Books: 'Second-order method'

1

Phase transitions of the second order: Collective variables method. Singapore: World Scientific, 1987.

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2

Deshpande, Suresh M. A second-order accurate kinetic-theory-based method for inviscid compressible flows. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1986.

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3

Shepherd, Adrian J. Second-Order Methods for Neural Networks. London: Springer London, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0953-2.

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4

Otmani, Zoulikha Zaidi ep. Numerical methods for second order parabolic partial differential equations. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1986.

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5

Krispin, J. Second-order Godunov methods and self-similar steady supersonic three-dimensional flowfields. Washington, D. C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1991.

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6

Shepherd, Adrian J. Second-order methods for neural networks: Fast and reliable training methods for multi-layer perceptrons. London: Springer, 1997.

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7

Joost, Engelfriet, ed. Graph structure and monadic second-order logic: A language-theoretic approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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8

Heinrich, Bernd. Finite difference methods on irregular networks: A generalized approach to second order elliptic problems. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1987.

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9

Heinrich, Bernd. Finite difference methods on irregular networks: A generalized approach to second order elliptic problems. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1987.

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10

International Conference on Spectral and High Order Methods (2nd 1992 Montpellier, France). ICOSAHOM'92: Selected papers from the second International Conference on Spectral and High Order Methods, Montpellier, France, 22-26 June 1992. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1994.

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11

Pester, Cornelia. A posteriori error estimation for non-linear eigenvalue problems for differential operators of second order with focus on 3D vertex singularities. Berlin: Logos-Verl., 2006.

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12

Zhukova, Galina. Differential equations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1072180.

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The textbook presents the theory of ordinary differential equations constituting the subject of the discipline "Differential equations". Studied topics: differential equations of first, second, arbitrary order; differential equations; integration of initial and boundary value problems; stability theory of solutions of differential equations and systems. Introduced the basic concepts, proven properties of differential equations and systems. The article presents methods of analysis and solutions. We consider the applications of the obtained results, which are illustrated on a large number of specific tasks. For independent quality control mastering the course material suggested test questions on the theory, exercises and tasks. It is recommended that teachers, postgraduates and students of higher educational institutions, studying differential equations and their applications.

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13

1943-, Gossez J. P., and Bonheure Denis, eds. Nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations: Workshop in celebration of Jean-Pierre Gossez's 65th birthday, September 2-4, 2009, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.

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14

1966-, Pérez Joaquín, and Galvez José A. 1972-, eds. Geometric analysis: Partial differential equations and surfaces : UIMP-RSME Santaló Summer School geometric analysis, June 28-July 2, 2010, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2012.

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15

Habib, Ammari, Capdeboscq Yves 1971-, and Kang Hyeonbae, eds. Multi-scale and high-contrast PDE: From modelling, to mathematical analysis, to inversion : Conference on Multi-scale and High-contrast PDE:from Modelling, to Mathematical Analysis, to Inversion, June 28-July 1, 2011, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2010.

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16

Sequeira, A., H. Beirão da Veiga, and V. A. Solonnikov. Recent advances in partial differential equations and applications: International conference in honor of Hugo Beirao de Veiga's 70th birthday, February 17-214, 2014, Levico Terme (Trento), Italy. Edited by Rădulescu, Vicenţiu D., 1958- editor. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2016.

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17

Imaging, multi-scale, and high-contrast partial differential equations: Seoul ICM 2014 Satellite Conference, August 7-9, 2014, Daejeon, Korea. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2016.

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18

Yukhnovskii, R. I. Phase Transitions of the Second Order: Collective Variable Method. World Scientific Publishing Company, 1987.

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19

A second-order accurate kinetic-theory-based method for inviscid compressible flows. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1987.

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20

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., ed. A second-order accurate kinetic-theory-based method for inviscid compressible flows. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1987.

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21

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., ed. A second-order accurate kinetic-theory-based method for inviscid compressible flows. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1987.

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22

Wang, Junping. Asymptotic expansions and L [infinity symbol]-error estimates for mixed finite element methods for second order elliptic problems. 1988.

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23

Kramer, Sina. Materialist History and Method. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625986.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 argues that due to its retroactive character, any critique of constitutive exclusion must be retrospective: both materialist and historical. First, this critical method must be material as a means of releasing the possibilities sedimented in a political agency we often presume to be fixed, natural, and unified. It must also be material in order to orient our listening toward concrete conditions without reducing them to brute facticity and without romanticizing or fetishizing those constitutively excluded. Second, this critical method must also be retrospective or historical, because the retroactive temporality of constitutive exclusion leaves the current terrain of politics and intelligible political agency sedimented with multiple exclusions. By unearthing how things may have been otherwise, we release those sparks of resistance that they can still be otherwise.

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24

Tollefsen, Torstein Theodor. Method and Logic in Theodore’s Treatises. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816775.003.0002.

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This chapter treats the structure of the three refutations Theodore wrote in order to counter the iconoclast challenges. The second refutation is written as a dialogue, and the first one should not need much editing in order to appear as a dialogue as well. The chapter also discusses our information on Theodore’s education, which is rather meagre. However, he must have had some teaching in the tradition of logic, since he shows that he knows some elements of both Aristotelian and Stoic logic. This logic is discussed in detail. Theodore applies logic as a practical tool in his defence of the icons.

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25

Aamir, Shabbir, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Methods of ensuring realizability for non-realizable second order closures. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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26

Mitchell, Andrew. Second-order Learning in Developmental Evaluation: New Methods for Complex Conditions. Palgrave Pivot, 2018.

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27

Mitchell, Andrew. Second-order Learning in Developmental Evaluation: New Methods for Complex Conditions. Palgrave Pivot, 2018.

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28

Shepherd, Adrian J. Second-Order Methods for Neural Networks: Fast and Reliable Training Methods for Multi-Layer Perceptrons. Springer, 2014.

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29

Edmunds, D. E., and W. D. Evans. Second-Order Differential Operators on Arbitrary Open Sets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812050.003.0007.

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In this chapter, three different methods are described for obtaining nice operators generated in some L2 space by second-order differential expressions and either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. The first is based on sesquilinear forms and the determination of m-sectorial operators by Kato’s First Representation Theorem; the second produces an m-accretive realization by a technique due to Kato using his distributional inequality; the third has its roots in the work of Levinson and Titchmarsh and gives operators T that are such that iT is m-accretive. The class of such operators includes the self-adjoint operators, even ones that are not bounded below. The essential self-adjointness of Schrödinger operators whose potentials have strong local singularities are considered, and the quantum-mechanical interpretation of essential self-adjointness is discussed.

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30

Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Classical spin systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0020.

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The thermodynamic properties of spin systems are evaluated with Monte Carlo methods. A review of classical thermodynamics is followed by a discussion of critical exponents. The Monte Carlo method is then applied to the two-dimensional Ising model with the goal of determining the phase diagram for magnetization. Boundary conditions, the reweighting method, autocorrelation, and critical slowing down are all explored. Cluster algorithms for overcoming critical slowing down are developed next and shown to dramatically reduce autocorrelation. A variety of spin systems that illustrate first, second, and infinite order (topological) phase transitions are explored. Finally, applications to random systems called spin glasses and to neural networks are briefly reviewed.

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31

Eynard, Bertrand. Random matrices and loop equations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797319.003.0007.

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This chapter is an introduction to algebraic methods in random matrix theory (RMT). In the first section, the random matrix ensembles are introduced and it is shown that going beyond the usual Wigner ensembles can be very useful, in particular by allowing eigenvalues to lie on some paths in the complex plane rather than on the real axis. As a detailed example, the Plancherel model is considered from the point of RMT. The second section is devoted to the saddle-point approximation, also called the Coulomb gas method. This leads to a system of algebraic equations, the solution of which leads to an algebraic curve called the ‘spectral curve’ which determines the large N expansion of all observables in a geometric way. Finally, the third section introduces the ‘loop equations’ (i.e., Schwinger–Dyson equations associated with matrix models), which can be solved recursively (i.e., order by order in a semi-classical expansion) by a universal recursion: the ‘topological recursion’.

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32

Heinrich, Bernd. Finite Difference Methods on Irregular Networks: A Generalized Approach to Second Order Elliptic Problems (Intl Series Numerical Mathematic, Vol 82). Birkhauser, 1988.

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33

Implementing Families of Implicit Chebyshev Methods with Exact Coefficients for the Numerical Integration of First- and Second-Order Differential Equations. Storming Media, 2002.

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34

Lopes, Dominic McIver. Aesthetics in Three Dimensions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796657.003.0002.

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This chapter begins with a historical overview of aesthetics and the philosophy of art before turning to a discussion of how the philosophy of art bears upon human culture. It then considers the methods used in attacking problems in aesthetics and the philosophy of art by highlighting the distinctions between pure and applied philosophy, between internal and external perspectives on aesthetic and artistic phenomena, and between first-order and second-order methods. It also examines how aesthetics and the philosophy of art are affected as the arts evolve and as empirical studies of aesthetic and artistic phenomena become well established in the social and behavioural sciences as well as the humanities.

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35

Brooks, Thom, and Sebastian Stein, eds. Hegel's Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778165.001.0001.

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Hegel famously argues that his speculative method is a foundation for claims about socio-political reality within a wider philosophical system. This systematic approach is thought a superior alternative to all other ways of philosophical thinking. Hegel’s method and system have normative significance for understanding everything from ethics to the state. Hegel’s approach has attracted much debate among scholars about key philosophical questions—and controversy about his proposed answers to them. Is his method and system open to the charge of dogmatism? Are his claims about the rationality of monarchy, unequal gender relations, an unelected second parliamentary chamber, and a corporation-based economy beyond revision? If not, does his political philosophy collapse into relativism? Since Hegel’s method is supposed to save him from either extreme, is there anything about his criticism of previous philosophies that could make his approach attractive to contemporary thinkers? Or is it preferable to focus on Hegel’s conclusions only, disregard his method, and interpret him in a non-systematic reading? This groundbreaking collection of new essays by leading interpreters of Hegel’s philosophy is dedicated to the questions that surround Hegel’s philosophical method and its relationship to the conclusions of his political philosophy. It contributes to the ongoing debate about the importance of a systematic context for political philosophy and the relationship between theoretical and practical philosophy, and it engages with contemporary discussions about the shape of a rational social order and gauges the timeliness of Hegel’s way of thinking.

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36

Lopes, Dominic McIver. Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art. Edited by Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.11.

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This article focuses on aesthetics and the philosophy of art as branches of so-called analytic philosophy. It begins with a historical overview of aesthetics and the philosophy of art before turning to a discussion of how the philosophy of art bears upon human culture. It then considers the methods used in attacking problems in aesthetics and the philosophy of art by highlighting the distinctions between pure and applied philosophy, between internal and external perspectives on aesthetic and artistic phenomena, and between first-order and second-order methods. It also examines how aesthetics and the philosophy of art are affected as the arts evolve and as empirical studies of aesthetic and artistic phenomena become well established in the social and behavioural sciences as well as the humanities.

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37

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Primordial quantum perturbations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0062.

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This chapter shows that fluctuations of quantum origin are generated during inflation and that this process supplies initial conditions compatible with the observations. These fluctuations are therefore an important prediction of inflationary models. The chapter thus begins with a study of perturbations during inflation, proceeding in a similar manner to the previous chapter by finding the perturbation of the energy–momentum tensor of the scalar field. Another method of deriving the equations of motion of the perturbations is to start from the action of general relativity coupled to a scalar field, and expand to second order in the metric and scalar field perturbations. The chapter then proceeds with the determination of the initial conditions and the slow-roll inflation.

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38

Reuter, Martina. François Poulain de la Barre on the Subjugation of Women. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810261.003.0003.

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This chapter demonstrates how French thinker François Poulain de la Barre (1648–1723) made a profound contribution to feminist thought by adapting Cartesian ideas towards arguments for the liberation of women in the early modern era. First, it shows that Poulain embraces Cartesian method, and highlights the freedom of the intellect in all human beings, in order to establish that women are intellectually equal to men. Second, this chapter discusses Poulain’s contention that in order for women to overcome their own internalized prejudices, they must realize that their subjugation to men is neither a natural nor a justified state of affairs. Finally, this chapter examines Poulain’s claim that a woman’s self-knowledge—knowledge of herself as a human being, an immaterial mind united to a material body—is a necessary prerequisite for the attainment of her liberty. The upshot is that, for Poulain, self-knowledge is the key for women overcoming their subjugation.

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39

Anderson, Jill E. “The Element that Shaped Me, That I Shape by Being In”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039805.003.0006.

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This chapter presents a reading of Margaret Atwood's Surfacing (1971) and The Edible Woman (1969). It argues that a fully feminist reading of these two novels must address how each contributes to the emerging discourse of queer ecology and to its examination of naturalization, or the process by which various behaviors, ideals, and conventions are accepted and legitimated, often to the detriment of their subjects. It employs the terms naturalized and natural in two distinct ways. First, it uses them as a means of identifying dictates and expectations that have shaped women and caused their oppression throughout specific historical periods. Second, it uses them to indicate the method by which Atwood reverses this primary process of naturalization in order to redefine the terms and construct feminist rebellion and consciousness-raising in the novels.

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40

Arous, Gerard Ben, and Alice Guionnet. Free probability theory. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.22.

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This article focuses on free probability theory, which is useful for dealing with asymptotic eigenvalue distributions in situations involving several matrices. In particular, it considers some of the basic ideas and results of free probability theory, mostly from the random matrix perspective. After providing a brief background on free probability theory, the article discusses the moment method for several random matrices and the concept of freeness. It then gives some of the main probabilistic notions used in free probability and introduces the combinatorial theory of freeness. In this theory, freeness is described in terms of free cumulants in relation to the planar approximations in random matrix theory (RMT). The article also examines free harmonic analysis, second-order freeness, operator-valued free probability theory, further free-probabilistic aspects of random matrices, and operator algebraic aspects of free probability.

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41

Körösényi, András, Péter Ondré, and András Hajdú. A “Meteoric” Career in Hungarian Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783848.003.0005.

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The central puzzle of this chapter is the meteoric rise and abrupt fall in the popularity of Ferenc Gyurcsány, the Hungarian prime minister between 2004 and 2009. The chapter applies the LCI to explain this riddle by analyzing his prime-ministerial career. The chapter also aims to contribute to the methodological refinement of the LCI. First, it introduces a milestone approach, which sets the data for six crucial moments in Gyurcsány’s political career to make the LCI a dynamic tool for the analysis. Second, in order to improve the reliability of the method and exclude researcher bias, it replaces researcher judgment with expert judgment in the cases of communicative performance and management skills, and with the fulfillment rate of the legislative program in the case of parliamentary effectiveness. The result of the research diverges from our initial expectations, since the aggregate value of the LCI decreased only rather moderately.

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42

Nogalski, James D. Redaction Criticism and the Prophets. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.16.

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This chapter describes the current state of redactional discussions as practiced on the four scrolls of the Latter Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Twelve). It begins by describing the changes in understanding the nature and importance of redactional work on the prophets from the beginning of the twentieth century until today, including the rise of redaction history and the interplay between redactional studies and text criticism. Methodological issues take center stage in the second section, where key concepts of prophetic redactional treatments are defined and illustrated in order to chart the processes of composition, compilation, and shaping of the scrolls. Key concepts include individual compositions, actualizations, small collections, source blocks, the idea of a rolling corpus, scribal awareness of readers, and editorial thematic threads. Limitations of the method are also mentioned. Finally, the chapter concludes with summaries of major redactional models for each of the four scrolls.

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43

Nigel, Blackaby, Partasides Constantine, Redfern Alan, and Hunter Martin. 11 Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198714248.003.0011.

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This chapter examines the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. It discusses the carrying out, or performance, of awards, so as to place recognition and enforcement in their proper context. In arbitration, if the losing party fails to carry out an award, the winning party needs to take steps to enforce performance of it. Two steps may be taken. The first is to exert some form of pressure, commercial or otherwise, in order to show the losing party that it is in its interests to perform the award voluntarily. The second is to invoke the powers of the state to obtain a charge over the losing party’s assets or in other ways to compel performance of the award. Pressure may also be exerted through adverse publicity. This method is adopted by trade associations and has the effect of discouraging other traders in the market from dealing with the defaulting party.

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44

Maquet, Pierre, and Julien Fanielle. Neuroimaging in normal sleep and sleep disorders. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0011.

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Functional neuroimaging techniques include methods that probe various aspects of brain function and help derive models of brain organization in health and disease. These techniques can be grouped in two categories. Some are mainly based on electromagnetic signals (electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography), recording brain activity using a large number of sensors with exquisite temporal resolution (usually of the order of a kilohertz) but allowing only indirect characterization of three-dimensional brain activity by resorting to mathematical models. The second type includes different techniques (PET scan, SPECT, MRI, optical imaging) that typically assess metabolic or hemodynamic parameters, with millimeter spatial resolution and usually from the entire brain volume. However, temporal resolution is usually low because it is primarily driven by metabolic processes that unfold in several seconds or minutes. This chapter focuses on this second type, covering the contribution of brain imaging to understanding NREM sleep and REM sleep and also sleep disorders.

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45

Hugh, Beale, Bridge Michael, Gullifer Louise, and Lomnicka Eva. Part III Registration and Other Perfection Requirements, 9 Registration and Other Perfection Requirements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198795568.003.0009.

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This chapter looks at how the expression ‘perfection’ is a useful way to describe steps that a secured creditor has to take in order to be able to make the security effective against other secured creditors, trustees in bankruptcy, and company liquidators or administrators. The methods of perfection set out in Revised Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code consist of possession, control, and registration. Care must be taken, however, in applying the concept of perfection to English law. First, Article 9 requires that every security interest be perfected, although for some types of security interest no extra step is needed beyond the security being agreed and attaching to the collateral. Second, the steps needed to be taken to register, as well as those needed to obtain control, are different to those required in English law.

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46

Araújo, Ana Cláudia Vaz de. Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e nanocompósitos com polianilina. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-120-2.

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In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions around 57 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed average particle diameters around 29 nm, in the same order of magnitude of the crystallite size determined with Scherrer’s equation. These magnetic nanoparticles were used to obtain nanocomposites with polyaniline (PAni). The material was prepared under exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) or under heating, from dispersions of the nanoparticles in an acidic solution of aniline. Unlike other synthetic routes reported elsewhere, this new route does not utilize any additional oxidizing agent. XRD analysis showed the appearance of a second crystalline phase in all the PAni-Fe3O4 composites, which was indexed as goethite. Furthermore, the crystallite size decreases nearly 50 % with the increase in the synthesis time. This size decrease suggests that the nanoparticles are consumed during the synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the amount of polyaniline increases with synthesis time. The nanocomposite electric conductivity was around 10-5 S cm-1, nearly one order of magnitude higher than for pure magnetite. Conductivity varied with the amount of PAni in the system, suggesting that the electric properties of the nanocomposites can be tuned according to their composition. Under an external magnetic field the nanocomposites showed hysteresis behavior at room temperature, characteristic of ferromagnetic materials. Saturation magnetization (MS) for pure magnetite was ~ 74 emu g-1. For the PAni-Fe3O4 nanocomposites, MS ranged from ~ 2 to 70 emu g-1, depending on the synthesis conditions. This suggests that composition can also be used to control the magnetic properties of the material.

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47

Schröder, Jan. Legal Scholarship. Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.23.

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The contribution is about the development of the concept of law, and the theory of legal sources and methods in the early modern period. The chapter builds on continental legal literature, with emphasis on the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. The author distinguishes two developmental phases: 1. the period from 1500 to 1650, which covers the era of humanism, and 2. the era of the Enlightenment from 1650 to 1800. From the first period to the second, the concept of law changes. Until c.1650, in order to be in force law had to be rightful and acceptable. From the mid-seventeenth century onwards, positive law depended on the will of the lawgiver only, while natural law evolved into a complete embodiment of rational law. The chapter demonstrates the influence, which the change in the concept of law had on specific parts of legal methodology.

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48

Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.001.0001.

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A good knowledge of physics, measurement, and equipment is essential for practising anaesthetists. However, these subjects do present considerable problems because few anaesthetists have any background in physics. This book explains the physical principles and applications of physics in anaesthesia, and the statistical methods that anaesthetists are required to understand. The book includes sections on equipment and safety in anaesthesia, and electrical safety. Fully updated for the second edition, the book also includes new chapters on the depth of anaesthesia and on electrical safety. The contents are based on the syllabus of the FRCA exam in mathematics, physics, clinical measurement, monitoring, and equipment. The book starts with mathematics, statistics and physics background, not only to enhance the understanding for what follows in the book, but also because these basic sciences are fundamental to many other aspects of medical science. Areas, which in the authors' teaching experience, candidates have found particularly troublesome, such as electricity and electrical safety, are discussed in some detail in order to clarify.

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49

Pettit, Philip. Reconstructing Morality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904913.003.0003.

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Ethics requires people not just to be moved by relatively altruistic feelings to perform relatively altruisic actions, but to be moved in this way by considerations that they conceptualize in ethical terms or concepts. Those concepts come in many forms, but two important families cluster around, first, the idea of desirable options and, second, the idea of agents who are fit to be held responsible for taking or not taking such options. The aim of this book is to explain the emergence of ethical concepts and practices in a naturalistic manner that vindicates realism. Such a story of emergence would help to make sense of ethics, directing us to the sorts of properties predicated in talk of desirability and responsibility. But in order to do so, it would have to start from a naturalistically intelligible, pre-moral starting point—ground zero—and explain in naturalistic terms how people in that society would be likely to make a cascading series of adjustments that would eventually lead them into ethical space. The project of developing such a story is akin to various approaches taken in other branches of philosophy, embodying a conceptual genealogy, and employing something like the method of creature-construction, but has not been undertaken before for ethics, at least not in the way it is undertaken here.

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50

Ross, John, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel O. Vlad. Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195178685.001.0001.

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In a chemical system with many chemical species several questions can be asked: what species react with other species: in what temporal order: and with what results? These questions have been asked for over one hundred years about simple and complex chemical systems, and the answers constitute the macroscopic reaction mechanism. In Determination of Complex Reaction Mechanisms authors John Ross, Igor Schreiber, and Marcel Vlad present several systematic approaches for obtaining information on the causal connectivity of chemical species, on correlations of chemical species, on the reaction pathway, and on the reaction mechanism. Basic pulse theory is demonstrated and tested in an experiment on glycolysis. In a second approach, measurements on time series of concentrations are used to construct correlation functions and a theory is developed which shows that from these functions information may be inferred on the reaction pathway, the reaction mechanism, and the centers of control in that mechanism. A third approach is based on application of genetic algorithm methods to the study of the evolutionary development of a reaction mechanism, to the attainment given goals in a mechanism, and to the determination of a reaction mechanism and rate coefficients by comparison with experiment. Responses of non-linear systems to pulses or other perturbations are analyzed, and mechanisms of oscillatory reactions are presented in detail. The concluding chapters give an introduction to bioinformatics and statistical methods for determining reaction mechanisms.

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Books on the topic 'Second-order method'

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