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Journal articles on the topic 'Second Republic of Austria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 15 June 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Binder, Dieter A. "The Second Republic: Austria Seen as a Continuum." Austrian History Yearbook 26 (January 1995): 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800004227.

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TheOldAustrofascists returned from the concentration camps and from their time of suffering and brought back with them some democratic convictions. That was the “Austrian miracle,” as Leopold Figl used to say. Those on the Left who had emigrated remained mostly wherever they were, for safety's sake. Only a few returned to their homeland, where, in the beginning, they were not very welcome. In the distressful postwar situation, the politicians, all of whose reputations had become somewhat tarnished since 1934, remembered an aging Social Democrat who was beyond suspicion, a politician who in 191

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2

Karner, Stefan. "The Austrian People's Party and the Creation of the Second Austrian Republic (1945—1955)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017598-6.

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In this article, the reader is offered not just the history of the formation of the Austrian People&apos;s Party, but in a broader sense, the internal political development of the Republic of Austria after 1945. Based on a wide range of historical sources, the development of the political consensus in Austria in the post-war period, the peculiarities of the formation of the foreign policy course and the choice of the policy of neutrality by Austria are shown. Special attention is paid to major Austrian political figures and their vision of strengthening and further development of Austria a

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Uhl, Heidemarie. "Transformations of Austrian Memory:Politics of History and Monument Culture in the Second Republic." Austrian History Yearbook 32 (January 2001): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800011206.

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On what was the first visit of an Austrian president to Israel, Thomas Klestil spoke before the Knesset in November 1994 of “repression,” of a lack of “admission to the whole truth,” stating, “We know that we have too often spoken of the fact that Austria was the first state to lose its freedom and independence to National Socialism—but we have spoken far too rarely of the fact that some of the worst henchmen of the NS dictatorship were in fact Austrians.” With this, Klestil was reacting to the fundamental questioning of the victim theory in the Waldheim debate as had Chancellor Franz Vranitzk

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Baber, Katherine. "“American First Aid”: Jerome Robbins and Leonard Bernstein at the Salzburg Festival, 1959." Journal of Austrian-American History 6, no. 1 (2022): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jaustamerhist.6.1.0074.

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Abstract This article examines the reception of two American artists during the Salzburg Festival of 1959 in the context of Cold War cultural diplomacy. While Austria had just become an independent republic again in 1955, the Salzburg Festival was experiencing a second American occupation, this time at Austrian invitation. The reasons for and the ways in which Austrian audiences and critics interpreted these performances and the idea of American music—through genre, personality, and politics—reveal the identity of the Festival, and by extension Austria, in a state of flux.

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Martinets, Yuliya A. "SOVIET-AUSTRIAN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AS A PROBLEM OF RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 4 (2021): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2021-4-19-31.

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This article is devoted to the trade and economic relations between the USSR and the Austrian Republic, whose modern borders were drawn up only at the end of the Second World War. The author aims to give a brief overview of the main scientific results (dissertation studies, monographs, scientific articles) of domestic – Soviet and Russian – historians and economists. The article attempts to analyze the influence of the state ideology on the development of domestic Austrian studies and to trace the reflection of the ideological confrontation between the East and the West during the Cold War on

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Papenko, Natalia, and Yevgen Papenko. "The policy of the Austrian Republic concerning the constant neutrality (1945-1955)." European Historical Studies, no. 4 (2016): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.04.192-208.

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The article is devoted to the exploration of the constant neutrality status of the Second Austrian republic, to its political and legal research, its effectiveness as an instrument of the foreign policy of the state. The problem of the Austrian constant neutrality status is the post-war system of international relations was and is one of the main issues of Austrian internal and foreign policy, as long as it was directly connected with the discontinuance of occupation by the states of anti-Hitler coalition. Status of constant neutrality had to become a pledge of the existence of Austria as an i

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Scheuch, Hanno. "Austria 1918–55: from the First to the Second Republic." Historical Journal 32, no. 1 (1989): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015351.

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Kozyakova, N. S. "Internal political struggle in the Second Austrian Republic regarding the problem of neutrality in the 1950s of the 20th century (on the example of the "Abbreviated Treaty")." Bulletin of the State University of Education. Series: History and Political Sciences, no. 1 (April 5, 2024): 123–32. https://doi.org/10.18384/2949-5164-2024-1-123-132.

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Aim. To review the history of Austria's declaration of permanent neutrality and the political struggle around this problem. The status of permanent neutrality fully fulfills the interests of the Austrian people. Modern Austrian neutrality also contributes to the preservation of peace in the center of Europe.Methodology. The research methodology is based on such principles as historicism, objectivity and scientific reliability, the integrated use of which made it possible to achieve the goal set in the work.Results. It is concluded that the State Treaty and the status of permanent neutrality fo

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9

Kozyakova, Nataliya S. "The accession of the Second Republic of Austria to the UN after the end of World War II (1955)." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 193 (2021): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-193-254-261.

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We examine the problems that occupied the main place in Austria’s foreign policy in the mid-1950s of 20th century and characterized its role in international relations during the specified period. The role of Austria in the international arena has increased the country’s entry into the path of neutrality. It also opened up wide opportunities for it to participate in the activities of vari-ous international organizations extensively. Using the method of source analysis, the active partic-ipation of Austria in the work of the UN is considered, its authority and support for the sufficient work of

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10

Burri, Michael. "Austrian Festival Missions after 1918: The Vienna Music Festival and the Long Shadow of Salzburg." Austrian History Yearbook 47 (April 2016): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237816000114.

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Rising from the ruins of a post-1918 Austria shed of its monarchical leadership and much of its former territory, the Salzburg Festival acquired a symbolic authority during the First Austrian Republic that continues to ensure its privileged place in Austrian politics and culture to this day. At the core of this privileged place are two signature legacies that, while grounded in the festival's prewar history, fortified a particular agenda of the Second Austrian Republic in defining Austrian history and national identity in the decades following World War II. The first, as expressed in 1919 by t

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Kozyakova, Natal’ya S. "The problem of disarmament and the attitude of austrian statesmen to it in the 1960s and 1970s." Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University 55, no. 3 (2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/21-3/03.

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The article is devoted to international security problems in the Second Austrian Republic in the 1960s and 1970s. The aim is to consider the policy of neutral Austria, which was an active struggle for the preservation and strengthening of peace in the international arena and not flight to isolation. The topic's relevance lies in the fact that Austria's leading interests during the period under review were to ensure that all European problems were resolved peacefully and, therefore, nuclear weapons were not placed near its borders. It has been very active in the international arena, based prima

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Miecznikowska-Jerzak, Justyna. "Demokracja bezpośrednia w Austrii – praktyka i perspektywy rozwoju." Politeja 20, no. 1(82) (2023): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.20.2023.82.04.

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DIRECT DEMOCRACY IN AUSTRIA – PRACTICE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS First, the article traces the historical development of and legal regulations related to the instruments of direct democracy in the Second Republic. It details such forms of direct democracy as: the obligatory and optional referendum (Volksabstimmung), consultative referendum (Volksbefragung) and popular legislative initiative (Volksbegehren), as well as provides historical examples of their use. The latter part of the article elaborates on the positions of the main political parties in Austria and federal coalition plans for the

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Kisztelińska-Węgrzyńska, Agnieszka. "Inwestycje austriackie w Polsce przed 1989 rokiem." Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki, no. 29 (September 14, 2021): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2021.29.04.

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Austrian investments in Poland developed with varying intensity throughout the 20th century. The Second Austrian Republic exerted a visible influence on the eastern area in terms of entrepreneurship, the intensity of this process, the degree of generated changes and the effects in relation to Poland require clarification. Poland was treated by post-war Austria as an initiator of changes in the region and a partner in the exchange of goods and raw materials. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of Austrian economic stimuli, mainly direct investments, on the political situation in Pola

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Praher, Andreas. "Die Rückkehr der „Ehemaligen“: Belastete „Skihelden“ und das nationalsozialistische Erbe im österreichischen Skisport." STADION 47, no. 1 (2023): 57–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2023-1-57.

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Alpine skiing played a central role in the nation-building process of the Second Austrian Republic. To this day skiing in Austria is a national affair of the highest rank. In post-war-narratives, celebrated stars became untouchable. They served as national heroes and role models for the tourism industry and media. Sport officials and state politicians made it their task to present skiing as the national sport and to emphasize Austria’s hegemonic role in it. In the wake of this operetta-like depiction, myths and male-dominated heroic stories have inscribed themselves in the seemingly innocent w

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Zyabrikov, Vitaly V. "Saxon Diplomacy in the First Months of the Second Silesian War (August/October 1744)." Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya, no. 1 (May 23, 2024): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0130386424010042.

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In the mid-eighteenth century, the Electorate of Saxony, one of the largest German states joined in a personal union with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, played a significant role in European politics. Relations with Saxony were critical in the diplomatic calculations of Europe’s major powers, including Great Britain, France, and Austria. This holds true during the time of the Silesian Wars (1740–1742; 1744–1745) as Prussia’s strengthening political influence gave rise to two major power centres in Germany. Austria and Prussia were both keen on winning Saxony’s favour as a potential ally.

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Dementyeva, Тamara М. "German as a Second Foreign Language for Russian Students – A Dilemma of Choice: Classical or Pluricentric German?" Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 464 (2021): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/464/21.

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The article raises the problem of teaching German as a second foreign language within the framework of a pluricentric approach. Its relevance for the Russian undergraduate and graduate students is dictated by the modern needs and opportunities to obtain further education in the Common European higher institutions of Germany (D), Austria (A), the German-speaking part of Switzerland (CH), as well as the opportunity to participate in various international student exchange support programs of these countries. The aim of this article is to assess the willingness of the bachelor’s and master’s stude

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Pohl, Walter. "Ostarrîchi Revisited: The 1946 Anniversary, the Millennium, and the Medieval Roots of Austrian Identity." Austrian History Yearbook 27 (January 1996): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800005804.

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In1996,Austriawill celebrate its millennium. As in many other cases, the chronological justifications for the anniversary are open to question. Austria has never been “founded,” and certainly not one thousand years ago; its independence is the result of a process that took centuries and cannot be symbolized by a date like July 4 in the United States. Austria's national holiday, October 26, marks the date in 1955 when the Austrian parliament voted permanent neutrality and the last of the Allied occupation troops left the country. Nobody, it is true, would doubt that Austria's history stretches

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Kozińska-Witt, Hanna. "The Union of Polish Cities in the Second Polish Republic, 1918–1939: Discourses of Local Government in a Divided Land." Contemporary European History 11, no. 4 (2002): 549–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777302004034.

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The new Polish state was founded more than 100 years after Poland's partition by Prussia, Russia and Austria. The partitioned Polish lands had been included one way or another in the administrative structure of the ocupying powers, and the individuals who became active in urban issues in the new state were socialised by associations established by the partitioners. Poland became not only a arena for a meeting of Prussian, Russian and Austrian imaginations about local government but also a place with a great variety of municipal praxises as well. The author analyses different meanings of local

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Tepavcevic, Sanja, Irina N. Molodikova, and Sergey V. Ryazantsev. "POST-SOVIET RUSSIAN-SPEAKING MIGRATION, INVESTMENT, ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF HUNGARY, AUSTRIA AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC)." TODAY AND TOMORROW OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY, no. 99-100 (2020): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/1993-4947-2020-99-100-01.

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The object of this study is the migration of the Russian-speaking population from the former Soviet Union to three Central and Eastern European countries-Hungary, the Czech Republic and Austria. The subject of the study was the process of adaptation of Russian-speaking migrants from the former Soviet Union through the channel of entrepreneurship and investment in three countries. The stages of migration of the Russian-speaking population to Hungary, the Czech Republic and Austria from the 1960s to the present are highlighted. Interviews were conducted with post-Soviet migrant entrepreneurs, th

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Roháček, Jindřich, Miroslav Barták, and Jiří Preisler. "New records of Psilidae, Piophilidae, Lauxaniidae, Cremifaniidae and Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from the Czech Republic and Slovakia." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 65, no. 1 (2016): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cszma-2016-0005.

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Abstract Records of eight rare species of the families Psilidae (4), Piophilidae (1), Lauxaniidae (1), Cremifaniidae (1) and Sphaeroceridae (1) from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria are presented and their importance to the knowledge of the biodiversity of local faunas is discussed along with notes on their biology, distribution and identification. Psilidae: Chamaepsila tenebrica (Shatalkin, 1986) is a new addition to the West Palaearctic fauna (recorded from the Czech Republic and Slovakia); Ch. andreji (Shatalkin, 1991) and Ch. confusa Shatalkin & Merz, 2010 are recorded from the

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Kozyakova, Nataliya S. "THE POLITICAL BRAND OF PEOPLE'S CAPITALISM IN THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA (1950-1960S)." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (History and Political Science), no. 1 (2021): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-676x-2021-1-125-132.

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Konrad, Helmut. "Austria on the Path to Western Europe: The Political Culture of the Second Republic." Austrian History Yearbook 26 (January 1995): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800004215.

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LikeRobert A. Kann, I too am a historian by profession. Despite the close links between their subject and disciplines such as sociology land political science, historians on the whole avoid attempting to analyze contemporary politics. This lecture will therefore concentrate on the first twenty-five years of the Second Republic. Yet I am well aware that in the Kreisky era (notably as a result of the reforms introduced by Hertha Firnberg and Christian Broda) Austria's progress toward Western Europe took on a new character, and the country underwent what was, for the time being at least, its fina

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Fink, Maria, Sandra Revilla Fernández, Hermann Schobesberger, and Josef Koefer. "Geographical Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1 during the 2006 Outbreak in Austria." Journal of Virology 84, no. 11 (2010): 5815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01642-09.

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ABSTRACT In spring 2006, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 was detected in Austria in 119 dead wild birds. The hemagglutinin cleavage site showed that the amino acid sequence motif was identical to that of the Qinghai lineage. For detailed analysis, the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of 27 selected Austrian H5N1 viruses originating from different regions and wild bird species were analyzed phylogenetically, which revealed two clearly separated Austrian subclusters, both belonging to European cluster EMA-1. Subcluster South (SCS) contains virus iso

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Muzyka, Iryna. "Formation of the idea and legalization of the sovereignty of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 33 (September 2022): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/1563-3349-2022-33-216-226.

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The aim of the article is to cover the process of formation of the idea and determine the stages of legalization of the sovereignty of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic, and to prevent falsifi cation of history, mythmaking and manipulation of facts that are means of Russia’s information war against Ukraine. According to Jackson’s concept, sovereignty is an objective reality that does not require anyone’s approval, but involves its use as the basis of other state and legal phenomena. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that in October-November 1918 the sovereignty of the Western Ukrai

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Miecznikowska-Jerzak, Justyna. "Mechanizmy kontroli władzy ustawodawczej nad rządem federalnym w Austrii. Rola i funkcje komisji śledczych Rady Narodowej." Studia Politologiczne, no. 4/2023(70) (December 20, 2023): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2023.70.17.

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The paper aims to present the legal tools used by the Austrian legislature to exert control over the federal government and its members, particularly the role of the commission of inquiry and its position in the system. The assumed research hypothesis is that the scope and efficiency of legislative oversight of the executive in Austria have increased due to the strengthened position of the parliamentary minority. The key factor was the 2014 Constitutional Amendment allowing the opposition to propose issuing a commission of inquiry at the National Council. The paper consists of four parts. Firs

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Molden, Berthold. "Decolonizing the Second Republic: Austria and the Global South from the 1950s to the 1970s." Journal of Austrian Studies 48, no. 3 (2015): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/oas.2015.0051.

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Hafez, Farid, and Reinhard Heinisch. "Breaking with Austrian Consociationalism: How the Rise of Rightwing Populism and Party Competition Have Changed Austria's Islam Politics." Politics and Religion 11, no. 3 (2018): 649–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048318000172.

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AbstractThis paper seeks to explain Austria's Islam-related politics by first suggesting that it can be best understood in terms of neo-institutionalist path-dependency and consociationalist policy-making. This is due to the fact that Austria gave Islam full legal recognition in 1912. Important institutional patterns and policies grew out of this law in the Second Republic, whose persistence we want to examine. The Islamic Religious Community constituted itself under public law as a neo-corporatist interest group for Muslims in Austria in 1979. More recently, the government's approach toward I

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John, Michael. "“We Do Not Even Possess Our Selves”: On Identity and Ethnicity in Austria, 1880–1937." Austrian History Yearbook 30 (January 1999): 17–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800015952.

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Two Brothers Were born in Budapest before the turn of the century and grew up in that city speaking Hungarian. After they had left Hungary for good, they became assimilated in Austria and Germany. Later, one of them Attila Hörbiger, went on to become one of Nazi Germany's top movie stars, as did his wife Paula Wessely. During the Austrian Second Republic, the two brothers achieved cult figure status in the theater. Fifteen years ago, as Paul Hörbiger lay close to death, he expressed the wish to speak with Attila once again, after so many years, in Hungarian, the language of their childhood. In

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Howes, Geoffrey C. "Polemical Austria: The Rhetorics of National Identity: From Empire to the Second Republic by Anthony Bushell." Journal of Austrian Studies 47, no. 4 (2014): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/oas.2014.0060.

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Kossowska, Irena. "‘The Cultural Mediator between the North and the South, the East and the West’: The 1930 Official Exhibition of Austrian Art in Warsaw." Arts 13, no. 5 (2024): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts13050155.

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This article explores the official exhibition of Austrian art held in May 1930 at The Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Warsaw. Showcasing 474 artworks by 100 artists, the exhibition spanned the years 1918–1930, a period marked by Austria’s efforts to overcome post-war political isolation. The article examines the exhibition’s rhetoric and its critical reception in Warsaw within the broader context of Polish–Austrian diplomatic relations, influenced by Austria’s challenging political and economic situation and the priorities of the Second Polish Republic. The introductory essay

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Koredczuk, Józef. "Military Testaments in the Second Polish Republic." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius) 70, no. 3 (2023): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/g.2023.70.3.79-86.

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Military testaments in the Second Polish Republic gained particular practical significance due to the unique circumstances resulting from Poland’s existence in the short interwar period. Their regulation was based on post-partition legal provisions, including the 1811 Austrian Civil Code with the Military Service Regulations, the 1874 Military Law of the Reich (Reichsmilitärgesetz), and in the case of Russia the provisions of Volume 10 Part I of the Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire. It wasn’t until 1933 that Poland passed its own Law regarding the last wills of military personnel. Military

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Berg, Matthew Paul. "Challenging Political Culture in Postwar Austria: Veterans' Associations, Identity, and the Problem of Contemporary History." Central European History 30, no. 4 (1997): 513–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900015648.

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This observation, registered by Marianne Enigl and Herbert Lackner, points to an incontestable and compelling feature of contemporary Austrian political culture: during the 1980s and 1990s, the first meaningful steps toward an Austrian Vergangenheitsbewältigung developed out of a discussion of Austrians' military service during the Nazi era and its highly problematic association with wartime atrocities and genocide. Exploration of this important theme had been avoided throughout the period of the Second Republic by a carefully cultivated expression of public memory. The inherent tension betwee

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Zelenov, Dmitrii Aleksandrovich. "Specifics of Austrian military-political course after the end of the cold war." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2024): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2024.2.70569.

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Since the end of 1980th Austria has significantly been changing the model of its military-political course and taking into consideration neutral status of the State concentrates major efforts on activity in special international organizations including their military actions. In this regard the object of research is the military-political model of Austrian Republic in postbipolar epoch. Consequently, the subject of the article is changes and crucial determinations of Alpine Republic military-political line at the end of 1980th – 2020th. To cover this object-subject area problems and ways of ne

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Strémy, Ja. "Law and safety in liquidation and dissolution of companies." Law and Safety 84, no. 1 (2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2022.1.02.

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The purpose of this article is to clarify the process of liquidation and dissolution of companies. The research below defines the rules that must be followed when approaching those procedures in the Kingdom of Spain and Republic of Austria. In those countries there are two types of liquidation. First of them is liquidation of company which is solvent, the second one is liquidation of company that cannot pay its debt. In both cases, there are specific duties which must be obeyed to dissolve the company in legal and safe way.

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Belova, M. V., and I. E. Peresh. "Peculiarities of state-church relations in the First Czechoslovak Republic." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 82 (2024): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.82.1.2.

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It is indicated that the relationship between the Church and the state went through various stages in its formation both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole. In addition, the state’s relations with religious organizations in various countries still have their own specifics. Models of these relationships are usually built depending on the political, religious, cultural and other traditions of each region. Therefore, today in Europe, despite the presence of a number of common trends, there is still no unity of approaches in building a system of state-church relations. It is quite obvious that

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Kozyakova, Nataliya S. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NEO-FASCISM ESSENCEIN THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY IN GERMANYAND THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (History and Political Science), no. 1 (2019): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-676x-2019-1-63-72.

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Dragašek, Jozef, and Alexander Nawka. "Mental healthcare in the Slovak Republic: current situation and future challenges." International Psychiatry 7, no. 4 (2010): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600006019.

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The Slovak Republic is a landlocked country in central Europe with a population of over 5 million. The Czech Republic and Austria lie to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava; the second largest city is Košnice. Slovakia is a member of the European Union, the United Nations, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization, among other international organisations. The majority of the inhabitants of Slovakia are ethnically Slovak (85.8%). Hungarians are the largest

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Peter, Mičko. "Slovenská pracovná sila v Protektoráte Čechy a Morava v rokoch 1939–1945." Česko-slovenská historická ročenka 26, no. 1 (2024): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cshr.2024.26.1.4.

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After the establishment of the independent Slovak Republic (1939–1945), in addition to political and military problems, economic issues had to be solved in a short period of time, among which the problem of high unemployment in Slovakia was at the forefront. One of the solutions for its elimination was the departure of Slovak industrial and agricultural workers to the German Reich in search of work. In addition to the territory of Germany or Austria itself, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia became an important destination for several thousand Slovak industrial and agricultural workers. T

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Bielova, Miroslava, and Ivan Peresh. "STATE-CHURCH RELATIONS IN THE FIRST CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF LEGAL REGULATION." European Socio-Legal & Humanitarian Studies, no. 1 (June 18, 2024): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/2734-8873.2024.1.1.

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It is indicated that the relationship between the Church and the state went through various stages in its formation both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole. In addition, the state’s relations with religious organizations in various countries still have their own specifics. Models of these relationships are usually built depending on the political, religious, cultural and other traditions of each region. Therefore, today in Europe, despite the presence of a number of common trends, there is still no unity of approaches in building a system of state-church relations. It is quite obvious that

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Osmaev, A. D. "Current State of the Muslim Ummah of the Chechen Republic." Islam in the modern world 18, no. 4 (2023): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2022-18-4-133-147.

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Chechens are the largest population in the North Caucasus and the sixth largest in the Russian Federation (right after Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs). According to official data, there are currently 1,516,387 people living in the republic, of whom 1,206,551 are Chechens. A large number of Chechens live in European countries. Although there are no exact official figures, various researchers place the figure between 150,000 and 300,000, with most Chechens living in France, Belgium, Norway, Austria, Poland, and Germany. The Middle Eastern and Turkish diasporas of Chechens are n

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Loewenberg, Peter. "Karl Renner and the Politics of Accommodation: Moderation versus Revenge." Austrian History Yearbook 22 (January 1991): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723780001986x.

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Karl Renner's political life encompasses the history of Austria's empire and her two twentieth-century republics, making him the foremost leader of Austrian democratic politics. Renner was also the most innovative theoretician on the nationalities question which plagued the Habsburg monarchy and the twentieth-century world. He was chancellor of Austria's first republic, leader of the right-wing Social Democrats, and president of the post-World War II Second Republic. A study of his life and politics offers a perspective on the origins of the moderate, adaptive, political personality and on the

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Isea, Raúl. "Dynamics of Infections and Number of Vaccines Needed to Avoid Covid-19 in Europe." International Journal of Coronaviruses 2, no. 1 (2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2692-1537.ijcv-20-3587.

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The work analyzes the dynamics of transmission of infections by the new coronavirus in twelve European countries, including France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK, Austria, Croatia, Denmark, Greece, Romania, Czech Republic, and Portugal, whose data from contagion were obtained by Johns Hopkins University until September 24, 2020. The study confirmed that this new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) surprised all the countries of the world that had to improve their public health policies to confront this disease according to the results obtained from the calculation of the mantissa. Although the countries were

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Zouhar, M., P. Rysanek, and V. Gaar. "First Report of the Potato Cyst Nematode (Globodera pallida) in the Czech Republic." Plant Disease 87, no. 1 (2003): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.1.98a.

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Potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, was detected in several soil samples collected from various areas of the Czech Republic. Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 is known to be widespread in the Czech Republic. G. pallida was reported from the neighboring countries of Austria, Germany, and Poland, and also was suspected to be present in the Czech Republic, but it has never been unambiguously proved (1). Recently, nematode isolates have been recovered that multiply readily on Ro1 resistant potato cultivars. These isolates were identified on the basis of three tests: (i) microscopic observ

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Milosavljević-Stević, Milena. "Integrative multiculturalism in the former Yugoslavia resume." Politička revija 83, no. 1 (2025): 190–210. https://doi.org/10.5937/pr83-56435.

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The author analyzes the policy and practice of integrative multiculturalism in the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), the consequences of which are still noticeable today. The numerous mechanisms that made up the structure of integrative multiculturalism in the former SFRY today represent some of the main goals from which minority groups in Serbia proceed and strive. An analysis of the historical context and the state constitution of the former state of Yugoslavia clearly indicates the existence of the practice of integrative multiculturalism in various forms, which as suc

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Pozorski, Kamil. "Oliwetanie w Lądzie nad Wartą 1919-1921." Polonia Maior Orientalis 7 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.20.005.15491.

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Zarys dziejów zakonu oliwetanów, jego początki, misja i rozwój na przestrzeni minionych 700 lat, a także jego duchowość, stanowią pierwszą część artykułu. W drugiej części skupiono się na XX-wiecznej ekspansji oliwetanów, w tym na utworzeniu opactwa w Tanzenberg (dzisiejsza Austria), z którego to grupa polskich mnichów wyruszyła na wyzwolone ziemie II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, aby utworzyć tutaj nowy klasztor, w pocysterskich ruinach opactwa w Lądzie nad Wartą. Krótki okres obecności oliwetanów w Lądzie, 1919-1921, dopełnia jedynie dziejowego bogactwa i różnorodności tradycji, także tych zako

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Baltyzar, Dawid Patryk, and Ilona Maria Łukasik. "Basic principles of criminal procedure in the Second Polish Republic." Ars Iuridica 23, no. 1 (2023): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/szn.2023.23.1.23-33.

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After Poland gained independence, it was necessary to unify many areas of law. There were three legislations in force in the area of criminal procedure at that time, i.e. the Russian Criminal Procedure Act of 1864, the Austrian Criminal Procedure Code of 1873, and the German Criminal Procedure Code of 1874. The Codification Commission, which was established in 1919, was responsible for the creation of the Polish codification. Its work resulted in the Code of Criminal Procedure issued in the form of a regulation, which came into force on 1 July 1929. The Code represented a mixed form of trial,

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Середюк, В. Ю. "THE EVOLUTION OF THE "UKRAINIAN QUESTION" IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." Juridical science, no. 3(105) (March 30, 2020): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-105-3.13.

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The relevance of the article is that the nineteenth century was a time of profound transformations of legal systems. The Romano-Germanic and Anglo-Saxon types of law were clearly distinguished. From the second half of the XIX century. on the European continent are beginning to form modern states for which were dominated by three main forms of statehood: empire, federation and confederation. The republican form, which was just being established, did not become widespread due to the colonial orientation of the world at that time. A republic based on the principles of democracy could not, in esse

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Novak, Marko. "Central European with a Post-Socialist Limp." Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review 8, no. 1 (2023): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.6811.

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According to David and Grasmann, the recognised comparative law scholars, there are basically three main criteria for differentiating between legal families and their subgroups: 1. meta-legal considerations; 2. legal sources; and 3. dogmatic legal structures. Concerning the last two criteria, which could also be designated as formal elements of a country’s legal identity, Slovenia has been deeply “immersed” in the civil law of a Central European type. Even after the decline of the Habsburg Empire, what remained to apply on the territory of nowadays Slovenia as part of the then Kingdom of Yugos

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Kuzio-Podrucki, Arkadiusz. "Schaffgotschowie między Austrią i Prusami w dobie wojen o Śląsk (1740–1763)." Zaranie Śląskie. Seria druga 8 (2022): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/zaranieslaskie.8.1.

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280 years ago, in 1742, the First Silesian War came to an end. The treaty of Breslau and Berlin resulted in the division of Silesia between Prussia and Austria, both of which happened to fight for this region twice again in the years to come – during the Second Silesian War of 1744–1745 and the Seven-Year War of 1756–1763. However, these two conflicts only confirmed the original division. Throughout the conflict, both sides fought with changing fortunes. The Silesian aristocrats were compelled to choose sides and bear the consequences of their choices, which ranged from being showered with pri

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MOMBAUER, ANNIKA. "FROM IMPERIAL ARMY TO BUNDESWEHR: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN GERMAN HISTORY Willensmenschen: über deutsche Offiziere. Edited by Ursula Breymayer, Bernd Ulrich and Karin Wieland. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1999. Pp. 239. ISBN 3-596-14438-8. DM 28.80. Die anderen Soldaten: Wehrkraftzersetzung, Gehorsamsverweigerung und Fahnenflucht im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Edited by Norbert Haase and Gerhard Paul. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1995. Pp. 240. ISBN 3-596-12769-6. DM 19.90. Das Nationalkomitee ‘Freies Deutschland’ und der Bund Deutscher Offiziere. Edited by Gerd R. Ueberschär. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1995. Pp. 304. ISBN 3-596-12633-9. DM 24.90." Historical Journal 47, no. 1 (2004): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003571.

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Twentieth-century Germany's (military) history has been the subject of heated, sometimes acrimonious controversies in the Federal Republic. In recent years, historians and the German public have been engaged, for example, in debates over the relative merit of different kinds of German resistance against National Socialism, and over the place of deserters in German history of the Second World War. Such soul-searching has culminated in angry debates over the role of the Wehrmacht in crimes against humanity which followed in the wake of the exhibition ‘Verbrechen der Wehrmacht’ (crimes of the Weh

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