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Journal articles on the topic 'Second larval instar'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Mehdi, N. M., H. F. Al-Rubeae, and M. A. Ali. "Laboratory evaluation of azadirachtin isolated from Melia azedarach L. fruits against Anopheles pulcherrimus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 8, no. 2 (2014): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2014.8.2.331.

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Efficacy of different concentration of azadirachtin isolated from fruits of Melia azedarach was investigated on the different stages of Anopheles pulcherrimus under lab. condition. Results showed that there was non-significant reduction in eggs hatching rate. There were high significant in larval mortalities which were depending on concentration. Different larval deformities were found. Second instars larvae were more sensitive then fourth larva instar , LC50 and LC90 for the second instars larvae were 35.99 and 67.99 ppm respectively and for the fourth instars larvae it was 63.09 and 139.8 re

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Yang, Xinya, Guangsheng Li, and Cai Wang. "Evidence of Cuticle Chemicals of Heortia vitessoides (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Larvae Influencing the Aggregation Behavior of Conspecific Larvae." Insects 15, no. 10 (2024): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15100746.

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Heortia vitessoides (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a severe pest of Aquilaria plants, which produce high-priced agarwood. The larval stage of this pest is gregarious, usually forming large aggregates during young instars and becoming solitary during the fifth instar. We hypothesize that the cuticle chemicals of young-instar H. vitessoides larvae could promote larval aggregating, whereas the cuticle chemicals of late-instar larvae would no longer attract young-instar larvae. In this study, two-choice tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of cuticle extracts of second- and fifth-instar H. vit

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3

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Response of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) to various densities of Ephestia cautella (walk)eggs." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (2014): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.3.1094-1099.

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Results of exposure larvae of the most important predator in the integrated pest management , the green lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) to various densities of fig moth Ephestia cautella eggs showed increasing in the number of consumed prey at decreasing rate of increasing prey density where curve slope consumption decreased gradually until leveling off. These specifications concurred with type II functional response that predators appear towards varied densities of its preys ,that was confirm by logistic regression between the proportion of prey eaten in relation to prey offered . Th

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Hamad, Bassim Sh, Sahar A. Kathiar, Ahmed M. Abdullatif, and Ahmed G. Abed. "Response of green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) to various densities of Ephestia cautella (walk)eggs." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 3 (2014): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2014.11.3.1094-1099.

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Results of exposure larvae of the most important predator in the integrated pest management , the green lacewings, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) to various densities of fig moth Ephestia cautella eggs showed increasing in the number of consumed prey at decreasing rate of increasing prey density where curve slope consumption decreased gradually until leveling off. These specifications concurred with type II functional response that predators appear towards varied densities of its preys ,that was confirm by logistic regression between the proportion of prey eaten in relation to prey offered . Th

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5

Faria, Lucas Del Bianco, Wesley Augusto Conde Godoy, and Sérgio Furtado dos Reis. "Larval predation on different instars in blowfly populations." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, no. 6 (2004): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000600008.

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During its larval stage, Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a facultative predator on other blowflies. In this study, we evaluated the predation by third instar larvae of C. albiceps on first, second and third instar larvae of Chrysomya megacephala and Cochliomyia macellaria in no-choice experiments in order to compare the vulnerability of larval instars to predation. With first and second instar prey the highest predation rate by C. albiceps was on C. megacephala. For third instar prey, the highest predation rate was on C. macellaria. With second instar prey, there was complete pr

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KHAN, SS, N. SHAH, A. HABIB, et al. "FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF LARVAL INSTARS OF CHRYSOPERLA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) FED ON MACROSIPHUM ROSAE (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS." Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal 2024, no. 1 (2024): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.1120.

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The functional response of larval instar of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) fed on rose aphids (Macrosiphum rosae) was investigated to check their predatory potential as biological control agent. This study examined the predation patterns of first, second and third larval instars of C. carnea when exposed to varying densities of rose aphids under controlled laboratory conditions at Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The results showed that all larval stages of C. carnea significantly consumed rose aphids M. rosae. The density of rose aphids (Macrosiph

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Maysaroh, Ummi, Edhi Martono, and Tri Harjaka. "The Potency of Metarhizium anisopliae in Disturbing Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Growth and Development." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 26, no. 1 (2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.71755.

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Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most frequently used insect pathogen fungi in controlling Oryctes rhinoceros. This research aims to learn the potency of fungus M. anisopliae against O. rhinoceros larvae growth and development at the laboratory. The research methods used are T-tests comprising seven treatments and three replications. Fungi were applied in all larvae instar stages starting from the pre-molting of the first larvae instar, post-molting of the second larvae instar, active second larvae instar, pre-molting of the second larvae instar, post-molting of the third larvae instar, ac

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Thireau, J. C., J. Régnière, and C. Cloutier. "Biology and morphology of immature stages of Meteorus trachynotus Vier. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 5 (1990): 1000–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-144.

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The immature stages of Meteorus trachynotus Vier., developing in larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), are described. The egg of M. trachynotus is of the stalked type. There are three larval stages. The first instar has a caudal appendage which stops growing in the second instar and is lost when the larva exits from the host in the third instar. Only the first and third instars have sclerotized structures. The head region of the first instar bears a pair of hooklike appendages which are described for the first time. Cephalic sclerites of the last instar larva of other species of Meteorus

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P, Mangammal, and Sri Devi G. "Influence of Artificial Diet on Larvae of Eri Silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval." Madras Agricultural Journal 99, JUNE (2012): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100095.

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An Artificial Diet composed of castor leaf powder (11.5 g), parched soybean powder (1.0 g), sucrose (1.0 g), agar-agar (1.5 g), inhibitor solution (5 ml) and water (20 ml) was evaluated against eri silkworm larvae. Castor fed eri silkworms were maintained as control for comparison. Larval weight was significantly maximum in eri silkworms fed with artificial diet upto first instar which was followed by feeding of eri silkworms on artificial diet upto second instar + castor leaves from upto fifth instar and feeding of eri silkworm on artificial diet upto third instar + castor during remaining in

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Barth, Lauren Emily, W. Gary Sprules, Mathew Wells, and Melissa Coman. "Seasonal changes in the diel vertical migration of Chaoborus punctipennis larval instars." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 5 (2014): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0440.

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We describe a novel seasonal shift in the vertical migration behavior of Chaoborus punctipennis second-instar larvae in Lake Opeongo, Ontario. An upward-looking 600 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) moored at a fixed 22 m station in the lake recorded acoustic backscatter continuously during the study period. Zooplankton samples collected indicated that the abundance of C. punctipennis larval instars accounted for the greatest proportion of variance in the linear backscatter from the ADCP. The large fourth-instar larvae underwent normal diel vertical migration throughout the study. S

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Gil, Oniel Jeremias Aguirre, Leandro Aparecido de Souza, Marina Funichello, and Antonio Carlos Busoli. "The sex ratio of the koinobiont parasitoid Microcharops anticarsiae Gupta remains female-biased on young larvae of velvetbean in the laboratory environment." Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences 42 (August 27, 2020): e48187. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v42i1.48187.

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The natural parasitic behavior of parasitoids should be known by those in charge of planning strategies for the biological control of pests; therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the larval instar of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner parasitized by Microcharops anticarsiae Gupta in the field and the implication of such parasitic behavior in the sex ratio in the laboratory environment. The length of each larval instar of A. gemmatalis parasitized by M. anticarsiae in the field was determined, and the egg-to-pupa period of the parasitoid and its larval instar lengths were plotted i

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Hamad, Bassim Sh, Ryadh A. Okaily, George S. B. Yousif, Ahmed M. Abdullatif, and Hussain F. Alrubeai. "The functional response of, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) larvae on different nymphal instars of Dubas bug Ommatissus lybicus De Berg." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 8, no. 2 (2014): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2014.8.2.337.

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The functional response of second and third larval instars of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), against different nymphal instars of Dubas bug Ommatissus lybicus De Berg. was studied.The larval instars of the predator exhibited Type II functional responses against the prey. Based on disk equation the attack rate (a) of the second larval instars of the predator were estimated to 1.03± 0.043 , 0.94± 0.015 , 0.88± 0.009 and 0.77 ± 0.02 and the handling time (Th) were 0.0031, 0.0039, 0.0083, and 0.008 day for second, third, fourth and fifth nymphal instars respectively. The third instars larvae of th

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Ismail Mosleh, Yahia Youssef. "ASSESSMENT OF TWO NATURAL TOXIN MICROCYSTIN AND NODULARIN FOR THE CONTROL OF ANOPHELES MULTICOLOR (DIPTERA: ANOPHELIDAE)." Journal of Biopesticides 04, no. 01 (2011): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.4.1.61-64.

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ABSTRACT Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of two cyanobacterial toxins (microcystin and nodularin) against the different larval instars, pupal and adult stages of Anopheles multicolor. Experiments were carried out in plastic cups, and the two toxins were tested at four concentrations, where the LC10, LC25, LC50 and LC90 for the first instar larvae under laboratory conditions were 2.95, 3.80, 4.95 and 7.45 µg /ml and 4.37, 6.40, 8.85 and 14.39 µg/ml for microsystin and nodularin respectively. While the LC50 for the first, second, third and fourth larval instars we

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Régnière, Jacques. "TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SIMULATION OF ITS SEASONAL HISTORY." Canadian Entomologist 119, no. 7-8 (1987): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent119717-7.

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AbstractRelationships between temperature and development rates of eggs, overwintered second-instar larvae, and all larval stages of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) fed on artificial diet were determined. Egg development was observed at eight constant temperatures between 7 and 32°C. It was fastest at 30°C, and showed relatively little variability. The rate of emergence of overwintered second-instar larvae was observed at 10 constant temperatures between 4 and 33°C. Maximum development rates occurred at 30°C. Variability in emergence rates was large, but unimodal. Development rates of the sec

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) isolates on fig moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) Larvae." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 2 (2014): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.2.943-951.

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The following dilution 5×10-1, 10-1, 10?2 , 10-3 gm/L for the indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria and the commercially isalate were used for experiments against the different stages of fig moth of E.cautella which exposed by filter paper method. The results showed that mortality of larval stages was increased with the increasing concentration of the biocide, in addition to increase in the mortality of the larval stages reached to the highest percentage in the third days of treatment of the larval stage in comparison with the first and second days of exposure. The results also

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MacRae, Ian V., and Richard A. Ring. "LIFE HISTORY OF CRICOTOPUS MYRIOPHYLLI OLIVER (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA." Canadian Entomologist 125, no. 6 (1993): 979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125979-6.

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AbstractThe life history of Cricotopus myriophylli Oliver is described from both field observations and laboratory rearing of field-collected larvae. The species appears to be univoltine with four larval instars and has a sex ratio of ca. 2:1, males to females. Emergence begins in late May in British Columbia and continues until mid-September, with first-instar larvae present in the field from mid-June to mid-August. Water temperature does not appear to influence the rate of emergence. In the laboratory at 21 °C, larvae complete each of the third and fourth instars in 10–14 days. Cricotopus my

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17

H. A. F. El-Shafie and L. M. E. Alawad. "Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai and NeemAzal-T/S against the old world bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." International Journal of Frontiers in Biology and Pharmacy Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53294/ijfbpr.2021.1.1.0002.

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The efficacy of XenTari® containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai (Bta), NeemAzal -T/S® (Azadirachtin A) and their combination were tested against the second and fourth larval instars of the old world bollworm (OWB), Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). The Bta was applied in three concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 kg/ha while NeemAzal concentrations were 1, 2, and 3L/ha. The results showed a significant difference in the mortality percentage between the different concentrations. The Bta was more effective in the fourth larval instars. Seven days, after treatment, the mortality percentage in b

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Sliter, T. J., and L. I. Gilbert. "Developmental arrest and ecdysteroid deficiency resulting from mutations at the dre4 locus of Drosophila." Genetics 130, no. 3 (1992): 555–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/130.3.555.

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Abstract Loss-of-function mutations of the dre4 gene of Drosophila melanogaster caused stage-specific developmental arrest, the stages of arrest coinciding with periods of ecdysteroid (molting hormone) regulated development. Nonconditional mutations resulted in the arrest of larval development in the first instar; embryogenesis was not impaired, and mutant larvae were behaviorally normal and long-lived. At 31 degrees the temperature-sensitive dre4e55 allele caused the arrest of larval development in the first or second instars. When upshifted to 31 degrees at various times during development,

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Otuba, Moses, and Jumrae Cho. "THE POTENTIAL OF THREE LARVAL PREDATORS AGAINST FALL ARMYWORM SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) UNDER THE LABORATORY CONDITION." Acta Scientifica Malaysia 5, no. 1 (2020): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/asm.01.2021.41.42.

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Most cereal crops are often damaged by lepidopterous insects. Of recent, fall armyworm, S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) has resulted into yield and economic loss in many African and Asian countries. This reduces farmers’ income drastically and to overcome this damage, pesticides have been used which are not also environmentally friendly. Experiments were set up to collect data on the potential of three larval predators Orius strigicollis, Micromus angulatus, and Podisus maculiventris against S. frugiperda. The consumption of S. frugiperda larvae by three predators had highly significant effects (P≤

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Di Giulio, Andrea, John D. Pinto, and Marco A. Bologna. "Larval morphology of the Neotropical genus Epispasta (Coleoptera, Meloidae)." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 6 (2005): 657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-105.

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AbstractThe first-instar (triungulin), second-instar, and third-instar larvae of the South American monotypic genus Epispasta Selander, 1960 are described and figured. The triungulin of E. abbreviata (Klug, 1825) is highly adapted for phoresy on bees and resembles the triungulins of several other phoretic genera in the subfamily Meloinae. The second- and third-instar larvae of Epispasta are unique in that they retain the campodeiform phenotype of the first instar. These instars in other meloid genera are scarabaeiform. A discussion is provided on the similarity of the triungulin of Epispasta t

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Muratori, Frédéric, Jo Le Lannic, Jean-Pierre Nénon, and Thierry Hance. "Larval morphology and development of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)." Canadian Entomologist 136, no. 2 (2004): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-057.

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AbstractThe aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi is the most abundant species of Aphidiinae in cereal fields in northern Europe. Although the larval morphology of other Aphidiinae has been described, the morphology and immature development of A. rhopalosiphi remain unknown. Our goal is to relate growth and larval developmental stages to morphological changes during parasitoid development, using light and scanning electron microscopy. Aphidius rhopalosiphi develops through three larval stages with clear differences in the morphology of the mouthparts, tegument sculpturing, and respiratory fea

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Young, S. Y., and W. C. Yearian. "Movement of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus into Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larval Populations on Soybean by Nabis roseipennis (Heteroptera: Nabidae) Nymphs." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 2 (1992): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.2.126.

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Nabis roseipennis Reuter nymphs that preyed on larvae of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) infected velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), excreted the virus (AgNPV) for several days thereafter. Based on bioassays, fifth instar and second instar nymphs excreted 84.7 × 105 and 9.7 × 105 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per nymph, respectively. The AgNPV-contaminated nymphs effectively disseminated the virus via the feces over soybean plants where it served as inoculum to initiate disease in larval populations of A. gemmatalis caged in the field. Larval mortality from AgNPV

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Daimon, Takaaki, Miwa Uchibori, Hajime Nakao, Hideki Sezutsu, and Tetsuro Shinoda. "Knockout silkworms reveal a dispensable role for juvenile hormones in holometabolous life cycle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 31 (2015): E4226—E4235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506645112.

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Insect juvenile hormones (JHs) prevent precocious metamorphosis and allow larvae to undergo multiple rounds of status quo molts. However, the roles of JHs during the embryonic and very early larval stages have not been fully understood. We generated and characterized knockout silkworms (Bombyx mori) with null mutations in JH biosynthesis or JH receptor genes using genome-editing tools. We found that embryonic growth and morphogenesis are largely independent of JHs in Bombyx and that, even in the absence of JHs or JH signaling, pupal characters are not formed in first- or second-instar larvae,

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Reyes-Torres, Limarie J., and Alonso Ramírez. "Life history and phenology of Phylloicus pulchrus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) in a tropical rainforest stream of Puerto Rico." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 2 (2018): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33411.

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Caddisflies are abundant, diverse, and important insects in freshwater ecosystems. However our knowledge on their life history is incomplete, in particular for the Neotropics. The objectives of this study were to describe the life history and phenology of Phylloicus pulchrus in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. Eggs and larvae were reared to determine the species lifespan and time in each instar. Larval instars were determined based on a head width vs. pronotal suture length correlation (N= 120). Larvae and benthic leaf litter were sampled monthly at a headwater stream for a year;

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Pitwak, Juliana, Ayres Oliveira Menezes Jr., and Maurício Ursi Ventura. "Development and reproductive performance of Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) using preys from wheat crop." Revista Colombiana de Entomología 42, no. 2 (2016): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v42i2.6681.

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Biological parameters of Chrysoperla externa were assessed in laboratory. The effect of the preys on biological parameters and reproductive performance were assessed when the following food treatments were provided: Sitobion avenae in all larval instars; Rhopasosiphum padi in all larval instars; Anagasta kuehniella eggs in the first and second instars and Dichelops melacanthus eggs in the third; R. padi in the first and second instars and D. melacanthus in the third instar. All foods provided satisfactory development and reproductive performance. Changing larvae food from A. kuehniella to D. m

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Jiang, Nan, Li Chen, Jinmei Li, Wenyong Li, and Shuanglin Jiang. "Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Beta-Carboline Alkaloids from Peganum harmala (L.) against Aedes albopictus Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)." Toxics 11, no. 4 (2023): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11040341.

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Plant-derived agents are powerful bio-pesticides for the eco-friendly control of mosquito vectors and other blood-sucking arthropods. The larval toxicity of beta-carboline alkaloids against the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), was investigated under laboratory conditions. The total alkaloid extracts (TAEs) and beta-carboline alkaloids (harmaline, harmine, harmalol, and harman) from Peganum harmala seeds were isolated and tested in this bioassay. All alkaloids were tested either individually or as binary mixtures, using the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) and A

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Simandl, J. "Influence of temperature on larval defecation and its use in estimating canopy population size of pine sawflies (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 2 (1993): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300034738.

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AbstractThe frequency of defecation in relation to constant0/simulated outdoor temperatures and larval age (instar) was examined under laboratory conditions in four species of pine sawflies (Diprionidae): Gilpinia frutetorum (Fabricius), Diprion pini (Linnaeus), D. similis (Hartig) and Macrodiprion nemoralis (Enslin). Defecation interval and total faecal production was regular under higher constant temperatures (higher production in younger instars, second and third) and production significantly decreased under varying air temperatures during the same period (24 hours) when larvae of younger i

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Tormos, José, Francisco Beitia, Elias A. Böckmann, Josep D. Asís, and Severiano Fernández. "The Preimaginal Phases and Development of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) on Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 5 (2009): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090801.

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AbstractThe development and morphology of the immature phases of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani, 1875) (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) are described from a laboratory rearing culture maintained on Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera, Tephritidae) using microscopic techniques, including light and scanning electron microscopy. The surface of the chorion of the egg is granulated, and the micropyle occurs at the anterior end. The labrum of the first instar larva does not have sensilla, and the second to fourth instar larvae have setae on the head. The mature larva is characterized by th

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PUTCHKOV, ALEXANDER V., TETIANA YU MARKINA, and MARIYA I. NITOCHKO. "Larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) and general review of larval features in the subgenus Eugrapha." Zootaxa 4664, no. 3 (2019): 412–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.8.

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All larval instars of the tiger beetle species Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) are described for the first time based on material from Southern Ukraine (Kherson Region). New data on habitat preferences, ecology and bionomy for adults and larvae of C. contorta are listed. Larval characters are differentiated for all instars of species in the subgenus Eugrapha and some other Palearctic genera of the subtribe Cicindelina. The key for second and third instar of all known larvae of Eugrapha is given.

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Gadad, H., A. Bhagat, A. H. Naqvi, and S. Kutala. "Host instar susceptibility and stage specific predatory potential of stink bug Eocanthecona furcellata on tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 5 (2022): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/5/mrn-4015.

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Aim: The study was conducted to find out the susceptible stage of tasar silkworm larvae to predation by stink bug and stage dependent feeding potential of stink bug over different instars of tasar silkworm. Methodology: Susceptibility of silkworms was studied by recording the daily larval mortality of all silkworm stages (1st to 5th instar) due to predation by E. furcellata. Stage specific predatory potential was estimated by recording the number of larvae required to complete each developmental stages (2-5th Nymphal instars and adult male and female). Results: Experimental results revealed th

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Sarkar, Suman, Azariah Babu, Kaushik Chakraborty, and Bhabesh Deka. "BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF COTESIA RUFICRUS (HYMENOPTERA:BRACONIDAE) A POTENTIAL PARASITOID OF HYPOSIDRA TALAC (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) LARVAE, A MAJOR TEA PEST." Journal of Biopesticides 13, no. 01 (2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.13.1.79-84.

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ABSTRACT The black inch looper, Hyposidra talaca is considered as a major pest in tea in northern part of West Bengal and North East India. Among the natural enemy reported, Cotesia ruficrus is considered as one of the most gregarious endo-parasitoid wasps. In order to assess the potential of this natural enemy, a study on the biological parameters of C. ruficrus was evaluated on the different developmental stages (second, third and fourth instars) of the host larvae, H. talaca. The results indicated that, the mean duration of larval development was 12.0 ± 0.32, 11.0 ± 0.45 and 9.2±0.37 days i

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Biron, D. G., D. Coderre, S. Fournet, J. P. Nénon, J. Le Lannic, and G. Boivin. "Larval respiratory systems of two anthomyiid flies, Delia radicum and Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 2 (2005): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-071.

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AbstractThe first-instar larvae of Delia radicum (L.) and Delia antiqua (Meigen) enter host plants to feed in galleries. These galleries can be filled by a liquid resulting from the putrefaction of the host. In this study, we show that D. radicum and D. antiqua larvae have a metapneustic respiratory system in the first instar and an amphipneustic respiratory system in the second instar, as observed in the majority of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. In addition, we observed four spatulate, ramified structures on the postabdominal spiracles in all three larval instars. We propose that these structures f

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Black, Joseph L., Gus M. Lorenz, Aaron J. Cato, Nick R. Bateman, and Nicholas J. Seiter. "Efficacy of Helicoverpa Armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus on Soybean for Control of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Arkansas Agriculture." Insects 13, no. 1 (2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13010091.

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Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) is a naturally occurring virus commercially produced for control of Heliothines, including Helicoverpa zea. One drawback with using this virus for control has been the slower time to mortality compared with synthetic insecticides. However, a new formulation (Heligen®) has anecdotally been thought to result in quicker mortality than previously observed. The objective of this study was to evaluate percent defoliation, the efficacy of HearNPV on mortality for each H. zea larval instar, and the potential for control of a second infestation. Fourt

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Lutwama, J. J., and L. G. Mukwaya. "Estimates of mortalities of larvae and pupae of the Aedes simpsoni (Theobald)(Diptera: Culicidae) complex in Uganda." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 1 (1995): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300052056.

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AbstractStudies were carried out to estimate and compare mortalities of larvae and pupae of Aedes (Stegomyia) simpsoni sensu lato breeding in axils of Colocasia esculenta, Xanthosoma sagittifolium (Araceae) and Musa spp. (Musaceae) in different locations in Uganda and also to ascertain whether there are any differences in their dynamics that could be used to separate the species. The probability of larvae surviving from one day to the next (40·5 – 99·8%), and the proportions dying in each instar (0·97 – 77·3%) and dying daily in all the four instars (3·9 – 46·3%) varied between seasons at each

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Volp, Trevor M., Myron P. Zalucki, and Michael J. Furlong. "Ontogenetic Changes in the Feeding Behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera Larvae on Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) Flowers and Pods." Plants 13, no. 5 (2024): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13050696.

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Despite substantial research examining caterpillar–plant interactions, changes in the feeding behaviour of lepidopteran larvae as they develop are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated ontogenetic changes in the behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera larvae feeding on reproductive structures of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Specifically, we examined the preference for and avoidance of pigeonpea flowers and pods of first, second, third, and fourth instar H. armigera larvae. We also conducted a no-choice assay to compare the ability of third and fourth instar larvae to penetrate pigeonpea po

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Liu, Sipei, Xiaokun Liu, Lijie Zhang, et al. "Transformation of Internal Thoracic Structures of Callobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) from Larva to Adult." Insects 16, no. 3 (2025): 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16030324.

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Callobruchus maculatus is a major quarantine pest of stored legumes in China. As a holometabolous insect, it lives inside the bean it burrows into in both its larval and pupal stages. This study utilized micro-CT and 3D reconstruction to document thoracic morphological transformation during larval and pupal stages. The multi-peak fitting of cranial width was applied to determine larval instars. The results indicate that the first-instar larvae bore into beans using prothoracic muscles and those connecting the head to the mesothorax. The second-instar larva possessed the highest number of thora

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Amalraj, D. Dominic, and P. K. Das. "Frequency-dependent prey selection by larvae of Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, no. 6 (1996): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300039146.

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AbstractThe foraging behaviour of frequency-dependent prey selection by larval instars of Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiedemann) was studied in the laboratory. Prey size selection (second vs fourth instars of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus or Anopheles stephensi Liston) by third and fourth instar predators was frequency-dependent. However, in the case of second instar predators, prey size selection was not frequency-dependent and the predator preferred second instar to fourth instar prey. When offered second instars of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi the preference for one species over the other w

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Massé, Aurélie, Kees van Frankenhuyzen, and John Dedes. "SUSCEPTIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY OF THIRD-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. KURSTAKI." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 5 (2000): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132573-5.

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AbstractA droplet-imbibing assay was used to assess the susceptibility of third-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, to Foray 48B, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki containing 12.7 billion international units (IU) per litre. We observed an LD50 of 1.17 IU/larva for third instars, as compared with 3.96 IU/larva for fifth instars. Comparison with previously published data on susceptibility of later instars revealed that third instars were two-to three-fold more susceptible to Foray 48B than fourth and fifth instars and about eigh

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Anila, K., Francy K. Kakkassery, and Joyce Jose. "Feeding behaviour of pit building of antlion Myrmeleon pseudohyalinus, Holzel 1972 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in different mediums, instars and hunger levels." ENTOMON 47, no. 1 (2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v47i1.685.

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Feeding behaviour of Myrmeleon pseudohyalinus (Holzel, 1972) larvae was studied in sand and soil media for second and third instars, and at two hunger levels (fed/starved) in laboratory conditions. Common ant Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith, 1857) was used as prey in all the experiments. From the eight experiments, feeding time, prey escape and capture success were analysed. The predatory efficiency studied indicated that the capture success was high in second instar larvae irrespective of hunger level and medium. The relationships between selected behaviour, instar, medium and condition were st

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Medeiros, Arthur Morais de, Adalberto Dantas de Medeiros, and Solange Maria Kerpel. "Immature stages of Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae, Hesperiini, Moncina): biology, morphology and behaviour." Historia naturalis bulgarica 47, no. 6 (2025): 145–56. https://doi.org/10.48027/hnb.47.063.

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The biology, morphology, and behaviour of the immature stages of Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) are described from eggs and larvae collected in two areas in the Caatinga biome, Northeast region of Brazil. The larvae of C. saturnus go through five larval instars with a development time ranging between 28 and 33 days. The eggs are dome-shaped and are laid singly on the adaxial region of the leaves of the host plant, Panicum trichoides Sw. (Poaceae). The larvae are green, with head coloration varying among the different instars, and they construct three types of shelters: a one-cut

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Medeiros, Arthur Morais de, Adalberto Dantas de Medeiros, and Solange Maria Kerpel. "Immature stages of Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae, Hesperiini, Moncina): biology, morphology and behaviour." Historia naturalis bulgarica 47, no. 6 (2025): 145–56. https://doi.org/10.48027/hnb.47.063.

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The biology, morphology, and behaviour of the immature stages of Callimormus saturnus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) are described from eggs and larvae collected in two areas in the Caatinga biome, Northeast region of Brazil. The larvae of C. saturnus go through five larval instars with a development time ranging between 28 and 33 days. The eggs are dome-shaped and are laid singly on the adaxial region of the leaves of the host plant, Panicum trichoides Sw. (Poaceae). The larvae are green, with head coloration varying among the different instars, and they construct three types of shelters: a on

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Liang, Cai, Chen, et al. "Larval Aggregation of Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Evidence of Horizontal Transfer of Avermectin." Forests 10, no. 4 (2019): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040331.

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Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg is an economically important tree species that produce the highly prized agarwood. In recent years, agarwood production has been seriously threatened by the outbreak of Heortia vitessoides Moore, a leaf-eating pest that shows gregariousness during the larval stage. However, little attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of H. vitessoides larvae. In the present study, we collected 102 cohorts of H. vitessoides larvae (13,173 individuals in total) in the wild; 54 cohorts were comprised of the same-instar larvae, and 48 cohorts were comprised of larvae

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Wissinger, Scott A. "Effects of food availability on larval development and inter-instar predation among larvae of Libellula lydia and Libellula luctuosa (Odonata: Anisoptera)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 2 (1988): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-080.

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I conducted two types of laboratory experiments with larvae of the dragonflies Libellula lydia and L. luctuosa. In one experiment I varied the number of Daphnia magna fed daily to these larvae to determine the effect of food availability on growth and survivorship. The time spent in each instar decreased dramatically with increased food availability, but the number of molts did not vary and the size at each molt was only slightly affected. Mortality was low in all but the lowest feeding treatment, despite 2- to 5-fold differences in instar duration. These results suggest that the number and si

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Al-Hab, Rusl Kareem Majeed Ali Abo, and Sienaa Al-Zurfi. "Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Biocide Oxymatrine in Controlling the Different Roles of the Saw-Grain Beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Silvanidae: Coleoptera) in the Laboratory." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 3 (2023): 032058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/3/032058.

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Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the biocide of plant origin, Oxymatrine, against the second and fifth larval instars and adults of the Sawgrain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) under laboratory conditions. The results showed the efficiency of the biocide Oxymatrine in causing death rates for adults and larval instars at all concentrations of (1.5, 2, 2.5) ml/liter. The highest death rates were for the second larval stage, which reached 100%, and all concentrations after 3 days of treatment. In contrast, the mortality rates were given for the last (fifth) la

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Rausell, Carolina, Amparo Consuelo Martínez-Ramírez, Inmaculada García-Robles, and María Dolores Real. "A Binding Site for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Toxin Is Lost during Larval Development in Two Forest Pests." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 4 (2000): 1553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.4.1553-1558.2000.

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ABSTRACT The insecticidal activity and receptor binding properties ofBacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins towards the forest pests Thaumetopoea pityocampa (processionary moth) andLymantria monacha (nun moth) were investigated. Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac were highly toxic (corresponding 50% lethal concentration values: 956, 895, and 379 pg/μl, respectively) to first-instar T. pityocampa larvae. During larval development, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxicity decreased with increasing age, although the loss of activity was more pronounced for Cry1Ab. Binding assays with 125I-labelled Cry1Ab and brush border

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FOX, EDUARDO GONÇALVES PATERSON, DANIEL RUSS SOLIS, CARLOS MASSURETTI DE JESUS, ODAIR CORREA BUENO, ANTONIO TENIYOSHI YABUKI, and MÔNICA LANZONI ROSSI. "On the immature stages of the crazy ant Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille 1802) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Zootaxa 1503, no. 1 (2007): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1503.1.1.

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The ant Paratrechina longicornis is a cosmopolitan ant species that has been accidentally spread by commerce around the world, and now is a pest of houses and hospitals. The morphology of its larval stages has been previously described without knowledge of the number of instars. The present study revisits the original description of P. longicornis larvae by adding differences observed among the three larval instars. Compared to other Paratrechina species studied so far, P. longicornis presents smaller larvae, less evident variation in mandible morphology, and clear variation in the morphology

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Wizen, Gil, and Avital Gasith. "Color variability and body size of larvae of two Epomis species (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Israel." ZooKeys 119 (July 15, 2011): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.119.1451.

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Species identification using the characteristics of developmental stages is challenging. However, for insect taxonomy the coloration of larval stages can be an informative feature. The use of live specimens is recommended for this because the color fades in preserved specimens. In this study we examine the possibility of using variation in coloration and color pattern of larvae in order to distinguish between two<i> </i>ground beetles<i> </i>species <i>Epomis dejeani</i> Dejean, 1831 and <i>E. circumscriptus</i> Duftschmid, 1812. We present an atlas and describe the coloration and body size of

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A, Nisha, and Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan. "Crude Volatile Oil Derived from Sphaeranthus Indicus Linn (Asteraceae) Comparative Insecticidal Activity Against Agriculture Pests Spodoptera Litura and Plutella Xylostella." E3S Web of Conferences 477 (2024): 00038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447700038.

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The goal of this work is to compare the Larvicidal activity of plant-derived essentialoils against Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella and eliminate the chemical burden in managing agricultural pests. Pest rearing, homology modelling, and molecular docking are among of the approaches used in this study. The G Power value is set at 0.8, with two sets of five sample sizes each. At 500 ppm, the death rate was highest in all instars: 93.1% (II instar), 85.2% (III instar), and 81.2% (IV instar). The death rate was lower at the lowest dose of 100 ppm across all larval instars. Both pests’ seco

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Zhang, Haohao, Chunsheng Hou, Pingli Dai, et al. "Volatiles from Different Instars of Honeybee Worker Larvae and Their Food." Insects 10, no. 4 (2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040118.

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(E)-β-Ocimene was the only volatile chemical found to be emitted by whole, live worker larvae of Apis mellifera L. when sampling in the vapor phase. In addition to (E)-β-ocimene, there is evidence for the existence of other volatiles, but the changes in their composition and contents remain unknown during larval development, as are their differences from larvae to larval food. We investigated volatile components of worker larvae and larval food using solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nine compounds were identified with certainty an

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Lina, Eka Candra, Adventus Supriadi, Yunisman Yunisman, and Martinius Martinius. "Aktivitas Insektisida Campuran Ekstrak Air Buah Piper aduncum L. (Piperaceae) dan Batang Cymbopogon ciratrus (Dc.) Stapf (Poaceae) Terhadap Larva Crocidolomia pavonana F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)." JPT : JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN (JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION) 1, no. 1 (2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jpt.1.1.34-41.2017.

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Crocidolomia pavonana is an important pest in Brassicaceae. Botanical insecticides is pest control alternative which meet to eco-friendly manajement. This study aims to determine lethal concentration of single and mixture of water extract of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) fruit and Cymbopogon cirtatus (Poaceae) stem against Crocidolomia pavonana larvae. The study was conducted in laboratory experiment through preliminary test and advance test using a completely randomized design (CRD). Observations were included to larval mortality, antifeedant effect, and duration of larval development. Bioassay

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