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Journal articles on the topic 'Second dissociation'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Nagarajan, K., Kevin P. Shelly, R. R. Perkins, and Ross Stewart. "Arylphosphonic acids. I. Substituent effects on their first and second dissociations." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 8 (1987): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-290.

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Thermodynamic pK1 and pK2 values of 36 arylphosphonic acids have been determined. The pK values of the meta and para compounds are correlated well by the σn parameter, suggesting that there is little conjugation between the phosphonic group and the aromatic ring; the ρ values of the first and second dissociations are 0.923 and 1.140, respectively. The —PO3H− group itself appears to be electron donating, contrary to earlier literature reports. The effect of ortho groups has been examined using multivariate analysis; the steric component of the proximity effect is acid weakening and has a larger effect on the second dissociation than on the first, presumably because a greater change in degree of solvation accompanies the second dissociation than the first.

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Alexander, Pamela. "The antecedents and consequences of disorganised attachment and dissociation." Attachment: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis 15, no. 2 (2021): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/att.v15n2.2021.181.

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Attachment researchers theorise that the primary antecedent of dissociation is disorganised attachment. However, the family and social contexts of this parent–child relationship are frequently ignored even though they play an important role in determining whether the unresolved attachment of the parent actually leads to the role confusion characteristic of disorganised attachment and dissociation in the child. This article will address first how the dynamics leading to disorganised attachment and dissociation are dependent on the larger family and social contexts; and second how both unresolved attachment and dissociation in the adolescent or adult are often maintained through the choice of a partner, the dissociative symptoms themselves and other social conditions to which these individuals are frequently exposed. Two case studies will illustrate this thesis. Finally, implications for treatment will be explored.

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Hobbs, Sarah Jane, John E. A. Bertram, and Hilary M. Clayton. "An exploration of the influence of diagonal dissociation and moderate changes in speed on locomotor parameters in trotting horses." PeerJ 4 (June 30, 2016): e2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2190.

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Background.Although the trot is described as a diagonal gait, contacts of the diagonal pairs of hooves are not usually perfectly synchronized. Although subtle, the timing dissociation between contacts of each diagonal pair could have consequences on gait dynamics and provide insight into the functional strategies employed. This study explores the mechanical effects of different diagonal dissociation patterns when speed was matched between individuals and how these effects link to moderate, natural changes in trotting speed. We anticipate that hind-first diagonal dissociation at contact increases with speed, diagonal dissociation at contact can reduce collision-based energy losses and predominant dissociation patterns will be evident within individuals.Methods.The study was performed in two parts: in the first 17 horses performed speed-matched trotting trials and in the second, five horses each performed 10 trotting trials that represented a range of individually preferred speeds. Standard motion capture provided kinematic data that were synchronized with ground reaction force (GRF) data from a series of force plates. The data were analyzed further to determine temporal, speed, GRF, postural, mass distribution, moment, and collision dynamics parameters.Results.Fore-first, synchronous, and hind-first dissociations were found in horses trotting at (3.3 m/s ± 10%). In these speed-matched trials, mean centre of pressure (COP) cranio-caudal location differed significantly between the three dissociation categories. The COP moved systematically and significantly (P= .001) from being more caudally located in hind-first dissociation (mean location = 0.41 ± 0.04) through synchronous (0.36 ± 0.02) to a more cranial location in fore-first dissociation (0.32 ± 0.02). Dissociation patterns were found to influence function, posture, and balance parameters. Over a moderate speed range, peak vertical forelimb GRF had a strong relationship with dissociation time (R= .594;P< .01) and speed (R= .789;P< .01), but peak vertical hindlimb GRF did not have a significant relationship with dissociation time (R= .085;P> 0.05) or speed (R= .223;P= .023).Discussion.The results indicate that at moderate speeds individual horses use dissociation patterns that allow them to maintain trunk pitch stability through management of the cranio-caudal location of the COP. During the hoof-ground collisions, reduced mechanical energy losses were found in hind-first dissociations compared to fully synchronous contacts. As speed increased, only forelimb vertical peak force increased so dissociations tended towards hind-first, which shifted the net COP caudally and balanced trunk pitching moments.

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Grant, Daniel J., Myrna H. Matus, Jackson R. Switzer, David A. Dixon, Joseph S. Francisco, and Karl O. Christe. "Bond Dissociation Energies in Second-Row Compounds." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 112, no. 14 (2008): 3145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp710373e.

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Rhee, Jae Seong, and Purnendu K. Dasgupta. "The second dissociation constant of sulfur dioxide.water." Journal of Physical Chemistry 89, no. 9 (1985): 1799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100255a052.

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Garvey, Gregory P. "Dissociation and Second Life: Pathology or transcendence?" Technoetic Arts 8, no. 1 (2010): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tear.8.1.101/1.

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Roozeboom, H. W. Bakhuis. "Dissociation de l'hydrate HBr 2H2O: (Second mémoire)." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 4, no. 10 (2010): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.18850041002.

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Brown, Paul, Onno van der Hart, and Mariétte Graafland. "Trauma-Induced Dissociative Amnesia in World War I Combat Soldiers. II. Treatment Dimensions." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 3 (1999): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00576.x.

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Objective: This is the second part of a study of posttraumatic amnesia in World War I (WW I) soldiers. It moves beyond diagnostic validation of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), to examine treatment findings, and relates these to contemporary treatment of dissociative amnesia, including treatment of victims of civilian trauma (e.g. childhood sexual abuse). Method: Key WW I studies are surveyed which focus on the treatment of PTA and traumatic memories. The dissociation-integration and repression-abreaction models are contrasted. Results: Descriptive evidence is cited in support of preferring Myers' and McDougalls' dissociation-integration treatment approach over Brown's repression-abreaction model. Conclusion: Therapeutic findings in this paper complement diagnostic data from the first report. Although effective treatment includes elements of both the dissociative-integrative and abreactive treatment approaches, cognitive integration of dissociated traumatic memories and personality functions is primary, while emotional release is secondary.

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Kurobane, Itsuo, Dhirendra L. Nandi, and George T. Okita. "Association of the positive inotropic action of ouabain with a second species of digitalis receptors." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 5 (1985): 476–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-083.

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Studies were conducted to determine whether Na–K ATPase or a second species of digitalis receptors in canine cardiac sarcolemma membrane preparations is associated with the positive inotropic action of nontoxic concentrations of ouabain. [3H]ouabain association and dissociation experiments using highly enriched sarcolemma preparations from canine ventricle indicate the presence of two species of ouabain binding receptors. Ouabain binding to Na–K ATPase of the sarcolemma preparation requires supporting ligands and is characterized by fast association and very slow dissociation in vitro. The second species of digitalis receptor does not require supporting ligands for ouabain binding and is characterized by slow association and fast dissociation. To determine which species of digitalis receptor is associated with the positive inotropic action of digitalis, ouabain washout experiments were conducted using various isolated canine myocardial preparations. Washout of the positive inotropic effects of 1.2–2.4 × 10−7 M ouabain gave half-life values of 1.5–2.0 h for the various myocardial preparations. [3H]ouabain dissociation from the second species of digitalis receptors gave half-life values of 1.7–1.8 h, whereas dissociation from the sarcolemma Na–K ATPase gave half-life values of 8.9–9.3 h for the various sarcolemma preparations utilized. Therefore, based on similarities in half-life values between ouabain inotropy and [3H]ouabain dissociation from the second class of digitalis receptors, it is postulated that the positive inotropic action of digitalis glycosides is associated with the second species of digitalis receptors in the sarcolemma and not with the digitalis inhibitory receptor of Na–K ATPase for nontoxic concentrations of digitalis.

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Licht, Stuart, and Joost Manassen. "The Second Dissociation Constant of H 2 S." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 134, no. 4 (1987): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2100595.

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Allard, Rémy, and Jocelyn Faubert. "Double dissociation between first- and second-order processing." Vision Research 47, no. 9 (2007): 1129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2007.01.010.

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Khalid Waleed S. Al-Janabi, Ali Khalil Mahmood, and Hasan M. Luaibi. "Determination of the Dissociation Constants of Metformin from a Second Derivative UV Spectrum." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (2020): 790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1896.

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An environmentally begnin second derivative spectrometric approach was developed for the estimation of the dissociation constants pKa(s) of metformin, a common anti-diabetic drug. The ultraviolet spectra of the aqueous solution of metformin were measured at different acidities, then the second derivative of each spectrum was graphed. The overlaid second derivative graphs exhibited two isobestic points at 225.5 nm and 244 nm pointing out to the presence of two dissociation constants for metformin pKa1 and pKa2, respectively. The method was validated by evaluating the reproducibility of the acquired results by comparing the estimated values of the dissociation constants of two different strategies that show excellent matching. As well as, the whole procedure was repeated with a new set of standard solutions and buffers for further verification. The average calculated values of pKa1 and pKa2 were found to be 2.72±0.01 and 11.61±0.08, with correlation coefficients ( R2) of 0.9916 and 0.9614, respectively. The established method was fast, affordable, reproducible, and the mean pKa values obtained were accurate and can be applied for the estimation of the dissociation constants of other active pharmaceutical compounds

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Ahmed, Soleen S., and Lazgin A. Jamil. "Determination of Dissociation Constants of Malonic Acid in (Ethylene Glycol-Water)X% Mixed Solvent at Different Temperatures Using Electromotive Force Measurements." Science Journal of University of Zakho 7, no. 1 (2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2019.7.1.573.

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The first and second dissociation constants of malonic acid in different composition of (ethylene glycol-water)%, (10, 20 and 30)% mixed solvent determined using the electromotive force measurements of galvanic cells without liquid junction at nine different temperatures, at interval, including the body temperature. The value of the first and second thermodynamic dissociation constants have been used to determine the thermodynamic quantities of two dissociation processes. These quantities involved the standard free energy, standard enthalpy change, standard entropy change, and standard heat capacity change.

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van der Hart, Onno, Ellert R. S. Nijenhuis, and Roger Solomon. "Dissociation of the Personality in Complex Trauma-Related Disorders and EMDR: Theoretical Considerations." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 4, no. 2 (2010): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.4.2.76.

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As eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has been increasingly applied in complex trauma-related disorders, including complex dissociative disorders, and trauma-related borderline personality disorder, EMDR practice may benefit from theories developed to account for the dissociative nature of these disorders, such as the theory of structural dissociation of the personality (TSDP). TSDP postulates that the personality of traumatized individuals is unduly divided in two basic types of dissociative subsystems or parts. One type involves dissociative parts primarily mediated by daily life action systems or motivational systems. The other type involves dissociative parts, fixated in traumatic memories, primarily mediated by the defense action system. The more severe and chronic the traumatization, the more dissociative parts can be expected to exist. This article presents the basics of TSDP, and a second article will provide guidelines for the treatment of complex trauma-related disorders based on this theory.

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Zhang, Limin, Feng Wang, Zhong Wang, Shuqin Yu, Shilin Liu, and Xingxiao Ma. "Study on the Second Dissociation Channel of CS2+by Using [1+1] Two-Photon Dissociation." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 108, no. 8 (2004): 1342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp036820q.

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Zolotov, A. S. "Shoulder-costal dissociation." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 9, no. 2 (2022): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto99824.

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The term "scapular-costal dissociation" (literally - separation) appeared relatively recently [4]. It means a traumatic rupture of the scapular-costal junction with damage to the muscles, ligaments, the collarbone or its joints, the main blood vessels and the brachial plexus. Only the skin remains intact. In this regard, the second name of this injury is closed traumatic amputation of the scapula [1]. This injury occurs infrequently, mainly in road traffic accidents. Many victims die at the scene. Most authors have only a few clinical observations of scapular-costal dissociation, so each case of such damage is of particular interest.

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Yan-Peng, Zhang, Song Jian-Ping, Gan Chen-Li, et al. "The second dissociation threshold bound levels of hydrogen molecule." Chinese Physics 15, no. 10 (2006): 2288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-1963/15/10/017.

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Schoonen, M. A. A., and H. L. Barnes. "An approximation of the second dissociation constant for H2S." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, no. 3 (1988): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90326-2.

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Bildinov, I. K., V. B. Laptev, E. A. Ryabov, and L. M. Tumanova. "Selective Dissociation of C4F9 COI Molecules by the Second-Harmonic Radiation of Pulsed TEA CO2 Laser." Laser Chemistry 12, no. 3-4 (1992): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/lc.12.173.

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IR multiphoton dissociation of C4F9 COI was studied by the second-harmonic radiation of TEA CO2 laser. The stretching vibration of the carbonyl bond νC = O was excited. The second harmonic of CO2 laser was generated with the use of nonlinear crystal AgGaSe2. The maximum energy fluence at focus was Φ ≃ 1.2 J/cm2. The MPD of C4F9 COI was proved to be effective and selective with respect to oxygen and carbon isotopes. The main dissociation products were C4F9I and CO. The dissociation product, CO, was enriched with both 16O and 12C when the C4F9 COI molecule was excited at the center of the band νC = O by the laser line 10P (18) with 2ωlas = 1797.2 cm−1. The maximum selectivities measured for oxygen and carbon were α(16/18) = 20 and α(12/13) = 25 respectively.

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Cheng, C. H., J. T. Kim, E. E. Eyler, and N. Melikechi. "Line shapes and decay dynamics of dissociative resonances above the second dissociation limit of molecular hydrogen." Physical Review A 57, no. 2 (1998): 949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.57.949.

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Feliciano, Inês O., Daniela P. Silva, M. Fátima M. Piedade, Carlos E. S. Bernardes, and Manuel E. Minas da Piedade. "First and Second Dissociation Enthalpies in Bi-Component Crystals Consisting of Maleic Acid and L-Phenylalanine." Molecules 26, no. 18 (2021): 5714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185714.

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The energetics of the stepwise dissociation of a A:B2 bi-component crystal, according to A:B2(cr) → A:B(cr) + B(cr) and A:B(cr) → A(cr) + B(cr), was investigated using MA:Phe2 and MA:Phe (MA = maleic acid; Phe = L-phenylalanine) as model systems. The enthalpy changes associated with these sequential processes and with the overall dissociation reaction A:B2(cr) → A(cr) + 2B(cr) were determined by solution calorimetry. It was found that they are all positive, indicating that there is a lattice enthalpy gain when MA:Phe2 is formed, either from the individual precursors or by adding Phe to MA:Phe. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis showed that MA:Phe2 is best described as a protic salt containing a maleate anion (MA−) and two non-equivalent L-phenylalanine units, both linked to MA− by NH···O hydrogen bonds (H-bond): one of these units is protonated (HPhe+) and the other zwitterionic (Phe±). Only MA− and HPhe+ molecules are present in the MA:Phe lattice. In this case, however, NH···O and OH···O H-bonds are formed between each MA− unit and two HPhe+ molecules. Despite these structural differences, the enthalpy cost for the removal of the zwitterionic Phe± unit from the MA:Phe2 lattice to yield MA:Phe is only 0.9 ± 0.4 kJ mol−1 higher than that for the dissociation of MA:Phe, which requires a proton transfer from HPhe+ to MA− and the rearrangement of L-phenylalanine to the zwitterionic, Phe±, form. Finally, a comparison of the dissociation energetics and structures of MA:Phe and of the previously reported glycine maleate (MA:Gly) analogue indicated that parameters, such as the packing coefficient, density, hydrogen bonds formed, or fusion temperature, are not necessarily good descriptors of dissociation enthalpy or lattice enthalpy trends when bi-component crystals with different molecular composition are being compared, even if the stoichiometry is the same.

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Couture, Roger T., Wendy Jerome, and Jeno Tihanyi. "Can Associative and Dissociative Strategies Affect the Swimming Performance of Recreational Swimmers?" Sport Psychologist 13, no. 3 (1999): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.3.334.

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This study examined the effects of association and both internal and external dissociation on the performance, perceived fatigue, and rate of exertion of recreational swimmers during two swimming trials. Before the first swim, 69 participants completed a self-report questionnaire. After the first swim, participants were assigned to one of four groups equated with swim performance times: control, associative, internal dissociative, and external dissociative groups. After completing both the first and second swims, participants completed the Rate of Perceived Exertion, Perceived Fatigue Test, and Subjective Appraisal of Cognitive Strategies. Results showed that the group assigned to the associative strategy swam significantly faster (p < .05) than the control group. No changes were found in perceived fatigue and perceived rating of exertion among the groups between the first and second swim. These findings support the position that associative thinking is an important cognitive strategy in timed performances.

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Berdzenishvili, E., G. Tcheishvili, and M. Sinitsa. "Dissociative symptoms are associated with neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with MDD." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.334.

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IntroductionIt is widely reported that persons with major depressive disorder (MDD) show impaired performance on cognitive functioning, including frontotemporally mediated cognitive functions. The presence of cognitive dysfunction among patients with dissociative symptoms in trauma-related disorders may contribute to poorer treatment outcomes. Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently report dissociative symptoms. Here we investigate association of dissociative symptoms and neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with depression. We predicted that higher levels of dissociative symptoms among persons with MDD would be associated with lower scores on objective measures of frontotemporally mediated neurocognitive functions.MethodsPatients who met DSM-V diagnostic criteria for a primary diagnosis of recurrent MDD were recruited. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) was administered to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. To assess dissociative symptoms participants completed the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory (MDI). Two groups of patients were selected and matched. One group consisted of 13 patients having MDD and dissociative symptoms and second group consisted of 12 patients having MDD only. To measure frontotemporally mediated cognitive functioning following tests were administered: Color Trails Test; Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Conners’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT). To examine group differences on clinical and neuropsychological scores, two-tailed independent samples t-tests was performed.ResultsGroup comparisons of performance on neuropsychological tests showed that participants with depression and dissociative symptoms performed worse on Color Trails Test Part 2 completion time, a measure of mental flexibility and processing speed. MDI depersonalization scores were correlated with measures of processing speed, mental flexibility and sustained attention. Specifically, Color Trails Test Part 2 scores were negatively correlated with depersonalization symptoms, where lower scores indicate slower completion time. Depersonalization symptoms on the MDI were also related to the CPT Hit Reaction Time Interstimulus Interval Change (a measure of vigilance), such that higher levels of depersonalization were related to better performance in a less active environment.ConclusionsOur results suggest that dissociation is related to specific subtle impairments in neurocognitive functioning. Dissociative symptoms should ideally be assessed before treatment, as they may influence MDD treatment response. The findings point towards the need to further examine the impact of dissociation on functioning in patients with depression.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Liu, Yuexi. "Hearing Voices: The Extended Mind in Evelyn Waugh's The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold." Modernist Cultures 15, no. 2 (2020): 202–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2020.0289.

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Waugh's last comic novel The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold (1957) takes ‘exterior modernism’ to a new height, no longer avoiding interiority – as in his interwar fiction – but exteriorising the interior through dissociation. ‘The Box’, to which the writer-protagonist attributes the source of the tormenting voices, may well be his own mind, an extended – albeit unhealthy – mind that works as a radio: he transmits his thoughts and then receives them as external signals in order to communicate with them. Pinfold's auditory hallucinations are caused by the breakdown of communication. Interestingly, writing is also a dissociative activity. Concerned with the writer's block, the novel reflects on the creative process and illuminates the relationship between madness and creativity. If dissociation, or the splitting of the mind, is a defence against trauma, the traumatic experience Pinfold attempts to suppress is the Second World War. The unusual state of mind accentuates the contingency of Waugh's radio writing; his preferred medium is cinema.

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Havice, Elizabeth, and John Pickles. "Articulating value and missing links in ‘Geographies of Dissociation’." Dialogues in Human Geography 9, no. 1 (2019): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043820619831135.

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In the spirit of Ibert et al.’s ‘Geographies of Dissociation: Value Creation, “Dark” Places, and “Missing” Links’, we briefly suggest several ways in which ‘Geographies of Dissociation’ itself elides certain crucial issues in the cultural economies of value. The first relates to the need to develop more fully and concretely the relational spatialities of globally networked production. The second follows from this by suggesting that, in order to consolidate its argument of lacunae and elisions, the article overlooks or downplays crucial elements in the work of global value chain research, cultural studies and broader cultural-economic geography, and value theory that have—in their own ways—developed complex analyses of the spatial articulations of governance, ownership, branding, and the production of value. We conclude by returning to Marx’s value theory of labor (not to be confused with Ricardian labor theory of value) to suggest that a more direct question about what drives systems of cultural valuation in the context of networked production might enable the authors to advance the development of a dissociative geography.

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Kirsch, Irving, and Steven Jay Lynn. "Social–Cognitive Alternatives to Dissociation Theories of Hypnotic Involuntariness." Review of General Psychology 2, no. 1 (1998): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.1.66.

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Three social–cognitive models are presented as alternatives to dissociation theories of hypnotic involuntariness. In Model I, people are seen as intentionally enacting responses without being aware of the volitional quality of their acts. In Model II, hypnotic behaviors are seen as prepared responses that are triggered directly by suggestion. The first model corresponds to E. R. Hilgard's (1986) neodissociation theory and the second to K. S. Bowers's (1992) theory of dissociated control, but without positing dissociative mechanisms as explanatory constructs. These constructs are replaced by a consideration of the automaticity that is inherent in commonplace intentional behavior and the degree to which subjective experience is affected by beliefs and expectations. Finally, a composite model reconciling the contradictions between the two prior social–cognitive models is presented.

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McCormack, E. F., and E. E. Eyler. "Perturbed structure of molecular hydrogen near the second dissociation limit." Physical Review Letters 66, no. 8 (1991): 1042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.66.1042.

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Yan-Peng, Zhang, Gan Chen-Li, Song Jian-Ping, et al. "Continuum Structures at the Second Dissociation Limit of Hydrogen Molecules." Chinese Physics Letters 22, no. 5 (2005): 1114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/22/5/024.

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Luts, P., J. Vanhees, J. Yperman, J. Mullens, and L. C. Van Poucke. "The determination of the second dissociation constant of sulfuric acid." Journal of Solution Chemistry 23, no. 1 (1994): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00972609.

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Nosofsky, Robert M., and Safa R. Zaki. "Dissociations Between Categorization and Recognition in Amnesic and Normal Individuals: An Exemplar-Based Interpretation." Psychological Science 9, no. 4 (1998): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00051.

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In recent work, the finding of dissociations between categorization and recognition in amnesic and normal individuals has been taken as evidence of multiple memory systems mediating these tasks. The present research provides support for the alternative idea that these dissociations can be interpreted in terms of a single-system exemplar-memory model that makes allowance for parameter differences across groups. In one experiment, a parameter change in memory sensitivity was induced by testing classification and recognition at varying delays; the results closely matched the ones observed by Knowlton and Squire (1993) for normal and amnesic participants. The exemplar model also yielded good quantitative predictions of the categorization-recognition dissociation. A second analysis demonstrated that dissociations between early versus late probabilistic classification learning and memory sensitivity were also well predicted by the single-system exemplar model. Limitations of the exemplar interpretation and future research directions are also discussed.

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Hassan, Ahmed, H. A. Azab, S. A. El Gyar, and Z. A. Khafagy. "Medium effect on the second-stage dissociation constant of N-(2-acetamido)imino diacetic acid (H2ADA)." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 6 (1992): 1684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-211.

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The second-stage dissociation constant values of N-(2-acetamido)imino diacetic acid (H2ADA) were determined at 25 ± 0.1 °C by potentiometric titration in different mixed-solvent mixtures (methanol, ethanol, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetone, and dioxane). It was observed that the pKa value is slightly influenced as the solvent is enriched in methanol and ethanol, and remains practically constant in the presence of different amounts of DMF and DMSO. A prounounced change in the pKa value was observed as the solvent is enriched in acetone or dioxane. These results are discussed in terms of various solvent characteristics. It is concluded that the electrostatic effect has only a relatively small influence on the dissociation equilibrium of the imino group [Formula: see text]. Other solvent effects such as solvent basicity, different stabilization of the free base of the conjugate acid by hydrogen bonding interactions in aquoorganic solvent media relative to pure aqueous media, as well as proton–solvent interaction play an important role in the acid dissociation equilibrium.

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Chiu, Chui-De, Marieke S. Tollenaar, Cheng-Ta Yang, Bernet M. Elzinga, Tian-Yang Zhang, and Hoi Lam Ho. "The Loss of the Self in Memory: Self-Referential Memory, Childhood Relational Trauma, and Dissociation." Clinical Psychological Science 7, no. 2 (2018): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702618804794.

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The segregated representations pertinent to childhood relational trauma have long been posited as a key pathogenic mechanism for dissociation. Yet, the weak to moderate correlation of child maltreatment with dissociation proneness leads to the question about which factors may moderate the impact of adverse childhood interpersonal experiences and work synergistically in the genesis of dissociation. We hypothesized that self-referential memory may play a role and that low accessibility to self-referenced representations may obstruct the ongoing synthesis of self representations, leaving these unassimilated early experiences disintegrated and inimical to mental function in response to a stressful situation. This hypothesis was examined by two experiments in college students. The first experiment showed the association between dissociation proneness and low accessibility to self-referenced representations. The second demonstrated that low accessibility to self-referenced representations moderated the link between childhood relational trauma and dissociation proneness. Weakened self-referential memory matters in the link between trauma and dissociation.

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Yuan, Junlin, Conghui Li, Shanshan Wang, et al. "Methods and Characteristics of Drug Extraction from Ion-Exchange-Resin-Mediated Preparations: Influences, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics." Polymers 15, no. 5 (2023): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051191.

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Since the discovery of ion-exchange resins, they have been used in many fields, including pharmacy. Ion-exchange resin-mediated preparations can realize a series of functions, such as taste masking and regulating release. However, it is very difficult to extract the drug completely from the drug–resin complex because of the specific combination of the drug and resin. In this study, methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release chewable tablets compounded by methylphenidate hydrochloride and ion-exchange resin were selected for a drug extraction study. The efficiency of drug extraction by dissociating with the addition of counterions was found to be higher than other physical extraction methods. Then, the factors affecting the dissociation process were studied to completely extract the drug from the methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release chewable tablets. Furthermore, the thermodynamic and kinetic study of the dissociation process showed that the dissociation process obeys the second-order kinetic process, and it is nonspontaneous, entropy-decreasing, and endothermic. Meanwhile, the reaction rate was confirmed by the Boyd model, and the film diffusion and matrix diffusion were both shown to be rate-limiting steps. In conclusion, this study aims to provide technological and theoretical support for establishing a quality assessment and control system of ion-exchange resin-mediated preparations, promoting the applications of ion-exchange resins in the field of drug preparation.

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Černis, Emma, Esther Beierl, Andrew Molodynski, Anke Ehlers, and Daniel Freeman. "A new perspective and assessment measure for common dissociative experiences: ‘Felt Sense of Anomaly’." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (2021): e0247037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247037.

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Background Dissociative experiences occur across a range of mental health disorders. However, the term ‘dissociation’ has long been argued to lack conceptual clarity and may describe several distinct phenomena. We therefore aimed to conceptualise and empirically establish a discrete subset of dissociative experiences and develop a corresponding assessment measure. Methods First, a systematic review of existing measures was carried out to identify themes across dissociative experiences. A theme of ‘Felt Sense of Anomaly’ (FSA) emerged. Second, assessment items were generated based on this construct and a measure developed using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analyses of 8861 responses to an online self-report survey. Finally, the resulting measure was validated via CFA with data from 1031 patients with psychosis. Results ‘Felt sense of anomaly’ (FSA) was identified as common to many dissociative experiences, affecting several domains (e.g. body) and taking different forms (‘types’; e.g. unfamiliarity). Items for a novel measure were therefore systematically generated using a conceptual framework whereby each item represented a type-by-domain interaction (e.g. ‘my body feels unfamiliar’). Factor analysis of online responses found that FSA-dissociation manifested in seven ways: anomalous experiences of the self, body, and emotion, and altered senses of familiarity, connection, agency, and reality (Χ2 (553) = 4989.435, p<0.001, CFI = 0.929, TLI = 0.924, RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.047). Additionally, a single-factor ‘global FSA’ scale was produced (Χ2 (9) = 312.350, p<0.001, CFI = 0.970, TLI = 0.950, RMSEA = 0.107, SRMR = 0.021). Model fit was adequate in the clinical (psychosis) group (Χ2 (553) = 1623.641, p<0.001, CFI = 0.927, TLI = 0.921, RMSEA = 0.043, SRMR = 0.043). The scale had good convergent validity with a widely used dissociation scale (DES-II) (non-clinical: r = 0.802), excellent internal reliability (non-clinical: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.98; clinical: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.97), and excellent test-retest reliability (non-clinical: ICC = 0.92). Further, in non-clinical respondents scoring highly on a PTSD measure, CFA confirmed adequate model fit (Χ2 (553) = 4758.673, CFI = 0.913, TLI = 0.906, RMSEA = 0.052, SRMR = 0.054). Conclusions The Černis Felt Sense of Anomaly (ČEFSA) scale is a novel measure of a subset of dissociative experiences that share a core feature of FSA. It is psychometrically robust in both non-clinical and psychosis groups.

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Partanen, Jaakko I., Pekka M. Juusola, Pentti O. Minkkinen, and Virginie Verraes. "Determination of the second stoichiometric dissociation constants of glycine in aqueous sodium or potassium chloride solutions at 298.15 K." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 12 (2003): 1462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-154.

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Equations were determined for the calculation of the second stoichiometric (molality scale) dissociation constant, Km2, of glycine, in aqueous NaCl and KCl solutions at 298.15 K, from the thermodynamic dissociation constant, Ka2, of this acid and the ionic strength, Im, of the solution. The ionic strength of the solutions considered in this study is determined mostly by the salt alone, and the equations for Km2 were based on the single-ion activity coefficient equations of the Hückel type. New data measured by potentiometric titrations in a glass electrode cell were used in the estimation of the parameters for the Hückel equations of glycine species. By means of the calculation method suggested in this study, Km2 can be obtained almost within experimental error up to an Im of about 1.0 mol kg1 for glycine in NaCl and KCl solutions. The Km2 values obtained by these methods were also compared with the values suggested in the literature for this quantity.Key words: ionic strength dependence, stoichiometric dissociation constant, Debye–Hückel equation, potentiometry, glycine.

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Jarrar, Zaher, Riyadh Al-Raoush, Khalid Alshibli, and Jongwon Jung. "Dynamic 3D imaging of gas hydrate kinetics using synchrotron computed tomography." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020511004.

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The availability of natural gas hydrates and the continuing increase in energy demand, motivated researchers to consider gas hydrates as a future source of energy. Fundamental understanding of hydrate dissociation kinetics is essential to improve techniques of gas production from natural hydrates reservoirs. During hydrate dissociation, bonds between water (host molecules) and gas (guest molecules) break and free gas is released. This paper investigates the evolution of hydrate surface area, pore habit, and tortuosity using in-situ imaging of Xenon (Xe) hydrate formation and dissociation in porous media with dynamic three-dimensional synchrotron microcomputed tomography (SMT). Xe hydrate was formed inside a high- pressure, low-temperature cell and then dissociated by thermal stimulation. During formation and dissociation, full 3D SMT scans were acquired continuously and reconstructed into 3D volume images. Each scan took only 45 seconds to complete, and a total of 60 scans were acquired. Hydrate volume and surface area evolution were directly measured from the SMT scans. At low hydrate saturation, the predominant pore habit was surface coating, while the predominant pore habit at high hydrate saturation was pore filling. A second-degree polynomial can be used to predict variation of tortuosity with hydrate saturation with an R2 value of 0.997.

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Zhou, He, Heng Zhang, and Shiling Yuan. "Comparison of H2O Adsorption and Dissociation Behaviors on Rutile (110) and Anatase (101) Surfaces Based on ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Molecules 28, no. 19 (2023): 6823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28196823.

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The relationship between structure and reactivity plays a dominant role in water dissociation on the various TiO2 crystallines. To observe the adsorption and dissociation behavior of H2O, the reaction force field (ReaxFF) is used to investigate the dynamic behavior of H2O on rutile (110) and anatase (101) surfaces in an aqueous environment. Simulation results show that there is a direct proton transfer between the adsorbed H2O (H2Oad) and the bridging oxygen (Obr) on the rutile (110) surface. Compared with that on the rutile (110) surface, an indirect proton transfer occurs on the anatase (101) surface along the H-bond network from the second layer of water. This different mechanism of water dissociation is determined by the distance between the 5-fold coordinated Ti (Ti5c) and Obr of the rutile and anatase TiO2 surfaces, resulting in the direct or indirect proton transfer. Additionally, the hydrogen bond (H-bond) network plays a crucial role in the adsorption and dissociation of H2O on the TiO2 surface. To describe interfacial water structures between TiO2 and bulk water, the double-layer model is proposed. The first layer is the dissociated H2O on the rutile (110) and anatase (101) surfaces. The second layer forms an ordered water structure adsorbed to the surface Obr or terminal OH group through strong hydrogen bonding (H-bonding). Affected by the H-bond network, the H2O dissociation on the rutile (110) surface is inhibited but that on the anatase (101) surface is promoted.

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Vaina, Lucia M., and Charles Chubb. "Dissociation of first- and second-order motion systems by perceptual learning." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 74, no. 5 (2012): 1009–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0290-3.

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Mitcheltree, R. A. "Parametric study of dissociation and ionization models at 12 kilometers/second." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 28, no. 6 (1991): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.26291.

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Mianowski, Andrzej, and Wojciech Urbańczyk. "Thermal dissociation in terms of the second law of chemical thermodynamics." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 126, no. 2 (2016): 863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5569-5.

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Konen, Ian M., Eunice X. J. Li, Thomas A. Stephenson, and Marsha I. Lester. "Second OH overtone excitation and statistical dissociation dynamics of peroxynitrous acid." Journal of Chemical Physics 123, no. 20 (2005): 204318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2126968.

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Chtchekine, D. G., G. D. Gilliland, Z. C. Feng, et al. "Temperature Dependence of Bound Exciton Emissions in GaN." MRS Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research 4, S1 (1999): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s1092578300003331.

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The dissociation channels of two prominent bound exciton complexes in wurtzite GaN thin films are determined via an extensive temperature dependent photoluminescence study. The shallow donor bound exciton dissociation at low temperatures (T ≤ 50 K) is found to be dominated by the release of a free exciton with thermal activation energy consistent with the exciton localization energy. At higher temperatures a second dissociation channel with activation energy EA = 28 ± 2 meV is observed. The dissociation of a bound exciton complex with exciton localization energy EXloc = 11.7 meV is also dominated by the release of a free exciton. In contrast to previous studies evidence is presented against the hypothesis of this emission being due to the exciton bound to an ionized donor. We find that it originates most likely from an exciton bound to a neutral acceptor.

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Gelfand, Natalia, Ksenia Komarova, Francoise Remacle, and Raphael D. Levine. "On the Energy-specific Photodissociation Pathways of ¹⁴N₂ and ¹⁴N¹⁵N Isotopomers to N Atoms of Different Reactivity: A Quantum Dynamical Perspective." Astrophysical Journal 948, no. 1 (2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acbef8.

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Abstract Photodissociation of the nitrogen molecule in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) is a major source of reactive nitrogen atoms in the upper atmosphere of Earth and throughout the solar system. Recent experimental studies have revealed strong energy dependence of the VUV photodissociation branching ratios to the N(4S3/2)+N(2D J ) and N(4S3/2)+N(2P J ) product channels, the primary dissociation pathways in the 108,000–116,000 cm−1 energy region. This produces N(2D J ) and N(2P J ) excited atoms that differ significantly in their chemical reactivity. The branching ratios oscillate with increase in the VUV excitation energy. We use high-level ab initio quantum chemistry to compute the potential curves of 17 electronic excited states and their nonadiabatic and spin–orbit couplings. The dynamics follow the sequential evolution from the optically excited but bound 1 Σ u + singlets. Spin–orbit coupling enables transfer to the dissociative triplet and quintet states. We compute the photodissociation yields through the dense manifold of electronic states leading to both exit channels. The dynamical simulations accurately capture the branching oscillations and enable a detailed look into the photodissociation mechanism. The major contribution to the dissociation is through the two lowest 3Π u states. However, for both isotopomers, at about 110,000 cm−1 there is an abnormally low dissociation rate into the N(4S3/2)+N(2P J ) channel that enables comparable participation of triplet 3 Σ u − and quintet 5Π u electronic states. This leads to the first peak in the branching ratio. At higher energies, trapping of the population in the 33Π u bound triplet state occurs. This favors dissociation to the lower-energy N(4S3/2)+N(2D J ) channel and results in the observed second switch in branching ratios.

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Moulds, Michelle L., and Richard A. Bryant. "Induced Amnesia for Distressing Information in a Nonclinical Sample." Behaviour Change 24, no. 1 (2007): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.24.1.7.

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AbstractDissociative reactions during and subsequent to traumatic events are theorised to result in memory deficits for trauma-related information. This study investigated the interaction between induced amnesia and dissociative reactions. Participants (N = 29) were presented with a word list, a series of disfigured or neutral faces and a second word list, followed by free recall and recognition tasks. Participants presented with disfigured faces recalled fewer words from the postimage list in the free recall task than those presented with neutral faces; however, there were no between-group differences for recognition. No relationship was observed between dissociative tendencies and memory performance. Trait dissociation was unrelated to induced amnesia effects. Findings are interpreted in terms of impaired consolidation of information following encoding of distressing information. Implications of the results for the clinical management of traumatized individuals are considered.

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Laptev, V. B., and S. V. Pigul’skii. "Efficient two-stage laser enrichment up to 99% of carbon-13 isotope by IR multiphoton dissociation of Freon molecules." Quantum Electronics 52, no. 4 (2022): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel18025.

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Abstract A new method for two-stage laser enrichment of carbon-13 (13C) by isotope-selective IR multiphoton dissociation of Freon molecules is considered, which makes it possible to achieve a concentration of 13C up to 99 % or higher with high productivity. At the first stage, as a result of the selective dissociation of CF2HCl (Freon-22) molecules, it is expected to obtain a C2F4 dissociation product enriched in 13C up to 30 % – 50 %. At the second stage, CF2Br2 (Freon-12B2) is proposed to be used as a working substance, which is synthesised from enriched C2F4, and the enrichment process is carried out by selective deep ‘burning-out’ of the 12C-containing component. Experiments on multiphoton dissociation of Freon-12B2 with an initial 13CF2Br2 concentration of 30 % in a mixture with oxygen by pulsed CO2 laser radiation are performed. It is shown that reaching a 13CF2Br2 concentration of no lower than 99 % is possible at high values of the elementary separation act parameters: 15 % – 18 % dissociation yield and 40 – 75 selectivity for 12CF2Br2 molecules.

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Koo, Mi-Hee, and Young-Soon Lee. "The Relationship Between Mother’s Childhood Abuse Experiences and Child Abuse Potential: The Sequential Mediating Effects of Dissociation and Shame." Jounral of Educational Therapist 15, no. 3 (2023): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35185/kjet.15.3.301.

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This study aimed to examine the effect of dissociation and shame in the relationship between childhood abuse experiences and child abuse potential. We collected data from 298 mothers with preschool and elementary school children using K-CTQ, ESS, DES and CAPI, and the results of analysis by Process Macro are as follows. First, statistically significant positive correlation was observed among childhood abuse experiences, dissociation, shame, and child abuse potential. Second, childhood abuse experiences had a direct effect on the child abuse potential. Third, shame had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between childhood abuse experiences and child abuse potential, but dissociation did not. Finally, dissociation and shame sequentially mediated the relationship between childhood abuse experiences and child abuse potential. This study contributes to understanding the causes of mothers’ child abuse potential and the interaction of individual internal variables. The clinical implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

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Vlček, Lukáš, and Peter T. Cummings. "Adsorption of Water on TiO2 and SnO2 Surfaces: Molecular Dynamics Study." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 73, no. 4 (2008): 575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20080575.

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The structure and thermodynamics of water adsorbed at the (110) surface of rutile (α-TiO2) and cassiterite (α-SnO2) were studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations with atomic interactions represented by a classical forcefield based on the SPC/E model of water. To investigate the effect of surface water dissociation on the adsorption of additional layers of water, two extreme cases of completely hydroxylated and nonhydroxylated surfaces were considered. Axial density distributions and adsorption Helmholtz free energies of water for different types of surfaces were compared and related to thermal gravimetric analysis data from literature. We found that the dissociation of water in the first layer considerably changes the affinity of additional water to the surface, weakening hydrogen bonding between the first and second layer and strengthening cohesion between the second and third layer. Comparison with the experimental measurements of adsorption indicates that water dissociates on cassiterite while it stays associated on rutile. The degree of dissociation in the first layer is not strongly affected by the adsorption of additional water.

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Sachs, Adah. "Attachment as a Second Language: Treating Active Dissociative Identity Disorder." Frontiers in the Psychotherapy of Trauma and Dissociation 3, no. 1 (2019): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46716/ftpd.2019.0028.

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Evidence is accumulating (Brand, Classen, McNary, & Zaveri, 2009, Brand, Loewenstein, & Spiegel, 2014; Brand et al., 2013; Brand et al., 2012; Dorahy et al., 2014) to show that by and large, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is well amenable to psychotherapeutic intervention along the lines of the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation (ISSTD) Guidelines for treatment of DID in adults (ISSTD, 2011), based on the Three Phase Approach (Van der Hart, Nĳenhuis, & Steele, 2006). In this paper, however, I would like to draw our attention to those cases where improvement is not reached, despite high-quality, dedicated therapeutic efforts. I refer particularly to patients with Active DID (Sachs, 2013c, 2017): patients who remain persistently victimized and apparently unable to establish even the most basic safety needed for the therapeutic process (“phase one” of the threephase approach). I suggest that the therapeutic problem in these cases may lie in mis-attunement (Stern, 1998) between the therapist’s and the patient’s attachment language; and that this mis-attunement is due to a uniquely disordered attachment-pattern which characterises people with Active DID. I thus propose that, in these cases, phase one needs to be substantially modified and focus on therapeutic attunement rather than on safety. “Attachment as a second language” is proposed for treating people with persistent (“Active”) DID, while considering the clinical, theoretical and practical aspects of this therapeutic approach.

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Shen, Jingshi, Erik L. Snapp, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, and Ron Prywes. "Stable Binding of ATF6 to BiP in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 3 (2005): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.3.921-932.2005.

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ABSTRACT Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced activation of ATF6, an ER membrane-bound transcription factor, requires a dissociation step from its inhibitory regulator, BiP. It has been generally postulated that dissociation of the BiP-ATF6 complex is a result of the competitive binding of misfolded proteins generated during ER stress. Here we present evidence against this model and for an active regulatory mechanism for dissociation of the complex. Contradictory to the competition model that is based on dynamic binding of BiP to ATF6, our data reveal relatively stable binding. First, the complex was easily isolated, in contrast to many chaperone complexes that require chemical cross-linking. Second, ATF6 bound at similar levels to wild-type BiP and a BiP mutant form that binds substrates stably because of a defect in its ATPase activity. Third, ER stress specifically induced the dissociation of BiP from ER stress transducers while the competition model would predict dissociation from any specific substrate. Fourth, the ATF6-BiP complex was resistant to ATP-induced dissociation in vitro when isolated without detergents, suggesting that cofactors stabilize the complex. In favor of an active dissociation model, one specific region within the ATF6 lumenal domain was identified as a specific ER stress-responsive sequence required for ER stress-triggered BiP release. Together, our results do not support a model in which competitive binding of misfolded proteins causes dissociation of the BiP-ATF6 complex in stressed cells. We propose that stable BiP binding is essential for ATF6 regulation and that ER stress dissociates BiP from ATF6 by actively restarting the BiP ATPase cycle.

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