Relevant bibliographies by topics / Secondary contamination

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Secondary contamination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Secondary contamination"

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YAMAOKA, KEIKO, MARIKO SASAKI, MASATERU MATSUI, KIMIE OKINAGA, KATSUMI TSUTIYA, KAZUO YOSIDA, TAKEHARU YONEDA, MASAHIKO MINEMOTO, and OSAMU UEMURA. "Secondary Contamination of Eyedrops." Japanese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 17, no. 6 (1991): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5649/jjphcs1975.17.461.

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Roberts, D., and L. Senarathna. "Secondary contamination in organophosphate poisoning." QJM 97, no. 10 (September 14, 2004): 697–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hch114.

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Leontowich, Adam F. G., and Adam P. Hitchcock. "Secondary electron deposition mechanism of carbon contamination." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 30, no. 3 (May 2012): 030601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.3698602.

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Nosov, A. V., and A. M. Martynova. "Secondary contamination assessment of enisei river water." Atomic Energy 82, no. 5 (May 1997): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02418733.

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Larson, Theodore C., Maureen F. Orr, Erik Auf der Heide, Jennifer Wu, Sutapa Mukhopadhyay, and D. Kevin Horton. "Threat of Secondary Chemical Contamination of Emergency Departments and Personnel: An Uncommon but Recurrent Problem." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 2 (November 10, 2015): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.127.

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AbstractObjectiveTo analyze acute hazardous substance release surveillance data for events involving secondary contamination of hospital emergency departments (EDs). Secondary contamination of EDs may occur when a patient exposed to a hazardous chemical is not decontaminated before arrival at the ED and when ED staff are not wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. This can result in adverse health outcomes among department personnel, other patients, and visitors. Even events without actual secondary contamination risk can be real in their consequences and require the decontamination of the ED or its occupants, evacuation, or temporary shutdown of the ED.MethodsEvents involving secondary contamination were identified by using the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system and the National Toxic Substance Incidents Program from 2007 to 2013.ResultsFive incidents involving the threat of secondary contamination (0.02% of all events reported to the surveillance systems [n=33,001]) were detected and are described. Four incidents involved suspected secondary contamination in which the facility was evacuated or shut down.ConclusionsThese results suggest that although rare, incidents involving secondary contamination continue to present a hazard for emergency departments. Suggested best practices to avoid secondary contamination have been described. Hospitals should be made aware of the risks associated with secondary contamination and the need to proactively train and equip staff to perform decontamination. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:199–202)
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Fonneløp, Ane Elida, Helen Johannessen, Thore Egeland, and Peter Gill. "Contamination during criminal investigation: Detecting police contamination and secondary DNA transfer from evidence bags." Forensic Science International: Genetics 23 (July 2016): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.04.003.

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Horton, D. Kevin, Maureen Orr, Theodora Tsongas, Richard Leiker, and Vikas Kapil. "Secondary Contamination of Medical Personnel, Equipment, and Facilities Resulting From Hazardous Materials Events, 2003–2006." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2, no. 2 (June 2008): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e318166861c.

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ABSTRACTBackground: When not managed properly, a hazardous material event can quickly extend beyond the boundaries of the initial release, creating the potential for secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities. Secondary contamination generally occurs when primary victims are not decontaminated or are inadequately decontaminated before receiving medical attention. This article examines the secondary contamination events reported to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and offers suggestions for preventing such events.Methods: Data from the ATSDR Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system were used to conduct a retrospective analysis of hazardous material events occurring in 17 states during 2003 through 2006 involving secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities.Results: Fifteen (0.05%) Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance events were identified in which secondary contamination occurred. At least 17 medical personnel were injured as a result of secondary contamination while they were treating contaminated victims. Of the medical personnel injured, 12 were emergency medical technicians and 5 were hospital personnel. Respiratory irritation was the most common injury sustained.Conclusions: Adequate preplanning and drills, proper decontamination procedures, good field-to-hospital communication, appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and effective training can help prevent injuries of medical personnel and contamination of transport vehicles and medical facilities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:104–113)
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Stacey, R., D. Morfey, and S. Payne. "Secondary contamination in organophosphate poisoning: analysis of an incident." QJM 97, no. 2 (January 27, 2004): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hch020.

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Nihei, N., K. Yoshimura, T. Okumura, K. Tanoi, K. Iijima, T. Kogure, and T. M. Nakanishi. "Secondary radiocesium contamination of agricultural products by resuspended matter." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 318, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-6063-2.

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O’Brien, A. A. J., D. P. Moore, and J. A. B. Keogh. "Acute epidemic aluminium osteomalacia secondary to water supply contamination." Irish Journal of Medical Science 159, no. 3 (March 1990): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02946671.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Secondary contamination"

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Ryckman, Jeffrey M. "Using MCNPX to calculate primary and secondary dose in proton therapy." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39499.

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Proton therapy is a relatively new treatment modality for cancer, having recently been incorporated into hospitals in the last two decades. Although proton therapy has much higher start up and treatment costs than traditional methods of radiotherapy, it continues to expand in use today. One reason for this is that proton therapy has the advantage of a more precise localization of dose compared to traditional radiotherapy. Other proposed advantages of proton therapy in the treatment of cancer may lead to a faster expanse in its use if proven to be more effective than traditional radiotherapy. Therefore, much research must be done to investigate the possible negative and positive effects of using proton therapy as a treatment modality. In proton therapy, protons do account for the vast majority of dose. However, when protons travel through matter, secondary particles are created by the interactions of protons and matter en route to and within the patient. It is believed that secondary dose can lead to secondary cancer, especially in pediatric cases. Therefore, the focus of this work is determining both primary and secondary dose. In order to develop relevant simulations, the specifications of the treatment room and beam were based off of real-world facilities as closely as possible. Using available data from proton accelerators and clinical facilities, an accurate proton therapy nozzle was designed. Dose calculations were performed by MCNPX using a simple water phantom, and then beam characteristics were investigated to ensure the accuracy of the model. After validation of the beam nozzle, primary and secondary dose values were tabulated and discussed. By demonstrating the method of these calculations, the purpose of this work is to serve as a guide into the relatively recent field of Monte Carlo methods in proton therapy.
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Inturi, Siva Nagi Reddy. "Nano-Catalyst Synthesized by Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) for Visible Light Photocatalysis." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511884949728835.

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Straka, Petr. "Využití filtru z nanovláken pro filtraci vzduchu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401592.

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The doctoral thesis „Using of nanofiber filter for air filtration“ is focused on application of nanofiber filter for air filtration under demanding conditions of water supply facilities. The main aim of the filter application is to decrease the secondary contamination of the indoor environment of the water accumulation tanks. The nanofiber filters are distinguished by high filtration efficiency of pollutants, dust particles and organic impurities. The contaminants don´t have to be unhealthy but they can be used for spore and microorganisms delivery to the system. They are served frequently as a reproduction substrate of microorganisms. All these factors negatively affect the water quality. The research includes formation of suitable testing methodology, pilot unit construction and operation, short-term testing and evaluation of nanofiber filters and commonly used filters and long term testing and verification of nanofiber filter attributes and quality. Furthermore the filter´s characteristics and filtration efficiency for characteristic pollutants were evaluated. Short-term and long-term experimental testing proved suitability of nanofiber filters use in water supply facilities. Interception of reported pollution indicators was reported on similar or higher level for application of nanofiber filter than for application of commonly used filter. Measured values of higher pressure difference of nanofiber filter were indicated as still adequate for use in water supply facilities. No operation difficulties, failures neither filter´s damage were reported during testing of nanofiber filters.
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Corrêa, Cristina Bani. "Potencial antimicrobiano de resíduos agroindustriais sobre Listeria monocytogenes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-22112011-091434/.

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Os compostos fenólicos e os glucosinolatos vêm sendo pesquisados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana contra diversos microrganismos patogênicos, dentre eles a Listeria monocytogenes, um perigoso contaminante de alimentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar resíduos agroindustriais com atividade contra Listeria monocytogenes, bem como identificar a composição química, visando a aplicação na indústria de alimentos. Neste trabalho foram analisados 23 resíduos agroindustriais. Os extratos destes resíduos foram preparados a partir de cinco solventes (hexano; clorofórmio; acetato de etila; etanol:água (80:20 v/v) e água), os quais foram utilizados na avaliação do potencial antimicrobiano contra Listeria monocytogenes por meio do teste de difusão em ágar. Os extratos que apresentaram resultado positivo foram selecionados para as análises de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM), citometria de fluxo e composição química por CG-EM. A L. monocytogenes mostrou-se sensível apenas aos extratos aquosos de talo de brócolis e casca de abóbora moranga e extrato clorofórmico de semente de mamão apresentando valores de CIM de 102,4 mg/mL, >102,4 mg/mL e de 6,4mg/mL, respectivamente. A análise de citometria de fluxo demonstrou alterações na morfologia das células, frente aos extratos testados. A principal ação dos extratos foi em função da inibição do crescimento do microrganismo e da redução de sua população. Os extratos apresentaram uma composição química peculiar. Nos extratos de talo de brócolis e casca de abóbora foram encontrados alguns ácidos fenólicos e orgânicos, enquanto que no extrato de semente de mamão o único composto encontrado com potencial antimicrobiano foi o benzil-isotiocianato. Diante da dificuldade em evitar a contaminação de alimentos por L. monocytogenes, a utilização de compostos antimicrobianos naturais derivados de resíduos agroindustriais se mostra promissora e pode ser uma alternativa para auxiliar na segurança dos alimentos.
The phenolic compounds and glucosinolates have been investigated for their antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic microorganisms, including Listeria monocytogenes, a dangerous contaminant of food. This study has as main objective valuate agroindustrial residues with activity against Listeria monocytogenes, well as evaluate the chemical composition, aimed at their application in food industry. In this work we analyzed 23 agroindustrial residues. The extracts of these residues were prepared from five solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol:water (80:20 v/v) and water), which were used in evaluating the antimicrobial potential against Listeria monocytogenes by the agar diffusion test. The extracts that tested positive were selected for analysis of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), flow cytometry and chemical composition by GC-MS. L. monocytogenes showed sensibility only to aqueous extracts of stalk of broccoli and peel pumpkin and chloroform extract of papaya seed showing MIC values of 102.4 mg / mL,> 102.4 mg / mL and 6.4 mg / mL, respectively. The flow cytometry analysis showed changes in cell morphology, front of to tested extracts. The main action of the extracts was as a function the inhibition of growth of microorganisms and reducing its population. The extracts showed a peculiar chemical composition. In extracts of broccoli stalks and peel pumpkin were found some phenolic acids and organic, while the extract in papaya seed found the single compound with antimicrobial potential was benzyl-isothiocyanate. Given the difficulties in preventing food contamination by L. monocytogenes, the use of natural antimicrobial compounds derived from agroindustrial residues shows promise and can be an alternative to aid in safety of food.
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Guerch, Kévin. "Etude des propriétés physiques et électriques de matériaux céramiques utilisés en application spatiale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30174.

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Les matériaux diélectriques utilisés au sein des applications internes aux satellites sont soumis à des contraintes radiatives et thermiques extrêmes qui peuvent conduire à des perturbations sur l'instrumentation embarquée. Le rendement des applications électroniques diminue ainsi en raison des effets de charge et de dégradation des céramiques utilisées. Dans le but de comprendre et de prédire ces phénomènes, l'étude des mécanismes de transport de charges et de vieillissement électrique sur ces matériaux est primordiale. La démarche de cette étude a alors consisté à définir un protocole et une méthode expérimentale qui permettent d'étudier hors application, les comportements électriques et physico-chimiques sous irradiation électronique, du nitrure de bore brut et revêtu d'une couche mince d'alumine. Pour cela, une étude paramétrique a été réalisée dans l'enceinte d'irradiation CEDRE (ONERA Toulouse), afin d'évaluer l'influence de l'énergie incidente, du flux d'électrons primaires, de la température et de la dose, sur les cinétiques de charge, de relaxation et de vieillissement électrique des céramiques industrielles. Il a été démontré qu'il était possible de limiter fortement la charge de ces céramiques par l'application d'un dépôt d'alumine et par un traitement thermique adéquat. En effet, le rendement d'émission secondaire élevé de l'alumine et l'augmentation de la conductivité de surface, engendrée par le recuit, contribuent à la limitation du potentiel de surface du matériau. Des dépôts d'alumine ont ensuite été élaborés par PVD-RF puis caractérisés en chambre d'irradiation afin de cibler les paramètres d'élaboration qui permettent d'optimiser les propriétés électriques du système. Il a été montré que l'optimisation de la rugosité et de l'épaisseur des dépôts limite le potentiel de surface des matériaux. Une étude amont a été menée dans le cadre d'une collaboration internationale avec le Groupe de Physique des Matériaux de l'Université d'Etat de l'Utah (Logan, USA), afin d'étudier l'influence de la nature et de la population des pièges électroniques sur les propriétés électriques des différentes céramiques. La technique de cathodoluminescence a été utilisée et a ainsi permis d'expliquer la différence de conductivité apparente entre les matériaux bruts, revêtus et recuits. Une nouvelle méthode de mesure de potentiel de charge sous irradiation continue (méthode REPA) a été mise au point puis validée. Des mécanismes de décharge partielle ont été identifiés en surface des échantillons recuits grâce au dispositif optimisé qui a été développé. Une étude de dégradation accélérée des matériaux a ensuite été réalisée en laboratoire dans le but de reproduire la détérioration observée en orbite sur le long terme. Il a été déterminé que la charge des matériaux revêtus et recuits s'amorce après avoir reçu une dose ionisante critique. Des caractérisations physico-chimiques ont donc été effectuées au CIRIMAT afin d'étudier l'évolution des propriétés structurales et chimiques des céramiques. Cette évolution a été corrélée à celle des propriétés électriques après détérioration sous irradiation électronique critique. Les mécanismes de contamination et de détérioration des dépôts de céramiques, responsables de leur vieillissement électrique, ont été mis en évidence. Enfin, ces caractérisations expérimentales approfondies ont servi de base au développement d'un modèle physique qui rend compte des différents mécanismes mis en jeu sur les céramiques et dépôts irradiés
Dielectric materials used on satellites are subject to radiative and thermal extreme stresses which may lead to disturbances on board instrumentation. The application efficiency can then decrease significantly due to charging and aging effects of used ceramics. With the aim to understand and predict these phenomena, the mechanisms investigation of charges transport and electrical aging on these ceramics is of high importance. The scientific approach of this study was to define a protocol and an experimental method which allows characterising the electrical and physico-chemical behaviours of raw boron nitride and coated with a thin coating of alumina. For this purpose, a parametric study was performed in the irradiation chamber, named CEDRE (at ONERA Toulouse) in order to assess the influence of some parameters such as, incident energy, primary electron flux, temperature, ionising dose, on charging, relaxation and electrical aging kinetics of these industrial ceramics. This study demonstrated that it is possible to greatly limit the dielectrics charging thanks to the use of a ceramic coating and suitable annealing thermal treatment. Indeed, the high secondary electron emission of alumina and the increase of surface conductivity generated by the annealing thermal treatment partly govern the low surface potential of coated boron nitride. Some alumina coating were subsequently elaborated through PVD-RF and then characterised in the irradiation chamber in order to identify the preparation parameters which allow optimising the electrical properties of system. It was shown that the optimisation of the roughness and the coating thickness limits the surface potential of ceramics. An experimental study was conducted in the frame of an international collaboration with the Materials Physics Group of the Utah State University (Logan, USA), in order to investigate the influence of nature and densities of electron defects on the electrical properties of different ceramics. The cathodoluminescence method was used and brought to light the origin of total conductivity difference between materials, raw, coated and annealed. A new method to measure the surface potential under continuous electron irradiation was developed and then validated. A partial discharges mechanism was identified on surface of annealed samples with this optimised device. Ageing processes of the irradiated materials was also studied in the irradiation chamber to reproduce the observed degradation in orbit over the long time. It was demonstrated that the charging of annealed coated materials is noticeable when the sample receive a critical ionising dose. Several physico-chemical characterisations were thus performed at CIRIMAT in order to study the evolution of structural and chemical properties of ceramics. This evolution was correlated with that of electrical properties after deterioration under critical electron irradiation. The contamination and deterioration mechanisms of coated ceramics are responsible of the electrical aging observed experimentally. Finally, these thorough experimental characterisations allowed the development of physical model for the description of the different mechanisms involved on irradiated ceramics and coating
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Bracciale, Francesca. "Analysis of microbial contamination of gutta-percha points commonly used in clinical practice: a practical approach." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/8536.

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Objectivos Avaliar a contaminação bacteriana dos cones de Gutta-Percha utilizados rotineiramente na prática clínica e a eficácia de um Protocolo de Desinfecção “Chairside”. Métodos Cones de Gutta-Percha (n240) nos tamanhos A,B,C,D,K15,K20,K25,K30,K35,K40,F1,F2,F3 (Dentsply®, Proclinic®, ProTaper® e R&S®) foram recolhidos, aleatoriamente, de embalagens comerciais abertas em uso e, de imediato, adicionados ao Meio Fluído de Tioglicolato e incubados, a 37ºC, durante 21dias para avaliação da presença ou ausência de turvação. Para testar a eficácia de um Protocolo de Desinfecção, os cones de Gutta-Percha detectados como contaminados foram imersos durante 1minuto em 10mL de Hipoclorito de Sódio a 5,25%, seguidos de 5 minutos em 10mL de solução detergente (3% Tween 80 e 5% de Tiossulfato de Sódio) e a lavagem final foi feita com 10mL de Água Destilada Estéril, tendo sido novamente incubados nas condições descritas anteriormente.. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do Qui-Quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Observou-se crescimento bacteriano em 22,9% das amostras (Dentsply® e R&S® apresentaram o maior número de contaminados 47,3% cada). O calibre mais contaminado foi o K30 (16,4%), mas todos os cones de calibre D mostraram contaminação microbiana. O Protocolo de Desinfecção “Chairside” mostrou-se eficaz em 76,4% dos casos. Conclusões Um pequeno número de cones de Gutta-Percha em uso clínico mostrou contaminação microbiana, inclusive após o Protocolo de Desinfecção “Chairside”, que, contudo, provou ser consideravelmente eficaz. Não se observou nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as marcas comerciais em teste. É necessário dar particular atenção ao controlo da contaminação nosocomial durante todas as fases do Tratamento Endodontico Não-Cirúrgico de forma a melhor garantir o seu sucesso.
Aim To evaluate the bacterial contamination of Gutta-Percha points routinely used in clinical practice and the efficacy of a “Chairside” Disinfection Protocol. Methodology Gutta-Percha points (n240), in sizes A,B,C,D,K15,K20,K25,K30,K35,K40,F1,F2,F3 (Dentsply®, Proclinic®, ProTaper® and R&S®), were randomly sampled from open commercial packages in use. These were added directly to Fluid Thioglycolate Medium and incubated, at 37ºC, for 21days. During this period, the presence/absence of turbidity was evaluated. To evaluate the efficacy of a “Chairside” Disinfection Protocol, all detected contaminated Gutta-Percha points were immersed for 1minute in 10mL of 5,25% sodium hypochlorite, followed by 5minutes in 10mL of detergent solution (3% Tween 80 and 5% Sodium Thiosulfate) and a final rinse with 10mL of Sterile Distilled Water and incubated, again, as described before. Data were analysed by the chi-square test at 5% significance level. Results Bacterial growth was observed in the 22,9% of samples (Dentsply® and R&S® showed the highest number of contaminated 47,3% each). The most contaminated gauge was K30 (16.4%), but, all D gauge were found to be contaminated. The “Chairside” Disinfection Protocol resulted effective in 76,4% of cases. Conclusions A small number of Gutta-Percha points in clinical use harboured microorganisms, including after the “Chairside” Disinfection Protocol that, anyway, proved to be remarkably effective. No significant difference was observed between the commercials brands in test. Awareness in nosocomial contamination control should always be performed during all stages of Non-Surgical Root Canal Treatment to better ensure its success.
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Books on the topic "Secondary contamination"

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United States. Food Safety and Inspection Service. Generic HACCP model for meat and poultry products with secondary inhibitors, not shelf-stable. Washington, D.C.]: The Service, 1997.

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Corporation, Science Applications International, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., eds. Co-occurrence of drinking water contaminants: Primary and secondary constituents : draft report. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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Co-occurrence of drinking water contamination: Primary and secondary constituents : draft report. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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Corporation, Science Applications International, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Co-occurrence of drinking water contamination: Primary and secondary constituents : draft report. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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Corporation, Science Applications International, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency, eds. Co-occurrence of drinking water contamination: Primary and secondary constituents : draft report. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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Corporation, Science Applications International, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency, eds. Co-occurrence of drinking water contamination: Primary and secondary constituents : draft report. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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Corporation, Science Applications International, United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., and United States. Environmental Protection Agency., eds. Co-occurrence of drinking water contamination: Primary and secondary constituents : draft report. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., ed. Co-occurrence of drinking water contamination: Initial tables of statistical analysis of secondary constituents. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, ed. Co-occurrence of drinking water contamination: Initial tables of statistical analysis of secondary constituents. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., ed. Co-occurrence of drinking water contamination: Initial tables of statistical analysis of secondary constituents. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Secondary contamination"

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Nesic, Ksenija, Snezana Ivanovic, and Vladimir Nesic. "Fusarial Toxins: Secondary Metabolites of Fusarium Fungi." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 101–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01619-1_5.

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Yu, Jiujiang, Deepak Bhatnagar, and Thomas E. Cleveland. "Chapter eleven Genetics and biochemistry of aflatoxin formation and genomics approach for preventing aflatoxin contamination." In Secondary Metabolism in Model Systems, 223–55. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-9920(04)80012-1.

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Velappan, Muralidharan, and Deecaraman Munusamy. "Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Certain Freshwater Fish Species and the Impact on Human Health: A General Review." In Aflatoxins [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97286.

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom, which are capable of causing disease and death in humans and animals when present in food. Recent studies evinces fish consumption might become another way for mycotoxins to enter the human food chain. Although the increasing research publications related to the occurrence and prevention of mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds, there was limited studies on bioaccumulation of mycotoxins research in common freshwater fish species. Further this was assumed fish species of salmonid and cyprinids are very sensitive to feed-borne mycotoxins so far. Studies have demonstrated, fish may also carry mycotoxins residue along the food chain, thus compromising human health. This review describes mainly mycotoxin contaminations in certain freshwater fish species and the impact on human health due to their potential proven toxicity. This review also provided comprehensive information on mycotoxins contamination levels in muscle and liver tissue of some freshwater fish species such as Nile tilapia, Labeo rohita, and Catla catla during capturing in fresh water lakes and also fish sold at wet market and hypermarket in Chennai, Tamilnadu.
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Ibrahim Mustapha, Hassana. "Green Technology for Crude Oil Processed Water Treatment: A Practical Approach for Nigeria Petroleum Industry." In Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98770.

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Cleaner production is the key to environmental sustainability. Conversion of crude oil to various beneficial products is responsible for the contamination of air, water, and soil which are harmful to human, plants, animals, public health and the environment. Adequately treating produced water is beneficial for irrigation, wildlife consumption, industrial water and for domestic purposes. Therefore, green technology for treatment of crude oil processed water would provide the environmental friendliness needed for prolong utilization of our natural resources. Hence, the aim of this book chapter is to investigate the potentials of constructed wetland as a promising, effective and environmentally friendly alternative for secondary petroleum refinery wastewater treatment. Planted and unplanted mesocosm scale experiment with real secondary refinery wastewater was used for the purpose of the study. The parameters investigated were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, carbon oxygen demand, total petroleum hydrocarbon and oil and grease. The results revealed that Typha latifolia planted VSSF CWs effectively treated organic contaminants in secondary refinery wastewater with a better performance than the unplanted control VSSF CWs. The chromatographs for wastewater and T. latifolia samples showed a hydrocarbon distribution between n-C9 to n-C24 indicating abundance of lower weight hydrocarbon contamination.
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Pinotti, Luciano, Luca Ferrari, Nicoletta Rovere, Francesca Fumagalli, Sharon Mazzoleni, and Federica Cheli. "Advances in understanding key contamination risks in animal feed: mycotoxins." In Developing animal feed products, 151–86. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0083.12.

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Over 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most notably aflatoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxins. These low molecular weight compounds are naturally occurring and (seem to be) unavoidable. In fact, a high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. Mycotoxins accumulate in corn, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, peanuts, and other food and feed crops, directly in the field or during the transportation, processing or storage stages. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food or feed can lead acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals, as well as crop losses. This chapter reviews the toxicity of the six mycotoxins, the foods they commonly contaminate, and the current methods used to detect and control of these mycotoxins.
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"about chemical bonding and molecular structure. This information can be used to detect th e types of organic materials present on the surface. 4.3.2.2. Raman spectroscopy (RS) [7, 8] It is used to examine the energy levels of molecules that cannot be well character-ized via infrared spectroscopy. Th e two techniques, however, are complimentary. In the RS, a sample is irradiated with a strong monochromatic light source (usu-ally a laser). Most of the radiation will scatter or "reflect off' the sample at the same energy as the incoming laser radiation. However, a small amount will scat-ter from the sample at a wavelength slightly shifted from the original wavelength. It is possible to study the molecular structure or determine the chemical identity of the sample. It is quite straightforward to identify compounds by spectral library search. Due to extensive library spectral information, the unique spectral finger-print of every compound, and the ease with which such analyses can be per-formed, the RS is a very useful technique for various applications. An important application of the RS is the rapid, nondestructive characterization of diamond, diamond-like, and amorphous-carbon films. 4.3.2.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) / energy dispersive X-ra y analysis (EDX) [7, 8] The SEM produce s detailed photographs that provide important information about the surface structure and morphology of almost any kind of sample. Image analy-sis is often the first and most important step in problem solving and failure analy-sis. With SEM, a focused beam of high-energy electrons is scanned over the sur-face of a material, causing a variety of signals, secondary electrons, X-rays, photons, etc. - each of which may be used to characterize the material with re-spect to specific properties . The signals are used to modulate the brightness on a CRT display, thereb y providing a high-resolution map of the selected material property. It is a surface imaging technique, but with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) it can identify elements in the near-surface region. This technique is most useful for imaging particles. 4.3.2.4. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) [7, 8] Incident X-rays are used to excite surface atoms. The atoms relax through the emission of an X-ray with energy characteristic of the parent atoms and the inten-sity proportional to the amount of the element present. It is a bulk or "total mate-rials" characterization technique for rapid, simultaneous, and nondestructive analysis of elements having an atomic number higher than that of boron. Tradi-tional bulk analysis applications include identifying metals and alloys, detecting trace elements in liquids, and identifying residues and deposits. 4.3.2.5. Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) [7, 8] It is a special XRF technique that provides extremely sensitive measures of the elements present in a material's outer surface. Applications include searching for metal contamination in thin films on silicon wafers and detecting picogram-levels o f arsenic, lead, mercury and cadmium on hazardous, chemical fume hoods." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 43–45. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-9.

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"Secondary Imagination, Contamination, and Androgyny: Rethinking Coleridgean Fragmentation from “Kubla Khan” and Christabel to Magnum Opus." In Rethinking the Romantic Era. Bloomsbury Academic, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350167414.ch-003.

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Raitz, Karl. "By-products." In Making Bourbon, 179–90. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178752.003.0010.

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Some early farm distillers disposed of their slop by dumping it into streams, killing fish, fouling the water, and drawing irate protests from neighbors. Nuisance abatement laws were invoked to combat the practice. Other distillers adopted livestock feeding systems that combined slop with hay and fodder. Penned livestock then created a secondary problem: animal waste runoff from the feeding pens. Some distillers gave away or sold their slop to neighboring farmers. Livestock brokers began to buy cattle and hogs specifically for consignment to distilleries, where the animals would be fed to market weight. After 1900, the Kentucky State Board of Health began a campaign to combat waterborne diseases spread by sewage and slop contamination.
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Ismail, Haruna Yahaya, Ahmad Ali Farouq, Abdullahi Bako Rabah, Aminu Bayawa Muhammad, Ibrahim Alkali Allamin, Umar Balarabe Ibrahim, and Usman Ali Bukar. "Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 386–416. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7062-3.ch015.

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Petroleum is an important source of hydrocarbons, which are one of the major environmental contaminants that disturb ecosystem functioning and stability. In the past few decades, a number of approaches employed in the remediation of polluted soil, water, and aquifers have experienced setbacks. Recently, phytoremediation is gaining more attention due to its numerous benefits. Different mechanisms are used in phytoremediation; however, the integration of microorganisms and plant species to achieve remediation has been alluring. Phytoremediation provides a solution to one of the dreadful problems of pollution in situ, devoid of secondary contamination. Phytoremediation addresses pressing environmental pollution problems, and it also provides other important ecosystem services. In this review, a concise discussion of phytoremediation in synergy with microbes will be provided.
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Enespa and Prem Chandra. "Aflatoxins: Food Safety, Human Health Hazards and Their Prevention." In Aflatoxins [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96647.

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Aflatoxins (AFTs) are group of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, and Emericella nidulans. AFTs contaminate foods, feeds, other raw ingredients used to produce them and that pose a significant threat to human health. These toxins designated as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) are hydroxylated metabolites form of AFB1 and AFB2 are known as difuranocoumarin compounds. Naturally, these AFs have carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects and caused several metabolic disorders such as aflatoxicosis in domestic animals and humans worldwide. For the increasing in cancer incidences these risk factors are liable. AFB1 is 1000 times more potent hepatocarcinogen found in food then benzo (α) pyrene carcinogen. This chapter offers contamination sources, effects and their controlling approaches to confirm the food safety.
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Conference papers on the topic "Secondary contamination"

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Chudzicki, J., M. Kwietniewski, M. Iwanek, and P. Suchorab. "Secondary contamination in Polish drinking water." In URBAN WATER 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw140021.

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Abeel, Alan C., and Yingrui Huang. "James Webb Space Telescope primary and secondary mirror segment assembly cleaning: a quantitative assessment." In Systems Contamination: Prediction, Control, and Performance 2018, edited by Carlos E. Soares, Eve M. Wooldridge, and Bruce A. Matheson. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2325985.

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Catalfano, M., A. Kanjilal, A. Al-Ajlony, S. S. Harilal, A. Hassanein, and B. Rice. "Mirror contamination and secondary electron effects during EUV reflectivity analysis." In SPIE Advanced Lithography, edited by Patrick P. Naulleau and Obert R. Wood II. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.916417.

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Takahashi, Kunimitsu, Shunichi Sato, Tadashi Fukushima, Akira Sano, Yasuhisa Ikeda, and Yoich Takashima. "Evaluation of secondary contamination in laser cutting of surface-contaminated metals." In Advanced High-Power Lasers and Applications, edited by Sadao Nakai, Lloyd A. Hackel, and Wayne C. Solomon. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.375209.

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Su, Huafeng, Zhidong Jia, Zhicheng Guan, and Zhenting Sun. "Flashover of composite insulators without hydrophobicity under heavy ice and the secondary contamination conditions." In 2012 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2012.6378897.

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Zhu, Lei, H. W. Teo, K. Ong, Y. H. Huang, R. Koh, P. Y. Chew, and Y. N. Hua. "Fast Diagnosis and Failure Mechanism of Phosphorous Contamination in Arsenic-Implanted Silicon." In ISTFA 2011. ASM International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2011p0345.

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Abstract A particular failure analysis case where phosphorous contamination occurred in arsenic-implanted Si is presented. Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) can be used for fast diagnosis of this contamination which shows 300% surface density change relative to the baseline. It is found that the cause of the phosphorous contamination is due to a combination of implanter chamber re-deposit cross contamination and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process induced drive-in effect.
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John, R. "Failure Isolation of Mobile Ions Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy." In ISTFA 1997. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1997p0273.

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Abstract Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) can be applied to all elements, and it facilitates the quantitative analysis of solid surfaces, including monolayers. The method is widely used in studies of adsorption, oxidation, corrosion, catalysis, diffusion and in characterization of thin films and coatings. [1] This technique can very well be applied in semiconductor failure analysis for not only detecting the source of failure, but also isolating the failure to a particular location, which is very important for corrective action procedures. SIMS analysis was performed on a CMOS VLSI sample with suspected mobile ionic problem, and it proved to be very effective in providing details of the specific mobile ionic elements involved, source of contamination, and resident location of the mobile ions.
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Huang, Yanhua, Lei Zhu, Kenny Ong, Hanwei Teo, and Younan Hua. "An Effective SIMS Methodology for GOI Contamination Analysis." In ISTFA 2013. ASM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2013p0427.

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Abstract Contamination in the gate oxide layer is the most common effect which cause the gate oxide integrate (GOI) issue. Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is a mature tool for GOI contamination analysis. During the sample preparation, all metal and IDL layers above poly should be removed because the presence of these layers added complexity for the subsequent SIMS analysis. The normal delayering process is simply carried out by soaking the sample in the HF solution. However, the poly surface is inevitably contaminated by surroundings even though it is already a practice to clean with DI rinse and tape. In this article, TOFSIMS with low energy sputter gun is used to clean the sample surface after the normal delayering process. The residue signals also can be monitored by TOF SIMS during sputtering to confirm the cross contamination is cleared. After that, a much lower background desirable by dynamic SIMS. Thus an accurate depth profile in gate oxide layer can be achieved without the interference from surface.
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Hsieh, W. F., Henry Lin, Vincent Chen, Jun Liu, Irene Ou, and Y. S. Lou. "The Investigation of Oven Contamination and Corresponding Methodology." In ISTFA 2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2019p0426.

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Abstract Contamination and particle reduction are critical to semiconductor process control. Lots of failure analysis had been focused on finding the root cause of the particle and contamination. The particle and contamination effect were also easily found in circuit probing (CP) process, and therefore induced yield loss and wafer scrap. In the first part of this paper, an oven contamination case was studied. The second part of this paper focus on oven contamination monitoring. In the beginning, a die flying failure was papered at the stage of blue tape and die sawing. This event clearly indicated bad adhesion between die and plastic tape. This bad adhesion was suspected to be a particle/contamination layer formed on bad die surface. Three failure analysis (FA) approaches were performed to find out the root cause. The SEM/EDS result identified the main elements of big particle, but that is insufficient to identify the root cause. The OM/FTIR, however, showed the contamination may be related to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The last failure analysis was the time of fly Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF-SIMS), the result confirmed that there was a thin PDMS layer formed on the contaminated bad die surface. The high temperature CP process induced PDMS is believed to be the contamination root cause. In order to prevent the oven contamination event, a methodology based on contact angle and wettability of Si matrix sample was set up for regular monitor in oven operation. The details of contact angle test (CAT) sample preparation, measurement and analysis results were also discussed in this paper.
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Chistyakova, Liliya K., and Sergei T. Penin. "Remote detection of radioactive contamination in the atmosphere based on secondary optical and microwave radiation of atmospheric components." In Remote Sensing, edited by Giovanna Cecchi, Edwin T. Engman, and Eugenio Zilioli. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.373097.

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Reports on the topic "Secondary contamination"

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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.

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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.
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