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Journal articles on the topic 'Second rule'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Szarkowska, Agnieszka, and Lidia Bogucka. "Six-second rule revisited." Translation, Cognition & Behavior 2, no. 1 (2019): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00022.sza.

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Abstract The most famous rule on the speed of subtitles is the six-second rule. In this study we investigate if the six-second rule is too slow for contemporary viewers. We also address the question of whether subtitle processing depends on the speech rate of film dialogues and on viewer’s proficiency in the language of the film soundtrack. With these questions in mind, we tested 53 Polish viewers watching English videos at two different speech rates (slow and fast), subtitled into Polish in accordance with the six-second rule. We examined participants’ reading patterns and comprehension and a

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2

Jones-Schenk, Jan. "The New 5-Second Rule." Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 53, no. 1 (2022): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20211210-04.

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3

Kopelman, Loretta M. "The Second Baby Doe Rule." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 6 (1988): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720060015021.

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Kopelman, L. M. "The second Baby Doe rule." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 6 (1988): 843–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.259.6.843.

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5

Rostamian Delavar, Mohsen, Artion Kashuri, and Manuel De La Sen. "On Weighted Simpson’s 38 Rule." Symmetry 13, no. 10 (2021): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101933.

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Numerical approximations of definite integrals and related error estimations can be made using Simpson’s rules (inequalities). There are two well-known rules: Simpson’s 13 rule or Simpson’s quadrature formula and Simpson’s 38 rule or Simpson’s second formula. The aim of the present paper is to extend several inequalities that hold for Simpson’s 13 rule to Simpson’s 38 rule. More precisely, we prove a weighted version of Simpson’s second type inequality and some Simpson’s second type inequalities for Lipschitzian, bounded variations, convex functions and the functions that belong to Lq. Some ap

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Handley, Simon J., Aidan Feeney, and Catherine Harper. "Alternative antecedents, probabilities, and the suppression of fallacies in Wason's selection task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 3 (2002): 799–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000497.

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Three experiments examined the influence of a second rule on the pattern of card selections on Wason's selection task. In Experiment 1 participants received a version of the task with a single test rule or one of two versions of the task with the same original test rule together with a second rule. The probability of q was manipulated in the two-rules conditions by varying the size of the antecedent set in the second rule. The results showed a significant suppression of q card and not-p card selections in the alternative-rule conditions, but no difference as a function of antecedent set size.

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Wolfensteller, Uta, and D. Yves von Cramon. "Bending the Rules: Strategic Behavioral Differences Are Reflected in the Brain." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 2 (2010): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21245.

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The implementation of higher-order conditional motor behavior was investigated in the present fMRI study with the objective of answering three questions: (a) what happens in situations where one stimulus dimension alone does not sufficiently determine the correct response?; (b) does the implementation of second-order stimulus–response (S–R) rules on the basis of matching (congruent) or nonmatching (incongruent) S–R associations differ from the implementation of congruent and incongruent first-order S–R rules?; and (c) is the cerebral implementation of second-order rules influenced by interindi

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Larsen, Sean. "How I think Hauerwas thinks about theology." Scottish Journal of Theology 69, no. 1 (2016): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930615000757.

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AbstractThis paper highlights two aspects of Stanley Hauerwas's thought: philosophical ethics, which consists of second-order methodological claims; and moral theology, which consists of first-order, local, unsystematic moral descriptions. I show how the philosophical ethics relates to the moral theology by proposing a set of rules that constitute a ‘grammar’ of Hauerwas's thought. These rules are asymmetrical in that later rules presuppose earlier rules but earlier rules do not presuppose later rules. Each rule corresponds to texts that Hauerwas recommends and relies upon. The first rule prio

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9

Mitchell, David, and Robert Bridge. "A test of Chargaff’s second rule." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 340, no. 1 (2006): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.160.

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10

Stevenson, David K. "The Second Baby Doe Rule-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 6 (1988): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720060015022.

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11

Singh, Bibhu Prasad, and Rajani Ballav Dash. "Application of two mixed Quadrature rules using an anti-Gaussian Quadrature rule in the Adaptive quadrature routine." COMPUSOFT: An International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology 05, no. 06 (2016): 2134–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14799135.

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A model is set up which embodies the basic features of Adaptive quadrature routines involving mixed rules. Not before mixed quadrature rules basing on anti-Gaussian quadrature rule have been used for fixing termination criterionin Adaptive quadrature routines. Two mixed quadrature rules of higher precision for approximate evaluation of real definite integrals have been constructed using an anti-Gaussian rule for this purpose. The first is linear combination of anti-Gaussian three point rule and Fejers three point first rule, the second is the linear combination of anti-Gaussian three point rul

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12

DeKeyser, Robert M. "Learning Second Language Grammar Rules." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17, no. 3 (1995): 379–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226310001425x.

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This is a report on a computerized experiment with a miniature linguistic system, consisting of five morphological rules and a lexicon of 98 words. Two hypotheses derived from the literature in cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics were tested: that explicit-deductive learning would be better than implicit-inductive learning for straightforward (“categorical”) rules, and that implicit-inductive learning would be better than explicit-deductive learning for fuzzy rules (“prototypicality patterns”). Implicit-inductive learning was implemented by pairing sentences with color pictures; explici

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Kim, Kathy MinHye, and Kimberly M. Fenn. "SLEEP-DEPENDENT CONSOLIDATION OF SECOND LANGUAGE GRAMMAR KNOWLEDGE." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 42, no. 5 (2020): 1107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263120000200.

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AbstractSleep plays a role in the consolidation of various aspects of language learning. In this study, we investigated the extent to which sleep-dependent memory consolidation contributes to second language (L2) rule generalization and enhancement of L2 explicit knowledge. One hundred native English speakers were engaged in a meaning-focused training of two German grammar rules. Participants were trained either in the morning or in the evening and tested after a retention interval that was either filled with wakefulness or sleep. During the test, we used a grammaticality judgment test to meas

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Debasish Das, Pritikanta Patra, and Rajani Ballav Dash. "An adaptive integration scheme using a mixed quadrature of three different quadrature rules." Malaya Journal of Matematik 3, no. 03 (2015): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26637/mjm303/001.

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In the present work,a mixed quadrature rule of precision seven is constructed blending Gauss-Legendre 2-point rule, Fejer’s first and second 3-point rules each having precision three.The error analysis of the mixed rule is incorporated.An algorithm is designed for adaptive integration scheme using the mixed quadrature rule.Through some numerical examples,the effectiveness of adopting mixed quadrature rule in place of their constituent rules in the adaptive integration scheme is discussed.

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15

Eggleston, Ben. "Conflicts of Rules in Hooker's Rule-Consequentialism." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 37, no. 3 (2007): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjp.2007.0026.

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It is the business of ethics to tell us what are our duties.—John Stuart MillJust about any proponent of a rule-based theory of morality must eventually confront the question of how to resolve conflicts among the rules that the theory endorses. Is there a priority rule specifying which rules must yield to which, as in Rawls's lexical ordering of the first principle of his theory of justice over the second? Must the agent intuitively balance considerations, as in certain forms of intuitionist pluralism? Or might there be some other conflict-resolving provision? Brad Hooker, a defender of a rule

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16

Aljassas, Safaa M., Dhuha Abdulameer Kadhim, and Eman Yahea Habeeb. "Two Numerical Methods (RO (MSuM) and RO (SuMSu)) for Triple Integrals with for Continuous Functions." Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems 8, no. 4 (2021): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/mmep.080417.

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The main goal of this research is to calculate a triple integral included continuous integrands numerically by two composite rules. The first rule is the Mid-point method on the third dimension Z and the first dimension X with a suggested method on the second dimension Y, that is denoted by MSuM. The second rule is the suggested method on the third dimension Z and the first dimension X with a Mid-point method on the second dimension Y, that is denoted by SuMSu. The number of partial intervals is equals on the three dimensions. The study represented two theorems with the proofs to get such rule

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17

Chen, Zhiyu. "Both Chargaff Second Parity Rule and the Strand Symmetry Rule Are Imprecise." American Journal of Life Sciences 6, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20180601.11.

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18

Millar, David. "Scottish Home Rule: Entering the Second Century." Edinburgh Law Review 1, no. 2 (1997): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.1997.1.2.260.

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19

Rapoport, Alexandra E., and Edward N. Trifonov. "Compensatory nature of Chargaff’s second parity rule." Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 31, no. 11 (2013): 1324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2012.736757.

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20

Robinson, Peter. "Learning Simple and Complex Second Language Rules Under Implicit, Incidental, Rule-Search, and Instructed Conditions." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18, no. 1 (1996): 27–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100014674.

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This study examines the generalizability of claims by Reber (1989, 1993) about the implicit learning of artificial grammars to the context of adult second language acquisition (SLA). In the field of SLA Krashen (1981, 1982, 1985, 1994) has made claims parallel to those of Reber regarding the differential effectiveness of conscious learning of rules and unconscious incidental acquisition of rules. Specifically addressed are Reber's and Krashen's claims that (a) implicit learning is more effective than explicit learning when the stimulus domain is complex, and (b) explicit learning of simple and

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Joshi, Karthik S., R. Srikanth, and Urbasi Sinha. "Violation of no-signaling in higher-order quantum measure theories." International Journal of Quantum Information 14, no. 05 (2016): 1650024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749916500246.

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More general probability sum-rules for describing interference found in quantum mechanics (QM) were formulated by Sorkin in a hierarchy of such rules. The additivity of classical measure theory corresponds to the second sum-rule. QM violates this rule, but satisfies the third and higher sum-rules. This evokes the question of whether there are physical principles that forbid their violation. We show that in a theory that is indistinguishable from quantum mechanics in first and second-order interferences, the violation of higher sum-rules allows for superluminal signaling, essentially because pr

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22

Shill, Pintu Chandra, M. A. H. Akhand, MD Asaduzzaman, and Kazuyuki Murase. "Optimization of Fuzzy Logic Controllers with Rule Base Size Reduction using Genetic Algorithms." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 14, no. 05 (2015): 1063–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622015500273.

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In this paper, we present the automatic design methods with rule base size reduction for fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) through real and binary coded coupled genetic algorithms (GAs). The adaptive schema is divided into two phases: the first phase is concerned with optimizing the FLCs membership functions and second phase called rule learning and reducing phase which automatically generates the fuzzy rules as well as determines the minimum number of rules required for building the fuzzy models. In the second phase, the redundant rules are removed by setting their all consequent weight factor t

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23

Setiawan, Noor Akhmad, Paruvachi Ammasai Venkatachalam, and Hani Ahmad Fadzil Mohd. "Rule selection for coronary artery disease diagnosis based on rough set." International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology 2, no. 5 (2009): 198–202. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3988558.

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The objective of this research is to develop rule selection method for filtering large number of extracted rules from Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) data set. Two stages rule selection is proposed. Selection based on support of individual rules is applied on the first stage. Rough Set based selection using attribute reduction concept is performed for the second stage. Selection based on unseen data set is carried out to increase the generalization of selected rules. Experiment on CAD data set show that the proposed method is able to select small number of rules while maintaining the quality of

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Twu, Chorng H., and John E. Coon. "CEOS/AE mixing rules constrained by vdW mixing rule and second virial coefficient." AIChE Journal 42, no. 11 (1996): 3212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690421122.

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25

Ozoegwu, Chigbogu Godwin. "Improving the two-stage numerical integration in stability identification of oscillation with distributed delay." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (2019): 168781401881990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018819905.

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The vibration of the engineering systems with distributed delay is governed by delay integro-differential equations. Two-stage numerical integration approach was recently proposed for stability identification of such oscillators. This work improves the approach by handling the distributed delay—that is, the first-stage numerical integration—with tensor-based higher order numerical integration rules. The second-stage numerical integration of the arising methods remains the trapezoidal rule as in the original method. It is shown that local discretization error is of order [Formula: see text] irr

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Sufia Maroof and Ayesha Zafar. "Insertion Transformational Rule (T-Rule)." Inception-Journal of Languages and Literature 3, no. 2 (2024): 93–115. https://doi.org/10.36755/ijll.v3i2.64.

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The paper compares insertion t-rules across English, Urdu and Punjabi to explore the parametric variations prevalent among these languages. Insertion as a t-rule in the construction of interrogative, negative and passive sentences adds a constituent in the Deep-structure. This constituent apparently lacks in the Surface-structure of the sentence and whether with a combination of a movement or without it transforms a declarative into an interrogative, a negative or a passive sentence. In interrogation wh-movement is mandatory and with fixed wh-fronting in English and optional and wh-fronting, w

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27

Efendi, Aan, and Sudarsono Sudarsono. "The Procedural Law of State Administrative Courts As The Rule of Adjudication: Exploring Hart’s Theory." Arena Hukum 17, no. 1 (2024): 190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2024.01701.11.

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In Hart’s theory, law is a combination of two types of rules: primary and secondary. Primary rules regulate the behavior of individuals or institutions, while secondary rules relate to primary rules, including the rule of recognition to identify the primary rules, the rule of change to modify primary rules, and the rule of adjudication to address violations of primary rules. The law of administrative procedure is an adjudication regulation that resolves violations of primary rules governing the behavior of government organs in administering government. Using a doctrinal legal method, this stud

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Hultkrantz, Lars. "A Note on the Optimal Rotation Period in a Synchronized Normal Forest." Forest Science 37, no. 4 (1991): 1201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/37.4.1201.

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Abstract This note compares three alternative rules for choosing the optimal age for cutting trees. The first is the Faustmann-Pressler-Ohlin rule, the second is a rule for the "divisible capital" forest that has been proposed by Oderwald and Duerr, and the third is a rule for a synchronized "normal" forest, i.e., in a case where there is a steady-state constraint. A few comments on the relevance of the latter rule are given. For. Sci. 37(4):1201-1206.

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Richter, Wolfram F. "Efficient Education Policy – A Second-Order Elasticity Rule." FinanzArchiv 67, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522111x574155.

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30

Forsdyke, Donald R. "Neutralism versus selectionism: Chargaff's second parity rule, revisited." Genetica 149, no. 2 (2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10709-021-00119-5.

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Ward, D. E. "A chain rule for parabolic second-order epiderivatives." Optimization 28, no. 3-4 (1994): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02331939408843917.

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Meyer III, Edwin F. "Multiple‐car pileups and the two‐second rule." Physics Teacher 32, no. 8 (1994): 496–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2344090.

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33

Fuertes, Amparo. "Prediction of Anion Distributions Using Pauling's Second Rule." Inorganic Chemistry 45, no. 24 (2006): 9640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic061640r.

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34

Hart, Andrew, Servet Martínez, and Felipe Olmos. "A Gibbs Approach to Chargaff’s Second Parity Rule." Journal of Statistical Physics 146, no. 2 (2011): 408–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10955-011-0377-6.

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35

Henrique Lima Almeida, João. "Language, rule and behavior in the second Wittgenstein." Revista Inquietude 13, no. 2 (2023): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.59780/ngap5399.

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In the II Wittgenstein, logic is no longer resolved in the relation between language and thought, starting to rely on linguistic practice itself. The appeal to psychical occurrences in logical considerations remains irrelevant, since these are now grammatical considerations: it concerns to the rules that presides language. These rules are independent of the thought, as something underlying language. In this sense, each grammatical context, that is, each language-game, is a prototype for a way of thinking. When considering that linguistic practice itself carries out logic, behavior takes on a l

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Rodziewicz, Piotr. "Niejednoznaczne podstawy stosowania przepisów wymuszających swoje zastosowanie (przepisów koniecznego zastosowania)." Problemy Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego 24 (June 30, 2019): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/pppm.2019.24.07.

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The article raises issues concerning legal basis for the application of the overriding mandatory rules. In the Polish doctrine there are two opposing concepts in terms of explanation of the legal grounds for application of overriding mandatory rules. Both theories do not have a universal dimension, in the sense that they do not sufficiently explain the basis for the application of domestic as well as foreign overriding mandatory rules, being part of lex causae or coming from a third state. The article presents arguments for and against the possibility of deriving the legal grounds for applicat

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Aminifar, Sadegh, and Arjuna bin Marzuki. "Horizontal and Vertical Rule Bases Method in Fuzzy Controllers." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/532046.

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Concept of horizontal and vertical rule bases is introduced. Using this method enables the designers to look for main behaviors of system and describes them with greater approximations. The rules which describe the system in first stage are called horizontal rule base. In the second stage, the designer modulates the obtained surface by describing needed changes on first surface for handling real behaviors of system. The rules used in the second stage are called vertical rule base. Horizontal and vertical rule bases method has a great roll in easing of extracting the optimum control surface by

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38

Waldmann, Christian. "Moving in small steps towards verb second: A case study." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 34, no. 3 (2011): 331–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586512000054.

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This paper examines rule-based learning and item-based learning in relation to a Swedish child's acquisition of verb second in main clauses. While rule-based accounts assert that young children have access to syntactic structure and acquire a rule of generalized verb second, item-based accounts claim that young children are reproducing frequent word combinations in the input. The paper provides new and important data from one Swedish child, concluding that the acquisition of verb second is the result of rule-based learning.

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Charaya, Sanjay, and Kapil Mehta. "Design Of Fuzzy Rule-Based System Using Genetic Algorithms." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 11 (2021): 683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/11938.

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The aim of this paper is to obtain a compact and optimal fuzzy rule-based model from observation data by utilizing the Genetic algorithm technique. The approach is optimized by applying Genetic Algorithms, owing to its capability of searching irregular and high dimensional solution spaces. Genetic Algorithms has been applied to learn consequent part of fuzzy rules and models with fixed number of rules. In the work we propose a Genetic algorithm approach to a non-linear air conditioning system for the construction of optimal fuzzy rules in two steps. First, fuzzy clustering is applied to obtain

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DePrince, Albert, and Pamela Morris. "Assessing Alternative Equal-Weight Asset Re-Balancing Rules." Journal of Finance Issues 8, no. 1 (2010): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v8i1.2357.

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This paper evaluates a hypothetical portfolio based on an equal-weight investment rule involving four asset classes: domestics, industrialized countries excluding the U.S., emerging market countries, and global bonds. Portfolio results using three alternative re-balancing rules are compared with a composite benchmark index. The simulation period runs from July 1996 through January 2010, which is dictated by the availability of data on the underlying asset classes. The equal-weight investment strategy is superior to investing the composite benchmark index in all three rules examined. The first

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Webber, Don J., Ian Milliner, and Paul White. "A STATISTICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FIXED ODDS BETTING RULES IN SOCCER." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 3, no. 1 (2013): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v3i1.543.

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Two simple but seemingly profitable betting rules for betting on the away win in association football are developed. One rule is consistent with avoiding those games in which there is a clear favourite. The second rule is based directly on modelling bookmaker odds and assessing the residuals under the fitted model. Contrary to previous research the betting rule using the residuals suggests avoiding betting on those games where there are large discrepancies between bookmaker odds and predicted-model odds.

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Rocha, Fabiana. "Testing two types of monetary rules for Brazil." Economia Aplicada 1, no. 2 (1997): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1413-8050/ea217561.

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The purpose of this paper is to verify whether, if a monetary rule had been in effect, it would have resulted in smoother non-inflationary nominal GDPpaths over the period 1974.1-1992.111. Two types ofrules are considered. The first is an activist rule proposed by McCallum (1987, 1988), and the second is a non-activist rule proposed by Meltzer (1987). The results ofthe simulations indicate that neither ofthe two rules performed well during the period analyzed.

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Adilović, Zuhdija. "Ahl-sunna methodology of the study of aquida issues." Zbornik radova Islamskog pedagoškog fakulteta u Zenici (Online), no. 4 (December 15, 2006): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51728/issn.2637-1480.2006.61.

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Ahl-sunna has a specific and recognizable method as well as rules it applies to studying shariah issues in general, and especially to aquida themes that distinguish it from various sects and factions. However, today the method and rules that were clear to the members of ahl-sunna through generations are almost unknown. For that reason some of the rules are given in this paper. First rule: Qur’an and Sunna comprise all the foundations of the religion with their evidence and commentaries. Second rule: Derogation is unknown to Qur’an and religion. Third rule: In case of dissent consult Qur’an and

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Hoffmann, Rolf, Dominique Désérable, and Franciszek Seredyński. "A cellular automata rule placing a maximal number of dominoes in the square and diamond." Journal of Supercomputing 77, no. 8 (2021): 9069–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-020-03549-8.

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AbstractThe objective is to demonstrate that a probabilistic cellular automata rule can place reliably a maximal number of dominoes in different active area shapes, exemplarily evaluated for the square and diamond. The basic rule forms domino patterns, but the number of dominoes is not necessarily maximal and the patterns are not always stable. It works with templates derived from domino tiles. The first proposed enhancement (Rule Option 1) can form always stable patterns. The second enhancement (Rule Option 2) can maximize the number of dominoes, but the reached patterns are not always stable

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Sun, Weiqin, Yuqi Qing, Fuxing Chen, and Maoxin Liu. "Two-dimensional continuum percolation models with disks under the generalized Achlioptas process." Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2022, no. 4 (2022): 043202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ac601e.

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Abstract We investigate the disk percolation phase transitions in continuum models in two dimensions under four kinds of generalized product rule and four kinds of generalized sum rule, respectively. We study the critical behaviors of the largest, second largest clusters and their size ratio to characterize the universality class of percolation transition. Using the finite size scaling analysis and the Monte Carlo simulation, we calculate the critical exponents of the percolation transitions under the above rules. We find that the universality classes of continuum percolation under the general

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MORGAN, JAMIE, and WENDY OLSEN. "Conceptual issues in institutional economics: clarifying the fluidity of rules." Journal of Institutional Economics 7, no. 3 (2010): 425–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137410000299.

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Abstract:This paper addresses the issue of how rules are conceptualized by Hodgson in Old Institutional Economics (OIE). The argument is put forward that the concept of rules can be constructively clarified. Rather than provide a general form of single rules within a rule system, we argue for a taxonomic range of single rule forms. This approach has the additional advantage of providing a more explicit account of how rules operate as part of a rule system. It also provides one way to address the fluidity of rules. Rules are understood to be more or less fluid (incomplete) and subject to a prac

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Qiao, Litao, Weijia Wang, and Bill Lin. "Learning Accurate and Interpretable Decision Rule Sets from Neural Networks." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 5 (2021): 4303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i5.16555.

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This paper proposes a new paradigm for learning a set of independent logical rules in disjunctive normal form as an interpretable model for classification. We consider the problem of learning an interpretable decision rule set as training a neural network in a specific, yet very simple two-layer architecture. Each neuron in the first layer directly maps to an interpretable if-then rule after training, and the output neuron in the second layer directly maps to a disjunction of the first layer rules to form the decision rule set. Our representation of neurons in this first rules layer enables us

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Bowen, T. Renee, David M. Kreps, and Andrzej Skrzypacz. "Rules with Discretion and Local Information*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 3 (2013): 1273–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt013.

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Abstract To ensure that individual actors take certain actions, community enforcement may be required. This can present a rules-versus-discretion dilemma: it can become impossible to employ discretion based on information that is not widely held, because the wider community is unable to verify how the information was used. Instead, actions may need to conform to simple and widely verifiable rules. We study when discretion in the form of exceptions to a simple rule can be implemented, if the information is shared by the action taker and a second party, who is able to verify for the larger group

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Koehn, Peter. "Competitive Transition to Civilian Rule: Nigeria's First and Second Experiments." Journal of Modern African Studies 27, no. 3 (1989): 401–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0002036x.

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Few Decisions exert a greater impact upon the polity and the pattern of public policy-making than those defining the nature of the political system itself. Transitions from military to civilian rule constitute a dramatic type of institutional change which is encountered with increasing frequency in the Third World. One type of ‘planned withdrawal’ initially involes little alteration in the distribution of power. This approach, which has been employed in Zaïre and Ethiopia, typically yields new nomenclature – for example, the military ruler assumes the title of civilian head of state – and a po

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Kim, Aejin, and Jhungsoo Park. "What Type of Fiscal Rule Promotes the Fiscal Soundness?" Journal of Policy Studies 39, no. 1 (2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/jps39101.

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Empirical studies on the impact of fiscal institutions such as fiscal rule and the establishment of independent fiscal institutions on fiscal performance have often overlooked the endogeneity issues. This study utilizes the system GMM model in dynamic panel analysis to control for the endogeneity inherent in fiscal institutions. This study is distinctive from the previous researches in the following aspects: ① It indices the levels of fiscal rules and independent fiscal institutions, ② Furthermore, it includes an interaction term between the level of fiscal rule and the level of independent fi

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