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Journal articles on the topic 'Secondary cell wall'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Zhong, Ruiqin, Dongtao Cui, and Zheng‐Hua Ye. "Secondary cell wall biosynthesis." New Phytologist 221, no. 4 (2018): 1703–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15537.

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2

Sakamoto, Shingo, and Nobutaka Mitsuda. "Reconstitution of a Secondary Cell Wall in a Secondary Cell Wall-Deficient Arabidopsis Mutant." Plant and Cell Physiology 56, no. 2 (2014): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcu208.

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3

Idris, Nurul A., Maketelana Aleamotuʻa, David W. McCurdy, and David A. Collings. "The Orchid Velamen: A Model System for Studying Patterned Secondary Cell Wall Development?" Plants 10, no. 7 (2021): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071358.

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Understanding the mechanisms through which plants generate secondary cell walls is of more than academic interest: the physical properties of plant-derived materials, including timber and textiles, all depend upon secondary wall cellulose organization. Processes controlling cellulose in the secondary cell wall and their reliance on microtubules have been documented in recent decades, but this understanding is complicated, as secondary walls normally form in the plant’s interior where live cell imaging is more difficult. We investigated secondary wall formation in the orchid velamen, a multicel

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Watanabe, Yoichiro, Rene Schneider, Sarah Barkwill, et al. "Cellulose synthase complexes display distinct dynamic behaviors during xylem transdifferentiation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 27 (2018): E6366—E6374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802113115.

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In plants, plasma membrane-embedded CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) enzyme complexes deposit cellulose polymers into the developing cell wall. Cellulose synthesis requires two different sets of CESA complexes that are active during cell expansion and secondary cell wall thickening, respectively. Hence, developing xylem cells, which first undergo cell expansion and subsequently deposit thick secondary walls, need to completely reorganize their CESA complexes from primary wall- to secondary wall-specific CESAs. Using live-cell imaging, we analyzed the principles underlying this remodeling. At the onse

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Yao, Xiaocui, John Humphries, Kim L. Johnson, Jinhui Chen, and Yingxuan Ma. "Function of WAKs in Regulating Cell Wall Development and Responses to Abiotic Stress." Plants 14, no. 3 (2025): 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030343.

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Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are instrumental in regulating plant cell surface sensing and vascular tissue differentiation. Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) are a unique group of RLKs that have been identified as key cell wall integrity (CWI) sensors. WAK signaling is suggested to be activated during growth in response to cell expansion or when the cell wall is damaged, for example, during pathogen attack. WAKs are proposed to interact with pectins or pectin fragments that are enriched in primary walls. Secondary walls have low levels of pectins, yet recent studies have shown important functions

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6

Fry, Stephen C., Lenka Franková, and Dimitra Chormova. "Setting the boundaries: Primary cell wall synthesis and expansion." Biochemist 33, no. 2 (2011): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03302014.

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Mature plant cells typically have two-layered walls: a first-formed thin outer primary wall layer enclosing a later-formed thick inner secondary wall. The surface area of the primary wall limits the size of the cell and thus the maximum amount of biomass that can potentially be accumulated in the secondary wall. By controlling the shape and size of the cell, the primary wall therefore imposes the limits on the amount of inedible biofuel a plant cell can make.

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Zhai, Shengcheng, Yoshiki Horikawa, Tomoya Imai, and Junji Sugiyama. "Cell wall ultrastructure of palm leaf fibers." IAWA Journal 35, no. 2 (2014): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000054.

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The cell wall organization of leaf sheath fibers in different palm species was studied with polarized light microscopy (PLM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The secondary wall of the fibers consisted of only two layers, S1 and S2. The thickness of the S1 layer in leaf sheath fibers from the different palm species ranged from 0.31 to 0.90 μm, with a mean value of 0.57 μm, which was thicker than that of tracheids and fibers in secondary xylem of conifers and dicotyledons. The thickness of the S2 layer ranged from 0.44 to 3.43 μm, with a mean value of 1.86 μm. The ratio of S1 thicknes

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8

Meents, Miranda J., Yoichiro Watanabe, and A. Lacey Samuels. "The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis." Annals of Botany 121, no. 6 (2018): 1107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy005.

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9

Dang, Xiaofei, Bei Zhang, Chen Li, and Shingo Nagawa. "FvNST1b NAC Protein Induces Secondary Cell Wall Formation in Strawberry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (2022): 13212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113212.

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Secondary cell wall thickening plays a crucial role in plant growth and development. Diploid woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is an excellent model for studying fruit development, but its molecular control of secondary wall thickening is largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that Arabidopsis NAC secondary wall thickening promoting factor1 (AtNST1) and related proteins are master regulators of xylem fiber cell differentiation in multiple plant species. In this study, a NST1-like gene, FvNST1b, was isolated and characterized from strawberry. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysi

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10

Ma, Yingxuan, Luke Stafford, Julian Ratcliffe, Antony Bacic, and Kim L. Johnson. "WAKL8 Regulates Arabidopsis Stem Secondary Wall Development." Plants 11, no. 17 (2022): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172297.

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Wall-associated kinases/kinase-likes (WAKs/WAKLs) are plant cell surface sensors. A variety of studies have revealed the important functions of WAKs/WAKLs in regulating cell expansion and defense in cells with primary cell walls. Less is known about their roles during the development of the secondary cell walls (SCWs) that are present in xylem vessel (XV) and interfascicular fiber (IF) cells. In this study, we used RNA-seq data to screen Arabidopsis thaliana WAKs/WAKLs members that may be involved in SCW development and identified WAKL8 as a candidate. We obtained T-DNA insertion mutants wakl8

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11

Kremer, Celeste L., and Andrew N. Drinnan. "Secondary walls in hyaline cells of Sphagnum." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 2 (2004): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03010.

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The cytoskeleton and ultrastructural events associated with cell differentiation and secondary cell wall and pore formation in hyaline cells of Sphagnum are investigated. Microtubules reorient from random arrays in undifferentiated hyaline cells to transverse arrays in elongating cells. Once cells are fully elongated, broad bands of microtubules aggregate into a spiral that predicts the site of secondary cell wall deposition. The secondary wall has a similar fibrillar composition to the primary wall. After the secondary wall is deposited, the thin primary wall covering the pore breaks down, us

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12

Im, Jong Hee, Jae-Heung Ko, Won-Chan Kim, Brent Crain, Daniel Keathley, and Kyung-Hwan Han. "Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 negatively regulates secondary wall biosynthesis by modulating MYB46 protein stability in Arabidopsis thaliana." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 4 (2021): e1009510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009510.

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The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB46 functions as a master switch for secondary cell wall biosynthesis, ensuring the exquisite expression of the secondary wall biosynthetic genes in the tissues where secondary walls are critical for growth and development. At the same time, suppression of its function is needed when/where formation of secondary walls is not desirable. Little is known about how this opposing control of secondary cell wall formation is achieved. We used both transient and transgenic expression of MYB46 and mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) to investigate the molecular

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13

Gindl, W., H. S. Gupta, and C. Grünwald. "Lignification of spruce tracheid secondary cell walls related to longitudinal hardness and modulus of elasticity using nano-indentation." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 10 (2002): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-091.

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The lignin content and the mechanical properties of lignifying and fully lignified spruce tracheid secondary cell walls were determined using UV microscopy and nano-indentation, respectively. The average lignin content of developing tracheids was 0.10 g·g1, as compared with 0.21 g·g1 in mature tracheids. The modulus of elasticity of developing cells was on average 22% lower than the one measured in mature, fully lignified cells. For the longitudinal hardness, a larger difference of 26% was observed. As lignifying cells in the cambial zone are undergoing cell wall development, spaces in the c

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14

Wightman, Raymond, and Simon Turner. "Digesting the indigestible: Biosynthesis of the plant secondary wall." Biochemist 33, no. 2 (2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03302024.

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Biofuels have recently been the subject of intense debate with regard to‘food versus fuel’. Consequently, attention has focused upon so-called ‘second-generation’ biofuels that use alternatives to food-based feedstocks. In the best-developed forms of second-generation biofuels, sugars from starch digestion could be replaced with sugars released from the plant cell walls. This biomass could come from either agricultural residue, such as part of the maize culm, or from purpose grown biofuel crops, such as Miscanthus or Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), that generate huge yields even when grown on

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15

Didi, Vojtěch, Phil Jackson, and Jan Hejátko. "Hormonal regulation of secondary cell wall formation." Journal of Experimental Botany 66, no. 16 (2015): 5015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv222.

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16

Yang, Fan, Prajakta Mitra, Ling Zhang, et al. "Engineering secondary cell wall deposition in plants." Plant Biotechnology Journal 11, no. 3 (2012): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12016.

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17

Oda, Yoshihisa, and Hiroo Fukuda. "Secondary cell wall patterning during xylem differentiation." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 15, no. 1 (2012): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2011.10.005.

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18

Mokshina, Natalia, Oleg Gorshkov, Nadezda Ibragimova, Tatyana Chernova, and Tatyana Gorshkova. "Cellulosic fibres of flax recruit both primary and secondary cell wall cellulose synthases during deposition of thick tertiary cell walls and in the course of graviresponse." Functional Plant Biology 44, no. 8 (2017): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp17105.

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Cellulose synthesising complex consists of cellulose synthase (CESA) subunits encoded by a multigene family; different sets of CESA genes are known to be expressed during primary and secondary cell wall formation. We examined the expression of LusCESAs in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cellulosic fibres at various stages of development and in the course of graviresponse by means of RNA-Seq and quantitative PCR. Transcripts for both primary and secondary cell wall-related CESAs were abundant in fibres depositing highly cellulosic tertiary cell walls. Gravistimulation of flax plants temporally in

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19

Kaneda, Minako, Kim Rensing, and Lacey Samuels. "Secondary Cell Wall Deposition in Developing Secondary Xylem of Poplar." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 52, no. 2 (2010): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00925.x.

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20

Berg, R. Howard, and Lorraine McDowell. "Cytochemistry of the wall of infected cells in Casuarina actinorhizae." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 10 (1988): 2038–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-279.

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Development of the wall of infected cells in Casuarina actinorhizae differs from that of many actinorhizae. After the endophyte penetrates the wall of a cortical cell, that (primary) cell wall becomes lignified, based on histochemical (autofluorescence, phloroglucinol staining) and cytochemical (permanganate staining, enzyme etching) evidence. Subsequently, the remaining walls of the infected cell become lignified. Adjacent noninfected cells somehow are stimulated to deposit a lignified secondary wall only on those walls bordering the infected cell. This remarkable participation of all adjacen

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21

Płachno, Bartosz J., Małgorzata Kapusta, Piotr Stolarczyk, Marcin Feldo, and Piotr Świątek. "Cell Wall Microdomains in the External Glands of Utricularia dichotoma Traps." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 11 (2024): 6089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25116089.

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The genus Utricularia (bladderworts) species are carnivorous plants that prey on invertebrates using traps with a high-speed suction mechanism. The outer trap surface is lined by dome-shaped glands responsible for secreting water in active traps. In terminal cells of these glands, the outer wall is differentiated into several layers, and even cell wall ingrowths are covered by new cell wall layers. Due to changes in the cell wall, these glands are excellent models for studying the specialization of cell walls (microdomains). The main aim of this study was to check if different cell wall layers

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22

Avci, Utku. "Trafficking of Xylan to Plant Cell Walls." Biomass 2, no. 3 (2022): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomass2030012.

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Plant cell walls are classified as primary and secondary walls. The primary wall is necessary for plant morphogenesis and supports cell growth and expansion. Once the growth and expansion ceases, specialized cells form secondary walls in order to give strength and rigidity to the plant. Secondary cell walls are the main constituent of woody biomass. This biomass is raw material for industrial products, food, and biomaterials. Recently, there are an increasing number of studies using biomass for biofuel production and this area has gained importance. However, there are still many unknowns regar

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23

Sakamoto, Shingo, Marc Somssich, Miyuki T. Nakata, et al. "Complete substitution of a secondary cell wall with a primary cell wall in Arabidopsis." Nature Plants 4, no. 10 (2018): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0260-4.

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24

Millar, David J., Julian P. Whitelegge, Laurence V. Bindschedler, et al. "The cell wall and secretory proteome of a tobacco cell line synthesising secondary wall." PROTEOMICS 9, no. 9 (2009): 2355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200800721.

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25

Płachno, Bartosz J., Małgorzata Kapusta, Marcin Feldo, and Piotr Świątek. "Homogalacturonans and Hemicelluloses in the External Glands of Utricularia dichotoma Traps." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 23 (2024): 13124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313124.

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The Utricularia (bladderworts) species are carnivorous plants that prey mainly on invertebrates using traps (bladders) of leaf origin. On the outer surfaces of the trap, there are dome-shaped glands (capitate trichomes). Each such trichome consists of a basal cell, a pedestal cell, and a terminal cell. During the maturation of these external glands, there are changes in the cell wall of the terminal cell of the gland (deposited layers of secondary wall material). Thus, due to changes in the cell wall, these glands are excellent models for studying the specialization of cell walls. The main aim

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26

Schäffer, Christina, and Paul Messner. "The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Gram-positive bacteria stick their cell walls together." Microbiology 151, no. 3 (2005): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27749-0.

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The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has been a subject of detailed chemical study over the past five decades. Outside the cytoplasmic membrane of these organisms the fundamental polymer is peptidoglycan (PG), which is responsible for the maintenance of cell shape and osmotic stability. In addition, typical essential cell wall polymers such as teichoic or teichuronic acids are linked to some of the peptidoglycan chains. In this review these compounds are considered as ‘classical’ cell wall polymers. In the course of recent investigations of bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) a differe

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27

Ma, Jianfeng, Zhe Ji, Xia Zhou, Zhiheng Zhang, and Feng Xu. "Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, and Confocal Raman Microscopic Analysis of Ultrastructural and Compositional Heterogeneity of Cornus alba L. Wood Cell Wall." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 1 (2013): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612013906.

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AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopy can be used to characterize ultrastructural and compositional heterogeneity of plant cell walls. In this study, TEM observations revealed the ultrastructural characterization of Cornus alba L. fiber, vessel, axial parenchyma, ray parenchyma, and pit membrane between cells, notably with the ray parenchyma consisting of two well-defined layers. Fluorescence microscopy evidenced that cell corner middle lamella was more lignified than adjacent compound middle lamella and secondary wall with varia

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28

Yu, Yunqing. "OsKNAT7 Bridges Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Cell Growth Regulation." Plant Physiology 181, no. 2 (2019): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.01018.

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29

Huang, Yanzhong, Chen Qian, Jianyu Lin, et al. "CcNAC1 by Transcriptome Analysis Is Involved in Sudan Grass Secondary Cell Wall Formation as a Positive Regulator." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 7 (2023): 6149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076149.

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Sudan grass is a high-quality forage of sorghum. The degree of lignification of Sudan grass is the main factor affecting its digestibility in ruminants such as cattle and sheep. Almost all lignocellulose in Sudan grass is stored in the secondary cell wall, but the mechanism and synthesis of the secondary cell wall in Sudan grass is still unclear. In order to study the mechanism of secondary cell wall synthesis in Sudan grass, we used an in vitro induction system of Sudan grass secondary cell wall. Through transcriptome sequencing, it was found that the NAC transcription factor CcNAC1 gene was

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30

Salanga, M., and K. Van Winkle-Swift. "Structure and Function of the Primary Zygote Wall of Chlamydomonas Monoica." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (2001): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026325.

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The Chlamydomonas zygospore is formed after gametic cell fusion by a progression of ultrastructural and physiological changes, including the synthesis of a protective and elaborately sculptured secondary wall (Figure 1). Assembly of the secondary wall occurs within the confines of a transient primary zygote wall, synthesized immediately after gamete fusion, and assembled beneath the residual gamete walls. Upon completion of secondary wall assembly, the primary zygote wall is shed from the maturing zygospore (Figure 2). This primary zygote wall, composed primarily of a β-1,3 glucan (callose), m

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31

Goynes, W. R., B. F. Ingber, and D. P. Thibodeaux. "Fungal infection of seed: a source of cotton textile imperfections." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 976–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100141251.

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Cotton seed develop within a thick-walled boll that is usually divided into three or more compartments called locules. The seed and fibers that grow within a locule are called a lock. An unopen boll is shown in figure 1. The cotton fiber is a single cell and develops from the epidermis of the seed. The cell wall, or primary wall, of the fiber, a complex mixture of cellulose, protein, waxes, pectins, and other plant related materials, elongates for approximately 17-25 days. Completion of this elongation is overlapped by the beginning of secondary wall synthesis which deposits successive layers

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32

Huang, Yanzhong, Juanzi Wu, Jianyu Lin, et al. "CcNAC6 Acts as a Positive Regulator of Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis in Sudan Grass (Sorghum sudanense S.)." Plants 13, no. 10 (2024): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13101352.

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The degree of forage lignification is a key factor affecting its digestibility by ruminants such as cattle and sheep. Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense S.) is a high-quality sorghum forage, and its lignocellulose is mostly stored in the secondary cell wall. However, the secondary cell wall synthesis mechanism of Sudan grass has not yet been studied in depth. To further study the secondary cell wall synthesis mechanism of Sudan grass using established transcriptome data, this study found that CcNAC6, a homologous gene of Arabidopsis AtSND2, is related to the secondary cell wall synthesis of Sudan

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33

Kim, Y. S., S. G. Wi, C. Grünwald, and U. Schmitt. "Immuno Electron Microscopic Localization of Peroxidases in the Differentiating Xylem of Populus spp." Holzforschung 56, no. 4 (2002): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.056.

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Summary Peroxidases were localized in differentiating xylem cells of Populus spp. by means of immunogold labelling in combination with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against horseradish peroxidase were used for these experiments. Within the cytoplasm, TEM revealed a distinct labelling of the dictyosomes, indicating that these organelles are involved in the transport of peroxidases to the plasma membrane. During the formation of primary and secondary walls, cell corner regions became distinctly labelled, the developing secondary wall layers to a

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34

Zhang, Ning, Shi Li, Liming Xiong, Yu Hong, and Youping Chen. "Cellulose-hemicellulose interaction in wood secondary cell-wall." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 23, no. 8 (2015): 085010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/23/8/085010.

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35

Wang, Huan-Zhong, and Richard A. Dixon. "On–Off Switches for Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis." Molecular Plant 5, no. 2 (2012): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssr098.

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36

Li, Zheng, Alisdair R. Fernie, and Staffan Persson. "Transition of primary to secondary cell wall synthesis." Science Bulletin 61, no. 11 (2016): 838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1061-7.

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37

Taylor, Neil G., John C. Gardiner, Raymond Whiteman, and Simon R. Turner. "Cellulose synthesis in the Arabidopsis secondary cell wall." Cellulose 11, no. 3/4 (2004): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:cell.0000046405.11326.a8.

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Donaldson, Lloyd A. "ABNORMAL LIGNIN DISTRIBUTION IN WOOD FROM SEVERELY DROUGHT STRESSED PINUS RADIATA TREES." IAWA Journal 23, no. 2 (2002): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000295.

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Radiata pine logs exhibiting concentric shelling were examined for abnormal wood anatomy and cell wall characteristics. The trees from which the logs originated were growing on coastal sand dunes with a shallow impermeable iron pan subsoil, and the abnormal wood properties are assumed to be the result of frequent water stress and possible associated nutritional stress. The wood showed numerous false growth rings alternating with bands of poorly lignified tracheids. Examination of lignin distribution by confocal fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormal cell

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39

His, Isabelle, Christine Andème-Onzighi, Claudine Morvan, and Azeddine Driouich. "Microscopic Studies on Mature Flax Fibers Embedded in LR White." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 49, no. 12 (2001): 1525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002215540104901206.

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Flax fibers have been the subject of many biochemical studies, which revealed that cellulose and pectins are the major constituents of their walls. In contrast, little is known about the location of these polymers within the walls of mature fibers by microscopic methods. This has been technically hampered by the very thick secondary wall of fibers, resulting in inadequate tissue preservation unsuitable for immunogold microscopy. In this study, we adapted the basic chemical fixation, dehydration and infiltration methods to achieve a good preservation of the cell structures of mature fibers and

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40

Acosta, Federico, Miguel A. de Pedro, and José Berenguer. "Homogeneous incorporation of secondary cell wall polysaccharides to the cell wall of Thermus thermophilus HB27." Extremophiles 16, no. 3 (2012): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-012-0448-x.

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41

Bariska, Mihály, Zoltán Pásztory, and Zoltán Börcsök. "On tylosis ultrastructure in Quercus cerris L." Holzforschung 73, no. 12 (2019): 1121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0028.

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Abstract A study of tylosis in European Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) shows correspondences in the formation of tyloses and of regular cell walls. The outer tylosis wall has a smooth, granular surface with simple perforations analogous to that of the primary wall of ordinary cells. The underlying wall stratum shows parallel oriented macro-fibrils, normally found in the secondary walls of regular cells. At the contact areas of tyloses, stabilizing seams can be observed. Various types of wall openings such as simple pits, blind pits and vestured pits were present. Also tylosis division was dete

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42

Tong, Haonan, Hao Chen, and Cranos M. Williams. "Gene Regulatory Network of Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis during VND7 Induced de novo Xylem Formation." International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics 11, no. 4 (2021): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijbbb.2021.11.4.74-81.

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43

Xiao, Ruixue, Chong Zhang, Xiaorui Guo, Hui Li, and Hai Lu. "MYB Transcription Factors and Its Regulation in Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Lignin Biosynthesis during Xylem Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (2021): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073560.

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The secondary wall is the main part of wood and is composed of cellulose, xylan, lignin, and small amounts of structural proteins and enzymes. Lignin molecules can interact directly or indirectly with cellulose, xylan and other polysaccharide molecules in the cell wall, increasing the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of plant cells and tissues and facilitating the long-distance transportation of water in plants. MYBs (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) belong to one of the largest superfamilies of transcription factors, the members of which regulate secondary cell-wall fo

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Nookaraju, Akula, Shashank K. Pandey, Yogesh K. Ahlawat, and Chandrashekhar P. Joshi. "Understanding the Modus Operandi of Class II KNOX Transcription Factors in Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis." Plants 11, no. 4 (2022): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11040493.

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Lignocellulosic biomass from the secondary cell walls of plants has a veritable potential to provide some of the most appropriate raw materials for producing second-generation biofuels. Therefore, we must first understand how plants synthesize these complex secondary cell walls that consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in order to deconstruct them later on into simple sugars to produce bioethanol via fermentation. Knotted-like homeobox (KNOX) genes encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors (TFs) that modulate various important developmental processes in plants. While Class

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Friedman, William E., and Martha E. Cook. "The origin and early evolution of tracheids in vascular plants: integration of palaeobotanical and neobotanical data." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355, no. 1398 (2000): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0620.

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Although there is clear evidence for the establishment of terrestrial plant life by the end of the Ordovician, the fossil record indicates that land plants remained extremely small and structurally simple until the Late Silurian. Among the events associated with this first major radiation of land plants is the evolution of tracheids, complex water–conducting cells defined by the presence of lignified secondary cell wall thickenings. Recent palaeobotanical analyses indicate that Early Devonian tracheids appear to possess secondary cell wall thickenings composed of two distinct layers: a degrada

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Rabiu, F. I. "Role of endothelial cell junctions in transendothelial cancer cell migration. A review." Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 7, no. 4a (2022): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/dujopas.v7i4a.14.

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During metastasis, tumour cells must become migratory and travel towards a capillary within the tumour. They then degrade the matrix surrounding the pericytes and endothelial cells, insert themselves between endothelial cells, transverse the capillary wall, to then enter the blood stream. This process depends on the motile behaviour of the tumour cells as well as the role of endothelial cell-cell junctions, both including adherens junctions and tight junctions. Circulating tumour cells must next, adhere to the walls of the capillary at the site of secondary tumour formation. Here, they again t

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Qin, Wenqi, Qi Yin, Jiajun Chen, et al. "The class II KNOX transcription factors KNAT3 and KNAT7 synergistically regulate monolignol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 18 (2020): 5469–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa266.

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Abstract The function of the transcription factor KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (KNAT7) is still unclear since it appears to be either a negative or a positive regulator for secondary cell wall deposition with its loss-of-function mutant displaying thicker interfascicular and xylary fiber cell walls but thinner vessel cell walls in inflorescence stems. To explore the exact function of KNAT7, class II KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX II) genes in Arabidopsis including KNAT3, KNAT4, and KNAT5 were studied together. By chimeric repressor technology, we found that both KNAT3 and KNAT7 repressors exhib

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Burgert, Ingo, Notburga Gierlinger, and Tanja Zimmermann. "Properties of chemically and mechanically isolated fibres of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Part 1: Structural and chemical characterisation." Holzforschung 59, no. 2 (2005): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.038.

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Abstract Single fibres of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were isolated both chemically and mechanically from a solid wood sample. Mechanical isolation was carried out using very fine tweezers to peel out fibres, thereby taking advantage of the low shear strength between them. Chemical isolation was achieved using hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid. Fibres were examined with Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy, and field-emission environmental scanning electron microscopy (FE-ESEM) in low-Vacuum mode to compare the isolation techniques with respect to their influence on cell

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Ma, Jianfeng, Xunli Lv, Shumin Yang, Genlin Tian, and Xing’e Liu. "Structural Insight into Cell Wall Architecture ofMicanthus sinensiscv. using Correlative Microscopy Approaches." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 5 (2015): 1304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615014932.

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AbstractStructural organization of the plant cell wall is a key parameter for understanding anisotropic plant growth and mechanical behavior. Four imaging platforms were used to investigate the cell wall architecture ofMiscanthus sinensiscv. internode tissue. Using transmission electron microscopy with potassium permanganate, we found a great degree of inhomogeneity in the layering structure (4–9 layers) of the sclerenchymatic fiber (Sf). However, the xylem vessel showed a single layer. Atomic force microscopy images revealed that the cellulose microfibrils (Mfs) deposited in the primary wall

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Yu, Dade, Dennis Janz, Krzysztof Zienkiewicz, et al. "Wood Formation under Severe Drought Invokes Adjustment of the Hormonal and Transcriptional Landscape in Poplar." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (2021): 9899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189899.

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Drought is a severe environmental stress that exerts negative effects on plant growth. In trees, drought leads to reduced secondary growth and altered wood anatomy. The mechanisms underlying wood stress adaptation are not well understood. Here, we investigated the physiological, anatomical, hormonal, and transcriptional responses of poplar to strong drought. Drought-stressed xylem was characterized by higher vessel frequencies, smaller vessel lumina, and thicker secondary fiber cell walls. These changes were accompanied by strong increases in abscisic acid (ABA) and antagonistic changes in sal

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