Academic literature on the topic 'SECOND GENERATION VOLTAGE CONVEYOR'

Since a superconductor has no resistance below a certain temperature and can therefore save a large amount of energy dissipated, it is a 'green' material by saving energy loss and hence reducing carbon emissions. Recently the massive manufacture of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials has enabled superconductivity to become a preferred candidate to help generation and transportation of cleaner energy. One of the most promising applications of superconductors is Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems, which are becoming the enabling engine for improving the capacity, efficiency, and reliability of the electric system. SMES systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil. SMES systems have many advantages compared to other energy storage systems: high cyclic efficiency, fast response time, deep discharge and recharge ability, and a good balance between power density and energy density. Based on these advantages, SMES systems will play an indispensable role in improving power qualities, integrating renewable energy sources and energizing transportation systems. This thesis describes an intensive study of superconducting pancake coils wound using second-generation(2G) HTS materials and their application in SMES systems. The specific contribution of this thesis includes an innovative design of the SMES system, an easily calculated, but theoretically advanced numerical model to analyse the system, extensive experiments to validate the design and model, and a complete demonstration experiment of the prototype SMES system. This thesis begins with literature review which includes the introduction of the background theory of superconductivity and development of SMES systems. Following the literature review is the theoretical work. A prototype SMES system design, which provides the maximum stored energy for a particular length of conductors, has been investigated. Furthermore, a new numerical model, which can predict all necessary operation parameters, including the critical current and AC losses of the system, is presented. This model has been extended to analyse superconducting coils in different situations as well. To validate the theoretical design and model, several superconducting coils, which are essential parts of the prototype SMES system, together with an experimental measurement set-up have been built. The coils have been energized to test their energy storage capability. The operation parameters including the critical current and AC losses have been measured. The results are consistent with the theoretical predictions. Finally the control system is developed and studied. A power electronics control circuit of the prototype SMES system has been designed and simulated. This control circuit can energize or discharge the SMES system dynamically and robustly. During a voltage sag compensation experiment, this SMES prototype monitored the power system and successfully compensated the voltage sag when required. By investigating the process of building a complete system from the initial design to the final experiment, the concept of a prototype SMES system using newly available 2G HTS tapes was validated. This prototype SMES system is the first step towards the implementation of future indsutrial SMES systems with bigger capacities, and the knowledge obtained through this research provides a comprehensive overview of the design of complete SMES systems.

It is commonly agreed among energy experts that smart meters (SMs) are the key component that will facilitate the transition towards the smart grid. Fast-peace innovations in the smart metering infrastructure (AMI) are exposing countless benefits that network operators can obtain when they integrate SMs applications into their daily operations.  Following the amendment in 2017, where the Swedish government dictated that all SMs should now include new features such as remote control, higher time resolution for the energy readings and a friendly interface for customers to access their own data; network operators in Sweden are currently replacing their SMs for a new model, also called the second generation of SMs. While the replacement of meters is in progress, many utilities like Hemab are trying to reveal which technical and financial benefits the new generation of SMs will bring to their operations.    As a first step, this thesis presents the results of a series of interviews carried out with different network operators in Sweden. It is studied which functionalities have the potential to succeed in the near future, as well as those functionalities that are already being tested or fully implemeneted by some utilities in Sweden. Furthermore, this thesis analyses those obstacles and barriers that utilities encounter when trying to implement new applications using the new SMs. In a second stage, an alarm system for power interruptions and voltage-quality events (e.g., overvoltage and undervoltage) using VisionAir software and OMNIPOWER 3-phase meters is evaluated. The results from the evaluation are divided into three sections: a description of the settings and functionalities of the alarm, the outcomes from the test, and a final discussion of potential applications. This study has revealed that alarm functions, data analytics (including several methods such as load forecasting, customer segmentation and non-technical losses analysis), power quality monitoring, dynamic pricing, and load shedding have the biggest potential to succeed in Sweden in the coming years. Furthermore, it can be stated that the lack of time, prioritization of other projects in the grid and the integration of those new applications into the current system seem to be the main barrier for Swedish utilities nowadays. Regarding the alarm system, it was found that the real benefits for network operators arrive when the information coming from an alarm system is combined with a topology interface of the network and a customer notifications server. Both applications could improve customer satisfaction by significantly reducing outage time and providing customers with real-time and precise information about the problems in the grid.

Master’s thesis deals with design of rail-to-rail second generation current conveyor in CMOS technology. Describes principles of function of different generations of current conveyors, as well as the basic principle of design of second generation current conveyor based on operational amplifier. Addresses circuit topology of input rail-to-rail stage and class AB output stage. The objective of this thesis is to design, characterize performance and create layout of second generation current conveyor with input common mode voltage rail-to-rail capability in ONSemi I3T25 technology.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>電機工程學系研究所<br>91<br>We developed low voltage wide swing second generation current conveyors(CCII) with the application to a insensitive Butterworth second-order low-pass filter. All circuits are designed using the parameters of TSMC 1P4M 0.35um process. The minimum supply voltage of CCII(1) circuit is |Vtp|+3Vod. The supply voltage of CCII(2) circuit is |Vtp|+2Vod. The voltage swing of the CCIIs are almost rail to rail.

博士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>電腦與通訊研究所<br>102<br>The new low-voltage positive type second-generation current conveyor (CCII+), the negative type second-generation current conveyor (CCII-), their current feedback amplifier (CFA), the multi-output second-generation current conveyor (MOCCII), and the oscillator and filter applications suitable for portable instrument and measurement systems are proposed in the paper. The proposed current conveyors are based on an inverter-based low-voltage error amplifier, and a positive or negative current mirror. There are no on-chip capacitors in the proposed current conveyors, and can be designed with standard CMOS digital processes which will reduce the cost of chip fabrication. Moreover, the architecture of the proposed circuits without cascoded MOSFET transistors is easily designed and suitable for low-voltage operation. The CCII+/CCII- could be operated in a very low supply voltage such as ±0.5V. These proposed CCIIs have been fabricated with TSMC 0.18um CMOS processes and applied to low-voltage CCII oscillators and filters suitable for portable instrument and measurement systems.

Low-power design for portable devices is becoming increasingly crucial in today's environment. This entices researchers to seek for the best solution while minimising compromises with other characteristics like as speed and area. Power consumption is becoming a critical aspect in chip design as the density of transistors on a chip rises in order to meet high performance requirements. Power dissipation is becoming a serious challenge as transistors are being scaled down. In this project I am working upon “Second Generation Voltage Conveyor (VCII)”. VCII is based upon dual concept of CCII block. VCII is a three terminal device. It provides voltage realization atouput port. I am simulating a VCII Block using LTspice.We have used TSMC level 8, 180nm node parameter in our simulation. This block comprises of 2 stages 1st one is current buffer stage and 2nd one is voltage buffer stage. I have performed its DC analysis as current buffer and as a voltage buffer. I have calculated its impedance at all three ports. In this report I will discuss its functionality and and advantage over Op-Amp. and CCII block in detail. In this report I will present the changes I have made, in current buffer stage, and in voltage buffer stage. In the previous simulation I used the current buffer stage with single output, this time I will use the differential current buffer stage and voltage buffer stage. These stage promises much better bandwidth, stability, and low power results in comparision to previous one. I will also implement application using this voltage conveyor. We will simulate the 1st order Low pass, High pass and Band pass active filters, current to voltage converter, voltage to current converter, voltage differentiator, voltage integrator,voltage buffer, current buffer, and perform AC analysis,DC and transient analysis.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>91<br>Abstract Two new simpler versatile current/voltage-mode biquads are proposed in this thesis. First, a universal current-mode biquad with two inputs and three outputs or three inputs and one output using a single fully differential second-generation current conveyor (FDCCⅡ) and four grounded/virtually-grounded passive elements is proposed. Then, the other voltage-mode biquad with a single input and three outputs, and two differential-voltage outputs using one FDCCⅡ, one voltage-follower(VF), and four passive elements is proposed. Both proposed circuits have the following advantageous features: simultaneous realization of five generic filter signals from the same configuration without any component matching conditions, no requirements of any cancellation constraints, orthogonal adjustment of ωo/Q and ωo through two separate resistors, employment of two grounded capacitors ideal for integrated circuit implementation, very low active and passive sensitivities, cascadability and simpler circuit structures.

Second generation voltage controlled conveyers is an active block that is being widely explored in the field of analog electronics. Many exciting and wide range applications are being realized using second generation voltage conveyers. The applications such as sensor read out circuits, amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, multivibrators, etc. The properties of VCII can be used to implement applications like current follower, voltage follower, voltage to current converter, current to voltage converter, voltage differentiator, voltage integrator, etc. The work done during the course of this project helps in realizing analog circuits based on second generation voltage conveyer circuit. The analog circuits which have been implemented using VCII in this project are voltage buffer, current buffer, current to voltage converter, voltage to current converter, voltage differentiator, voltage integrator, Schmitt trigger, and Pulse Width Modulator. The Schmitt Trigger and Pulse Width Modulator circuits that have been designed using VCII presents a novel approach to realizing such non linear applications using active blocks. The circuits of Schmitt Trigger and Pulse Width Modulator have been designed using CMOS technology of 180 nm. The operation of both the circuits have been critically analyzed through mathematical computations and the feasibility of the circuits have been validated using SPICE simulations.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>86<br>It has been verified that the circuits constructed by active current-mode elements have the advantage of higher signal bandwidths, larger dynamic range, greater linearity, less power dissipation and simpler circuit structure. So, the circuits which are designed by employing the current conveyor and the current feedback amplifier have been received considerable attention recently. In addition, the differential voltage curre-nt conveyor was presented by H. O. Elwan and A. M. Soliman in 1997. This active element is a powerful building block, especially for applica-tion demanding differential or floating inputs like impedance converters and current-mode instrumentation amplifiers.We proposed two filters using the second-generation current conve-yor, which are one multifunction voltage-mode filter with one input and three outputs and one universal current-mode filter with three inputs and one output, respectively.Comparing with the published paper, the proposed circuits offer the following advantageous features: use fewer active and passive components, suit for integration and enjoy low active and passive sensitivities.Moreover, we design a serial voltage-mode or current-mode filters employing the differential voltage current conveyor. We also discuss their characteristics and feasibilities.The last, we proposed a current-mode filter with one input and three outputs using the voltage follower and current follower which are with low tracking errors.The results of experiments and simulations using the IC-AD844 or the Design Center 6.1 are obtained to confirm the theoretical predictions.