Relevant bibliographies by topics / Secondary Amides

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Secondary Amides'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Secondary Amides"

1

Zarecki, Adam P., Jacek L. Kolanowski, and Wojciech T. Markiewicz. "Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Method for a Green Synthesis of Amides Directly from Amines and Carboxylic Acids." Molecules 25, no. 8 (April 11, 2020): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081761.

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Amide bonds are among the most interesting and abundant molecules of life and products of the chemical pharmaceutical industry. In this work, we describe a method of the direct synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids and amines under solvent-free conditions using minute quantities of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a catalyst. The reactions are carried out in an open microwave reactor and allow the corresponding amides to be obtained in a fast and effective manner when compared to other procedures of the direct synthesis of amides from acids and amines reported so far in the literature. The amide product isolation procedure is simple, environmentally friendly, and is performed with no need for chromatographic purification of secondary amides due to high yields. In this report, primary amines were used in most examples. However, the developed procedure seems to be applicable for secondary amines as well. The methodology produces a limited amount of wastes, and a catalyst can be easily separated. This highly efficient, robust, rapid, solvent-free, and additional reagent-free method provides a major advancement in the development of an ideal green protocol for amide bond formation.
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Selvakumar, Kumaravel, Kesamreddy Rangareddy, and John F. Harrod. "The titanocene-catalyzed reduction of acetamides to tertiary amines by PhMeSiH2." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v04-063.

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A variety of acetamide derivatives are reduced in excellent yields to tertiary amines by PhMeSiH2 in the presence of Cp2TiX2 (X = F or Me) catalysts. The reactions are very clean at 80 °C. At room temperature a secondary reaction, hydrogenolysis of the C(O)—N bond, intervenes and reduces the chemoselectivity. Nevertheless, this chemistry provides a simple methodology for the amide/alkylamine transformation using inexpensive, commercially available reagents.Key words: amides, reduction, secondary amides, methylphenylsilane, titanocene, catalysis.
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Krieck, Sven, Philipp Schüler, Jan Peschel, and Matthias Westerhausen. "Straightforward One-Pot Syntheses of Silylamides of Magnesium and Calcium via an In Situ Grignard Metalation Method." Synthesis 51, no. 05 (December 13, 2018): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610407.

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Calcium bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] (Ca(HMDS)2) is a widely used reagent in diverse stoichiometric and catalytic applications. These processes necessitate a straightforward and large-scale access of this complex. Calcium does not react with primary and secondary amines, but the addition of excess bromoethane to a mixture of calcium turnings and amines in THF at room temperature yields the corresponding calcium bis(amides), calcium bromide and ethane. This in situ Grignard metalation method (iGMM) allows the preparation of calcium bis(amides) from secondary and primary trialkylsilyl-substituted amines and anilines on a multigram scale.1 Background2 The In Situ Grignard Metalation Method (iGMM)3 Properties of [(thf)2M(HMDS)2]4 Applications and Perspective
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Zahardis, J., S. Geddes, and G. A. Petrucci. "The ozonolysis of primary aliphatic amines in fine particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 5 (February 29, 2008): 1181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1181-2008.

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Abstract. The oxidative processing by ozone of the particulate amines octadecylamine (ODA) and hexadecylamine (HDA) is reported. Ozonolysis of these amines resulted in strong NO2– and NO3– ion signals that increased with ozone exposure as monitored by photoelectron resonance capture ionization aerosol mass spectrometry. These products suggest a mechanism of progressive oxidation of the particulate amines to nitroalkanes. Additionally, a strong ion signal at 125 m/z is assigned to the ion NO3– (HNO3). For ozonized mixed particles containing ODA or HDA + oleic acid (OL), with pO3≥3×10–7 atm, imine, secondary amide, and tertiary amide products were measured. These products most likely arise from reactions of amines with aldehydes (for imines) and stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) or secondary ozonides (for amides) from the fatty acid. The routes to amides via SCI and/or secondary ozonides were shown to be more important than comparable amide forming reactions between amines and organic acids, using azelaic acid as a test compound. Finally, direct evidence is provided for the formation of a surface barrier in the ODA + OL reaction system that resulted in the retention of OL at high ozone exposures (up to 10−3 atm for 17 s). This effect was not observed in HDA + OL or single component OL particles, suggesting that it may be a species-specific surfactant effect from an in situ generated amide or imine. Implications to tropospheric chemistry, including particle bound amines as sources of oxidized gas phase nitrogen species (e.g.~NO2, NO3), formation of nitrogen enriched HULIS via ozonolysis of amines and source apportionment are discussed.
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Zahardis, J., S. Geddes, and G. A. Petrucci. "The ozonolysis of primary aliphatic amines in single and multicomponent fine particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 5 (October 15, 2007): 14603–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-14603-2007.

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Abstract. The oxidative processing by ozone of the particulate amines octadecylamine (ODA) and hexadecylamine (HDA) is reported. Ozonolysis of these amines resulted in strong NO2− and NO3− ion signals that increased with ozone exposure as monitored by photoelectron resonance capture ionization aerosol mass spectrometry. These products suggest a mechanism of progressive oxidation of the particulate amines to nitro alkanes. Additionally, a strong ion signal at 125 m/z is assigned to the ion NO3−(HNO3). For ozonized mixed particles containing ODA or HDA + oleic acid (OL), with pO3≥3×10−7 atm, imine, secondary amide, and tertiary amide products were measured. These products most likely arise from reactions of amines with aldehydes (for imines) and stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) or secondary ozonides (for amides) from the fatty acid. The routes to amides via SCI and/or secondary ozonides was shown to be more important than comparable amide forming reactions between amines and organic acids, using azelaic acid as a test compound. Finally, direct evidence is provided for the formation of a surface barrier in the ODA + OL reaction system that resulted in the retention of OL at high ozone exposures (up to 10−3 atm for 17 s). This effect was not observed in HDA + OL or single component OL particles, suggesting that it may be a species-specific surfactant effect from an in situ generated amide or imine. Implications to tropospheric chemistry, including particle bound amines as sources of oxidized gas phase nitrogen species (e.g. NO2, NO3), formation of nitrogen enriched HULIS via ozonolysis of amines and source apportionment are discussed.
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Blondiaux, Enguerrand, and Thibault Cantat. "Efficient metal-free hydrosilylation of tertiary, secondary and primary amides to amines." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 66 (2014): 9349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc02894e.

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Hydrosilylation of secondary and tertiary amides to amines is described using catalytic amounts of B(C6F5)3. The organic catalyst enables the reduction of amides with cost-efficient, non-toxic and air stable PMHS and TMDS hydrosilanes. The methodology was successfully extended to the more challenging reduction of primary amides.
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Schuhmacher, Anne, Tomoya Shiro, Sarah J. Ryan, and Jeffrey W. Bode. "Synthesis of secondary and tertiary amides without coupling agents from amines and potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs)." Chemical Science 11, no. 29 (2020): 7609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc01330g.

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Oxidative amidation of potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) and amines via trifluoroborate iminiums (TIMs) delivers amides without coupling agents. This unusual approach to amides can be applied for the late-stage modification of bioactive molecules and for solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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Garg, Jai Anand, Subrata Chakraborty, Yehoshoa Ben-David, and David Milstein. "Unprecedented iron-catalyzed selective hydrogenation of activated amides to amines and alcohols." Chemical Communications 52, no. 30 (2016): 5285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc01505k.

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The first example of hydrogenation of activated amides to amines and alcohols catalyzed by an earth-abundant iron metal complex is discovered. A wide range of trifluoromethyl-substituted secondary and tertiary aromatic and aliphatic amides were hydrogenated.
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Saha, Sayantani, and Moris S. Eisen. "Mild catalytic deoxygenation of amides promoted by thorium metallocene." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 36 (2020): 12835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt02770g.

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The organoactinide-catalyzed (Cp*2ThMe2) hydroborated reduction of a wide range of tertiary, secondary, and primary amides to the corresponding amines/amine–borane adducts via deoxygenation of the amides is reported herein.
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Yao, Lei, Ming-Yi Wang, Xin-Ke Wang, Yi-Jun Liu, Hang-Fei Chen, Jun Zheng, Wei Nie, et al. "Detection of atmospheric gaseous amines and amides by a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer with protonated ethanol reagent ions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 22 (November 23, 2016): 14527–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14527-2016.

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Abstract. Amines and amides are important atmospheric organic-nitrogen compounds but high time resolution, highly sensitive, and simultaneous ambient measurements of these species are rather sparse. Here, we present the development of a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) method, utilizing protonated ethanol as reagent ions to simultaneously detect atmospheric gaseous amines (C1 to C6) and amides (C1 to C6). This method possesses sensitivities of 5.6–19.4 Hz pptv−1 for amines and 3.8–38.0 Hz pptv−1 for amides under total reagent ion signals of ∼ 0.32 MHz. Meanwhile, the detection limits were 0.10–0.50 pptv for amines and 0.29–1.95 pptv for amides at 3σ of the background signal for a 1 min integration time. Controlled characterization in the laboratory indicates that relative humidity has significant influences on the detection of amines and amides, whereas the presence of organics has no obvious effects. Ambient measurements of amines and amides utilizing this method were conducted from 25 July to 25 August 2015 in urban Shanghai, China. While the concentrations of amines ranged from a few parts per trillion by volume to hundreds of parts per trillion by volume, concentrations of amides varied from tens of parts per trillion by volume to a few parts per billion by volume. Among the C1- to C6-amines, the C2-amines were the dominant species with concentrations up to 130 pptv. For amides, the C3-amides (up to 8.7 ppb) were the most abundant species. The diurnal and backward trajectory analysis profiles of amides suggest that in addition to the secondary formation of amides in the atmosphere, industrial emissions could be important sources of amides in urban Shanghai. During the campaign, photo-oxidation of amines and amides might be a main loss pathway for them in daytime, and wet deposition was also an important sink.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Secondary Amides"

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Yeung, Ka Yim. "Studies on asymmetric reactions and catalysis using axially chiral 2-substituted N, N-dialkyl-1-naphthamides and p-chiral secondary phosphine oxides /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CHEM%202003%20YEUNG.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-207). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Kosky, Andrew Alfred. "Interdependence of asparagine deamidation with primary and [alpha]-helical secondary structure in model peptides /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2006.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2006.
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-215). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;
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Stridfeldt, Elin. "Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Metal-Free Arylations and Vinylations : Investigation of Suitable Coupling Partners and Synthesis of New Reagents." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för organisk kemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141580.

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This thesis concerns the development of metal-free reactions to obtain carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds. This is achieved by transferring carbon ligands from hypervalent iodine reagents to suitable nucleophiles. The bulk of the work presented herein concerns arylation of oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles, using the well-known diaryliodonium salts as aryl sources. In the first project, O-arylation of the oxime ethyl acetohydroxamate was studied. It was found that electron-poor as well as electron-rich aryl moieties could be transferred successfully to this nucleophile. Furthermore, the protocol could be extended to a sequential one-pot synthesis of benzo[b]furans. This method allowed for a fast synthesis of the natural product stemofuran A and formal syntheses of other natural products. In a successive project, O-arylation of hydroxide and aliphatic alkoxides was investigated. It is known that electron-poor aryl moieties can be transferred to these nucleophiles in moderate to high yields. However, combined with more electron-rich diaryliodonium salts, a large amount of side products were formed. These were suppressed upon addition of aryne traps, suggesting that aryne pathways are competing with the desired ligand coupling. It was also observed that secondary alcohols were oxidized to the corresponding ketones. The mechanism for this oxidation was investigated and aryne pathways could be excluded. Instead we suggest that the carbinol hydrogen gets deprotonated via an internal mechanism, after the alkoxide has coordinated to the iodonium salt. Highly sterically congested alkyl aryl ethers could be obtained in high yields by combining tertiary alcohols with ortho-blocked diaryliodonium salts.  Next, N-arylation of secondary acyclic amides was studied using acetanilide as the model substrate. This procedure was suitable for transfer of electron-poor as well as ortho-substituted aryl moieties, but attempts to transfer very electron-rich aryl groups were unsuccessful. On the other hand, the amides displayed a complementary reactivity, allowing phenylation of electron-rich amides.  In the final project, a one-pot synthesis of the cyclic iodonium reagent vinylbenziodoxolone is presented. These compounds have not been explored as reagents earlier. Initial screenings showed that the vinyl moiety could be transferred to nitrocyclohexane with opposite regioselectivity compared to the acyclic analogue of the reagent.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript.

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Marques, Joaquim Vogt. "Atividade biológica de amidas e análogos de espécies de Piper e estudos biossintéticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46135/tde-15062009-100356/.

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Foram isoladas de Piper scutifolium e P. corcovadensis seis amidas, incluindo a piperovatina, piperlonguminina, isopiperlonguminina e corcovadina, duas inéditas (scutifoliamida A e scutifoliamida B), além de duas aristolactamas (piperolactama C e stigmalactama). A partir de P. tuberculatum foram isoladas as amidas piplartina e pelitorina e os ésteres (E)-3,4,5-trimetoxicinamato de etila (11) e 3,4,5- trimetoxidiidrocinamato de etila (12), esse último obtido pela primeira vez de origem natural. Em função da atividade biológica apresentada pelas amidas isoladas, foram sintetizadas 5-fenil-pentadienamidas e 3-cinamamidas com diferentes substituintes nos anéis aromáticos e na porção amídica. Os extratos, produtos naturais isolados e sintéticos foram submetidos a ensaios de atividade antifúngica frente Cladosporium cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum, antimicrobiana frente à Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis e Cryptococcus neoformans, inibidora de acetilcolinesterase, carrapaticida frente à Boophilus microplus e citotóxica frente a linhagens tumorais humanas. Para a atividade antifúngica contra C. cladosporioides e C. sphaerospermum foi constatada maior atividade para as N-isobutil e N-pentilamidas sem substituintes no anel aromático. As N-isobutilamidas foram mais ativas como inibidores de acetilcolinesterase; contra B. microplus grande atividade foi apresentada por piperovatina, e os ensaios de citotoxicidade indicaram que o grupo 5,6-dihidropiridin- 2(1H)-ona é fundamental para a atividade. As plântulas de P. corcovadensis apresentaram em sua composição predominantemente piperovatina e assim foram utilizadas para estudos com incorporação de acetato de sódio-[1-14C] e L-fenilalanina - [U-14C] na mesma. As plântulas e calos obtidos para P. scutifolium não apresentaram produção significativa de metabólitos secundários. O estudo do metabolismo fenilpropanoídico de P. regnellii resultou no isolamento parcial da enzima responsável pela conversão de conocarpano em eupomatenóide-6.
Six amides were isolated from Piper scutifolium and P. corcovadensis including piperovatine, piperlonguminine, isopiperlonguminine and corcovadine, the new scutifoliamide A and scutifoliamide B and also two aristolactams (piperolactam C and stigmalactam). From P. tuberculatum the amides piplartine and pellitorine and two esters, ethyl (E)-3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (11) and ethyl 3,4,5- trimethoxydihydrocinnamate (12) were isolated, this last one obtained for the first time from natural sources. Due to the biological activity observed for the natural amides, 5- phenyl-pentadienamides and 3-cinnamamides having different substituents in the aromatic ring and amide moietis were synthesized. Extracts, isolated and synthetic compounds were assayed against Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. sphaerospermum, Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis and Cryptococcus neoformans, inhibitory of acetylcholinesterase, against the tick Boophilus microplus and citotoxic against human cell lines. A higher activity was observed against C. cladosporioides and C. sphaerospermum for N-isobutylamides and N-pentylamides having no substituents in the aromatic ring. N-isobutylamides were very active inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase; piperovatin was the most active against B. microplus and 5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one moiety was essential as the citotoxicity is concerned. Plantlets of P. corcovadensis contained piperovatine as major compound and thus were used as model for incorporation of sodium acetate-[1-14C] and L-phenylalanine-[U-14C]. The production of secondary metabolites in plantlets and callus of P. scutifolium was not significant. The studies of phenylpropanoid metabolism in P. regnellii was addressed to partial purification and characterization of the enzyme involved in the conversion of conocarpan to eupomatenoid-6.
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Alsenani, Nawaf. "Organocatalysis using novel axially chiral secondary amines." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2018. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/69912/.

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The field of organocatalysis has grown rapidly in the last 20 years. Moreover it is a big challenge in modern chemistry due to the rewards that can be gained from its efficiency, low cost and low toxicity. In addition, organocatalysis has many advantages in industrial chemistry it can save time and money by avoiding the use of large amounts of solvents and thus minimizing waste. This Thesis is broken down into three chapters, the first one presents a review of organocatalysis including recent updates and developments, and introduces the different organocatalyst classes, their modes of activation, and a number of examples which show the selectivity improvements obtained. The second chapter is divided into two parts. The first part descries the synthesis of certain binaphthyl organocatalysts and a description of the key steps of their synthesis: a diastereoselective Reformatsky addition and asymmetric lithiation and chloroformate/carboxylation addition steps. The second part focuses on the applications and the results obtained when these catalysts were used in aldol and Mannich reactions. The third chapter contains the experimental data for the products that are discussed in chapter two.
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Smith, Kamilah. "Mechanism and stereochemistry of the reaction of nitric oxide with secondary amines." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103033.

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The reaction of nitric oxide with secondary amines to form diazeniumdiolate anions with the structure R2NN2O2 - has been studied in order to investigate the stereochemistry and mechanism of this reaction. The stereochemical preference of the cis (Z) isomer for these compounds was proved using vibrational spectroscopy, namely infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Raman. Theoretical (B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ) rotation barriers for the simple diazeniumdiolate anion, Me2NN(O)=NO- are calculated in the gas phase to be 26.2 kcal/mol with the cis isomer predicted to be stabilized by only 0.5 kcal/mol compared to the trans isomer, therefore stereochemical preference for the cis is due to kinetic rather than thermodynamic control. Using vibrational spectroscopy to characterize the anion, it was determined that if the trans (E) isomer is present it represents <0.002% of the total composition.
The mechanism of nitric oxide's reaction with secondary amines was elucidated using both synthetic and kinetic methods. Attempts at preparing diazeniumdiolates (NONOates) by reacting nitric oxide directly to various radical anions proved to be unsuccessful. The result of these reactions is the formation of many reaction products, many of which could not be conclusively identified.
The rate of these NO-amine condensation reactions was found to be dependent upon the solvent in which the reaction was conducted, with modest rate enhancements obtained in heterocyclic organic bases. In addition to differences in rate, the overall yield of diazeniumdiolate recovered was found to be highly dependent on solvent choice as well as amine structure.
Kinetic measurements for the formation of these compounds indicate that the rate law is multi-term and the order of reaction with respect to nitric oxide depends greatly on the concentration of nitric oxide. At low nitric oxide concentrations the dependency on nitric oxide is first order, however as the NO concentration increases the order of the reaction becomes second order in [NO].
The decomposition profile of amine derived diazeniumdiolates in aqueous media is significantly different than in organic solutions. In alkaline aqueous solutions the rate of decomposition is slow, with no significant decomposition occurring after several hours. This decomposition can be accelerated by lowering the pH. In non-aqueous solutions, the rate decomposition of the anion was determined to be comparable to the rate in neutral aqueous solutions.
Finally the equilibrium constant for the rate determining step for the reaction of nitric oxide with the secondary amine, pyrrolidine in pyridine was elucidated. The equilibrium constant for the rate limiting step was found to be 1.1 M-1.
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Chen, Yao-Jung. "Secondary amine catalyzed-oximation of cyclopentanone and basicity and reactivity of 1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487265555441794.

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Richards, Elinor Louise. "Tandem Michael/intramolecular aldo reactions mediated by secondary amines, thiols and phosphines." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273662.

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Cheng, Wei. "Dehydrogenation of Secondary Amines to Imines Catalyzed by an Iridium PCP Pincer Complex." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/6941.

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The PCP pincer complex, IrH2{C6H3-2,6-(PBut2)2}, catalyzes the transfer dehydrogenation of secondary amines. Dehydrogenation occurs across C-N bonds rather than C-C bonds to give imines that are obtained in good to excellent yields when the reactions are carried out in toluene solution. The regioselectivity of the dehydrogenation of aliphatic amines is stringently controlled by steric factors while dehydrogenation of aromatic amines leads to imine products favored thermodynamically by conjugated π bonds in the aromatic system. The dehydrogenation reaction has been successfully carried out in large scale (separable) with N-butylbenzylamine with acceptable separation yield. The dehydrogenation of 2,2,2',2'-tetramethyldibutylamine leads exclusively to production of the corresponding imine indicating that the catalytic reaction pathway involves the initial intermolecular oxidative addition of a N-H bond rather than a C-H bond.
v, 53 leaves
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Ciubotaru, Petru. "Mechanistic aspects of the reaction of benzenesulfonyl chloride with secondary amines in aqueous media." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ39809.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Secondary Amides"

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Schwarz, Christina. Rearrangements of secondary methylenecyclopropyl amides. 2004.

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1948-, Fernández José B., ed. Nuevos amigos. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.

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1948-, Fernàndez José B., ed. Nuevos amigos, level 1. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.

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Nuevos Amigos Spanish 1989 Teacher's Edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1989.

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Lachmann, Robin H., and Nigel Manning. Trimethylaminuria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0064.

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Trimethylaminuria (TMAU) or “Fish Odor Syndrome” is a disorder caused by increased concentrations of the volatile amine trimethylamine (TMA) in body fluids resulting in an unpleasant odor. The excess TMA may occur either due to deficient hepatic oxidation (primary) or increased bacterial generation (secondary). Testing urine for TMA concentration is the first line of investigation, preferably following a dietary load of a TMA precursor such as choline. Measurement of TMA and TMA-oxide are used as a guide to determine a primary or secondary cause, which can be confirmed by DNA analysis. FMO3 deficiency may have further clinical consequences due to the wide range of substrates oxidized by the enzyme including many drugs. Treatment of both primary and secondary TMAU relies on restriction of dietary precursors of TMA, antibiotic-based reduction of gut flora, and odor chelators. Riboflavin may also benefit some patients.
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Isaac Asimov. Amigos Robots / Robot Friends (Cucana). Vicens Vives, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Secondary Amides"

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Tricker, A. R., B. Pfundstein, and R. Preussmann. "Nitrosatable Secondary Amines." In Nitrosamines and RelatedN-Nitroso Compounds, 93–101. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0553.ch008.

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Seigler, David S. "Simple Amines, Simple Aromatic and Pyridine Alkaloids." In Plant Secondary Metabolism, 513–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4913-0_28.

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Dilworth, J. R., and S. Morton. "From Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 18–19. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145227.ch14.

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Walker, D. K., R. M. Jones, A. N. R. Nedderman, and P. A. Wright. "Chapter 4. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines and their Isosteres." In Drug Discovery, 168–209. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849731102-00168.

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Cai, S., and Bal Ram Singh. "Determination of the Secondary Structure of Proteins from Amide I and Amide III Infrared Bands Using Partial Least-Square Method." In ACS Symposium Series, 117–29. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0750.ch005.

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Abia, Wilfred A., Comfort A. Onya, Conalius E. Shum, Williette E. Amba, Kareen L. Niba, and Eucharia A. Abia. "Food Security Concerns, Climate Change, and Sea Level Rise in Coastal Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 261–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_21.

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AbstractFood security is a major public health priority in Cameroon, amidst climate change and sea level rise (CC/SLR), vis-à-vis the ever-increasing population growth with associated challenges. CC/SLR, singly or combine, is well known to have severe impacts on agricultural productivity, food security, socioeconomic activities and ecosystem (environment, plant and animal) health systems in coastal areas. They contribute to natural disasters including erosion, flooding, inundation of coastal lowlands, and saltwater intrusion, altogether reducing agricultural productivity. Additionally, these disasters provoke adverse animal, human, and environmental health implications; reduction in tourism; and potential close of some socioeconomic activities that constitute secondary (after agriculture), or main source of livelihood/income for many coastal indigents. Although there are inadequate reports on the impacts of CC/SLR, preliminary reports point to negative effects on crop production and socioeconomic activities in coastal Cameroon. This chapter highlights the susceptibility of coastal Cameroon agriculture and socioeconomic activities to CC/SLR. Furthermore, it has propose agricultural (CC/SLR and non-climatic) and educational intervention socioeconomic strategies for the mitigation and adaptation to CC/SLR and for sustainable agricultural productivity in coastal Cameroon. The proposed strategies may provide a small contribution toward a wider multi-stakeholder pool of strategies and which, when applied, may enhance food security in coastal Cameroon amidst CC/SLR and promote socioeconomic and touristic activities while reducing negative implications on animal, plant, human, and environmental health.
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Mellor, Sarah L., and Donald A. Wellings. "Synthesis of modified peptides." In Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199637256.003.0010.

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Several important hormones such as oxytocin, secretin, and LHRH are known to be peptidyl amides. In addition to these, other peptidyl amides such as indolicidin and the protegrins have been shown to exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. The in vivo production of such compounds is via endogenous enzymatic cleavage of propeptides, making their synthesis by genetic engineering notoriously difficult. Furthermore, to facilitate the survival of synthetic peptidyl amides in vivo, an obvious defence against the action of carboxypeptidases is the N-alkylation of the carboxylic amide terminus. Such secondary amides would be expected to exhibit vastly different solubility and transport properties to primary amides, thus their chemical synthesis is of immense importance. The solid phase synthesis of peptidyl amides and peptidyl N-alkyl amides is centred around two main strategies: 1. Ammonolysis/aminolysis of resin-bound esters. 2. Use of resin-bound primary amines, which may in turn be chemically modified to generate novel secondary amine functionalized linkers for the synthesis of peptidyl N-alkyl amides. Early examples of the use of resin-bound amines for the solid synthesis of peptidyl amides involve the use of linkers such as benzhydrylamine or benzylamine. Following peptide assembly, these linkers require highly acidic (e.g. HF) mediated cleavage, and hence simultaneous removal of acid-labile sidechain protection groups occurs and may cause problems. Systematic modifications of these linker-resins by substitution with electron-donating substituents have resulted in the generation of numerous linker-resins with increased acid sensitivity. Notably, the 4-(2',4'-dimethoxyphenylaminomethyl) phenoxy derivatized (Rink) resin 1, which is cleavable by 95% v/v TFA, and the 5-(2-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylaminornethyl-3,5-dimethoxy)- phenoxyvaleric acid (PAL) linker 2 acidolysed by 75% v/v TFA. Greater acid lability has been achieved using the xanthenyl derivatized resin, 9-(fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino)xanthen-3-yloxymethyl polystyrene (Sieber amide) resin 3, which besides being cleavable by 1% v/v TFA, holds the added advantage of readily undergoing reductive N-alkylation to afford resin-bound secondary amines for the synthesis of peptidyl N-alkyl amides. In addition to the method detailed below, a number of alternative approaches have recently been reported.
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Sato, N. "From β,β′-Difunctional Secondary Amines (or Amides) and Ammonia." In Six-Membered Hetarenes with Two Identical Heteroatoms, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-016-00942.

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Sato, N. "From β,β′-Difunctional Secondary Amines (or Amides) and Ammonia." In Six-Membered Hetarenes with Two Identical Heteroatoms, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-116-00448.

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Glass, R. S. "Barton–McCombie Deoxygenation of Secondary Alcohols." In Three Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds: Amides and Derivatives; Peptides; Lactams, 1. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/sos-sd-022-00137.

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Conference papers on the topic "Secondary Amides"

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Silva, Renato A. da, Ronny F. M. de Souza, Madalena C. C. Areias, Marcelo Navarro, and Lothar W. Bieber. "Electroreductive Methylation of Primary and Secondary Amines." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0203-1.

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Budruev, Andrei, and Evgenja Schelokova. "Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction of the Acyl Azides with Secondary Amines Mediated by Copper(II) Salt." In The 16th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-16-01047.

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Singh, Bal R., Daniel B. DeOliveira, Fen-Ni Fu, and Michael P. Fuller. "Fourier transform infrared analysis of amide III bands of proteins for the secondary structure estimation." In OE/LASE'93: Optics, Electro-Optics, & Laser Applications in Science& Engineering, edited by Laurence A. Nafie and Henry H. Mantsch. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.145242.

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Karis, T. E., and M. D. Carter. "Oxidation Chemistry of Primary and Secondary Antioxidants." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63592.

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Inhibition of oil oxidation is the key to long life of synthetic lubricants operating in thermal stress and boundary lubrication environments [1]. Bench-scale tests to screen oil formulations provide a rapid means for optimizing formulations prior to longer running verification tests done with the oil in the end-use application [2]. The ultimate goal of accelerated oil life tests is to link the sample combustion temperature, or induction time, at a given heating rate, or temperature, to the estimated lifetime under normal use temperatures. A first order reaction model has recently been employed to derive kinetic parameters from the heating rate dependence of the combustion temperature in the non-isothermal pressure DSC (NIPDSC) test by Adhvaryu et al. [3]. The first order reaction model [4] is also employed here, but we show that a more detailed scheme is needed to fit the heat flow during the combustion exotherm. The detailed kinetic model also provides the link between the NIPDSC test and the isothermal pressure DSC test, as well lifetime estimation at temperatures closer to the end-use conditions. Although isothermal PDSC is useful on grease [5], it does not provide a sharp exotherm for the unthickened base oil [6]. The NIPDSC test provides a reasonably sharp exotherm for formulated base oil in a relatively short amount of time. In the NIPDSC test, 10–12 mg of oil is placed in an open DSC pan. The sample chamber is pressurized with oxygen. The sample temperature is linearly increased with time until the occurrence of the combustion exotherm. The exotherm peak temperature and total heat flow did not exhibit any regular dependence on oxygen pressure between 0.55 and 3.4 MPa. The base oil was an (average) C7 ester of pentaerythritol. Primary antioxidants were hindered phenol and aromatic amines, and Zn-dialkyldithiocarbamate (ZDTC) and Zn-dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) were used as secondary antioxidants. For some of the tests, soluble catalyst [2] was incorporated as iron (III) 2-ethylhexanoate. The reduced heat flow thermograms during the NIPDSC test on the base oil are shown in Fig. 1. The curves are normalized by the peak heat flow rate as Q/Qp, and the symbols denote curves from the first order reaction model, discussed below. The exotherm temperature increases and the exotherm sharpens with increased heating rate. At the 20 °C/min heating rates, the internal heating upon combustion noticeably skews the shape of the exotherm.
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Radivoy, Gabriel, Francisco Alonso, Miguel Yus, Viviana Dorn, Adriana Pierini, Andrés Ciolino, Yanina Moglie, and Fabiana Nador. "Reductive amination of aldehydes using a lithium-arene(cat.) reducing system. A simple one-pot procedure for the synthesis of secondary amines." In The 15th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-15-00678.

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Abdulhafez, Moataz, Se Youn Cho, Golnaz Tomaraei, and Mostafa Bedewy. "Microwave-Assisted Processing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Films." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-2932.

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Abstract Regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) is an emerging material derived from natural silk. Thin RSF films are transparent, biocompatible and biodegradable, which makes them suitable for many applications, such as flexible/conformal and transient electronics, bioresorbable devices, bioresists for lithography, and edible food protective coatings. To realize these applications, controlling and tuning the properties of RSF films is required to fully exploit their unique mechanical, optical, and degradation properties. Here, a new approach for tuning these properties is presented based on inducing rapid molecular structure transformations in fibroins via microwave heating. Transparent RSF films were post-treated by microwave irradiation, resulting in the transition of amorphous silk fibroin structure to a more α-helix dominant secondary structure. By increasing the microwave irradiation duration, an increase of helix secondary structure was observed. We use amide-I band Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of the films to characterize the secondary structure of fibroins. Moreover, we show that silicon substrates coated with 100 nm thick RSF films by spin casting, exhibit higher stability in water after microwave irradiation for up to 10 minutes, confirming a conformational change in the RSF secondary structure towards more stable α-helical rich motifs. Our results show that microwave treatment can be a new high throughput approach for tailoring the properties and structure of functional RSF-based films in a scalable and sustainable manufacturing process, when compared to other post processing techniques.
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Ahmad, Zainal, Nur Nadia Ab Kadir, Alireza Bahadori, and Jie Zhang. "Optimization study on the CO2 and H2S removal in natural gas using primary, secondary, tertiary and mixed amine." In THE 11TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (RCChE 2018). Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5095038.

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Arjmand, Omid, Jalal Foroozesh, Ali Reza Roostaee, and Shahaboddin Ayatollahi. "Experimental Investigation of a Viscous Surfactant and Surfactant Flooding to Enhance Oil Recovery." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79006.

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A chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process receives more attentions nowadays. Crude Terephthalic Acid (CTA) as a chemical compound is used for flooding here as an alternative to the traditional hydrolyzed polyacryl amide (HPAM). Crude Oil samples from an Iranian oil field were used during the flooding tests. Sand packed models using two different sizes of sand mainly 50 and 100 meshes were employed in this investigation. A comparison between water flooding and CTA flooding as a secondary oil recovery process revealed that the recovery was improved by 10% when CTA was used. The effect of various injection rates and different concentration of chemical solutions on the recovery factor have been checked. Besides, experimental results improved the surfactant behavior of the CTA solution in water. Moreover, at tertiary state, Sodium Dodocyl Sulfate (SDS) as an anionic surfactant was flooded. Experiments showed that recovery factor increased by 5% OOIP while using SDS.
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Buczko, W., M. Pietraszek, E. Chabielska, and B. Malinowska. "THE INFLUENCE OF SOME HYPOTENSIVE DRUGS ON THE SEROTONERGIC MECHANISMS IN RATS PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643440.

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Serotonin (5HT) is a vasoactive amine that has been reported to be involved in a number of forms of circulatory failure. The 5HT content and metabolism in platelets is changed in hypertension and in peripheral arteriolar diseases. The present study concerns the effect of verapamil (VER), propranolol (PRO) and cap-topril (CAP) - drugs having different hypotensive mechanisms of action, on serotonergic mechanisms in rat blood platelets. In vitro, VER produced noncompetitive inhibition of 14C-5HT uptake (IC50=8.2μM), PRO inhibited the uptake in a competitive fashion (Km =0.9μM), whereas CAP was ineffective. Only PRO released (24%) radioactive 5HT from incubated platelets. Inhibition of amine uptake was also obtained when plateletswere prepared from-irats pretreated with VER (10 mg.kg−1 ), PRO (5 mg.kg−1) or CAP (10 mg.kg−1 ). Moreover, the concentration of endogenous 5HT in blood platelets was reduced after VER and PRO administration. Platelets aggregation induced by ADP was inhibited by VER and CAP. They also diminished the potentiating effect of 5HT on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. It can be concluded that these effects may be a secondary mechanism of action in vivo. Thus “serotonergic component” of studied drugs should be taken under consideration at least in therapy of hypertension.Supported by CPBR, no 11.6
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Pietralik, John M., and Kevin L. Heppner. "Flow-Accelerated Corrosion Susceptibility Prediction of Recirculating Steam Generator Internals." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48630.

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Steam generator (SG) components are subjected to corrosive solutions in turbulent flow. Under such conditions, actual component lifetimes may be significantly reduced from their original design lifetimes. Premature replacement of steam generator components before their expected lifetime can be very expensive. Furthermore, degradation of essential components can reduce the steam generator efficiency, thus reducing net profits. Moreover, a SG failure can also be a safety issue. One of the degradation mechanisms affecting secondary-side SG internal structural elements, which are referred to as internals, is Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC). The susceptibility to FAC depends on flow parameters, water chemistry, and materials. All SG internals made of carbon steel are susceptible to FAC to varying degrees. For FAC susceptibility prediction, flow velocity, pH, and oxygen distributions are needed. SG codes, including THIRST (Thermal Hydraulic analysis In STeam generators, a computer code developed by AECL), traditionally solve for thermalhydraulic parameters. A new chemistry module has been added to THIRST, which now makes this code useful for the prediction of local water chemistry parameters in the SG. The THIRST chemistry module is comprised of a multicomponent, multiphase mass transport model coupled with a multiphase chemical equilibrium model. As input, the module requires amine concentrations in the feedwater and reheater drains. The module predicts local distributions of amine concentration in the secondary side. The concentrations predicted by the module are used to compute the pH. The chemistry module was verified against results of other work in the literature and against station blowdown data. Flow and chemistry predictions of THIRST were used to predict FAC susceptibility for internals of a SG with an integral preheater and a SG without it. Ranking of SG locations in order of FAC susceptibility was estimated from an empirical, Kastner-Riedle model. The most susceptible internals are predicted to be those in the upper section of the hot side and those on the cold side that are near the SG centre, while SG lower regions, including the integral preheater, if one exists, are better protected.
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Reports on the topic "Secondary Amides"

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Thomson, J. S., J. B. Green, S. K. T. Yu, and R. P. Vrana. Differentiation of primary, secondary and tertiary aromatic amines in fossil fuels using trifluoroacylation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5924565.

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Thomson, J. S., J. B. Green, S. K. T. Yu, and R. P. Vrana. Differentiation of primary, secondary and tertiary aromatic amines in fossil fuels using trifluoroacylation. 1, Analytical methodology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10111789.

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