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Journal articles on the topic 'Secondary contamination'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

YAMAOKA, KEIKO, MARIKO SASAKI, MASATERU MATSUI, KIMIE OKINAGA, KATSUMI TSUTIYA, KAZUO YOSIDA, TAKEHARU YONEDA, MASAHIKO MINEMOTO, and OSAMU UEMURA. "Secondary Contamination of Eyedrops." Japanese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 17, no. 6 (1991): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5649/jjphcs1975.17.461.

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Roberts, D., and L. Senarathna. "Secondary contamination in organophosphate poisoning." QJM 97, no. 10 (September 14, 2004): 697–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hch114.

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Leontowich, Adam F. G., and Adam P. Hitchcock. "Secondary electron deposition mechanism of carbon contamination." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 30, no. 3 (May 2012): 030601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.3698602.

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4

Nosov, A. V., and A. M. Martynova. "Secondary contamination assessment of enisei river water." Atomic Energy 82, no. 5 (May 1997): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02418733.

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Larson, Theodore C., Maureen F. Orr, Erik Auf der Heide, Jennifer Wu, Sutapa Mukhopadhyay, and D. Kevin Horton. "Threat of Secondary Chemical Contamination of Emergency Departments and Personnel: An Uncommon but Recurrent Problem." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 2 (November 10, 2015): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.127.

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AbstractObjectiveTo analyze acute hazardous substance release surveillance data for events involving secondary contamination of hospital emergency departments (EDs). Secondary contamination of EDs may occur when a patient exposed to a hazardous chemical is not decontaminated before arrival at the ED and when ED staff are not wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. This can result in adverse health outcomes among department personnel, other patients, and visitors. Even events without actual secondary contamination risk can be real in their consequences and require the decontamination of the ED or its occupants, evacuation, or temporary shutdown of the ED.MethodsEvents involving secondary contamination were identified by using the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system and the National Toxic Substance Incidents Program from 2007 to 2013.ResultsFive incidents involving the threat of secondary contamination (0.02% of all events reported to the surveillance systems [n=33,001]) were detected and are described. Four incidents involved suspected secondary contamination in which the facility was evacuated or shut down.ConclusionsThese results suggest that although rare, incidents involving secondary contamination continue to present a hazard for emergency departments. Suggested best practices to avoid secondary contamination have been described. Hospitals should be made aware of the risks associated with secondary contamination and the need to proactively train and equip staff to perform decontamination. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:199–202)

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Fonneløp, Ane Elida, Helen Johannessen, Thore Egeland, and Peter Gill. "Contamination during criminal investigation: Detecting police contamination and secondary DNA transfer from evidence bags." Forensic Science International: Genetics 23 (July 2016): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.04.003.

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Horton, D. Kevin, Maureen Orr, Theodora Tsongas, Richard Leiker, and Vikas Kapil. "Secondary Contamination of Medical Personnel, Equipment, and Facilities Resulting From Hazardous Materials Events, 2003–2006." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2, no. 2 (June 2008): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e318166861c.

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ABSTRACTBackground: When not managed properly, a hazardous material event can quickly extend beyond the boundaries of the initial release, creating the potential for secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities. Secondary contamination generally occurs when primary victims are not decontaminated or are inadequately decontaminated before receiving medical attention. This article examines the secondary contamination events reported to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and offers suggestions for preventing such events.Methods: Data from the ATSDR Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system were used to conduct a retrospective analysis of hazardous material events occurring in 17 states during 2003 through 2006 involving secondary contamination of medical personnel, equipment, and facilities.Results: Fifteen (0.05%) Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance events were identified in which secondary contamination occurred. At least 17 medical personnel were injured as a result of secondary contamination while they were treating contaminated victims. Of the medical personnel injured, 12 were emergency medical technicians and 5 were hospital personnel. Respiratory irritation was the most common injury sustained.Conclusions: Adequate preplanning and drills, proper decontamination procedures, good field-to-hospital communication, appropriate use of personal protective equipment, and effective training can help prevent injuries of medical personnel and contamination of transport vehicles and medical facilities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2008;2:104–113)

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Stacey, R., D. Morfey, and S. Payne. "Secondary contamination in organophosphate poisoning: analysis of an incident." QJM 97, no. 2 (January 27, 2004): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hch020.

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Nihei, N., K. Yoshimura, T. Okumura, K. Tanoi, K. Iijima, T. Kogure, and T. M. Nakanishi. "Secondary radiocesium contamination of agricultural products by resuspended matter." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 318, no. 1 (August 7, 2018): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-018-6063-2.

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O’Brien, A. A. J., D. P. Moore, and J. A. B. Keogh. "Acute epidemic aluminium osteomalacia secondary to water supply contamination." Irish Journal of Medical Science 159, no. 3 (March 1990): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02946671.

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Harmata, Władysław. "Immediate decontamination." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 197, no. 3 (September 11, 2020): 660–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3960.

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The article is devoted to a vital issue for the Polish Armed Forces, namely to the containment and elimination of contaminations. The main factors which are likely to cause the direct or indirect release of hazardous substances and the emergence of contaminations in the territory of the Republic of Poland (RP) include military operations, disasters and technical failures in industrial facilities, as well as terror-ism. The containment and elimination of contamination is an element of the WMD defense system, in which the combat capability of the army’s troops, equipment and military technology is restored after a contamination. The most important element of the system is the immediate elimination of contamination, as it can affect the health, and often also the life, of the contaminated. The doctrinal document DD/3.8(A) contains the main principles for immediate containment, the main one being “as soon as possible”. It is important to be aware that the so-called insulating protective clothing does not provide adequate protection for the skin and uniforms. At the same time, it can be a source of secondary contamination. Technical equipment comprising individual packages will suffice, but the Polish Armed Forces should acquire one IPLS-type decontamination package with pharmacological agents and a new skin disinfectant. Such solutions are preferred in NATO armies.

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TANIGAWA, Motokazu, Yoshinori KUNIMOTO, Toru ASANO, Kazuko INAMURA, and Masateru INOUE. "Secondary Contamination of Pesticide Applicators during Spraying Operations on Eggplants." Journal of Pesticide Science 21, no. 3 (1996): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.21.275.

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Kõljalg, Siiri, Rando Mändar, Tiina Sõber, Tiiu Rööp, and Reet Mändar. "High level bacterial contamination of secondary school students’ mobile phones." GERMS 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18683/germs.2017.1111.

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Downes, Michael A., Katrina E. Taliana, Tracy M. Muscat, and Ian M. Whyte. "Sodium azide ingestion and secondary contamination risk in healthcare workers." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 23, no. 1 (February 2016): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mej.0000000000000244.

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Dutta, B., R. D. Gitaitis, S. Smith, J. Van Keith Searcy, and D. Langston. "Pathogen distribution, incubation period and seedling transmission resulting from secondary contamination of pepper seeds with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria." Seed Science and Technology 44, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2016.44.1.11.

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Buzard, Blake, Patrick Evans, and Todd Schroeder. "Evaluation of an Initial Specimen Diversion Device (ISDD) on Rates of Blood Culture Contamination in the Emergency Department." Kansas Journal of Medicine 14 (March 19, 2021): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.vol1413804.

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Introduction: Blood cultures are the gold standard for identifying bloodstream infections. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommends a blood culture contamination rate of <3%. Contamination can lead to misdiagnosis, increased length of stay and hospital costs, unnecessary testing and antibiotic use. These reasons led to the development of initial specimen diversion devices (ISDD). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of an initial specimen diversion device on rates of blood culture contamination in the emergency department. Methods: This was a retrospective, multi-site study including patients who had blood cultures drawn in an emergency department. February 2018 to April 2018, when an ISDD was not utilized, was compared with June 2019 to August 2019, a period where an ISDD was being used. The primary outcome was total blood culture contamination. Secondary outcomes were total hospital cost, hospital and intensive care unit length of stay, vancomycin days of use, vancomycin serum concentrations obtained, and repeat blood cultures obtained. Results: A statistically significant difference was found in blood culture contamination rates in the Pre-ISDD group vs the ISDD group (7.47% vs 2.59%, p<0.001). None of the secondary endpoints showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Implementation of an ISDD reduces blood culture contamination in a statistically significant manner. However, we were unable to capture any statistically significant differences in the secondary outcomes.

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Bhatnagar, D., K. Rajasekaran, M. Gilbert, J. W. Cary, and N. Magan. "Advances in molecular and genomic research to safeguard food and feed supply from aflatoxin contamination." World Mycotoxin Journal 11, no. 1 (February 23, 2018): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2017.2283.

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Worldwide recognition that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a global problem has significantly benefitted from global collaboration for understanding the contaminating fungus, as well as for developing and implementing solutions against the contamination. The effort to address this serious food and feed safety issue has led to a detailed understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, physiology, genomics and evolution of A. flavus, as well as strategies to reduce or control pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination, including (1) biological control, using atoxigenic aspergilli, (2) proteomic and genomic analyses for identifying resistance factors in maize as potential breeding markers to enable development of resistant maize lines, and (3) enhancing host-resistance by bioengineering of susceptible crops, such as cotton, maize, peanut and tree nuts. A post-harvest measure to prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in storage is also an important component for reducing exposure of populations worldwide to aflatoxins in food and feed supplies. The effect of environmental changes on aflatoxin contamination levels has recently become an important aspect for study to anticipate future contamination levels. The ability of A. flavus to produce dozens of secondary metabolites, in addition to aflatoxins, has created a new avenue of research for understanding the role these metabolites play in the survival and biodiversity of this fungus. The understanding of A. flavus, the aflatoxin contamination problem, and control measures to prevent the contamination has become a unique example for an integrated approach to safeguard global food and feed safety.

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Moshchenko, A. V., T. A. Belan, T. S. Lishavskaya, A. V. Sevastianov, and B. M. Borisov. "Main tendencies of temporal changes for concentration of priority pollutants in sediments of the coastal areas at Vladivostok (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea)." Izvestiya TINRO 201, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 440–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2021-201-440-457.

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Concentrations of hydrocarbons, phenols, DDT and its metabolites, Cu, Pb, Fe, Ni, DDD/DDE and DDD+DDE/DDT ratios, and total level of chemical contamination (TPF index) in the bottom sediments are traced for 16 stations in the coastal areas at Vladivostok in 1982−2017. Temporal variations of the concentrations and derived indices are classified to 4 types of dynamics, using the methods of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, crosscorrelation analysis, and fuzzy set classification procedure. They are: primary contamination; secondary contamination; exponential growth; and polymodal dynamics. These variations are induced by two main sources of pollution, such as the industrial influx including wastes from Vladivostok and nearby settlements, aeolian transfer and polluted precipitations, and the terrigenous influx with polluted freshwater discharge. Impact of the first source prevails in the Golden Horn Bay, Diomid Inlet and Eastern Bosphorus Strait, and the second source is important for the Amur and Ussuri Bays (the coast of Vladivostok in these bays is influenced by both sources with predominance of the second). The terrigenous impact has two modes depended on certain processes of contamination: the permanent pollution inherent in the types of secondary contamination and exponential growth and the extreme pollution that forms the polymodal dynamics. The secondary contamination follows the primary one with a lag of 6–7 years. The secondary contamination of terrigenous usually has inverse correlation with the Razdolnaya/Suifen River discharge; for instance, strengthening of the freshwater inflow causes lower concentrations of Cu and Pb in the bottom sediments due to dilution effect. On the contrary, contamination depends directly on the Razdolnaya/Suifen River discharge for the exponential growth of terrigenous — the stronger the freshwater inflow, the higher the concentrations of Fe, Ni, and phenols (the latter is a sign of eutrophication). The types of dynamics change following the balance between pollution and self-cleaning of the sediments that is determined by external factors, as a drop in economic activity and its subsequent recovery, limitation and finally ban for using of tetraethyl lead additive, extreme floods on rivers, etc.

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Yin, Xuebin, Chunxia Yao, Jing Song, Zhibo Li, Changbo Zhang, Wei Qian, De Bi, et al. "Mercury contamination in vicinity of secondary copper smelters in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, China: Levels and contamination in topsoils." Environmental Pollution 157, no. 6 (June 2009): 1787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.02.018.

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AKIMOTO, Kazuhiro. "Resuspension and Transfer of Radioactive Particulate Matter and Subsequent Secondary Contamination." Japanese Journal of Health Physics 49, no. 1 (2014): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5453/jhps.49.17.

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Horton, D. Kevin, Zahava Berkowitz, and Wendy E. Kaye. "Secondary contamination of ED personnel from hazardous materials events, 1995–2001." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 3 (May 2003): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-6757(02)42245-0.

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Roosens, Laurence, Nico Van Den Brink, Martin Riddle, Ronny Blust, Hugo Neels, and Adrian Covaci. "Penguin colonies as secondary sources of contamination with persistent organic pollutants." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 9, no. 8 (2007): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b708103k.

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23

Hoffmann, Christoph, and Jutta Schickore. "Secondary Matters: On Disturbances, Contamination, and Waste as Objects of Research." Perspectives on Science 9, no. 2 (June 2001): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106361401317447246.

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Margato, L. M. S., A. Morozov, L. Pereira, M. M. F. R. Fraga, and F. A. F. Fraga. "Effect of the gas contamination on CF4 primary and secondary scintillation." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 695 (December 2012): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.10.033.

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Wicklow, D. T. "Secondary Invasion of Soybeans by Fusarium graminearum and Resulting Mycotoxin Contamination." Plant Disease 71, no. 12 (1987): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-1146d.

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Charkowska, Anna. "The Sound Attenuator – Secondary Source of Contamination in Air-Conditioning Systems?" International Journal of Ventilation 2, no. 1 (June 2003): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2003.11683649.

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Faro, Jonathan, Allan Katz, Pamela Berens, and Patti Jayne Ross. "Premature Termination of Nursing Secondary to Serratia marcescens Breast Pump Contamination." Obstetrics & Gynecology 117, no. 2, Part 2 (February 2011): 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e3182053a2c.

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Jordan, Peter, John A. Fitzpatrick, and Craig Meskell. "Beampattern control of a microphone array to minimize secondary source contamination." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, no. 4 (October 2003): 1920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1568755.

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Cifre, J., F. Lopez, J. L. Morenza, and J. Esteve. "Analysis of contamination in diamond films by secondary ion mass spectroscopy." Diamond and Related Materials 1, no. 5-6 (April 1992): 500–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-9635(92)90152-e.

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30

Klimova, Irina, and Rostyslav Sipakov. "Influence of meteorological factors on the secondary contamination of atmospheric air by formaldehyde ( on example of city of Kyiv)." DSpace at USEFUL.academy, no. 2019 (April 2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32557/issn.2640-9631/2019-1.

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Many authors on the basis of researches give information that a motor transport is the basic source of contamination of atmospheric air of cities of Ukraine. This work touches the estimation of level and dynamics of contamination of m. Kyiv extrass from a motor transport and influence of meteorological factors of locality on the degree of atmospheric contamination (including secondary one as a result of actinic transformations). Authors set connection between the components of SO, Nox, CHOH and ambient temperature, on the basis of analysis of the last five years of statistical information of basic components contaminations from a motor transport, which take part in formation of actinic transformations. Authors found out close cross-correlation connection between the molecules of Nox, CHOH and average monthly values of temperature on the basis of analysis of these monitoring supervisions. Also there were investigational processes of formation of molecules of SNON depending on other climatic factors of city of Kyiv, namely: to humidity of air, speed of wind and index of acidity of atmosphere (pH). It is well-proven that formation of formaldehyde in mid air above motor transport ways the degree of acidificationof atmospheric fallouts influences mediated. However have direct cross-correlation connection of relative humidity of air and speed of wind. Temperature terms play a key role in forming of the secondary contamination formaldehyde above motor transport overpasses and he takes into account other climatic factors of locality mediated. Speed of reaction of transformation of hydrocarbons in formaldehyde at neutral meteorological terms is considered on the example of motor-car upshot of the Darnicka square. The decision of equalization of speed of transformation of extrass of hydrocarbons is found in formaldehyde by the decision of equalization of Arreniusa. This method can be applied for other cities of Ukraine. The conducted researches will allow to promote ecological strength security on the urbanized territories by the improvement of questions of acceptance of administrative decisions at building and reconstruction of motor-car overpasses of city, and also at forming of strategic plans of ecological development of city and setting of nature protection measures.

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Starkova, Kseniya G., Oleg V. Dolgikh, and Olga A. Kazakova. "Features of the immune status of middle and high school students in conditions of high blood content of a number of exogenous chemical impurities." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-5-501-506.

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Introduction. The quality of the habitat and increasing intensity of the educational load determine the negative changes of the health of schoolchildren, associated with a violation of immune mechanisms adaptation. Purpose. Study of features of the immune status of schoolchildren in the conditions of excessive hapten contamination by exogenous chemical factors. Materials and methods. Students who live in territories differing in the formation of excessive human-made chemical contamination (total 162 students) of senior and secondary education levels were examined. The analysis of contaminants in biological media utilizing gas chromatography method, high-performance liquid chromatography method, mass spectrometry method was performed. The state of cellular immunity was evaluated by the reaction of phagocytosis using formalinized ram erythrocytes and CD-immunogram parameters by flow cytometry. The state of humoral immunity identified with the production of serum immunoglobulins by radial immunodiffusion, as well as expression of specific antibodies to chemical factors by the method of allergosorbent testing. Results. We revealed an association of excess content of lead, nickel, formaldehyde, benzene, phenol in blood with deficiency phagocytic activity, imbalance of CD-subpopulations of immunocompetent cells characterized by the predominance of T lymphocytic activation (CD3+-lymphocytes), and a decrease in B-lymphocytes (CD19+-cells) both concerning the norm and to the group of schoolchildren with a permissible level of contaminating load. Secondary and senior students differed in imbalance of the immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+, and lower expression was revealed in high school students serum immunoglobulins IgM and IgA. In schoolchildren with excessive hapten contamination, there is a high level of sensitization to exogenous chemical factors according to the specific IgE antibodies to nickel, formaldehyde, and IgG to benzene, phenol, lead. Conclusion. The revealed imbalance of immune profile indices reflects the state of immunological health of schoolchildren, and the indices of cellular (immunoregulatory index CD4+/CD8+) and humoral (specific antihapten reagins) immunity, can be used as diagnostic for assessing the immune status in schoolchildren of secondary and senior levels of education in the conditions of excessive hapten contamination.

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Błaszczyk, Ilona, and Jan Iciek. "Selection of heat treatment conditions and prevention of secondary microbial contamination of liquid sugar: practical remarks." Journal of Food Science and Technology 58, no. 7 (January 20, 2021): 2842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-04971-3.

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AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to provide practical information on the selection of heat treatment conditions and the prevention of secondary microbial contamination of liquid sugar. The guidelines included in the paper were formulated on the basis of practical experience gained. The most important aspect often refers to the unnoticed cause of secondary contamination of liquid sugar after heat treatment, during its cooling in diaphragm heat exchangers along with the indication of the possibility of elimination of this cause. The article also presents the results of microbiological analysis in the field of heat resistance of microorganisms present in raw juice, obtained from the extractor. The data indicate the difficulty of thermal inactivation of mesophilic and thermophilic spores present in the studied environment. The cited results of microbiological analysis prove the usefulness of the measures to prevent secondary microbial contamination of the finished product.

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Schwartzbrod, L., and S. Boher. "Viruses and Shellfish." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0565.

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While studying the cycle of viral contamination of aqueous media, it appears that the human being is both the primary contaminator and the secondary receiver of the viruses transported in the aqueous medium. Human contamination takes place by drinking water of poor quality, by eating vegetables irrigated with waste water or shellfish. Shellfish consumption is clearly associated with the transmission of enteric infections and epidemics have been reported in many countries. The viruses responsible for the transmission of epidemics are mostly gastro-enteric viruses (Norwalk virus, Rotavirus and “small round viruses”) and the hepatitis A virus. The shellfish implicated are oysters, cockles, mussels and clams. Shellfish depuration techniques involve either closed loop circuits or semi-open circuits. They are very effective bacteriologically, but they do not totally eliminate the viral particles. Furthermore, sanitary controls are, usually, based on the sole research of fecal coliform although this bacterial type is a bad indicator of viral contamination. It is therefore necessary to include a virological criterion in the sanitary control of shellfish.

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Mokgalaka, Ntebogeng S., Sello P. Lepule, Thierry Regnier, and Sandra Combrinck. "Near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics for rapid profiling of plant secondary metabolites." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 2197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-13-02-09.

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In this study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, in combination with chemometrics, was used as a rapid tool for determining if exposure to contamination from mine tailings influences the matrices of the specimens, compared to those from natural populations. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots were made from the chemometric models obtained to establish if season of harvest, geographical origin, and level of soil contamination play a determining role in the chemical profiles of the individual specimens harvested from mine sites or natural populations. The random distribution on PCA score plots corroborated the intraspecies variation of Lippia scaberrima previously observed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) essential oil profiles. Clustering according to the season and origin of the individual plants confirmed that the geographic location and the season of harvest influence the chemical profiles of L. scaberrima. The NIR data could not be correlated with the level of soil contamination to which the specimens were exposed. The PCA scores and loadings plots obtained from NIR data of Searsia pendulina suggest that the species is tolerant to pollution from mine tailings. Although separation was obtained in a three-component PCA model between specimens sampled during different seasons, some clustering was observed by specimens from the same geographical origin.

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Davidovich, Nickolai A. "Contamination of diatom cultures with other microorganisms." Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), no. 2(20) (2019): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2019-2(20)-291-294.

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During establishing and maintenance of diatom cultures one have to solve the problem of their contamination by other organisms, from viruses, mycoplasma and bacteria, to protozoa and metazoa. Depending on the task to be solved, it is advisable to use cultures of different degrees of purity, from mono-species (algologically pure) to axenic. Contamination of cultures can be initial (primary) and random in the process of cutivation (secondary). Examples of contamination are discussed, in particular with the kinetoplastid Bodo saltans.

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Joob, Beuy, and Viroj Wiwanitkit. "Comment on: "High level bacterial contamination of secondary school students’ mobile phones”." Germs 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.18683/germs.2017.1121.

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37

Horton, D. Kevin, Paula Burgess, Shannon Rossiter, and Wendy E. Kaye. "Secondary Contamination of Emergency Department Personnel from o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile Exposure, 2002." Annals of Emergency Medicine 45, no. 6 (June 2005): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.01.031.

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A. Malvestiti, Jacqueline, and Renato F. Dantas. "Influence of industrial contamination in municipal secondary effluent disinfection by UV/H2O2." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 13 (March 21, 2019): 13286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04705-1.

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39

Holländer, W., and K. H. Junker. "Natural and anthropogenic resuspension as factors of secondary airborne contamination near chernobyl." Journal of Aerosol Science 26 (September 1995): S567—S568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)97191-g.

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40

Tasaki, Osamu, Kazuhisa Yoshiya, Tadahiko Shiozaki, Isao Ukai, Hisashi Sugimoto, Toshiyuki Fujinaka, and Takeo Azuma. "Exposure of medical staff members secondary to treatment for organophosphate poisoning: congenitary butyrylcholine esterase defect and secondary contamination." Nihon Kyukyu Igakukai Zasshi 20, no. 2 (2009): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3893/jjaam.20.93.

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Michałowski, Paweł Piotr, Piotr Gutowski, Dorota Pierścińska, Kamil Pierściński, Maciej Bugajski, and Włodek Strupiński. "Characterization of the superlattice region of a quantum cascade laser by secondary ion mass spectrometry." Nanoscale 9, no. 44 (2017): 17571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr06401b.

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Jaimes Plata, Manuel Guillermo, Martin Augusto Escobar Hernández, and Rodrigo Gonzalo Torres Sáez. "Experimental Design for Evaluation of Formation Damage by Microbial Contamination in Water Flooding Processes. A Colombian Study Case." Revista Fuentes el Reventón Energético 17, no. 2 (September 15, 2019): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revfue.v17n2-2019002.

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Microbial contamination is well known in the oil and gas industry and it occurs in most processes where water processing systems are involved. Microorganisms are spread everywhere, even in the subsurface, where operations of oil exploration and production are developed. For this reason, different genera of microorganisms can affect the Oil & Gas Industry. One of the major problems in oil mature fields undergoing secondary recovery is the contamination with sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), caused generally by the injection water system (fresh and/or production) and/or of the reservoir (natural or by drilling fluids, completion, stimulation, etc.). This problem causes formation damage and microbiological induced corrosion (MIC) in the injection-production system. In many producing wells, formation damage by microbiological contamination is initially masked by a decline in reservoir pressure; however, initial production of H2S does provide a possible microbial contamination of water production, water injection and eventually petroleum reservoir. In some producing wells, H2S concentrations have exceeded the lethal limits of 250 ppm and there are cases of producing wells with levels above 1000 ppm. In this work, both a conceptual study and an experimental protocol were developed for the evaluation of formation damage by microbial contamination in water flooding processes. It is focused on finding the best stimulation treatment with biocides to H2S and corrosion control in Producer Wells of Oil Fields Undergoing Secondary Recovery as part of the comprehensive strategy to implement in the injection-reservoir-production system of the Chichimene field in Colombia. This study included the following stages:1. State of the art to define main bactericides, matrix stimulation treatments to H2S and corrosion control, removal of biomass (biofilm) and iron sulfide, etc. in producers wells. 2. Conceptual study of the formation damage by growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria.3. Experimental protocol for the evaluation of formation damage due to microbial contamination in water flood processes.4. Experimental evaluation of formation damage due to microbial contamination in cores of the Chichimene field, in Colombia. Finally, the main findings, conclusions and recommendations obtained in this study are shown.Keywords: microbial contamination, microorganisms, secondary recovery, stimulation, formation damage, sulfate-reducing bacteria, water production, waterflooding.

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Diao, Enjie, Haizhou Dong, Hanxue Hou, Zheng Zhang, Ning Ji, and Wenwen Ma. "Factors Influencing Aflatoxin Contamination in Before and After Harvest Peanuts: A Review." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 1 (December 29, 2014): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n1p148.

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<p>Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts has been of worldwide concern since the 1960s. Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that have been associated with severe toxicological effects to human and animals, which can cause enormous economic loss to producers, handlers, processors and marketers of contaminated peanuts. Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is unavoidable due to the varied factors in pre-harvest, harvesting, and post-harvest stages of peanuts. The review summarizes the factors influencing aflatoxin contamination in the whole supply chain of peanuts.</p>

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Ćetenović, Bojana, Nemanja Zdravković, and Dejan Marković. "Evaluation of Toothbrush Contamination." Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjdm-2019-0017.

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Summary Background/Aim: Toothbrushes are one of the main means of cleaning teeth and maintaining oral hygiene, but toothbrushes are also potential reservoir of microorganisms, including pathogens. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the oral health, oral hygiene awareness and assess the degree of contamination of toothbrushes among students attending Secondary Medical School. Material and Methods: Sixty students (32 boys, 28 girls; mean age ≅ 15,7±2,1) attending highschool were randomly selected for this study. Each student included in the study filled out a questionnaire regarding his/her life habits and oral hygiene. Clinical examinations were initiated in order to determine the DMFT, as well as the CIP, CIT, CIA and CPITN indexes, based of which the assessment of oral health status was performed. One stack of fiber was collected from each toothbrush used by the participantes in the study, and than prepared for further microbiological sampling. Results: Only 11% of the students had the awareness of potential sources of toothbrushes contamination. The average value of DMFT was 3,2 (%D = 22,5; %M = 4,96; %F = 72,5). A statistically significant difference in comparison of the CPITN index and subjects’ response to the professional plague removal in the last 12 months was identified (χ2 = 13,55; p= 0,033). Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Micrococcus species and Streptococcus salivarius were most commonly present microorganisms. In most cases, G-positive bacilli or cocci were isolated, while the presence of Candidae albicans was identified in four samples. Conclusions: Raising the awareness of dental hygiene through the oral health education may improve better plaque control and subsequently the oral health. Handson training how to maintain the oral hygiene are not expensive and more over they are easy to be organized can be useful in oral heath promotion.

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Kovač, Tihomir, Bojan Šarkanj, Ivana Borišev, Aleksandar Djordjevic, Danica Jović, Ante Lončarić, Jurislav Babić, et al. "Fullerol C60(OH)24 Nanoparticles Affect Secondary Metabolite Profile of Important Foodborne Mycotoxigenic Fungi In Vitro." Toxins 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040213.

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Despite the efforts to control mycotoxin contamination worldwide, extensive contamination has been reported to occur in food and feed. The contamination is even more intense due to climate changes and different stressors. This study examined the impact of fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles (FNP) (at 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ng mL−1) on the secondary metabolite profile of the most relevant foodborne mycotoxigenic fungi from genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Alternaria and Penicillium, during growth in vitro. Fungi were grown in liquid RPMI 1640 media for 72 h at 29 °C, and metabolites were investigated by the LC-MS/MS dilute and shoot multimycotoxin method. Exposure to FNP showed great potential in decreasing the concentrations of 35 secondary metabolites; the decreases were dependent on FNP concentration and fungal genus. These results are a relevant guide for future examination of fungi-FNP interactions in environmental conditions. The aim is to establish the exact mechanism of FNP action and determine the impact such interactions have on food and feed safety.

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Blank, Jacqueline J., Abby E. Rothstein, Cheong Jun Lee, Michael J. Malinowski, Brian D. Lewis, Timothy J. Ridolfi, and Mary F. Otterson. "Aortic Graft Infection Secondary to Iatrogenic Transcolonic Graft Malposition." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 52, no. 5 (March 19, 2018): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574418764037.

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Aortic graft infections are a rare but devastating complication of aortic revascularization. Often infections occur due to contamination at the time of surgery. Iatrogenic misplacement of the limbs of an aortobifemoral graft is exceedingly rare, and principles of evaluation and treatment are not well defined. We report 2 cases of aortobifemoral bypass graft malposition through the colon. Case Report: Case 1 is a 54-year-old male who underwent aortobifemoral bypass grafting for acute limb ischemia. He had previously undergone a partial sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis. Approximately 6 months after vascular surgery, he presented with an occult graft infection. Preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings were consistent with graft placement through the sigmoid colon. Case 2 is a 60-year-old male who underwent aortobifemoral bypass grafting due to a nonhealing wound after toe amputation. His postoperative course was complicated by pneumonia, bacteremia thought to be secondary to the pneumonia, general malaise, and persistent fevers. Approximately 10 weeks after the vascular surgery, he presented with imaging and intraoperative findings of graft malposition through the cecum. Conclusions: Aortic graft infection is usually caused by surgical contamination and presents as an indolent infection. Case 1 presented as such; Case 2 presented more acutely. Both grafts were iatrogenically misplaced through the colon at the index operation. The patients underwent extra-anatomic bypass and graft explantation and subsequently recovered.

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Ojiambo, Peter S., Paola Battilani, Jeffrey W. Cary, Burt H. Blum, and Ignazio Carbone. "Cultural and Genetic Approaches to Manage Aflatoxin Contamination: Recent Insights Provide Opportunities for Improved Control." Phytopathology® 108, no. 9 (September 2018): 1024–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-18-0134-rvw.

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Aspergillus flavus is a morphologically complex species that can produce the group of polyketide derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, as well as other secondary metabolites such as cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem. Aflatoxin causes aflatoxicosis when aflatoxins are ingested through contaminated food and feed. In addition, aflatoxin contamination is a major problem, from both an economic and health aspect, in developing countries, especially Asia and Africa, where cereals and peanuts are important food crops. Earlier measures for control of A. flavus infection and consequent aflatoxin contamination centered on creating unfavorable environments for the pathogen and destroying contaminated products. While development of atoxigenic (nonaflatoxin producing) strains of A. flavus as viable commercial biocontrol agents has marked a unique advance for control of aflatoxin contamination, particularly in Africa, new insights into the biology and sexuality of A. flavus are now providing opportunities to design improved atoxigenic strains for sustainable biological control of aflatoxin. Further, progress in the use of molecular technologies such as incorporation of antifungal genes in the host and host-induced gene silencing, is providing knowledge that could be harnessed to develop germplasm that is resistant to infection by A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination. This review summarizes the substantial progress that has been made to understand the biology of A. flavus and mitigate aflatoxin contamination with emphasis on maize. Concepts developed to date can provide a basis for future research efforts on the sustainable management of aflatoxin contamination.

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Kočí, Vladimír, Tomáš Ocelka, and Roman Grabic. "Background Level of Pops in Ground Water Assessed on Chemical and Toxicity Analysis of Exposed Semipermeable Membrane Devices." Air, Soil and Water Research 2 (January 2009): ASWR.S2128. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s2128.

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Persistent compounds are present around almost the entire world. The level of contamination in very old groundwater sources (Cennoman bedrock Mesozoic, approximately 100 millions year old) was assessed. This offers an information about realistic natural background. Together with chemical analysis a toxicity evaluation of sampled sites was performed. Semipermeable membrane devices were applied as a sampling system. Exposed SPMDs were analyzed both for chemical contain of POPs and toxicity properties. The chemical analyses of PAHs were made by HPLC-FLD, PCBs and OCPs were analysed by GC/MS/MS on GCQ or PolarisQ (Thermoquest). Toxicity bioassays on alga Desmodesmus subspicatus, bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustacean Daphnia magna was performed. The results show very low contamination of groundwater with POPs with concentrations close to detection limits of applied analytical tools. Even this low contamination was possible to rank based on the obtained toxicity data. Toxicity proved to be a good parameter for determination of relative POPs contamination where concentration is near to detection limits and thus correct determination of all POPs cannot be undertaken. Although contamination levels were found to be very low, a secondary contamination of PCBs through the bedrock was observed. Organochlorine pesticides were found at a sampling site near a mouth of the ground watershed. Applied toxicity tests confirmed the presence of toxic substances and marked sites of higher contamination. Application of toxicological parameter Vtox allowed the ranking of assessed sites by their contamination level even in cases where concentrations of pollutants were near or under detection limits and it was not therefore possible to rank the sites on the basis of chemical parameters. Toxicity response of bioassays obtained on SPMDs exposed in clean groundwater can be used as a background toxicity values for further SPMD applications. Secondary contamination with PCBs and pesticides was detected in Cennoman groundwater. Toxicity evaluation of SPMD extract can be used as an effective tool for ranking of general level of water contamination.

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Pierce, Gregory, and Larry Lai. "Toward a comprehensive explanatory model of reliance on alternatives to the tap: evidence from California's retail water stores." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.289.

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Abstract Building on a recent increase in scholarly attention to the problem of tap water mistrust and resulting negative health impacts, we examine the relationship between neighborhood reliance on tap water alternatives and a range of explanatory factors. We model retail water store locations as a proxy for reliance on tap water alternatives in urbanized neighborhoods across California. Our study is unique in its inclusion of variables representing both compliance with primary and secondary water quality standards by publicly regulated drinking water systems serving particular neighborhoods, other water system attributes and the socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods. The location of retail water stores in urbanized neighborhoods does not appear strongly related to observed measures of water quality. Secondary contamination shows a weak relationship to tap alternative reliance, and primary contamination was not correlated with higher levels of tap alternative reliance. On the other hand, our research suggests that other socioeconomic factors, particularly country of birth, are associated with the prevalence of more water stores. Increasing reliance on tap water likely requires measuring and addressing secondary contamination found in distributional systems and premise plumbing, and more aggressive public education campaigns.

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Hirsa, A., and W. W. Willmarth. "Measurements of vortex pair interaction with a clean or contaminated free surface." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 259 (January 25, 1994): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094000029.

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Laminar vortex pairs with small Froude number were generated by a submerged delta wing at negative angle of attack or by a pair of vertically oriented, counter-rotating flaps. The vortex pairs thus generated rise and interact with the free surface. The surface and subsurface flow field was studied using flow visualization and particle image velocimetry. Initial surface deformations, striations, are shown to be caused by stretching and interaction of cross-stream vortices near the surface. With small amounts of surface contamination, contamination fronts (producing Reynolds ridges) form on the surface and secondary vorticity, generated beneath the surface beyond the fronts, rolls up to form vortices with opposite rotation outboard of the primary vortices. The circulation associated with the secondary vortices is as much as 1/3 that of the primary vortices. The secondary vortices cause the primary vortex pair to rebound from the surface. Slight surface deformations, scars, are caused by the primary and secondary vortices.

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