Academic literature on the topic 'Second term'

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Journal articles on the topic "Second term"

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Nichani, AshishSham. "An invigorated second term!" Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 17, no. 6 (2013): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-124x.124457.

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&NA;. "CUNNINGHAM SEEKS SECOND TERM." Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 15, no. 3 (May 1988): 38A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-198805000-00012.

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Sweet, Deborah. "Starting Our Second Term." Developmental Cell 9, no. 1 (July 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2005.06.005.

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Showstack, Randy. "Science team for Obama's second term shaping up." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 94, no. 8 (February 19, 2013): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013eo080004.

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Shlapentokh, Vladimir. "Bonjour, Stagnation : El'Tsin's Second Term." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 23, no. 1 (1996): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633296x00078.

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McKee, Martin, and Susan Foster. "George W Bush's second term." BMJ 330, no. 7484 (January 20, 2005): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7484.155.

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Holm, Ulla. "Algeria: President Bouteflika's Second Term." Mediterranean Politics 10, no. 1 (March 2005): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1362939042000338881.

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Ryan, Michael T. "HEALTH PHYSICS—THE SECOND TERM." Health Physics 86, no. 1 (January 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200401000-00001.

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Janes, Jenny. "Using the term ‘second level’ implies second-best nurses." Nursing Standard 28, no. 19 (January 8, 2014): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2014.01.28.19.35.s49.

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Marris, Emma. "Bush set to keep core science team for second term." Nature 432, no. 7014 (November 2004): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/432135b.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Second term"

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Kerr, Sean A. "Retention of first-term and second-term Marine Corps enlisted personnel." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8919.

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The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the factors affecting the retention behavior of first term and second term Marine Corps enlisted members. Data were extracted from the 1992 DoD Survey of Officer and Enlisted Personnel and their Spouses and were matched with the respondents' 1996 status from the Active Duty Military Master and Loss File by the Defense Manpower Data Center. The sample was restricted to Marines with between two and ten years-of- service who had less than two years remailing on their enlistment contract and was further stratified by term of enlistment and gender. A complete conceptual model was developed which incorporated individual and organizational factors affecting retention. Four categories of determinants of turnover were used: Demographic, Military Experience, Cognitive and External. Logistic regression was used to measure the relative importance of a broad range of these factors for the retention decision. Results indicated that the factors affecting retention differ across term of service and by gender. No single factor was significant for all gender/term of service samples. Some factors were significant only for a particular term of service. Others were significant only by gender and many were significant only for a single sample. The specific findings can provide manpower planners with targeted information to manage retention levels for first term and second term Marines more effectively
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Finn, Thomas A. "Reenlistment behavior of first and second term Marine Corps enlisted personnel." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23374.

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Somers, Alibeth. "The emergence of social enterprise policy in New Labour's second term." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2013. http://research.gold.ac.uk/8051/.

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This doctoral research explores New Labour’s foray into social enterprise policy- making. In 2002, New Labour established the first ever Social Enterprise Unit and launched a series of policies in an effort to establish what it described as an ‘enabling environment’. This doctoral research characterises this unique time period as a first wave of social enterprise policy-making, when the policy idea is rooted in social enterprise as an alternative business model and anchored in the Department of Trade and Industry. This thesis is a comprehensive policy study that examines first how social enterprise became included in New Labour’s social policy agenda and analyses the way different policy entrepreneurs from inside and outside of the Labour Party championed the idea for myriad reasons. It then investigates the distinction between the rhetoric the Party used to describe social enterprise and the way it actually went about creating policies to embed notions of social entrepreneurship across Whitehall Departments. The final portion of the research investigates the implementation dynamics of this vast agenda and how regional and local government officers interpreted the various policy messages and objectives handed down from the centre. It is a case study that charts the development, design and initial implementation of social enterprise policy during New Labour’s second term in office, and relies on a combination of documentary analysis, participant observation, interview, and survey data to shed light on this phenomenon.
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Vasseur, Raychel M. "Conceptualizing willingness to communicate during short-term study abroad." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6320.

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Part of the seemingly magical nature of study abroad programs is the imagined community of target language speakers that learners will be able to speak to and connect with, and whose culture they will be invited to join. Far too often, however, study abroad sojourners struggle to actually communicate in the second language (L2), therefore hindering their opportunities to connect with native speakers of the language. This phenomenon is especially salient in short-term study abroad programs where students may have little time for meaningful engagement in the complex activities of social, cultural, and linguistic acclimation. These difficulties are magnified when the increasingly popular short-term study abroad program is a "sheltered" or "island" program (Allen, 2010), in which students take classes designed by faculty at their home institution with peers with whom they share a first language. In response to this situation, this dissertation critically examines the willingness to communicate construct (MacIntyre, Dörnyei, Clément, & Noels, 1998) in the context of a short-term study abroad program in Valladolid, Spain with the goal of understanding why some students eagerly engage with the second language and culture, others do to a lesser degree, and some virtually not at all. This investigation employs a multiple case study approach utilizing ethnographic data collection methods and a sociocultural lens to analyze the construct of willingness to communicate. Data sources include interviews, journals, language contact reports, observations, proficiency assessments, and audio recordings from group activities designed to increase learners' willingness to communicate. Recursive, qualitative analysis of the experiences of three students suggests that experiences, goals, and motivations vary widely across students, and across time, even in just five weeks. Furthermore, analysis suggests that willingness to communicate in a study abroad context does not always align with previous research examining the construct in other settings. Pedagogical and implications for future study abroad program design to foster connections and communication in the target language are also explored.
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Vaskelienė, Ieva. "Long-term psychological effects of political repression in Lithuania to second generation." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121227_090744-57295.

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This dissertation analyses long-term intergenerational psychological effects of political trauma. According to trauma psychology and studies of impacts of political repression, it was presumed that the long-term psychological effects of political repression are felt not just by the survivors, but also by their adult children. The aim of this study is to evaluate long-term psychological effects of Soviet and Nazi repression to repressed second generation, and to establish intergenerational links of mental health between survivors of political repression and second generation. Altogether three groups of second generation were surveyed: children of survivors of Soviet and Nazi repression, Holocaust second generation and children of not-repressed Lithuanian citizens. According to the thematic analyses of qualitative data, various long-term psychological consequences of parents’ political repression were identified, second generation connect some of their hardship with these experiences. Path analysis revealed relationship of posttraumatic reactions of parent and child. On the other hand statistical analysis disclosed that current posttraumatic reactions of second generation in general, hopelessness and sense of coherence of second generation of survivors of political repression in Lithuania are the same as in two comparison groups. These results are in line with Holocaust second generation research trends – there are long-term consequences, but second generation does not differ... [to full text]
Disertacijoje analizuojamas ilgalaikis tarpgeneracinis politinių traumų psichologinis poveikis. Remiantis traumų psichologijos žiniomis ir politinių represijų poveikio tyrimais, keliama prielaida, kad ilgalaikes psichologines politinių represijų pasekmes jaučia ne tik išgyvenusieji šias represijas, bet ir jų suaugę vaikai. Šio darbo tikslai yra įvertinti ilgalaikes politinių represijų pasekmes nuo sovietų ir nacių nukentėjusių antrosios kartos atstovams ir, į analizę įtraukus išgyvenusiųjų, tai yra jų tėvų, duomenis, nustatyti tarpgeneracines psichinės sveikatos sąsajas. Iš viso tyrime apklaustos trys antrosios kartos atstovų grupės: išgyvenusių sovietų ir nacių represijas atstovai ir dvi palyginamosios grupės – išgyvenusių holokaustą ir nenukentėjusių vaikai. Remiantis atlikta temine kokybinių duomenų analize nustatytos įvairiapusės ilgalaikės psichologinės tėvų politinių represijų pasekmes, antroji karta su šiuo patyrimu sieja patirtus sunkumus. Tako modeliavimas atskleidė tėvų ir vaikų potrauminių reakcijų sąsajas. Kita vertus, statistinė analizė parodė, kad antrosios kartos atstovų dabartinė psichinė sveikata, tai yra potrauminės reakcijos bendrai, nevilties lygis ir vidinės darnos jausmas, nesiskiria nuo palyginamųjų grupių atitinkamų psichinės sveikatos rodiklių. Šie rezultatai atitinka holokausto antrosios kartos tyrimų tendencijas – nustatomos ilgalaikės pasekmės, tačiau antroji karta neišsiskiria savo psichopatologija.
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Erdemir, Aysegul. "Multimedia-enhanced versus traditional vocabulary instruction : short-term and long-term effects on second language learners' receptive and productive knowledge/." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594494151&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Edwards, Laura Nell. "Effects of marital/dependency status on reenlistment behavior of second-term enlisted females." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27016.

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Ibrahim, Zana Ismail. "Directed motivational currents : optimal productivity and long-term sustainability in second language acquisition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33489/.

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This thesis is concerned with the issue of motivational intensity and sustainability in second language (L2) learning through investigating a recently-conceptualised phenomenon theorised by Dörnyei and colleagues (Dörnyei, Ibrahim, & Muir, 2015; Dörnyei, Muir, & Ibrahim, 2014) and termed Directed Motivation Currents (DMCs). The phenomenon is characterised by intensity of engagement, sustainability of effort, and positive affect, in which individuals display highly motivated goal-governed behaviour and achieve outcomes exceeding expectations set at the outset. DMCs are postulated to represent the optimal form of long-term engagement. The aims of this thesis were to investigate the DMCs in regard to their theoretical justification and empirical validation. The initial chapters present the argument for why the L2 motivation field needs a new motivational construct. It is posited that although aspects of DMCs are discussed in many existing theories, mainstream motivational psychology has not previously captured periods of motivational surges people experience in pursuit of valued personal visions. Accordingly, the main queries guiding this research were to examine what it was like to experience a DMC and what the motivational sources of such motivational drives were. Deploying a phenomenological method of data analysis, exploratory qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with a number of students who had experienced, or were experiencing, a DMC, whether individually or as part of a group. In addition to providing empirical validation for the DMC phenomenon, results revealed what conditions led to a DMC, what a DMC-cycle entailed, and how DMCs made use of a salient structure. The findings suggested that developing a facilitative structure immediately upon a DMC launch was key to the longevity of the current in part due to the effect of behavioural routines and their role in ensuring continued engagement and protecting it from competing temptations. The findings also implied the central role of positive affect in altering the perception of effort and rendering volitional self-control dispensable. As a result of eudaimonic happiness and a sense of growth, the participants experienced positive affect whereby effort was enjoyed and engagement was sustained until goal attainment. However, what accounted for most of the positive affect was not the pleasure of engagement itself or feelings associated with merely learning a second language. Rather, happiness was due to the sense that one was going through a transformational process in which one’s image and identity, level of operation and skills, as well as one’s entire personal entity was being developed. This somewhat indirect link between personal growth and happiness through L2 learning was seen as a new, promising, but challenging area of research. The results also revealed that DMCs could be experienced by groups of learners and at various levels and timescales when combined energy was directed at a shared goal. Furthermore, it was argued that group DMCs were the ultimate form of group performance in large part due to their potential immunity from social loafing which prevents groups from functioning at their highest capacity. In summary, empirical evidence presented in this thesis suggested that long-term motivational momentum in DMCs was the outcome of optimal aggregation of motivational properties that jointly enabled individuals and groups to operate at their highest levels and achieve outstanding results in a fast-track pathway towards goal attainment. While in a DMC, due to the impact of positive affect and a functioning structure, renewable motivational energy is utilised, which empowers long-term and self-propelled engagement without the need for volitional self-regulatory measures. Once applied in L2 settings, DMCs are argued to provide an exceptionally powerful boost to language learners’ motivation and performance.
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Pendleton, Veronica. "Long-term English language learners' experiences through an assets lens| A phenomenological study." Thesis, University of La Verne, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10256610.

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Purpose. The purpose of this study was to understand and, using an assets lens, systematically describe the essence of the experiences of long-term English learners when acquiring proficiency in English.

Methodology. A phenomenological design was used to explore the experiences of long-term English learners when acquiring proficiency in English. The researcher interviewed a purposeful sampling of 5 adults who identified themselves to be long-term English learners as students. Patton’s (2002) steps in phenomenological analysis including epoche, phenomenological reduction, bracketing, textural portrayal, and structural synthesis were used to analyze the data. Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) process for validity and reliability were utilized to establish alternative constructs of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Findings. Fifteen formulated meanings were constructed from the significant statements, and 5 themes emerged. The 5 themes were explained and supported with the significant statements from the interviews. Finally, the essence of the experiences of long-term English learners when acquiring proficiency in English was described.

Conclusions. The results of the study support the key themes associated with critical developmental assets that impacted the acquisition of English of LTELs. The key themes included family communication preferences and challenges, parental involvement in helping youth succeed in school, experiencing high expectations, developing achievement motivation, and engaging in learning. The findings of this phenomenological study offer districts support to implement programs that empower parents how to become effective advocates in their children’s education.

Recommendations. This study was conducted with adults who identified themselves as LTELs. Further phenomenological research could be conducted to research the types and levels of parental involvement and the effects parental involvement has on the assets of achievement motivation and learning engagement. Additionally, a study could identify if Hispanic parents view their parental responsibilities and participation in the schooling of their children differently from mainstream America. Finally, future research could survey the developmental assets of ELs in middle school. As students become reclassified in middle school, research would identify the combination of assets in those students reclassified as compared with students who did not meet reclassification criteria within the same year.

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Tonge, Carolyn A. "Predicting the In-Term Persistence of Community College English-as-a-Second-Language Students." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/362.

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The English-as-a-second-language (ESL) community college student population has increased notably in the past decade, but a decreasing number of these students are completing courses, programs, or degrees (Erisman & Looney, 2008). These students come to college with unique background experiences, and once in college, deal with challenging linguistic, academic, and social integration issues. Though they are not linguistically homogenous, and they do not have a common purpose, ESL students share the common goal of attending community college to learn to speak English (Szelényi & Chang, 2002). Course completion is a primary measure of progress toward that goal, and is therefore an issue of concern for both ESL students and community colleges, which continue to be the access point for language-minority students progressing into higher education (Laden, 2004). The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that predict in-term persistence of community college ESL students. A mixed methods research design consisting of two phases was utilized, and participants in this study were ESL students enrolled in a large community college in south Florida. Phase 1 students completed the Community College ESL Student Questionnaire (CCSEQ), which collected demographic data and data on entry characteristics, academic integration, and social integration. Discriminant and descriptive analyses were used to report the data collected in Phase I. Phase 2 students were a matching cohort of completing and non-completing students who participated in semi-structured interviews at the end of the term. Data collected in the interviews were analyzed thematically, using a constant comparative method as described by Glaser and Strauss (1967). Students’ self reported demographic data, background characteristics, goal commitment, and integration factors on the CCSEQ showed no significance between the students who completed the term and the students who did not complete the term. However, several differentiating themes emerged from the interview data, which indicated differences in goal commitment and integration between the two groups. The focus of non-completers on getting good grades rather than completing the course, and the commitment of completers to the goal of finishing the class in order to go forward, both raise questions for future research studies.
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Books on the topic "Second term"

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Second term expectations. Accra, Ghana: Step Publishers, 2012.

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Second term at Trebizon. Harmondsworth: Puffin, 1988.

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Nickles, Elizabeth. First cat-- second term. Santa Barbara, CA: Capra Press, 1997.

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Organization, World Meteorological. Second WMO long-term plan. Geneva, Switzerland: Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization, 1987.

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A, Smith M. Yel'tsin's Victory: The second Yel'tsin term. Camberley: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1996.

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Kerr, Sean A. Retention of first-term and second-term Marine Corps enlisted personnel. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

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Jefferson the president, second term, 1805-1809. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005.

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A, Smith M. The second Yel'tsin term - one year in. Camberley, Surrey: Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1997.

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21, Unions. Unions and Labour's second term: Conference report. London: Unions 21, 2001.

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Maranto, Robert, Douglas M. Brattebo, and Tom Lansford, eds. The Second Term of George W. Bush. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403984418.

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Book chapters on the topic "Second term"

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Coren, Alex. "Introduction to Second Edition." In Short-Term Psychotherapy, 1–6. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11974-2_1.

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Peele, Gillian, Christopher J. Bailey, Bruce E. Cain, and B. Guy Peters. "Introduction: Obama’s Second Term." In Developments in American Politics 7, 1–13. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-28923-0_1.

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Walch, Timothy. "Insuring a Second Term, 1956." In Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower, 165–90. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137334091_8.

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Ludlam, Steve. "Introduction: Second Term New Labour." In Governing as New Labour, 1–15. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-4055-1_1.

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Henrard, Jacques, and Anne de Vleeschauwer. "Sweeping through a second order resonance." In Long Term Evolution of Planetary Systems, 99–112. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2285-3_8.

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Rahman, Anisur, and Gopinath Chattopadhyay. "Used Second-Hand Product Warranty." In Long Term Warranty and After Sales Service, 41–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16271-3_3.

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Bhatia, Smita. "Second Malignant Neoplasms." In Handbook of Long Term Care of The Childhood Cancer Survivor, 209–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7584-3_14.

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Cull, Nicholas J. "End Games: Bill Clinton’s Second Term." In The Decline and Fall of the United States Information Agency, 121–78. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137105363_4.

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Cooper, James. "Second Term Cuts and Policy Transfer." In Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, 94–114. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137283665_5.

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Kahl, Wolfram. "Internally Typed Second-Order Term Graphs." In Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, 149–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10692760_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Second term"

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Storer, Mark W., Kevin Greenan, and Ethan L. Miller. "Long-term threats to secure archives." In the second ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1179559.1179562.

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Ringrose, P. S., A. Mathieson, J. Midgley, N. Saoula, and I. Wright. "The In Salah CO2 Storage Demonstration Project: Short-term Monitoring to Constrain Long-term Verification." In Second EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop 2010. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.155.8630.

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Tian, Xia, and Wang Tong. "An Improvement to TF: Term Distribution Based Term Weight Algorithm." In 2010 Second International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nswctc.2010.66.

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Landauer, Christopher. "Wrapping Architectures for Long-Term Sustainability." In Second International IEEE Workshop on Software Evolvability. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/software-evolvability.2006.19.

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Salton, Gerard. "On the representation of query term relations by soft Boolean operators." In the second conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/976931.976948.

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Schulder, Marc, and Eduard Hovy. "Metaphor Detection through Term Relevance." In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Metaphor in NLP. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-2303.

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Calvo, P., T. Carminati, P. Fraternali, and S. Miriello. "CIBELE: a knowledge based system for short-term production scheduling." In the second international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/66617.66658.

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Chakrabarty, Deepto, Lars Bildsten, John Chiu, John M. Grunsfeld, Towsian Koh, Thomas A. Prince, Mark H. Finger, and Robert B. Wilson. "Long-term monitoring of the accreting pulsar GX 1+4." In The second Compton symposium. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.45674.

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Ball, V., L. Tenorio, J. P. Blangy, M. Thomas, and C. Schiott. "Uncertainty Quantification of Two-term Relative Elastic Inversion." In Second EAGE Integrated Reservoir Modelling Conference. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20147465.

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Sirca, Costantino, Maria Rosaria Filigheddu, Giovanni Michele Zucca, Marcello Cillara, Amedeo Bacciu, Salvatore Bosu, and Sandro Dettori. "Long-term researches on post fire recovery techniques of cork oak stands." In Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Selvicoltura = Second International Congress of Silviculture. Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4129/2cis-cs-lon.

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Reports on the topic "Second term"

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Moore, Carol S., Henry S. Griffis, and Linda C. Cavalluzzo. A Predictive Model of Navy Second-Term Retention,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada311091.

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Wang, F. First increment of second specimen results to performance assessment-long term corrosion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/641082.

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Duncan, Brian, and Stephen Trejo. Socioeconomic Integration of U.S. Immigrant Groups over the Long Term: The Second Generation and Beyond. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24394.

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Hoyer, M. C., J. P. Hallgren, J. L. Lauer, M. Walton, S. J. Eisenreich, J. T. Howe, and J. F. Splettstoesser. University of Minnesota aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) project report on the second long-term cycle. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5627755.

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5

Hoyer, M. C., J. P. Hallgren, J. L. Lauer, M. Walton, S. J. Eisenreich, J. T. Howe, and J. F. Splettstoesser. University of Minnesota aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) project report on the second long-term cycle. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10129536.

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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.

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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, Gerald A. Evans, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2020.01.05.1.0.

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Abstract:
Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19.
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Woodley, R. E. Release of fission products from irradiated SRP fuels at elevated temperatures: Data report on the second stage of the SRP source term study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7095005.

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9

Holmes, Wendy. Projecting the Need for and Cost of Long-Term Care for Older Persons. Asian Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210072-2.

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With the numbers of older persons in the Asia and Pacific region increasing rapidly, there is a growing urgency to develop and strengthen long-term care (LTC) support systems and services. This working paper aims to enhance the understanding, particularly of policy makers and those planning modeling studies, of using statistical models to project the need, demand, and cost of LTC services. The paper first outlines modeling and its importance. Second, it describes key concepts related to LTC need, demand, and measurement. Then, it identifies key issues to consider when designing and using models. A review of recent modeling studies is also summarized, drawing out lessons relevant to low- and middle- income countries.
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Stall, Nathan M., Allison McGeer, Antonina Maltsev, Isaac I. Bogoch, Kevin A. Brown, Gerald A. Evans, Fahad Razak, et al. The Impact of the Speed of Vaccine Rollout on COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Ontario Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.08.1.0.

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Key Message Accelerating the rollout of Ontario’s COVID-19 vaccine such that all LTC residents receive the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine by January 31, 2021, would prevent a projected 600 COVID-19 cases and 115 deaths by March 31, 2021 when compared with the province’s current plan to vaccinate all LTC residents by February 15, 2021. Projections indicate that further acceleration of the rollout would prevent even more COVID-19 cases and deaths. If vaccine supply is limited, the early provision of first doses of a COVID-19 vaccine to LTC home residents is likely to be more beneficial than the on-schedule provision of second doses to health care workers outside of LTC homes. All LTC residents should receive the second dose according to approved vaccination schedules.
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