Square tests were used to compare the numbers of open and closed extraction spaces after treatment and at long-term posttreatment. T tests were used to compare the amount of spaces at posttreatment and at the long-term posttreatment stages. These tests were also performed in subgroups with completely closed extraction sites at posttreatment. The groups showed similar numbers of extraction sites reopening. First and second premolar extraction space closure present a similar tendency for reopening. Considering only the cases that showed completely closed extraction spaces in the final dental models, extraction space reopening was larger in the first premolar extraction group in the maxillary arch.<br>Os pré-molares são os dentes mais comumente extraídos para corrigir o apinhamento dentário e à protrusão labial excessiva. Após o tratamento, os espaços das extrações deveriam permanecer fechados. Contudo, muitos estudos demostraram que existe uma tendência à reabertura dos espaços de extrações em pacientes finalizados com uma oclusão adequada. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a estabilidade dos espaços de extrações de primeiro e segundo prémolares. A Amostra deste estudo foi composta por 72 modelos dentários dividido em dois grupos. O Grupo 1 composto por 29 pacientes (116 espaços de extração) foram tratados com extrações dos primeiros pré-molares com idade media inicial de 13,78 anos e o grupo 2 composto por 43 pacientes (100 espaços de extração) foram tratados com extrações dos segundos pré-molares com idade media inicial de 15.20 anos. Os modelos dentários obtidos no pré-tratamento, pós-tratamento e 3 a 4 anos de controle e foram digitalizados mediante um scanner 3Shape R700 3D (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Dinamarca). Os testes t e do Qui-Quadrado, foram utilizados para comparar o número de espaços de extração abertos e fechados após o tratamento e pós-tratamento em longo prazo. Os resultados demostraram números similares de reabertura do espaço de extração entre os grupos. Concluiu-se que considerando apenas os casos que mostraram espaços de extração completamente fechados no final do tratamento, a quantidade de reabertura dos espaços de extrações dos primeiros pré-molares ocorre mais frequentemente que dos segundos pré-molares no arco superior.
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Awajan, Walid H. A. "Early literary trends for the Qur'anic exegesis during the first three centuries of Islam." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366985.
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Nilsson, Alexandra, and Peter Hamlén. "Från second hand till first hand : -En undersökning av konsumentens inställning till second hand kläder." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176665.
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Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur klädesaffärer kan skapa en mer positiv syn på second hand kläder bland konsumenter. Undersökningen utfördes genom att använda Tricomponent Attitude modellen och erkända strategier för attitydförändring. Tricomponent Attitude modellen utgörs av den kognitiva, affektiva samt konativa delen medan attitydstrategierna utgörs av tillvägagångssätt för att förändra attityden. En kvantitativ enkätundersökning utfördes och sändes ut till respondenterna med hjälp utav sociala nätverk och forum. Totalt samlades 343 svar in. Det visade sig att konsumentens inställning till second hand kläder mestadels utgjordes av den kognitiva delen av Tricomponent Attitude modellen, men att det samtidigt existerade ett klart samspel mellan modellens tre delar. Dock fick alla strategier till attitydförändring svaga resultat och skulle på så vis inte påverka konsumenterna att köpa mer second hand kläder. Den huvudsakliga upptäckten var att klädesaffärerna inte har en tillräckligt stark position för att påverka konsumenternas inställning till second hand kläder men att konsumentens positiva uppfattning om second hand kläder visar att förutsättningarna för en ökad konsumtion finns.
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Ekelund, Barbro. "Webbutik Second Hand Shop." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för informationssystem och -teknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33879.
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Den här rapporten beskriver det självständiga arbetet med att skapa en webbutik för en second hand butik där klädesplagg visas upp till försäljning. Projektets syfte är att författaren tillsammans med handledaren på den webbaserade tidskriften Illegal Ground ska utveckla en webbplats som lätt kan administreras från ett administratörsgränssnitt samt att vara lätt tillgängligt för kunden/besökaren. Den testas och ska vara lämplig utifrån webbriktlinjer.se. Det innebär att varje individ i samhället ska kunna delta på lika villkor, oavsett etnisk bakgrund eller funktionsnedsättning. Lagen som kom i maj 2018; GDPR ska efterlevas genom att ett pop-up fönster finns på startsidan och vid formulären för registrering av kund och administratör. Det ska bland annat finnas funktionalitet för att webbutikens varor lätt ska kunna bytas ut från klädesplagg till artiklar av annan art, samt applikationen ska kunna lagra information från de olika tabellerna. Det här för att administratören ska kunna plocka ut data vid senare tillfälle. En av sidorna ska vara på engelska, samt det ska finnas en länk till denna på varje webbsida. Webbutiken ska vara allmängiltig för konceptet second hand med de etiska aspekter det innbär och och applikationen ska bygga på responsiv webbdesign och först och främst fungera på mobila enheter, typ Iphone 6. Det är begreppet ”mobile first” som gäller. De tekniker och verktyg som används är HTML, HTML5, CSS, CSS3, media queries, JavaScript, PHP med databas i frågespråket SQL, Bootstrap, Adobe Photoshop CC 2017, Projektledning m fl. Kurslitteratur från samtliga kurser i Webbutvecklingsprogrammet för studier och fördjupning i problem som uppstår under utvecklingen av webbutiken. Här ingår inspelade föreläsningar och relevanta webbsidor på internet. Metoden är främst att via iterationer av prototyper föra utvecklingen av applikationen i rätt riktning. Det hela har resulterat i en webbapplikation enligt mobile first, som fungerar väl vad gäller att registrera konto samt att välja och beställa av det urval av klädesplagg som finns till försäljning. Webbutiken Second Hand Shop fungerar för både kund och administratör. I gränssnittet för administratör finns viktiga funktioner för att organisera ett företags register.
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Brosbois, Judith E. "Do first language writing and second language reading equal second language reading comprehension? : an assessment dilemma." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1239363586.
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Brisbois, Judith E. "Do first language writing and second language reading equal second language reading comprehension? : an assessment dilemma /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148777503417765.
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Eilola, Tiina Marjaana. "Processing Emotionally Charged Words in the First and Second Language." Thesis, University of Kent, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523632.
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Hutchinson, Claire Victoria. "First-order and second-order motion processing in human vision." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423655.
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Cheng, Hui-Wen. "Semantic and phonological activation in first and second language reading." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31525.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University<br>PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.<br>No consensus has been reached on whether phonological information is activated in reading Chinese. Further, semantic activation has not been well-studied in the context of orthographic depth. To contribute to these issues, this dissertation investigated semantic and phonological activation in reading Chinese and English. This dissertation also examined semantic and phonological activation in reading English as a second language, in order to shed light on how first language (L1) literacy experiences influence second language (L2) reading.
A priming study was carried out with native Chinese speakers and native English speakers reading their L1 . Semantic priming and\ phonological inhibition were both found in the two language groups, suggesting a reading universal: any linguistic information encoded in orthographies will be activated in the reading process regardless the manners in which it is encoded. Results also showed some language specific properties. Semantic priming occurred in the sentence-based priming paradigm in Chinese reading, but in the single-word priming paradigm in English reading, implying different semantic processes in reading these two orthographies. Phonological inhibition appeared for only low frequency Chinese targets, but for both high and low frequency English targets, showing that phonology plays a more important role in reading English than in reading Chinese.
A repetition blindness (RB) study was conducted with the same Chinese and English groups reading their L1. One major finding is that semantic RB was observed in English word pairs. The other notable finding is that phonological RB was significantly larger in English reading than in Chinese reading, indicating stronger phonological activation in the former than in the latter.
Native Chinese speakers and native Spanish speakers who were advanced learners of English also performed a priming study and an RB study in their L2, English. In the priming study, semantic priming was found only in the Chinese group, whereas phonological inhibition was found only in the Spanish group. In the RB study, semantic RB was found only in native Chinese speakers. Phonological RB, though found in both group, was significantly larger in the Spanish group than in the Chinese group. These results clearly demonstrate orthographic transfer.<br>2031-01-01
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Warrenburg, Lindsay Alison. "Examining Contrasting Expressive Content within First and Second Musical Themes." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461089016.
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Jackson, Nancy A. "A glasshouse to bridge the centuries : nineteenth century "winter garden" to twenty first century "green"." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1314219.
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This creative project develops a conceptual plan for a "green", Ball State University Field Study Environmental Education Center, LandLab and Dormitory. The proposed design is ecologically responsible in construction and operation, relying upon natural qualities and resources of the site, as sources of renewable energy.In addition to enabling formal environmental education, the proposed facility is intended to foster within its students and guests, a love of life and nature, and an environmental ethic. Strategic and environmentally responsible use and placement of facility systems, variously composed of infrastructure, building, winter garden, and landscape components, results not only in interdisciplinary, experiential learning opportunities, and in replications of natural biomes; but, inherently provides healthy living conditions, in an interior environment ideally suited for human occupancy, with lush vegetation, gushing, gurgling, and splashing water, naturalistic scenery, fresh air, abundant sunlight, and warm temperatures.<br>Department of Landscape Architecture
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Mayrer-Minnie, Rachel. "Behind the Ripper's mask representing Jack the Ripper in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 205 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654494601&sid=10&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Chrysovergi, Maria. "Attitudes towards the Use of medicine in Jewish literature from the third and second centuries BCE." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3568/.
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This dissertation examines the attitudes towards the use of medicine in Jewish traditions of the third and second centuries BCE. More specifically, I examine the references to medicine and healing found in the books of 1 Enoch (particularly in the Book of Watchers and the Epistle of Enoch), Tobit, Ben Sira and Jubilees. These texts participate in a debate about the appropriateness of medicine on the one hand, and on the consultation of physicians, on the other. By means of an examination of the multiple manuscript evidence for these texts, I aim to throw light on the earliest strata of the textual tradition. Furthermore, through a discussion on the picture of medicine as presented in Assyria-Babylon, Egypt and Greece—nations alongside which ancient Israel has lived for centuries—I attempt to explore the historico-cultural milieu that lies behind these texts, to offer some fresh insights and to account for the attitudes towards the use of medicine these present. My thesis is that there was no unified approach towards the use of medicine in the Jewish circles of the third and second centuries BCE; the authors of these literary compositions, each in his own unique way, ventured to create afresh medical awareness to his fellow Jews. The existence of opposing views towards medical practice should be understood as different ways to comprehend the multifarious Jewish identity of the Second Temple period. Finally, I suggest that the medical and healing material of the aforementioned writings may be considered as further literary evidence that can contribute to the broader understanding of the manifold medical situations in Hellenistic times.