Books: 'Second industrial revolution'

1

Urban modernity: Cultural innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010.

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Nomura, Chikayoshi. The House of Tata Meets the Second Industrial Revolution. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8678-6.

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Donovan, John J. The second industrial revolution: Business strategy and Internet technology. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.

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4

Rutledge, John. Rust to riches: The coming of the second industrial revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.

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Atkeson, Andrew. The transition to a new economy after the Second Industrial Revolution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.

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6

Lamoreaux, Naomi R. Financing invention during the second industrial revolution: Cleveland, Ohio, 1870-1920. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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7

Institute of Manpower Studies (Great Britain) and Occupations Study Group (Great Britain), eds. Services--the second industrial revolution?: Business and jobs outlook for UK growth industries. London: Butterworths, 1987.

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Sutthiphisal, Dhanoos. Learning-by-producing and the geographic links between invention and production: Experience from the second industrial revolution. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Chin, Aimee. Technical change and the wage structure during the second industrial revolution: Evidence from the merchant marine, 1865-1912. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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Chin, Aimee. Technical change and the wage structure during the second industrial revolution: Evidence from the merchant marine, 1865-1912. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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11

Rajan, Amin. Services - the second industrial revolution?: Business and jobs outlook for UK growth industries : an employer-based study by the Institute of Manpower Studies for the Occupations StudyGroup. London: Butterworths, 1987.

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Rajan, Amin. Services - the second industrial revolution?: Business and jobs outlook for the UK growth industries : an employer-based study by the Institute of Manpower Studies for the Occupations Study Group. London: Butterworth, 1987.

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13

Germany) International Meeting of Collectors and Researchers of Historical Computing Instruments (19th 2013 Berlin. Computing for science, engineering, and production: Mathematical tools for the second industrial revolution : proceedings of the 19th International Meeting of Collectors and Researchers of Historical Computing Instruments, Berlin, October 11-12, 2013. Edited by Kleine Karl editor. Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2013.

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14

Delhi, India) Global Summit cum Exhibition on Second Green Revolution: Agriculture-to-Agribusiness (4th 2012 New. Second green revolution: Agriculture to agribusiness. New Delhi: Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, 2012.

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15

Cantoni, Virginio, Gabriele Falciasecca, and Giuseppe Pelosi, eds. Storia delle telecomunicazioni. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-245-5.

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Focusing on the history of scientific and technological development over recent centuries, the book is dedicated to the history of telecommunications, where Italy has always been in the vanguard, and is presented by many of the protagonists of the last half century. The book is divided into five sections. The first, dealing with the origins, starts from the scientific bases of the evolution of telecommunications in the nineteenth century (Bucci), addressing the developments of scientific thought that led to the revolution of the theory of fields (Morando), analysing the birth of the three fundamental forms of communication – telegraph (Maggi), telephone (Del Re) and radio (Falciasecca) – and ending with the contribution made by the Italian Navy to the development of telecommunications (Carulli, Pelosi, Selleri, Tiberio). The second section, on technical and scientific developments, presents the numerical processing of signals (Rocca), illustrating the genesis and metamorphosis of transmission (Pupolin, Benedetto, Mengali, Someda, Vannucchi), network packets (Marsan, Guadagni, Lenzini), photonics in telecommunications (Prati) and addresses the issue of research within the institutions (Fedi-Morello), dwelling in particular on the CSELT (Mossotto). The next section deals with the sectors of application, offering an overview of radio, television and the birth of digital cinema (Vannucchi, Visintin), military communications (Maestrini, Costamagna), the development of radar (Galati) and spatial telecommunications (Tartara, Marconicchio). Section four, on the organisation of the services and the role of industry, outlines the rise and fall of the telecommunications industries in Italy (Randi), dealing with the telecommunications infrastructures (Caroppo, Gamerro), the role of the providers in national communications (Gerarduzzi), the networks and the mobile and wireless services (Falciasecca, Ongaro) and finally taking a look towards the future from the perspective of the last fifty years (Vannucchi). The last section, dealing with training and dissemination, offers an array of food for thought: university training in telecommunications, with focus on the evolution of legislation and on the professional profiles (Roveri), social and cultural aspects (Longo and Crespellani) as well as a glance over the most important museums, collections and documentary sources for telecommunications in Italy (Lucci, Savini, Temporelli, Valotti). The book is designed to offer a compendium comprising different analytical approaches, and aims to foster an interest in technology in the new generations, in the hope of stimulating potentially innovative research.

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16

Felman, Lewis. Second Industrial Revolution. Prentice Hall, 1985.

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17

Kargon, Robert H., Morris Low, Sophie Forgan, Martina Hessler, and Miriam R. Levin. Urban Modernity: Cultural Innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution. MIT Press, 2010.

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18

Kargon, Robert H., Morris Low, Sophie Forgan, Martina Hessler, and Miriam R. Levin. Urban Modernity: Cultural Innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution. MIT Press, 2010.

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19

R, Levin Miriam, ed. Urban modernity: Cultural innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2010.

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20

Kargon, Robert H., Morris Low, Sophie Forgan, Martina Hessler, and Miriam R. Levin. Urban Modernity: Cultural Innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution. MIT Press, 2010.

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21

Allen, Robert C. 6. The spread of the Industrial Revolution abroad. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198706786.003.0006.

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The Industrial Revolution may have ended for Britain in 1867, but it had only just begun elsewhere. ‘The spread of the Industrial Revolution abroad’ charts the different regions’ share of world manufacturing. The second industrial revolution was in Western Europe, whose share of world manufacturing increased from 12 per cent in the 18th century to 28 per cent in 1913. Even more dramatic was the rise of the North American share: from less than 1 per cent in the 18th century to a peak value of 47 per cent in 1953. Other regions experiencing industrial revolutions in the 20th century were the former USSR, East Asia, and China.

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22

Solomon, Matthew. Méliès Boots: Footwear and Film Manufacturing in Second Industrial Revolution Paris. University of Michigan Press, 2022.

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23

Solomon, Matthew. Méliès Boots: Footwear and Film Manufacturing in Second Industrial Revolution Paris. University of Michigan Press, 2022.

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24

Free, Mitch, and Rick Smith. Great Disruption: Competing and Surviving in the Second Wave of the Industrial Revolution. St. Martin's Press, 2016.

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25

Snape, Robert. Leisure and Welfare in Britain from the Industrial Revolution to the Second World War. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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26

author, Free Mitch, ed. The great disruption: Competing and surviving in the second wave of the industrial revolution. 2016.

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27

The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By. iUniverse, Inc., 2006.

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28

Heroes of Invention: Technology, Liberalism and British Identity, 1750-1914 (Cambridge Studies in Economic History - Second Series). Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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29

Nomura, Chikayoshi. The House of Tata Meets the Second Industrial Revolution: An Institutional Analysis of Tata Iron and Steel Co. in Colonial India. Springer, 2018.

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30

Nomura, Chikayoshi. The House of Tata Meets the Second Industrial Revolution: An Institutional Analysis of Tata Iron and Steel Co. in Colonial India. Springer, 2018.

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31

Christensen, Peter H., ed. Buffalo at the Crossroads. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749766.001.0001.

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This book is a diverse set of twelve cutting-edge chapters that highlight the outsized importance of Buffalo, New York, within the story of American urbanism. The chapters consider the history of Buffalo's built environment in light of contemporary developments and in relationship to the evolving interplay between nature, industry, and architecture. The chapters examine Buffalo's architectural heritage in rich context: the Second Industrial Revolution; the City Beautiful movement; world's fairs; grain, railroad, and shipping industries; urban renewal and so-called white flight; and the larger networks of labor and production that set the city's economic fate. The book pays attention to currents that connect contemporary architectural work in Buffalo to the legacies established by its esteemed architectural founders: Richardson, Olmsted, Adler, Sullivan, Bethune, Wright, Saarinen, and others. The book is a compelling introduction to Buffalo's architecture and developed landscape that frames discussion about the city.

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32

Amatori, Franco, Matteo Bugamelli, and Andrea Colli. Technology, Firm Size, and Entrepreneurship. Edited by Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0016.

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Firms are one of the main characters of any economy and an excellent observatory for monitoring a nation's evolution. The history of Italy's productive system in the last 150 years is divided into three parts, corresponding to a similar number of industrial revolutions. While firms obtained excellent results in the first two, their inability to grow further inhibited the wide use of the Third Industrial Revolution's features, information and communication technologies. This became a serious obstacle for Italy reaching the international economic frontier. There are many causes-political and economic, macro and microeconomic, domestic and international-behind the turnaround in Italy's economic performance, but the key one was firm size. The argument is developed along three steps. First: firm size is positively correlated to innovation, internationalization, adoption of advanced technologies, and ability to face new competitive challenges; larger firms record higher productivity both in levels and growth rates. Second: the distribution of firms in terms of dimensions was adequate until the 1970s, but defective later on. Finally: because firm size is not a given (but an endogenous choice of entrepreneurs), this chapter examines some key entrepreneurs and managers so as to identify the main features of Italian entrepreneurship.

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33

Whyman, Susan E. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797838.003.0001.

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The introduction shows the convergence and intertwining of the Industrial Revolution and the provincial Enlightenment. At the centre of this industrial universe lay Birmingham; and at its centre was Hutton. England’s second city is described in the mid-eighteenth century, and Hutton is used as a lens to explore the book’s themes: the importance of a literate society shared by non-elites; the social category of ‘rough diamonds’; how individuals responded to economic change; political participation in industrial towns; shifts in the modes of authorship; and an analysis of social change. The strategy of using microhistory, biography, and the history of the book is discussed, and exciting new sources are introduced. The discovery that self-education allowed unschooled people to participate in literate society renders visible people who were assumed to be illiterate. This suggests that eighteenth-century literacy was greater than statistics based on formal schooling indicate.

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34

Vamplew, Wray. Industrialization and Sport. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.17.

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This chapter considers three main aspects of sport and industrialization. First, it challenges the conventional wisdom that the British Industrial Revolution was the catalyst for the development of modern sport in Britain and that subsequently Britain’s industrialization led to the cultural export of sport to the rest of the world. In doing so it critiques Guttmann’s theory of modernization in sport; unravels the various influences of industrialization, urbanization, and commercialization; and notes several different models of sport development that emerged around the world. Second, it examines the economic history of sport becoming an industry itself, looking at equipment manufacture, gate-money spectator sport, the role of the professional player, and the various objectives of the entrepreneurs involved. Finally, it considers sport in the industrial workplace, particularly the motives of employers who provided sports facilities for their workers. It emphasizes that sport was often offered to both male and female employees.

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35

Vvedensky, Dimitri D. Quantum dots: Self-organized and self-limiting assembly. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.6.

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This article describes the self-organized and self-limiting assembly of quantum dots, with particular emphasis on III–V semiconductor quantum dots. It begins with a background on the second industrial revolution, highlighted by advances in information technology and which paved the way for the era of ‘quantum nanostructures’. It then considers the science and technology of quantum dots, followed by a discussion on methods of epitaxial growth and fabrication methodologies of semiconductor quantum dots and other supported nanostructures, including molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. It also examines self-organization in Stranski–Krastanov systems, site control of quantum dots on patterned substrates, nanophotonics with quantum dots, and arrays of quantum dots.

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36

Freeland, Chrystia. Sale of the Century: The Inside Story of the Second Russian Revolution. Little Brown, 2000.

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37

Lippert, Amy DeFalco. Consuming Identities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190268978.001.0001.

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Along with the rapid expansion of the market economy and industrial production methods, innovations including photography, lithography, and steam printing created a pictorial revolution in the nineteenth century. Consuming Identities: Visual Culture in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco explores the significance of that revolution in one of its vanguard cities: San Francisco, the revolving door of the gold rush and the hub of Pacific migration and trade. The proliferation of visual prints, ephemera, spectacles, and technologies transformed public values and perceptions, and its legacy was as significant as the print revolution that preceded it. In their correspondence, diaries, portraits, and reminiscences, thousands of migrants to the city by the Bay demonstrated that visual media constituted a central means by which to navigate the bewildering host of changes taking hold around them in the second half of the nineteenth century. Images themselves were inextricably associated with these world-changing forces; they were commodities, but they also possessed special cultural qualities that gave them new meaning and significance. Visual media transcended traditional boundaries of language and culture that had divided groups within the same urban space. From the 1848 conquest of California and the gold discovery to the disastrous earthquake and fire of 1906, San Francisco anticipated broader national transformations in the commodification, implementation, and popularity of images. For the city’s inhabitants and visitors, an array of imagery came to mediate, intersect with, and even constitute social interaction in a world where virtual reality was becoming normative.

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38

Davies, Aled. The City of London and Social Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804116.001.0001.

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The City of London and Social Democracy: The Political Economy of Finance in Post-War Britain evaluates the changing relationship between the United Kingdom financial sector (colloquially referred to as ‘the City of London’) and the post-war social democratic state. The key argument made in the book is that changes to the British financial system during the 1960s and 1970s undermined a number of the key components of social democratic economic policy practised by the post-war British state. The institutionalization of investment in pension and insurance funds; the fragmentation of an oligopolistic domestic banking system; the emergence of an unregulated international capital market centred on London; the breakdown of the Bretton Woods international monetary system; and the popularization of a City-centric, anti-industrial conception of Britain’s economic identity, all served to disrupt and undermine the social democratic economic strategy that had attempted to develop and maintain Britain’s international competitiveness as an industrial economy since the Second World War. These findings assert the need to place the Thatcher governments’ subsequent economic policy revolution, in which a liberal market approach accelerated deindustrialization and saw the rapid expansion of the nation’s international financial service industry, within a broader material and institutional context previously underappreciated by historians.

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39

Stanley, Matthew E. Grand Army of Labor. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043741.001.0001.

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The politics and culture of organized labor during the age of industrial capitalism in the United States was refracted through the semantics, ideas, and personalities of sectional conflict. The experience of war helped forge class consciousness, and the notion of a continued antislavery struggle was central to the identities of newly radicalized workers. This book explores the sweeping variety of Civil War memory within Gilded Age and Progressive Era labor unions, among political radicals, and in third-party movements. That memory evinced revolution and reform, as competing and sometimes coinciding narratives emerged between Reconstruction and World War I. The first worked largely in the service of industrial unionism and depicted the Civil War’s legacy as a precursor to a thorough--even global--liberation of all workers. The second emphasized the preservation of the Union, the imperatives of legalism and social order, and the fundamental loyalty of white workingmen to the reconstituted nation-state, tending to further conciliatory labor strategies, as well as the leadership prerogatives of exclusionary craft unions. The preeminence of reformist memory, which was predicated on compromise with capital and the sanctity of the state, came ultimately to supplement trade union bureaucratization, labor nationalism, and the propagation of antiradicalism on the American scene during and after the Great War.

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40

Colpan, Asli M., and Takashi Hikino, eds. Business Groups in the West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717973.001.0001.

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This volume aims to explore the long-term evolution of different varieties of large enterprises in today’s developed economies. It focuses on the economic institution of business groups and attempts to comprehend the factors behind their rise, growth, struggle, and resilience; their behavioral and organizational characteristics; and their roles in national economic development. The volume seeks to enhance the scholarly and policy-oriented understanding of business groups in developed economies by bringing together state-of-the-art research on the characteristics and contributions of large enterprises in an evolutionary perspective. While business groups are a dominant and critical organization model in contemporary emerging economies and have lately attracted much attention in academic circles and business presses, their counterparts in developed economies have not been systematically examined. This book aims to fill this gap in the literature and is the first scholarly attempt to explore the evolutional paths and contemporary roles of business groups in developed economies from an internationally comparative perspective. In doing so, it argues that business groups actually rose to function as a critical factor of industrial dynamics in the context of the Second Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth century. They have adapted their characteristic roles and transformed to fit to the changing market and institutional settings. As they flexibly co-evolve with the environment, the volume shows that business groups can remain as a viable organization model in the world’s most advanced economies today.

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41

Rana, Pradumna B., and Wai-Mun Chia. Jumpstarting South Asia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479283.001.0001.

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As is well-known, the seminal work of the late Angus Maddison has established that 2,000 years ago the Indian subcontinent (modern day, South Asia) and China were by far the richest regions of the world. Since the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century, the share of world GDP of the Indian subcontinent had started to decline. This trend reversed somewhat after the economic reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. More recently, however, economic growth in South Asia has softened yet once again for several reasons. This book focuses on the slowing pace of economic reforms and outlines a two-pronged strategy to jumpstart South Asian economies. First, South Asian countries should complete the economic reform process that they had begun in the 1980s and 1990s and implement the more microeconomic reforms, namely, the sectoral, and governance and institutional reforms to enhance competition and improve the operation of markets. Second, they should implement the second round of ‘Look East’ policies or LEP2 to (i) link themselves to production networks in East Asia, their fastest-growing markets, and (ii) develop production networks in manufacturing and services within their region. The book argues that the proposed strategy will lead to a win-win situation for all countries in South Asia and East Asia and reinvigorate economic integration within South Asia, one of the least integrated regions of the world. The book also identifies the unfinished policy reform agenda for each South Asian country and the components of the LEP2 that they should implement.

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42

Robin, Libby, Robert Heinsohn, and Leo Joseph, eds. Boom and Bust. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097094.

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In Boom and Bust, the authors draw on the natural history of Australia's charismatic birds to explore the relations between fauna, people and environment in a continent where variability is 'normal' and rainfall patterns not always seasonal. They consider changing ideas about deserts and how these have helped us understand birds and their behaviour in this driest of continents. The book describes the responses of animals and plants to environmental variability and stress. It is also a cultural concept, when it is used to capture the patterns of change wrought by humans in Australia, where landscapes began to become cultural about 55,000 years ago as ecosystems responded to Aboriginal management. In 1788, the British settlement brought, almost simultaneously, both agricultural and industrial revolutions to a land previously managed by fire for hunting. How have birds responded to this second dramatic invasion? Boom and Bust is also a tool for understanding global change. How can Australians in the 21st century better understand how to continue to live in this land as its conditions are still dynamically unfolding in response to the major anthropogenic changes to the whole Earth system? This interdisciplinary collection is written in a straightforward and accessible style. Many of the writers are practising field specialists, and have woven their personal field work into the stories they tell about the birds.

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43

Kumar, Victor, and Richmond Campbell. A Better Ape. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197600122.001.0001.

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A Better Ape explores the evolution of the moral mind from our ancestors with chimpanzees, through the origins of our genus and our species, to the development of behaviorally modern humans who underwent revolutions in agriculture, urbanization, and industrial technology. The book begins, in Part I, by explaining the biological evolution of sympathy and loyalty in great apes and trust and respect in the earliest humans. These moral emotions are the first element of the moral mind. Part II explains the gene-culture co-evolution of norms, emotions, and reasoning in Homo sapiens. Moral norms of harm, kinship, reciprocity, autonomy, and fairness are the second element of the moral mind. A social capacity for interactive moral reasoning is the third element. Part III of the book explains the cultural co-evolution of social institutions and morality. Family, religious, military, political, and economic institutions expanded small bands into large tribes and created more intense social hierarchies through new moral norms of authority and purity. Finally, Part IV explains the rational and cultural evolution of moral progress and moral regress as human societies experienced gains and losses in inclusivity and equality. Moral progress against racism, homophobia, speciesism, sexism, classism, and global injustice depends on integration of privileged and oppressed people in physical space, social roles, and democratic decision making. The central idea in the book is that all these major evolutionary transitions, from ancestral apes to modern societies, and now human survival of climate change, depend on co-evolution between morality, knowledge, and complex social structure.

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44

Gilmore, Sir Ian, and William Gilmore. Alcohol. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0339.

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Alcohol has been used for thousands of years and, indeed, in very different ways. Two thousand years ago, the occupying Romans sipped wine regularly but reasonably moderately, and marvelled at the local English serfs who celebrated bringing in their crops with brief episodes of unrivalled drunkenness. The use of alcohol was not only tolerated but sometimes encouraged by the ruling classes as a way of subjugating the population and dulling their awareness of the conditions in which they had to live and work. The adverse impact of gin consumption was famously recorded by Hogarth’s painting of ‘Gin Lane’ but, at the same time, beer was reckoned a safer alternative to water for fluid intake and was linked to happiness and prosperity in the sister painting of ‘Beer Street’. It was against the ‘pernicious use of strong liquors’ and not beer that the president of the Royal College of Physicians, John Friend, petitioned Parliament in 1726. Some desultory attempts were made by Parliament in the eighteenth century to introduce legislation in order to tax and control alcohol production but they were eventually repealed. It was really the onset of the Industrial Revolution in nineteenth-century England that brought into sharp relief the wasted productivity and lost opportunity from excess consumption. England moved from a rural, relatively disorganized workforce to an urban, more closely scrutinized and supervised one—for instance, in factories, where men needed their wits about them to work heavy machinery, workers that were absent (in body or mind) were noticed. And, in Victorian Britain, there arose a greater social conscience—an awareness, for example, of the harm, through neglect, inflicted on the children of those who spent their wages and their days in an alcoholic stupor. Nonetheless, the per capita consumption of alcohol in the UK at the end of the nineteenth century was greater than it is today. It fell progressively through the first half of the twentieth century, with two marked dips. The first coincided with the introduction of licensing hours restrictions during the First World War, and the second with the economic depression of the 1930s. Following the Second World War, there was a doubling of alcohol consumption between 1950 and the present day, to about 10 l of pure alcohol per capita. There has been a small fall of 9% in the last 5 years; this may be, in part, related to the changing ethnic mix and increasing number of non-drinkers. There has always been a mismatch between the self-reported consumption in lifestyle questionnaires, and the data from customs and excise, with the latter being 40% greater. From the latter, it can be estimated that the average consumption of non-teetotal adults in England is 25 units (0.25 l of pure alcohol) per week, which is well above the recommended limits of 14 units for women, and 21 units for men. Of course, average figures hide population differences, and it is estimated that the heaviest-consuming 10% of the population account for 40% of that drunk. While men continue to drink, on average, about twice the amount that women do, the rate of rise of consumption in women has been steeper. Average consumption is comparable across socio-economic groups but there is evidence of both more teetotallers and more drinking in a harmful way in the poorest group. In 2007, 13% of those aged 11–15 admitted that they had drunk alcohol during the previous week. This figure is falling, but those who do drink are drinking more. The average weekly consumption of pupils who drink is 13 units/week. Binge drinking estimates are unreliable, as they depend on self-reporting in questionnaires. In the UK, they are taken as drinking twice the daily recommended limits of 4 units for men, and 3 units for women, on the heaviest drinking day in the previous week. In 2010, 19% of men, and 12% of women, admitted to binge drinking, with the figures being 24% and 17%, respectively, for those aged 16–24. The preferred venue for drinking in the UK has changed markedly, mainly in response to the availability of cheap supermarket drink. Thirty years ago, the vast majority of alcohol was consumed in pubs and restaurants, whereas, in 2009, the market share of off-licence outlets was 65%. However, drinkers under 24 years of age still drink predominantly away from home. The UK per capita consumption is close to the European average, but consumption has been falling in Mediterranean countries and rising in northern and eastern Europe. Europe has the highest consumption of all continents, but there is undoubtedly massive under-reporting in many countries, particularly because of local unregulated production and consumption. It is estimated that less than 10% of consumption is captured in statistics in parts of Africa.

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Books on the topic 'Second industrial revolution'

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