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Journal articles on the topic 'Second-order cybernetics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Jeon, Won. "Second-Order Recursions of First-Order Cybernetics: An “Experimental Epistemology”." Open Philosophy 5, no. 1 (2022): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2022-0207.

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Abstract This article examines central tensions in cybernetics, defined as the study of self-organization, communication, automated feedback in organisms, and other distributed informational networks, from its wartime beginnings to its contemporary adaptations. By examining aspects of both first- and second-order cybernetics, the article introduces an epistemological standpoint that highlights the tension between its definition as a theory of recursion and a theory of control, prediction, and actionability. I begin by examining the historical outcomes of the Macy Conferences (1946–1954) to pro

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Loktionov, Mikhail V. "A Modern Look at Self-referential Systems. Cybernetics of the Second-Order." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 8 (2022): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-8-206-210.

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Considering the current state of system theory, the theory of self-organization and autopoiesis, we come to the conclusion that, first of all, we must identify what would determine the essence of cybernetics for us. Among the reasons why it is difficult to reveal the essence of cybernetics is the presence of numerous directions of this system theory, which are mutually overlapping. Despite the fact that due to this breadth the active development of cybernetics is ensured, it also causes the lack of certainty. Such a lack of certainty in some cases is perceived as inconsistency. The analysis m

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Umpleby, Stuart A., and Tatiana A. Medvedeva. "The Beginnings of Second-Order Cybernetics." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 8 (2022): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-8-201-205.

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The article discusses the emergence of second-order cybernetics based on work in experimental epistemology and the study of the nervous system, as well as the emergence of a new understanding of the cognitive process. Studies have shown that it is necessary to include a scientist-observer in the description of a system, since his or her specific characteristics and subjective worldview can influence the result of observation. The authors give examples of neurophysiological experiments that served as the basis for the conclusion that knowledge is a biological phenomenon, that each individual

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Kline, Ronald. "How disunity matters to the history of cybernetics in the human sciences in the United States, 1940–80." History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 1 (2020): 12–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119872111.

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Rather than assume a unitary cybernetics, I ask how its disunity mattered to the history of the human sciences in the United States from about 1940 to 1980. I compare the work of four prominent social scientists – Herbert Simon, George Miller, Karl Deutsch, and Talcott Parsons – who created cybernetic models in psychology, economics, political science, and sociology with the work of anthropologist Gregory Bateson, and relate their interpretations of cybernetics to those of such well-known cyberneticians as Norbert Wiener, Warren McCulloch, W. Ross Ashby, and Heinz von Foerster. I argue that vi

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Westermann, Claudia. "The art of conversation: design cybernetics and its ethics." Kybernetes 49, no. 8 (2020): 2171–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4642124.

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Concerned with questions of ethics in design, the paper highlights second-order design cybernetics as an approach to design that has inscribed in its conception a radical openness toward the future and the agency of others. Design Cybernetics, the paper argues, creates a suitable frame of reference for conceiving social systems of all kinds, including environments that are designed to be inhabited. The second-order conception of art of Gordon Pask, his collaborators, and pupils, can be seen to follow John Dewey's 'grounding' of art in experience. Its focus, however, is slightly dif

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6

Steier, Frederick, and Kenwyn K. Smith. "Organizations and Second Order Cybernetics." Journal of Strategic and Systemic Therapies 4, no. 4 (1985): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jsst.1985.4.4.53.

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7

Lepskiy, Vladimir. "Evolution of cybernetics: philosophical and methodological analysis." Kybernetes 47, no. 2 (2018): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-03-2017-0120.

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Purpose The aim of this paper is to elaborate the connection between the evolution of cybernetics and the development of scientific rationality (classical, non-classical, post-non-classical) and to emphasize the relevance of the formation of post-non-classical cybernetics for self-developing reflexive-active environment (the third-order cybernetics). Design/methodology/approach This paper includes interdisciplinary analysis of the evolution of cybernetics and possible directions of its development. Findings A connection between the types of scientific rationality (classical, non-classical and

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8

Letiche, Hugo. "Researcher reflexivity: what it is and what it can be." Kybernetes 46, no. 9 (2017): 1555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2016-0239.

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Purpose Second-order cybernetics is explored here as a learning intervention strategy. Researcher reflexivity, both the student’s and the professor’s, that is asserted is crucial to achieving a liberatory learning experience. But as Lacan has revealed, the “symbolic” (written, represented and studied) has a complex relationship to the “real”, which needs the “imaginary” to be active and creative. The aim of this paper is to investigate the complexity of these relationships and their import for reflexive learning, as it is grounded in second-order cybernetics. Design/methodology/approach This i

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Tilak, Shantanu, Michael Glassman, Irina Kuznetcova, and G. Logan Pelfrey. "Applications of cybernetics to psychological theory: Historical and conceptual explorations." Theory & Psychology 32, no. 2 (2021): 298–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09593543211053804.

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This article outlines links between cybernetics and psychology through the black box metaphor using a tripartite narrative. The first part explores first-order cybernetic approaches to opening the black box. These developments run parallel to the decline of radical behaviorism and advancements in information processing theory and neuropsychology. We then describe how cybernetics migrates towards a second-order approach (expanding and questioning features of first-order inquiry), understanding applications of rule-based tools to sociocultural phenomena and dynamic mental models, inspiring radic

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10

Scott, Bernard. "Second‐order cybernetics: an historical introduction." Kybernetes 33, no. 9/10 (2004): 1365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920410556007.

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11

Glanville, Ranulph. "The purpose of second‐order cybernetics." Kybernetes 33, no. 9/10 (2004): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920410556016.

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12

Bishop, J. M., and J. S. Nasuto. "Second‐order cybernetics and enactive perception." Kybernetes 34, no. 9/10 (2005): 1309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920510614696.

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13

Krippendorff, Klaus. "A second-order cybernetics of otherness." Systems Research 13, no. 3 (1996): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1735(199609)13:3<311::aid-sres106>3.0.co;2-o.

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14

Scott, Bernard. "Second-order cybernetics as cognitive methodology." Systems Research 13, no. 3 (1996): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1735(199609)13:3<393::aid-sres102>3.0.co;2-a.

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15

Sweeting, Ben. "From Experimental Epistemology to Experimental Architecture." Architectural Design 94, no. 2 (2024): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.3032.

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AbstractA life‐long beacon for Lebbeus Woods was his understanding of the ideas of second‐order cybernetics and attempts to assimilate them into his architectural projects. An introduction to this discourse was provided in Urbana‐Champaign in the early 1960s by his most important intellectual mentor, cyberneticist Heinz von Foerster. Poised at the intersection of architecture and cybernetics, Ben Sweeting charts some of the lines of their interactions and friendship.

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Westermann, Claudia. "The art of conversation: design cybernetics and its ethics." Kybernetes 49, no. 8 (2020): 2171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-03-2019-0186.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper to discuss ethical principles that are implicit in second-order cybernetics, with the aim of arriving at a better understanding of how second-order cybernetics frames living in a world with others. It further investigates implications for second-order cybernetics approaches to architectural design, i.e. the activity of designing frameworks for living. Design/methodology/approach The paper investigates terminology in the second-order cybernetics literature with specific attention to terms that suggest that there are ethical principles at work. It further relate

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17

Espejo, Raul, and Vladimir Lepskiy. "Ontological Cybernetics as an Integrator of Organizational Systems in Hybrid Reality Environments." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 10 (2022): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-10-213-217.

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Our purpose in this paper is to clarify ontological approaches to the development of cybernetics based on epistemological and methodological propositions grounded in the concepts of scientific classical, non-classical, post-non-classical rationality – as proposed by V.S. Stepin (2005). We need to increase our understanding of the subject-oriented approach to the analysis of cybernetic interactions: “subject – object” in first-order cybernetics, “subject – subject” in second-order cybernetics and “subject – metasubject” in the cybernetics of self-developing reflexive-active environments, thi

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18

Sow, Amadou Korbinian. "On Reaching a Crime Scene Ahead of the Criminal: Dreams of Police and Technology from the 1970s to Today." German Law Journal 23, no. 4 (2022): 597–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2022.40.

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AbstractThis article examines the history of technological policing in Germany from the 1970s to today. Combining perspectives from intellectual history and legal theory, it explores the ideas and practices of Horst Herold, former President of the German Federal Criminal Police Agency. Herold’s thought was both deeply influenced by cybernetics, a form of techno-utopian thought developed during World War II as well as the basis on which technological policing was first put to the test in Germany. The article illustrates Herold’s hopes for a cybernetic transformation of police, law, and society.

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19

Leydesdorff, Loet. "Sustainable technological developments and second-order cybernetics." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 9, no. 3 (1997): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537329708524288.

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20

Winter, Wolfgang, and Manuela Thurm. "Second‐order cybernetics! In systemic management thinking?" Kybernetes 34, no. 3/4 (2005): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920510581602.

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21

Ghosal, A. "Second order cybernetics ‐ implications in real life." Kybernetes 28, no. 4 (1999): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684929910267707.

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22

Jackson, Michael C. "Bogdanov, Pragmatism, and the Future of Systems Thinking and Cybernetics." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 10 (2022): 204–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-10-204-207.

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The paper considers general system theory, cybernetics, and other systems approaches and argues that later systems thinking and cybernetics (systems/cybernetics) can be seen as a part of the same tradition of thought. There is a prima facie case, therefore, the philosophy of Bogdanov and the Pragmatists can bring unity to the systems movement. Further, it can equip systems thinkers to participate more fully in the major intellectual debates of today. The paper shows the resonance of Bogdanov’s ideas with the basic philosophical foundations for the formation and development of systems think

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23

Slater, Avery. ""Hermenautics": Toward a Disinformation Theory." New Literary History 54, no. 2 (2023): 1257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2023.a907171.

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Abstract: This essay tracks cybernetic approaches to the task of hermeneutics. From the first paradigm of cybernetics through its development within contemporary lines of research, the question of information processing evokes problems of interpretation shared by humans and machines. The article discusses Friedrich Kittler's notion of "hermenautics" in the context of disinformation and contemporary politics. This argument draws out connections between scientist Heinz Von Foerster's writings on the ethics of second-order cybernetics and Hannah Arendt's reporting on the trial of Adolf Eichmann.

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24

Brier, Søren. "From second-order cybernetics to cybersemiotics: A semiotic re-entry into the second-order cybernetics of Heinz von Foerster." Systems Research 13, no. 3 (1996): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1735(199609)13:3<229::aid-sres96>3.0.co;2-b.

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25

Chukhrov, Keti. "What Can Dialectics Change in the System?" Qui Parle 33, no. 2 (2024): 237–62. https://doi.org/10.1215/10418385-11442464.

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Abstract This article maps the differences in the application of systems method in Marxist dialectics, cybernetics, and poststructuralism. It studies the impact of algorithmic rationality on the speculative lexicons of philosophy—especially when philosophical dialectics is defined as nothing more than quasi-cybernetic recursivity. According to Yuk Hui, the decline of philosophy and dialectics can be contested only by second-order cybernetics as the proper successor of philosophical speculation. To dispute this bold assumption, the article embarks on a comparative inquiry into the systemic meth

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26

Hiba, Hishi. "The Impact of Cybernetics on Organizational Learning: Now & Then." International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research 09, no. 12 (2020): 69–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5036506.

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<em>The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of literature on organizational learning and cybernetics trying to answer how cybernetics impact organizational learning. The research method used relied heavily on revision, analysis, comparison beside related literature on organizational learning and cybernetics along with providing insights from COVID 19 crisis. Through a theoretical approach of reviewing organizational learning and cybernetics literature supported by most recent practical examples, this study shows how cybernetics offer organizational learning a framework of insights

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27

Julià, Pere. "Observer or self‐observer in second‐order cybernetics?" Kybernetes 29, no. 5/6 (2000): 770–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920010333198.

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28

Rawes, Peg. "Second‐order cybernetics, architectural drawing and monadic thinking." Kybernetes 36, no. 9/10 (2007): 1486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03684920710827436.

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29

Munton, Michael. "Leading by design: The synergy of second-order cybernetics and transformative leadership." Technoetic Arts 19, no. 1-2 (2021): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tear_00047_1.

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As cyberneticians living at this pivotal moment for global change, we see on the horizon exciting new prospects as well as ferocious storms. Who is qualified to navigate and give direction at such high stakes? If cybernetics is the art of navigating towards goals, it has much to offer to leaders and leadership theory. In this article, I share my personal account of the ASC Global Conversations Conference as someone newly introduced to cybernetics and how it is influencing my development as a transformative leader.

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Scott, Bernard. "The sociocybernetics of observation and reflexivity." Current Sociology 67, no. 4 (2019): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392119837543.

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The aim of this article is to show how sociocybernetics can clarify and bring order to two key concepts in the social sciences: ‘observation’ and ‘reflexivity’. The article provides an introduction and conceptual overview of second order cybernetics, placing it in the larger context of cybernetics and systems sciences studies. Since its inception, in cybernetics the role of the observer has been paramount. It is the observer who distinguishes systems of interest. It is the observer who communicates her observations and theoretical interpretations to the wider community of other observers. Crit

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Axelsson, Jakob. "Implications of Second-Order Cybernetics and Autopoiesis on Systems-of-Systems Engineering." Systems 13, no. 2 (2025): 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020119.

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Systems-of-systems are often characterized as systems where the constituent parts have some independence from the whole. Recent research has aimed at clarifying in more detail what this independence means. It has shown that independence requires the constituent systems to be agents that observe the system-of-systems from within and construct internal models of it as a basis for decisions. This view on observers as parts of the system-of-systems parallels development in the field of second-order cybernetics several decades ago, yet the connection between that field and systems-of-systems has no

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Ashby, Mick. "Problems with Abstract Observers and Advantages of a Model-Centric Cybernetics Paradigm." Systems 10, no. 3 (2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems10030053.

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Since 1974, when Heinz von Foerster made the distinction between “the cybernetics of observed systems” as first-order cybernetics (1oC) and “the cybernetics of observing systems” as second-order cybernetics (2oC), cybernetics has been dominated by this observer-centric paradigm that he claimed cannot be extended meaningfully to a third order. Rather than attempting to extend his paradigm, we derive an alternative, model-centric cybernetics paradigm from the first principles of regulation, which naturally extends to three orders, where the third order is ethical regulation. We thus consider a t

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Sweeting, Ben. "Applying ethics to itself: recursive ethical questioning in architecture and second-order cybernetics." Kybernetes 48, no. 4 (2019): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-12-2017-0471.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to put forward a way that ethics may be applied recursively to itself, in the sense that how we speak and reason about ethics is an activity to which ethical considerations and questions apply. Design/methodology/approach The paper is built on parallels between design and cybernetics, integrating elements of ethical discourse in each field. The way that cybernetics and design can each act as their own meta-disciplines, in the design of design and the cybernetics of cybernetics, is used as a pattern for a similarly recursive approach to ethics. This is explo

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Hohl, Michael. "Second Order Cybernetics: Why and Where to Steer To." She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 5, no. 4 (2019): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2019.11.005.

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Fischer, Thomas. "Narratives of exploration: from “Failure is not an Option” to “Try again. Fail again. Fail better.”." Kybernetes 49, no. 8 (2020): 2091–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2019-0502.

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Purpose To trace a shift in attitudes towards control since the mid-twentieth century, as reflected in a shift in rhetoric that accompanied the extension from first- to second-order cybernetics. Design/methodology/approach Narratives of exploration that have emerged from NASA’s lunar programme and recent design cybernetics are juxtaposed to show a transition away from the legitimisation of goal-oriented decision-making and control towards advocacy of partial control avoidance and accommodation of the unanticipated. Findings Contemporary cybernetic theory recognises the importance of both the p

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Cretu, Andrei. "Learning the Ashby Box: an experiment in second order cybernetic modeling." Kybernetes 49, no. 8 (2019): 2073–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-06-2019-0439.

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Purpose W. Ross Ashby’s elementary non-trivial machine, known in the cybernetic literature as the “Ashby Box,” has been described as the prototypical example of a black box system. As far as it can be ascertained from Ashby’s journal, the intended purpose of this device may have been to exemplify the environment where an “artificial brain” may operate. This paper describes the construction of an elementary observer/controller for the class of systems exemplified by the Ashby Box – variable structure black box systems with parallel input. Design/methodology/approach Starting from a formalizatio

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Knysh, Inna Vasylivna. "UPGRADE OF CYBERNETICS IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPING CREATIVITY." Creativity Studies 13, no. 2 (2020): 494–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.9071.

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The author attempted to consider upgrade of cybernetics in the context of developing creativity in modern scientific discourse. First-order cybernetics studied observed systems, second-order cybernetics dealt with observing systems, and third-order cybernetics studied the subject–polysubject environment – cyberspace. So, changes in the character of labour, the means of production, industrial relations and labour power have been analyzed. The article also considers the problem of “physicists and lyric poets”, which prompted researchers to look for possible ways to resolve the contradictions. It

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Lepskiy, V. E. "Philosophical-Methodological Basis for the Formation of Third-Order Cybernetics." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences, no. 10 (December 20, 2018): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2018-10-7-36.

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In the paper, a philosophical and methodological analysis of the evolution of cybernetics in the context of the development of scientific rationality is carried out. The evolution of cybernetics is represented as a movement from the methodology of “observable systems” (N. Wiener) and to the methodology of “observing systems” (von Foerster) and to the methodology of self-developing reflexive-active environments. Special attention is paid to the formation of a new promising direction for post-non-classical cybernetics of self-developing poly-subject (reflexive-active) environments, which, given

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Jaffe, Aaron. "The Double Repatriations of Cybernetics and Media Theory: Vilém Flusser and Heinz von Foerster." New Literary History 54, no. 2 (2023): 1247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nlh.2023.a907170.

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Abstract: Connecting the dots between Vilém Flusser and Heinz von Foerster, this essay explores the links and somewhat belated co-emergence of media theory and cybernetics as a vanishing mediator in modern literary history and the posthuman turn: first, media theory's cybernetic investments and re-deployments of certain concepts and, second, a much humbler claim for cybernetics, namely, its status as a media theory in all but name. Preeminently, the idea that there's no outside to the Whole, second-order observation, the key piece from von Foerster, is central to Flusserian thinking. There's a

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Lepskiy, Vladimir E. "Philosophical and Methodological Foundations Post-non-classical Third-Order Cybernetics." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 8 (2022): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-8-211-215.

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The article presents a philosophical and methodological analysis of the evolution of paradigms of cybernetics of the first, second and third-order. We used N. Bohr’s principle of correspondence, established in physical science, the ideas of scientific revolutions by T.S. Kuhn, J. Holton’s ideas about the use in new paradigms of cross-cutting thematic structures as peculiar trajectories of the historical development of science, as well as M. Polanyi’s ideas about the influence of personal knowledge of creators on the content of new scientific paradigms. An analysis of three examples proposed

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Medvedeva, T. A. "Cybernetics and the Russian Intellectual Tradition." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences, no. 10 (December 20, 2018): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2018-10-37-46.

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Understanding the differences between scientific approaches to cybernetics is difficult because of the very different histories and intellectual traditions in Russia and the West, i.e. the U.S. and Europe. This paper, firstly, describes the peculiarities of the Russian style of scientific thinking, considering as an example Alexander Bogdanov’s theory (tectology) in context of the Russian intellectual tradition. Secondly, the paper compares Vladimir E. Lepskiy’s and Stuart A. Umpleby’s theories of cybernetics looking at them through the prism of Russian and American intellectual traditions. We

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Almaguer-Kalixto, Patricia Eugenia, and Fabio Giglietto. "Steering the world from where we are: An introduction to the sociocybernetics perspective." Current Sociology 67, no. 4 (2019): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392119837573.

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The concept of sociocybernetics has been shaped over the past 40 years at the intersection between first- and second-order cybernetics, constructive epistemology and systems science. This has produced a common language to bridge these different disciplines and a common basis for research analysing complex social problems. Sociocybernetics applies second-order cybernetics concepts to the study of societies, communities and groups in which first- and second-order reflexivity may play an important part, but it is not only a theoretical perspective in the abstract; it is also an approach that is a

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Almaguer, Kalixto Patricia Eugenia, and Fabio Giglietto. "Steering the world from where we are: An introduction to the sociocybernetics perspective." Current Sociology 67, no. 4 (2019): 479–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921198375.

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The concept of sociocybernetics has been shaped over the past 40 years at the intersection between first- and second-order cybernetics, constructive epistemology and systems science. This has produced a common language to bridge these different disciplines and a common basis for research analysing complex social problems. Sociocybernetics applies second-order cybernetics concepts to the study of societies, communities and groups in which first- and second-order reflexivity may play an important part, but it is not only a theoretical perspective in the abstract; it is also an approach that is a

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Reynolds, Martin. "Triple-loop learning and conversing with reality." Kybernetes 43, no. 9/10 (2014): 1381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2014-0158.

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Purpose – Three levels of learning developed by Gregory Bateson in the tradition of second-order cybernetics have in-part been translated in terms of double-loop and triple-loop learning (TLL), particularly in the tradition of systems thinking. Learning III and TLL have gained less popularity since they deal with less tangible issues regarding virtues of wisdom and justice, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to provide a learning device – the systems thinking in practice (STiP) heuristic – which helps to retrieve the cybernetic concern for wisdom in association with an often forgotten

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Christy, Lowell F. Jr. "What is Intelligence? The Looming Philosophical Question behind Artificial Intelligence." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 10 (2022): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-10-208-212.

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The Looming Problem Behind Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Science is buried deep in how Occidental or Western Civilization has chosen to define its peculiar ideas of Truth (Epistemology) & Ontology (Metaphysics of us / universe). This paper identify how this Scientific Materialism and its physics paradigm has become inadequate and destructive to support living systems. AI is based on the ideas of first-order cybernetics, sufficient in creating “smart thinking appliances”. Second- and third-order cybernetics, requiring intelligence beyond a given context or mission driven task,

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Affifi, Ramsey. "The interspecies educator's cybernetic world." Kybernetes 43, no. 1 (2014): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2012-0080.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to interconnect pedagogy and biology via second-order cybernetics. Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken is that of a synthesis. Findings – Biology can better deal with intersubjectivity within and between species by incorporating approaches and theory from education inquiry. Conversely, educators can de-anthropocentrize their discipline by entering into learning relationships with other species. By rallying around the concept of “eduction”, second-order cybernetics plays a role in both syntheses. Practical implications – De-anthropocentrizing

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Nielsen, Søren Nors. "Second order cybernetics and semiotics in ecological systems—Where complexity really begins." Ecological Modelling 319 (January 2016): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.08.006.

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Wene, Clas-Otto. "A cybernetic view on learning curves and energy policy." Kybernetes 44, no. 6/7 (2015): 852–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2015-0014.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that cybernetic theory explains learning curves and sets the curves as legitimate and efficient tools for a pro-active energy technology policy. Design/methodology/approach – The learning system is a non-trivial machine that is kept in non-equilibrium steady state at minimum entropy production by competitive, equilibrium markets. The system has operational closure and the learning curve expresses its eigenbehaviour. This eigenbehaviour is analysed not in calendar time but in the characteristic time of the system, i.e., its eigentime. Measur

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Ringborg, Magnus. "Book Review: Second-Order Cybernetics in the Former Yugoslavia: Justice, Love and Wisdom." Transactional Analysis Journal 25, no. 3 (1995): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036215379502500316.

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GRIFFITH, JAMES L., MELISSA ELLIOTT GRIFFITH, and LOIS S. SLOVIK. "Mind-Body Problems in Family Therapy: Contrasting First- and Second-Order Cybernetics Approaches." Family Process 29, no. 1 (1990): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1990.00013.x.

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