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Neuman, Emma. "Ethnic concentration and economic outcomes of natives and second-generation immigrants." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 157–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-06-2014-0136.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between childhood neighbourhood ethnic composition and short- and long-run economic outcomes of second-generation immigrants and natives in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach – The author uses Swedish longitudinal register data and apply regression analysis methods to investigate the correlation between three ethnic neighbourhood variables(share of immigrants, share of immigrants with the same ethnic background and share of immigrants with other descent) in childhood with short- and long-run economic outcomes (earnings, unemployment, reliance on social assistance and educational attainment). Findings – The results show that second-generation immigrants raised in immigrant-dense neighbourhoods have a lower probability to continue to higher education, whereas, their earnings, unemployment and social assistance tendencies are unaffected. On the contrary, natives’ earnings and educational attainment are negatively correlated with, and the probability of social assistance and unemployment are positively associated with a high immigrant concentration. Moreover, the social assistance and unemployment of non-Nordic second-generation immigrants appears to be negatively correlated with the neighbourhood share of co-ethnics and positively correlated with the neighbourhood proportion of other ethnic groups. Overall, the author finds that the results are very similar in the short and long run. Originality/value – This paper expands the literature on children and ethnic segregation and in contrast to earlier research in this context, it focuses on second-generation immigrants and their performance in comparison to natives. This study contributes to this research area by investigating a large variety of outcomes, looking at both immigrant, own ethnic group and other ethnic group concentration and including both short- and long-run correlations.
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Colding, Bjørg, Leif Husted, and Hans Hummelgaard. "Educational progression of second-generation immigrants and immigrant children." Economics of Education Review 28, no. 4 (August 2009): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.08.004.
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Tsubota, Kohei, and Lifeng Liu. "Intragroup comparative study on achievement of second generation Chinese newcomer." Impact 2020, no. 8 (December 16, 2020): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.8.6.
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There are many challenges that immigrants to new countries face. Complicating efforts to understand and research these challenges are any ingrained attitudes surrounding immigration and the vast differences in attitudes and levels of immigration in each country. Not every place is the same, nor are all immigrants the same, even if they come from the same country. This makes comparisons of what was successful in one place difficult to make. For example, a country like the US, which has a longer history of immigration may have more established systems and theories on immigration and integration than a country like Japan, where historically, immigration has been low. In the US, immigrants from China are considered to have been successful in thriving and creating a Chinese-American population, but the situation is very different for the increasing Chinese-Japanese population found in Japan. Assistant Professor Kohei Tsubota and Research Associate Lifeng Liu are focusing their research on the second-generation Chinese immigrant population in Japan, in particular how an immigrant child can overcome disadvantages in a society that has no immigrant integration policy, and also, how the disparity structure and gender inequality of Chinese society affect their educational attainment after coming to Japan.
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Slonim-Nevo, Vered, Yana Sharaga, Julia Mirsky, Vadim Petrovsky, and Marina Borodenko. "Ethnicity Versus Migration: Two Hypotheses about the Psychosocial Adjustment of Immigrant Adolescents." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 52, no. 1 (January 2006): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764006061247.
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Study background and aims: This study investigates the psychosocial adjustment of immigrant adolescents and examines two hypotheses: the ethnicity hypothesis, which suggests that ethnic background determines the psychosocial reactions of immigrant adolescents; and the migration hypothesis, which suggests that the migration experience determines such reactions. Methods: The study compared four groups of respondents: first-generation immigrants ( N = 63) and second-generation immigrants ( N = 64) from the former Soviet Union (FSU) in Israel; and Jewish ( N = 212) and non-Jewis ( N = 184) adolescents in the FSU. A self-report questionnaire administered to the respondents collected demographic, educational and psychological data using standardised scales. Results: Immigrant adolescents reported higher psychological distress, lower self-esteem and higher alchohol consumption than non-immigrant adolescents. Second-generation immigrants generally showed a higher level of functioning than first-generation immigrants. These findings favor the migration hypothesis. Conclusions: Our findings support the widely accepted view of migration as a potentially distress-provoking experience. They suggest that psychological reactions of immigrant adolescents, and in fact all immigrants, are best interpreted as reactive and are related to the universal stressful qualities of the migration experience. Further multiethnic comparative studies, however, are needed to confirm and refine these findings.
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Kavuk, I., C. Weimar, BT Kim, G. Gueneyli, M. Araz, E. Klieser, V. Limmroth, HC Diener, and Z. Katsarava. "One-Year Prevalence and Socio-Cultural Aspects of Chronic Headache in Turkish Immigrants and German Natives." Cephalalgia 26, no. 10 (October 2006): 1177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01186.x.
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The aim of this research was to study the prevalence of chronic headache (CH) and associated socio-cultural factors in Turkish immigrants and native Germans. Five hundred and twenty-three Turkish and German company employees were screened using a standard questionnaire. Those who suffered from headaches were also examined by a neurologist. Complete data were available for 471 (90%) subjects. Thirty-four participants (7.2%) had CH. Two independent factors for association with CH could be identified: overuse of acute headache medication (OR = 72.5; 95% CI 25.9-202.9), and being a first-generation Turkish immigrant compared with native Germans (OR = 4.4; 95% CI 1.4-13.7). In contrast, the factor associated with chronic headache was not increased in second-generation Turkish immigrants. Medication overuse was significantly more frequent in first-generation Turkish immigrants (21.6%) compared with second-generation Turkish immigrants (3.3%) and native Germans (3.6%; X2 = 38.0, P < 0.001). First-generation Turkish immigrants did not contact headache specialists at all, compared with 2.8% of second-generation Turkish immigrants and 8.8% of native Germans ( X2 = 118.4, P < 0.001). Likewise no first-generation Turkish immigrant suffering from CH received headache preventive treatment, compared with 6.6% of native Germans ( X2 = 19.1, P = 0.014). The data from this cross-sectional study reveal a high prevalence of chronic headache as well as a very low utilization of adequate medical care in first-generation Turkish immigrants in Germany.
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Berg-Hansen, Pål, Stine M. Moen, Leiv Sandvik, Hanne F. Harbo, Inger J. Bakken, Camilla Stoltenberg, and Elisabeth G. Celius. "Prevalence of multiple sclerosis among immigrants in Norway." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 21, no. 6 (October 24, 2014): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458514554055.
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Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence is unevenly distributed worldwide. Immigration to Norway from countries with a lower MS prevalence is increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate MS prevalence in different immigrant populations in Norway and evaluate the effect of migrating from low- to high-risk regions of MS. Method: First- and second-generation immigrants from the largest immigrant populations were identified from the 2012 Norwegian prevalence study. Prevalence of MS in different ethnic groups was compared using the standardized prevalence ratio (SPR). Results: European and North-American immigrants had the highest prevalence of MS, whereas African and Asian immigrants had the lowest. The prevalence of first-generation Iranian immigrants was not significantly different from the total Norwegian population (SPR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.46–1.03). Second-generation immigrants from Pakistan (SPR 1.62, 95% CI: 0.88–2.76) had a strong increase in prevalence compared to the first generation (SPR 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05–0.28). Conclusion: MS prevalence among immigrants in Norway in general reflects the uneven distribution worldwide. The sharp increase in prevalence in immigrants seen in one generation suggests strong environmental factors affecting the MS risk in Norway.
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Osooli, Mehdi, Henrik Ohlsson, Jan Sundquist, and Kristina Sundquist. "Conduct Disorder in Immigrant Children and Adolescents: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Sweden." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 10643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010643.
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Introduction. Conduct disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis characterized by repetitive and persistent norm-breaking behavior. This study aimed to compare the risk of conduct disorder between first- and second-generation immigrant children and adolescents and their native controls. Methods. In this nationwide, open-cohort study from Sweden, participants were born 1987–2010, aged 4–16 years at baseline, and were living in the country for at least one year during the follow-up period between 2001 and 2015. The sample included 1,902,526 and 805,450 children-adolescents with native and immigrant backgrounds, respectively. Data on the conduct disorder diagnoses were retrieved through the National Patient Register. We estimated the incidence of conduct disorder and calculated adjusted Hazard Ratios. Results. Overall, the adjusted risk of conduct disorder was lower among first-generation immigrants and most second-generation immigrant groups compared with natives (both males and females). However, second-generation immigrants with a Swedish-born mother and a foreign-born father had a higher risk of conduct disorder than natives. Similar results were found for sub-diagnoses of conduct disorder. Conclusions. The higher risk of conduct disorder among second-generation immigrants with a Swedish-born mother and the lower risk among most of the other immigrant groups warrants special attention and an investigation of potential underlying mechanisms.
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Han, Sungil, Ha-Neul Yim, Richard Hernandez, and Jon Maskály. "Immigrants’ Confidence in the Police: An Examination of Generational and Ethnic Differences in the United States." International Criminal Justice Review 30, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 156–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567719883930.
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As the number of immigrants in the United States grows, the importance of their confidence in the police cannot be understated. This article simultaneously examines the impact of both generational and ethnic differences among immigrants on their confidence in the police. Using a sample of U.S. residents from the World Value Survey (Wave 6, N = 2,232), the results suggest that first-generation immigrants have less confidence in the police than both nonimmigrants and second-generation immigrants. The results also suggest a generational and ethnic effect with second-generation immigrants of Hispanic/Latino origin reporting a lower level of confidence in the police than other ethnic immigrant groups. The importance of these findings is discussed in light of both scholarly and policy implications.
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Choi, Jaeyong. "Comparing global and situational support for police use of force across immigrant generations and native-born Americans." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 6 (November 21, 2019): 1038–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-02-2019-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine if global and situational support for police use of force vary across first-generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants and native-born Americans. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on data from the 2012 General Social Survey, multivariate logistic regression models are performed to predict each of the three binary outcome variables (e.g. support for police use of reasonable force or excessive force) depending on immigrant generation status. Findings Results indicate that, compared with native-born individuals, first-generation immigrants express less global support for police use of force and less support for police use of reasonable force. In contrast, the first-generation group is more supportive of police use of excessive force compared to the second-generation group and native-born group. Originality/value Much research on immigrants’ perceptions of the police has yielded conflicting findings. Part of the reason has been attributed to failure to distinguish first-generation immigrants from successive generations of immigrants. The present study fills a gap in this line of research by assessing the extent to which there is a disparity in support for police use of force between different generations of immigrants and native-born individuals.
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Janská, Eva. "Immigrant second generation in Prague: the case of preschool children." Geografie 111, no. 2 (2006): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2006111020198.
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This contribution deals with the new phenomenom of preschool immigrant children in Czechia after 1990. It focuses on social, economic, cultural and ethnic characteristics of children's parents and on childern's language knowledge and adaptation in the kindergarten. There are also discussed factors influencing integration of immigrant families into the majority society as well as their willingness to stay in Czechia permanently. Our results bring about new insights into immigrants' lives and their co-existence with the majority society.
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AVIRAM, ARIE. "SOCIALIZATION FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE SECOND GENERATION." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 14, no. 03 (September 2009): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946709001272.
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For the first generation of immigrants, entrepreneurship might be a reasonable answer to their employment problems. Unfortunately, in addition to objective problems such as language, the socialization for entrepreneurship of these immigrants does not always meet the requirements of their new country. This hindrance is overcome by the second generation which, through a different process of socialization, is closing the gap.
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Wändell, Per, Sten Fredrikson, Axel C. Carlsson, Xinjun Li, Jan Sundquist, and Kristina Sundquist. "Huntington’s disease among immigrant groups and Swedish-born individuals: a cohort study of all adults 18 years of age and older in Sweden." Neurological Sciences 42, no. 9 (January 30, 2021): 3851–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05085-6.
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Abstract Background There is a lack of studies of Huntington’s disease (HD) in immigrants. Objective To study the association between country of birth and incident HD in first-generation immigrants versus Swedish-born individuals and in second-generation immigrants versus Swedish-born individuals with Swedish-born parents. Methods Study populations included all adults aged 18 years and older in Sweden, i.e., in the first-generation study 6,042,891 individuals with 1034 HD cases and in the second-generation study 4,860,469 individuals with 1001 cases. HD was defined as having at least one registered diagnosis of HD in the National Patient Register. The incidence of HD in different first-generation immigrant groups versus Swedish-born individuals was assessed by Cox regression, expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The models were stratified by sex and adjusted for age, geographical residence in Sweden, educational level, marital status, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Results Mean age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were for all Swedish-born 0.82 and for all foreign born 0.53 and for all men 0.73 and for all women 0.81, with the highest incidence rates for the group 80–84 years of age. After adjusting for potential confounders, the HRs were lower in women in the first- and second-generation, i.e., 0.49 (95% CI 0.36–0.67) and 0.63 (95% 0.45–0.87), respectively, and also among women from Finland or with parents from Finland. Significance In general, the risk of HD was lower in first-generation and second-generation immigrant women but not among male immigrants.
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Vaughn, Michael G., Christopher P. Salas-Wright, Jin Huang, Zhengmin Qian, Lauren D. Terzis, and Jesse J. Helton. "Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Immigrants to the United States." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 10 (June 24, 2015): 1543–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515589568.
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A growing number of studies have examined the “immigrant paradox” with respect to health behaviors in the United States. However, little research attention has been afforded to the study of adverse childhood experiences (ACE; neglect, physical and sexual abuse, and witnessing violence) among immigrants in the United States. The present study, using Waves I and II data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), aims to address these gaps by comparing forms of ACE of first- and second-generation immigrants with native-born American adults in the United States. We also examined the latent structure of ACE among immigrants and conducted analyses to assess the psychiatric correlates of identified latent classes. With the exception of neglect, the prevalence of ACE was markedly higher among native-born Americans and second-generation immigrants compared with first-generation immigrants. Four latent classes were identified—limited adverse experience ( n = 3,497), emotional and physical abuse ( n = 1,262), family violence ( n = 358), and global adversity ( n = 246). The latter three classes evinced greater likelihood of being diagnosed with a mood, anxiety, personality, and substance use disorder, and to report violent and non-violent antisocial behavior. Consistent with prior research examining the associations between the immigrant paradox and health outcomes, results suggest that first-generation immigrants to the United States are less likely to have experienced physical and sexual abuse and witness domestic violence. However, likely due to cultural circumstances, first-generation immigrants were more likely to report experiences that are deemed neglectful by Western standards.
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Diaz, Estela B., and Jennifer Lee. "Cultural Heterogeneity and the Diverse Success Frames of Second-Generation Mexicans." Social Sciences 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9120216.
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Mexican Americans are the largest immigrant and second-generation group in the country. Their sheer size coupled with their low educational attainment have generated concerns that, unlike Asian groups like Chinese Americans, Mexican Americans do not value education—a claim wielded by opponents of affirmative action. Drawing on analyses of the Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles study, we challenge two underlying presumptions of this claim: the children of Mexican immigrants are less successful than the children of Chinese immigrants; and they are less committed to success. Centering our analyses on the hypo-selectivity of U.S. Mexican immigration, we maintain that how we measure success determines which group is more successful. Moreover, we show that second-generation Mexicans adopt diverse success frames that stem from cultural heterogeneity. Consequently, they pursue variegated strategies of action that include class-specific ethnic resources in their quest for success. Despite their remarkable intergenerational gains, the racialization of low achievement and the mark of a criminal record can be a death knell for mobility for the children of Mexican immigrants. Our research provides fruitful context to inform the current debate about affirmative action.
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Bui, Laura, and David P. Farrington. "First-generation immigrants feel socially excluded and have greater pro-violence attitudes than the native population in England and Wales." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-08-2014-0134.
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Purpose – Studies examining immigrant generational status and violence have supported differences in the prevalence of violence between these groups. The purpose of this paper is to measure relevant risk factors for violence to focus on whether negative perceptions may contribute to understanding the between-generations differences in violence. Based on the literature, it is theorised that pro-violence attitudes would be related to and be higher in second-generation immigrants than first-generation immigrants, and that negative perceptions would mediate the relationship between pro-violence attitudes and violence. Design/methodology/approach – Data to answer the study’s key questions were taken from the 2010-2011 UK citizenship survey, where only the main sample was analysed. Findings – The findings reveal that first-generation immigrants have a higher prevalence of pro-violence attitudes than the native population. Originality/value – This suggests that there is an intergenerational transmission in violent attitudes, and this is a risk factor for actual violence in second-generation immigrants.
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Maskileyson, Dina, Moshe Semyonov, and Eldad Davidov. "In Search of the Healthy Immigrant Effect in Four West European Countries." Social Inclusion 7, no. 4 (December 27, 2019): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i4.2330.
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The present research examines whether the ‘healthy immigrant effect’ thesis observed in the American context prevails also in the West European context. According to this thesis, immigrants are likely to be healthier than comparable nativeborn. Data for the analysis are obtained from the Generations and Gender Survey for the following countries: Austria, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Ordered logit regression models are estimated to compare the health of immigrants with the native-born population. The findings reveal that in all countries, immigrants tend to report poorer health than comparable third generation native-born Europeans, and that health disparities between second and third generation are smaller than health disparities between first-generation members and native-born regardless of second- or thirdgeneration membership. The findings in the West-European countries do not lend support to the healthy immigrant effect. We attribute the differences between the United States and the West European countries to differential selection processes and differences in healthcare policies.
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Soehl, Thomas. "Social Reproduction of Religiosity in the Immigrant Context: The Role of Family Transmission and Family Formation — Evidence from France." International Migration Review 51, no. 4 (December 2017): 999–1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12289.
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This paper compares two aspects of the social reproduction of religion: parent-to-child transmission, and religious homogamy. Analysis of a survey of immigrants in France shows that for parent-to-child transmission, immigrant status/generation is not the central variable — rather, variation is across religions with Muslim families showing high continuity. Immigrant status/generation does directly matter for partner choice. In Christian and Muslim families alike, religious in-partnering significantly declines in the second generation. In turn, the offspring of religiously non-homogamous families is less religious. For Muslim immigrants this points to the possibility of a non-trivial decline in religiosity in the third generation.
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Berggren, Niclas, Martin Ljunge, and Therese Nilsson. "Roots of tolerance among second-generation immigrants." Journal of Institutional Economics 15, no. 6 (July 3, 2019): 999–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137419000316.
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AbstractTolerance – respecting individual choice and differences among people – is a prominent feature of modern European culture. That immigrants embrace this kind of liberal value is arguably important for integration, a central policy goal. We provide a rigorous study of what factors in the ancestral countries of second-generation immigrants – including formal and informal institutions – predict their level of tolerance towards gay people. Using the epidemiological method allows us to rule out reverse causality. Out of the 46 factors examined, one emerges as very robust: a Muslim ancestral background. Tolerance towards gay people is lower the larger the share of Muslims in the country from which the parents emigrated. An instrumental-variable analysis shows that the main mechanism is not through the individual being a Muslim, but through the individual being highly religious. Two additional attitudes among people in the ancestral country (valuing children being tolerant and respectful, and valuing children taking responsibility), as well as impartial institutions in the ancestral country, predict higher individual tolerance. Our findings thus point to an important role for both formal- and informal-institutional background factors in shaping tolerance.
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Huang, Wei-Jue, William C. Norman, Gregory P. Ramshaw, and William J. Haller. "Transnational Leisure Experience of Second-Generation Immigrants." Journal of Leisure Research 47, no. 1 (March 2015): 102–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2015.11950353.
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Weiser, M., N. Werbeloff, T. Vishna, R. Yoffe, G. Lubin, M. Shmushkevitch, and M. Davidson. "Elaboration on immigration and risk for schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 38, no. 8 (November 8, 2007): 1113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170700205x.
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BackgroundBeing a small and culturally different minority, or having a different appearance, has been invoked to account for the increased prevalence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. The majority of the Jewish Israeli population are first- or second-generation immigrants from Europe, North Africa or Asia, and during the late 1980s and 1990s, 885 000 persons immigrated to Israel from the former Soviet Union and 43 000 immigrated from Ethiopia. These Ethiopian immigrants came from a very different culture compared to the rest of the population, and have a distinct appearance. To further understand the association between immigration and schizophrenia, we compared risk for later schizophrenia between adolescents who immigrated from Ethiopia with risk among the other immigrant groups, and with native-born Israelis.MethodOf 661 792 adolescents consecutively screened by the Israeli Draft Board, 557 154 were native-born Israelis and 104 638 were immigrants. Hospitalization for schizophrenia was ascertained using a National Psychiatric Hospitalization Case Registry. All analyses controlled for socio-economic status (SES).ResultsRisk for schizophrenia was increased among both first- [hazard ratio (HR) 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–2.22] and second-generation immigrants [HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.01–1.95 (one immigrant parent) and HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.11–2.0 (two immigrant parents)]. When risk for schizophrenia was calculated for each immigrant group separately, immigrants from Ethiopia were at highest risk of later schizophrenia (HR 2.95, 95% CI 1.88–4.65).ConclusionThis comparison between diverse groups of immigrants supports the notion that immigrants who differ in culture and appearance from the host population are at increased risk for schizophrenia.
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Giuliani, Cristina, Semira Tagliabue, and Camillo Regalia. "Psychological well-being, multiple identities, and discrimination among first and second generation immigrant Muslims." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 14, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1434.
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Given the growing number of Muslim immigrants in Western countries, there is a need for research focusing on their psychological well-being and correlates. The present study investigated whether perceived discrimination is associated with depression and satisfaction with migration through the mediating role of several identity dimensions (ethnic, national, and religious) among 204 first and second generation adult Muslim immigrants living in Italy. They participated in structured interviews, and a multi-group path analysis model was conducted using Mplus. While the impact of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being was modest for first generation Muslims, in the case of second generation Muslims perceived discrimination was directly associated with lower psychological well-being (higher depression and lower satisfaction with the migration decision) and indirectly associated with satisfaction with migration through the mediation of national and religious identity. The higher the levels of discrimination that second generation Muslims perceived, the weaker their national (host country) identity and the greater their religious identification. In turn, national and religious identities were associated with respectively higher and lower levels of satisfaction regarding their migration decision. The findings showed clear differences between first and second generation immigrant groups, revealing that perceived discrimination represents an obstacle to integration processes more for second generation immigrants than for first generations.
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Pérez, Lisandro. "The Household Structure of Second-Generation Children: An Exploratory Study of Extended Family Arrangements." International Migration Review 28, no. 4 (December 1994): 736–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800406.
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Using data from the Children of Immigrants Survey, the antecedents of extended family arrangements among immigrant households with children are examined. The incidence and form of such arrangements, especially the presence of grandparents, are analyzed in relation to single parenthood, national origin, cultural assimilation, and socioeconomic variables. The findings serve to underscore the complexity of the correlates of extended family arrangements. While there is a relationship with single parenthood, more research is needed on the economic basis for the presence of relatives in the household. The analysis uncovered the need to also treat presence of grandparents as an independent variable, especially in the cultural assimilation of children of immigrants.
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Obinna, Denise N. "A study of academic performance by immigrant generation with an emphasis on the black immigrant experience." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 36, no. 1/2 (March 14, 2016): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2015-0026.
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Purpose – Instead of identifying them as a single monolithic group, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate whether the academic performance of black immigrants differs from African Americans as well as Asian and Hispanic students of comparable immigrant generation. By identifying how well black immigrant students perform on standardized tests, grade point averages (GPA) and college enrollment, this study proposes a more comprehensive look into this growing immigrant group. Design/methodology/approach – The research uses a data from the Educational Longitudinal Survey of high school sophomores conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics. Data used in this study are from the baseline survey in 2002 and the second follow-up in 2006 when most students had graduated from high school. The methodology includes OLS, binary and ordered logistic regression models. Findings – The study finds that while second-generation blacks outperform the native-born generation on standardized tests, this does not extend to GPA or college enrollment. In fact, it appears that only second-generation Hispanic students have an advantage over their native-born counterparts on GPA and standardized tests. Furthermore, first and second-generation Asian immigrants do not show a higher likelihood of enrolling in college than their native-born counterparts nor do they report higher GPA. Originality/value – This paper sheds light on a growing yet understudied immigrant population as well as drawing comparisons to other immigrant groups of comparable generation.
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Pivovarova, Margarita, and Jeanne M. Powers. "Does isolation from immigrant students benefit or harm third-plus generation students?" education policy analysis archives 27 (June 24, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4349.
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Enforcing and expanding immigration restrictions have been at the forefront of the Trump administration’s agenda since his inauguration in January 2017. Underlying these policies is an assumption that immigrants harm U.S. citizens. More specifically, both authorized and undocumented immigrants are framed as consuming a disproportionate share of social benefits. We used data from the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) to assess this claim in U.S. high school contexts, focusing on the mathematics achievement of third-plus generation students who did not attend schools with immigrant students. On average, the third-plus-generation students who did not attend schools that enrolled first or second generation immigrant students had lower achievement than their same generation peers attending schools that served immigrant students. We conclude by highlighting the research and policy implications of our findings.
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Velázquez García, Sara. "IGIABA SCEGO Y LA CUESTIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD EN LOS INMIGRANTES DE SEGUNDA GENERACIÓN." Revista Internacional de Culturas y Literaturas 11, no. 11 (2011): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ricl.2011.i11.17.
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Karthick Ramakrishnan, S. "Second-Generation Immigrants? The "2.5 Generation" in the United States*." Social Science Quarterly 85, no. 2 (June 2004): 380–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502013.x.
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Bhandari, Nagendra Bahadur. "Reinventing Cultural Identities in Diaspora: A Mother-Daughter Dyad in Tan's Narratives." Tribhuvan University Journal 32, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v32i1.24792.
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Immigrants suffer problematic cultural identities due to their bicultural allegiances to their host and native cultures. They can not be totally free from their ‘being’, the shared cultural and historical experiences. As a result, they follow their cultural practices of native country even in their diasporic existences. At the same time, they adopt and follow the cultural practices of the host country. In fact, they are living in the cultural third space simultaneously oscillating between two cultures. In such cultural in-between’s, the first generation and the second generation immigrants undergo different experience in diaspora. In this article, Chinese American writer Amy Tan’s two fictions namely The Joy Luck Club and The Bonesetter’s Daughter are analyzed focusing on cultural identities of second generation immigrants. The second generation in these narratives is the daughters of Chinese immigrant mothers. Their relationship with their mothers unfolds their simultaneous attraction and distraction to the both native and host culture. Consequently, their cultural identities remain unstable, blurred and in the processes of transformation in the cultural third space of diaspora.
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Mindlis, Irina, and Paolo Boffetta. "Mood disorders in first- and second-generation immigrants: Systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 210, no. 3 (March 2017): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.181107.
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BackgroundAlthough there are consistent reports of higher psychosis rates among immigrants, the information on mood disorders is limited.AimsTo review and quantify the difference in incidence of mood disorders in first- and second-generation immigrant (FGI and SGI) groupsv.non-immigrants.MethodPubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched for articles from cohort studies reporting incidence of mood disorders among FGIs and SGIs.ResultsEighteen studies met our inclusion criteria. The summary relative risk (RR) for FGIs was 1.25 (95% CI 1.11–1.41), based on 17 effect sizes and 6120 cases, and 1.16 (95% CI 0.96–1.40) for SGIs based on three effect sizes. Men seemed at higher risk (RR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06–1.56).ConclusionsClinicians should view FGIs as a group at risk of mood disorders, especially men. Further research is needed to understand immigrants' risk, especially in SGI.
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Massey, Douglas S. "Finding the Lost Generation: Identifying Second-Generation Immigrants in Federal Statistics." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 677, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218760506.
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This article underscores the importance of adding a question on parental birthplace to the American Community Survey (ACS). This question was removed from the long form of the U.S. Census after 1970 and replaced by a question on ancestry. While the former provides accurate information about a demographic fact that is critical to the identification of the children of immigrants, the latter refers to a subjective social construction that has limited utility for purposes of program administration, apportionment, or governance. At the time that the parental birthplace question was eliminated, the percentage of ACS respondents who were foreign-born had reached an all-time low, and the second generation was aging and shrinking, so the loss to the nation’s statistical system was not immediately apparent. With the revival of immigration in the final quarter of the twentieth century, the inability to identify and study the second generation has become glaringly apparent. Immigrants and their children now constitute a quarter of the U.S. population: their nonwhite racial origins and a widespread lack of legal documents among them render their prospects for integration uncertain. Our current inability to accurately measure progress between first- and second-generation immigrants now constitutes a major weakness in the U.S. statistical system.
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Kim, Dae Sung. "New Missions with a New Generation: The Experiences of Korean American Churches and Missions." International Bulletin of Mission Research 44, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396939319838911.
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Korean immigrants have continued to form Protestant churches in the US and to contribute to overseas missions. As the American-born second generation grows, however, ethnic congregations of Koreans are experiencing generational struggles. These new challenges represent the potential for Korean American churches to broaden their missionary perspective and empower their missionary practices. Through gathering and witnessing with the second generation, immigrant churches can transform their churches into missionary communities that evangelize and cooperate with other Asian Americans. Second-generation Christians can also lead the immigrant churches to reach other ethnic groups in the US beyond their Korean enclaves.
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Portes, Alejandro, and Richard Schauffler. "Language and the Second Generation: Bilingualism Yesterday and Today." International Migration Review 28, no. 4 (December 1994): 640–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800402.
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The language adaptation of second generation children is explored in the context of the history of linguistic absorption and bilingualism in America. Strong nativist pressures toward monolingualism have commonly led to the extinction of immigrant languages in two or three generations. Contemporary fears of loss of English dominance are based on rapid immigration during recent decades and the emergence of linguistic enclaves in several cities around the country. This article explores the extent of language transition and the resilience of immigrant languages on the basis of data from south Florida, one of the areas most heavily affected by contemporary immigration. Results from a sample of 2,843 children of immigrants in the area indicate that: 1) knowledge of English is near universal; 2) preference for English is almost as high, even among children educated in immigrant-sponsored bilingual schools; 3) preservation of parental languages varies inversely with length of U.S. residence and residential locations away from areas of ethnic concentration. Hypotheses about other determinants of bilingualism are examined in a multivariate framework. The relationships of bilingualism to educational attainment and educational and occupational aspirations are also explored.
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Jakič, Maja, and Danica Rotar Pavlič. "Patients’ perception of differences in general practitioners’ attitudes toward immigrants compared to the general population: Qualicopc Slovenia." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2016-0020.
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Abstract Introduction Globally, the number of immigrants is rising every year, so that the number of immigrants worldwide is estimated at 200 million. In Slovenia, immigrants comprise 6.5% of the overall population. Immigrants bring along to a foreign country their cultural differences and these differences can affect immigrants’ overall health status and lead to chronic health conditions. The aim of this study was to identify patients’ perception of general practitioners’ (GPs’) attitudes toward immigrants in Slovenia. Methods This study was based on the Qualicopc questionnaire. We used the questions that targeted patients’ experience with the appointment at their GP on the day that the study was carried out. Results There were no differences in GPs’ accessibility based on groups included in our study (p>0.05). Compared to the non-immigrant population, first-generation immigrants answered that their GPs were impolite (p=0.018) and that they did not take enough time for them (p=0.038). In addition, they also experienced more difficulties understanding their GP’s instructions (p<0.001). Second-generation immigrants experienced more negative behaviour from GPs, and first-generation immigrants had more difficulties understanding GPs’ instructions. Conclusion There may be some differences in patients’ perception of GPs’ attitudes towards immigrants in comparison with the general Slovenian population. However, based on the perception of the immigrants that do benefit from the medical care it is not possible to judge the GPs’ attitudes towards immigrants as worse compared to their attitude towards the non-immigrant population. Indeed, there may be other reasons why the patients answered the way they did.
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Nakayama, Mikiyasu, Junko Toyoshima, and Nagisa Shiiba. "Pivotal Factors in the Acculturation of the Second-Generation Marshallese Immigrants to the United States." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0346.
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Climate-induced emigration from the Pacific Island countries to the United States is expected to increase as the island nations experience sea level rise. Since 1986, approximately 30,000 nationals from the Marshall Islands have immigrated to the United States. Hawaii has been a common destination for Marshallese immigrants over the past 30 years. However, Marshallese immigrants have not been fully acculturated to the United States. This has resulted in problems such as lower attendance rates at schools and work. In this study, we compared Marshallese immigrants’ characteristics with those of second-generation Japanese immigrants to the United States from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, on the basis of the latter’s documented adaptation to American society and establishment of a positive social status. We identified differences between Marshallese immigrants to Hawaii (from the late 1980s to the present) and Japanese immigrants to Hawaii (from the 1880s to the 1920s). This comparision is made from the viewpoint of second-generation immigrants’ self identification while considering first-generation immigrants parenting of their children inculcating national and cultural identity. A comparison was made to identify the similarity and dissimilarity between the two second-generation groups, in order to identify the factors that made their acculturation to American society either a success or failure. It was found that the manner in which first-generation immigrants regard the cultural identity of the second generation greatly influences the acculturation of second-generation immigrants.
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Motti-Stefanidi, Frosso, Jens B. Asendorpf, and Ann S. Masten. "The adaptation and well-being of adolescent immigrants in Greek schools: A multilevel, longitudinal study of risks and resources." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 2 (April 17, 2012): 451–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412000090.
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AbstractThis study examined growth patterns in adaptation of immigrant youth from a risk and resilience perspective. Students from first- and second-generation immigrant families living in Greece and their nonimmigrant classmates (N= 1,057) were assessed over the first 3 years of secondary school (ages 13–15). Three-level hierarchical linear models were used to disentangle individual and classroom-level effects on initial level and change in academic achievement, conduct, peer popularity, and psychological well-being. At the individual level, adaptation was more related to self-efficacy and parental school involvement (resources) than immigrant status and social adversity (risks). Only for academic achievement did risks explain variance when resources were controlled. Parental school involvement moderated the effect of immigrant status for initial level and growth in achievement. For all students, achievement and conduct worsened over time. At the classroom level, socioeconomic and ethnic composition of the classroom moderated the effects of self-efficacy and immigrant status on academic achievement and peer popularity, respectively. Second-generation immigrants were more popular than first-generation immigrants, but showed a larger decrease over time in school achievement. Results support a developmental, differentiated, and contextualized approach to the study of immigrant youth adaptation.
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Pass, Michael D., Natasha S. Madon, Kristina Murphy, and Elise Sargeant. "To trust or distrust?: Unpacking ethnic minority immigrants’ trust in police." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 5 (April 18, 2020): 1320–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa023.
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Abstract Studies find that immigrants can be less trusting of police than non-immigrants, with immigrants’ views deteriorating as their length of residence in a host country increases. However, existing research has failed to consider different dimensions of trust. This study applies different trust measures (single-item and multi-item measures) to examine whether trust in police varies by immigrant status and length of residence. Using survey data from 1,367 first- and second-generation ethnic minority immigrants in Australia, we find that the effect of immigrant status and length of residence on trust varies depending on how trust in police is measured. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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Bhandari, Nagendra Bahadur. "Family Dynamics: An Intergenerational Study on Asian American Narratives." SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities 1 (August 1, 2019): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sjah.v1i0.34448.
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The relationship in Asian immigrant families ranges from intergenerational and intercultural conflict to mutual understanding over the period of the time. Shaped by different cultural contexts of native and host land, the first and second-generation immigrants have varying world views, perceptions and attitudes rendering conflicts of interests in their priorities. These differences are further widened by their generational differences. However, they negotiate their cultural differences and show mutual understanding, respect for differential priorities and flexibility for co-optation of diverse cultural practices. They involve in dynamic intergenerational relationship full of inconsistencies and contradictions, which keeps of changing in different contexts over the period of time. This article explores the dynamic relationship of the first and second-generation immigrants in Asian-American narratives: The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri, The Bonesetter’s Daughter by Amy Tan, Native Speaker by Change rae Lee and Chorus of Mushrooms by Hiromi Goto. Both generation immigrant characters in these narratives constantly vacillate between the cultural spaces of their home and host countries in their negotiation of intergenerational relationship. This article analyzes the cultural vacillation of immigrants in the critical frame of Stuart Hall’s cultural identity which he conceptualizes in his notion of being and becoming.
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Checa, Juan Carlos, Ángeles Arjona, Montserrat Monserrat, and Darío Salguero. "Leisure Behavior of Young Immigrants in Andalusia (Spain): The Process of Acculturation through Physical Activities and Sport." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010580.
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The purpose of this paper is to understand the role that physical activity and sport plays during leisure time (LTPAS) in the social integration of young immigrants (Africans, Latin-Americans, and Eastern Europeans) in Andalusia, Spain. Method: With this aim, Physical Activity and Sport Acculturation Index (PASAI) data were collected through a survey of the immigrant population aged 15–20. The final sample consists of 440 surveys. The average age was 17.6 (SD = 2.9). 48.4% of them were men, 72% were single, and 72.8% had secondary-level studies. In terms of generation, the second-generation population represented 25.8% of the total, the 1.5 generation 43.5%, and the first generation 30.7%. The questionnaire was voluntarily answered by immigrant students in classrooms and was completed in the second stage via random surveys of residential areas to cover the quota of age and origin. A regression analysis was applied in two phases, generating two models. The first included independent socio-demographic variables; the second included structural variables. Results: First, the results show that immigrants have a low participation rate in physical activity and sport during their leisure time. Second, generation and origin are the main variables that predict variation in physical and sport participation.
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Behrenz, Lars, Mats Hammarstedt, and Jonas Månsson. "Second‐Generation Immigrants in the Swedish Labour Market." International Review of Applied Economics 21, no. 1 (January 2007): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692170601035074.
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Moran, Mark. "Psychosis Risk Doesn't Drop in Second-Generation Immigrants." Psychiatric News 43, no. 24 (December 19, 2008): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.43.24.0012.
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Yaman, Firat. "Ethnic externalities in education and second-generation immigrants." Applied Economics 46, no. 34 (September 10, 2014): 4205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2014.952893.
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Hemminki, Kari, and Xinjun Li. "Cancer risks in second-generation immigrants to Sweden." International Journal of Cancer 99, no. 2 (April 22, 2002): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10323.
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Bersani, Bianca E., and Adam W. Pittman. "Reassessing the Generational Disparity in Immigrant Offending: A Within-family Comparison of Involvement in Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56, no. 6 (July 9, 2019): 851–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427819850600.
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Objective:This study reassesses the generational disparity in immigrant offending. Patterns and predictors of offending are compared using traditional peer-based models and an alternative within-family (parent–child dyad) model.Method:The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979; NLSY79) and NLSY-Child and Young Adult (NLSY_CYA) data are merged to create an intergenerational data set to compare generational disparities in immigrant offending across peers and within families. Differences in self-reported offending (prevalence and variety) by immigrant generation are assessed using a combination of descriptive analyses (χ2and analysis of variance) and regression models.Results:While NLSY_CYA children generally are at a greater risk of offending compared with the NLSY79 mothers, the difference in offending is greatest between first-generation mom and second-generation child dyads. Disparities in offending are driven in large part by exceedingly low levels of offending among first-generation immigrants.Conclusion:Although the factors driving an increase in offending between parent–child generations are not unique to immigrants, they are amplified in immigrant families. Whereas the second generation is remarkably similar to their U.S.-born counterparts in terms of their involvement in crime, suggesting a high degree of swift integration, the greater involvement in crime among the children of immigrants compared to their foreign-born mothers suggests a decline in well-being across successive generations.
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McLean-Farrell, Janice A. "“Ain’t I a Child of God?”." Mission Studies 31, no. 3 (November 19, 2014): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341356.
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In recent years much has been written about new immigrants to the us, and how they are adapting and adjusting to life within their new context. In the majority of these studies, attention has been given to examining residential patterns, employment trends, and the “coming of age” experiences of the second generation. What is noticeably absent however, has been the role that home life and religious institutions play within this process of adjustment/adaptation of the immigrants, especially for youth. In this paper, I will address this oversight by arguing that because the home and church contexts are constructed within a migration framework that also governs the lives of immigrants, they provide us with an important lens through which to examine the adaptation process. By analyzing qualitative research data collected amongst West Indian immigrant immigrants in New York City, I will propose that the home and religious contexts assist immigrants and the second generation in constructing and articulating matters of gender, while simultaneously shaping the way in which they live out their Christian faith and conduct mission in the wider society.
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Lim, Sokchea, and A. K. M. Mahbub Morshed. "Dynamics of immigrant assimilation: lessons from immigrants’ trust." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 518–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-02-2018-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics and persistence of interpersonal trust among immigrants in the USA. More specifically, the authors investigate the association between the levels of trust of US immigrants and the levels of trust in their home countries across different cohorts and generations of immigrants. Design/methodology/approach In order to quantify the extent of this relationship, the authors use two large sets of survey data, the General Social Survey and the World Value Survey, to construct the trust of immigrants in the USA and their levels of trust in their country of origin. The final sample size for the immigrants’ trust is 27,531 observations. Findings The examination of the two trust variables at different levels and for different cohorts show that there is an association between the levels of US immigrants’ trust and the levels of trust in the country of origin, suggesting that immigrants bring their culture with them and transmit it to the next generation. However, this association differs across various cohorts and generations of immigrants. The transmission of trust is strong in the second generation but becomes weaker in the third generation and seems to disappear in the fourth generation. Social implications Empirical estimates of how long the cultural traits embodied in a new immigrant are sustained in the newly adopted country are essential to the appraisal of the current apparent segregation of immigrants in the USA. Originality/value This paper focuses on the under-researched area of the dynamic properties of immigrants’ trust by using large data sets from social surveys. The authors examine this cultural assimilation across different cohorts and generations.
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Schnepel, Ellen. "Stigma, Status, and Hidden Health Problems: Starting a Public Health Dialogue Among Haitians in New York City." Practicing Anthropology 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.29.2.r522057x480266l3.
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In 1972 Bryce-Laporte wrote about the invisibility of black immigrants to the United States, suggesting that the persistence of racial discrimination in this country would undermine their life chances and compromise their quest for attainment of the American dream. Studies of the "new" second generation—that is, children born or raised in the U.S. of at least one immigrant parent (Portes, ed. 1996)—are now coming of age (Portes & Rumbaut 2001; Portes & Rumbaut, eds. 2001). Sociologists such as Philip Kasinitz and Mary Waters have studied the children of West Indian immigrants. Research on this second generation has focused overwhelmingly on issues of education, work, civic participation or incorporation, and identity (Kasinitz, et al. 2004; Waters 1999; Zéphir 2001). Few scholars have been examining important health-related behaviors or attitudes of second-generation Haitians.
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Chababi, Maria, Samia Chreim, and Martine Spence. "Are They Really Different: The Entrepreneurial Process from the Perspective of First and Second Generation Immigrant Entrepreneurs." Journal of Enterprising Culture 25, no. 03 (September 2017): 263–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495817500108.
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There is limited research on similarities and differences in entrepreneurial experiences of first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs. Using in-depth interviews with Lebanese entrepreneurs in two Canadian cities, we analyze how entrepreneurs belonging to two different generations of immigrants experience and enact opportunity identification and assessment, and business development and operation. The analysis shows that first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs diverge in their views of macro-institutional structures (such as regulation), risk, trust, and the role of divine providence in the entrepreneurial venture. The findings highlight the importance of understanding how first generation immigrant entrepreneurs’ past frames — developed in the pre-migration context — interact with the environment in the country of settlement in shaping entrepreneurial undertaking. The study also highlights second generation immigrant entrepreneurs’ perceived similarities to and differences from mainstream entrepreneurs. Implications for research and policy are addressed.
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Kasselstrand, Isabella, and Setareh Mahmoudi. "Secularization among immigrants in Scandinavia: Religiosity across generations and duration of residence." Social Compass 67, no. 4 (August 18, 2020): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037768620948478.
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The integration of religious minorities within the secularized West has been a recurring topic of scholarly interest. Previous studies show that religious identities are shaped by family background and social context. Using data from the European Social Survey, this study turns to Scandinavia, the most secular region of the world, to examine religious salience among immigrants over time and across generations. The findings reveal that on most measures, second-generation immigrants are more secular than the first generation, but more religious than their native peers. However, individuals with one immigrant and one native parent are less likely to identify with a religion than other groups, including the native majority. Furthermore, among first-generation immigrants, there is a negative relationship between the duration of residence and religiosity. This study argues for the fluidity of religiosity among immigrants and the secularizing effect of structural agents on the salience of religious identities.
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Heisig, Jan Paul, and Merlin Schaeffer. "The Educational System and the Ethnic Skills Gap among the Working-Age Population: An Analysis of 16 Western Immigration Countries." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (January 2020): 237802312092571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120925717.
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Research shows that children of immigrants, the “second generation,” have comparatively high educational aspirations. This “immigrant optimism” translates into ambitious educational choices, given the second generation’s level of academic performance. Choice-driven (comprehensive) education systems, which allow the children of immigrants to follow their ambitions, are therefore regarded as facilitating their structural integration. The authors focus on an underappreciated consequence of these findings. If the second generation strives for higher qualifications than children of native-born parents with similar performance, working-age children of immigrants should have lower skills than children of native-born parents with comparable formal education. This could result in (statistical) employer discrimination and ultimately hamper integration. This pattern should be particularly pronounced in choice-driven education systems and in systems that emphasize vocational education. Two-step regression models using data on 16 countries support these expectations. The authors explore implications of these findings for comparative research on ethnic gaps in labor market attainment.
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CANTOR-GRAAE, ELIZABETH, KRYSTYNA ZOLKOWSKA, and THOMAS F. McNEIL. "Increased risk of psychotic disorder among immigrants in Malmö: a 3-year first-contact study." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 8 (April 7, 2005): 1155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705004721.
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Background. Previous findings of increased rates of psychotic disorders among immigrants to Sweden are primarily based on hospital samples. The aim of the current study was to compare the risks of first contact for psychotic and schizophrenic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants to the risks in native ‘Swedes’.Method. During a 3-year period, diagnostic information was collected on all patients with a possible psychotic disorder who made a first-in-lifetime contact with both in-patient and out-patient psychiatric services in Malmö.Results. First-generation immigrants to Sweden had an increased risk of developing psychotic and schizophrenic disorders compared to Swedes (age- and gender-adjusted relative risk, RR 2·9, 95% CI 2·0–4·0 and RR 4·0, 95% CI 1·8–8·6 respectively). Risks for these disorders were not significantly increased in second-generation immigrants. The highest risks of developing psychotic disorder compared to Swedes were found in first-generation immigrants with ‘black’ (versus ‘neither black nor white’, or ‘white’) skin colour (RR 5·8, 95% CI 2·8–13·4) and birthplace in a developing (versus developed) country (RR 3·3, 95% CI 2·3–4·8).Conclusion. The increased risks of psychosis obtained especially in immigrant groups having relatively disadvantaged status in Sweden suggest that psychosocial factors may contribute to the development of psychotic disorders.
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Agrawal, M., S. Shrestha, G. Corn, N. M. Nielsen, M. Frisch, J. F. Colombel, and T. Jess. "OP07 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases among immigrants to Denmark: A population-based cohort study." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S006—S007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.006.
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Abstract Background The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) among immigrants and in countries with historically low IBD risk is rising, implicating environmental risk factors in IBD pathogenesis. The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence rates of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), among immigrants to Denmark, a high IBD incidence country, according to the country of birth and age at immigration, in comparison with the corresponding incidence rates in the Danish host population. Methods Using the Danish Civil Registration System, we identified all residents in Denmark with a known country of birth between January 1977 and December 2018. First-generation immigrants were persons who, along with parents, were born outside Denmark; second-generation immigrants were Danish-born persons whose parents were born outside Denmark. We recorded immigrants’ (or parents’) country of birth, age at immigration and duration of stay in Denmark. Study participants were followed for CD and UC diagnosis in the Danish National Patient Registry. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) according to immigration status were estimated using log-linear Poisson regression analysis, and stratified by IBD prevalence in the country of birth (low, intermediate and high), and among first-generation immigrants, by age at immigration and duration of stay in Denmark. Results In this cohort of 9,038,025 subjects, among 1,295,518 first-generation and 208,826 second-generation immigrants eligible for inclusion, 4,805 first-generation and 898 second-generation immigrants were diagnosed with CD or UC. The risk of IBD among first-generation immigrants reflected risk in the country of birth (low, intermediate or high, Table 1), and increased with >20 years stay in Denmark (Table 2). Among second-generation immigrants, the risk of CD and UC was comparable to that in Danish natives (Table 1). Younger age at immigration did not impact IBD risk. Conclusion In this population-based study, the risk of IBD among first-generation immigrants reflected that in their country of birth, and increased with >20 years stay in Denmark. Among second-generation immigrants, the risk was comparable to native Danes. These findings underscore the role of environmental risk factors in the aetiology of IBD. Further studies to determine risk factors for IBD among immigrants to Denmark are ongoing.