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Journal articles on the topic 'Secondary immunodeficiency'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 24 June 2025

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1

Herman, Katherine E., and Katherine L. Tuttle. "Overview of secondary immunodeficiency." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 45, no. 5 (2024): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2024.45.240063.

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In contrast to inborn errors of immunity (IEI), which are inherited disorders of the immune system that predispose to infections, malignancy, atopy, and immune dysregulation, secondary immunodeficiencies and immune dysregulation states (SID) are acquired impairments in immune cell function and/or regulation, and may be transient, reversible, or permanent. SIDs can derive from a variety of medical comorbidities, including protein-losing conditions, malnutrition, malignancy, certain genetic syndromes, prematurity, and chronic infections. Medications, including immunosuppressive and chemotherapeutic drugs, can have profound effects on immunity and biologic agents used in rheumatology, neurology, and hematology/oncology practice are increasingly common causes of SID. Iatrogenic factors, including surgical procedures (thymectomy, splenectomy) can also contribute to SID. A thorough case history, medication review, and laboratory evaluation are necessary to identify the primary driver and determine proper management of SID. Careful consideration should be given to whether a primary IEI could be contributing to autoimmunity, malignancy, and posttreatment complications (e.g., antibody deficiency). SID management consists of addressing the driving condition and/or removing the offending agent if feasible. If SID is suspected to be permanent, then antibiotic prophylaxis, additional immunization, and immunoglobulin replacement should be considered.

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2

PINCHING, ANTHONY J. "Laboratory Investigation of Secondary Immunodeficiency." Clinics in Immunology and Allergy 5, no. 3 (1985): 469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0260-4639(22)00146-3.

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3

Chernyshova, L. I. "Secondary immunodeficiency (immunocompromised patient). Lecture." CHILD`S HEALTH 15, no. 6 (2020): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0551.15.6.2020.215532.

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4

Browne, Sarah K., and Steven M. Holland. "Immunodeficiency secondary to anticytokine autoantibodies." Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 10, no. 6 (2010): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aci.0b013e3283402b41.

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5

Yap, Peng Lee. "Intravenous immunoglobulin for secondary immunodeficiency." Blut 60, no. 1 (1990): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01720196.

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6

Pogliani, E. M., L. Baldicchi, and E. E. Polli. "Secondary immunodeficiency in lymphoproliferative disorders." Pharmacological Research 26 (September 1992): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1043-6618(92)90611-e.

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7

Friman, Vanda, Ola Winqvist, Cecilie Blimark, Petra Langerbeins, Helen Chapel, and Fatima Dhalla. "Secondary immunodeficiency in lymphoproliferative malignancies." Hematological Oncology 34, no. 3 (2016): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hon.2323.

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8

Zea-Vera, Andres Felipe. "Tuberculous Meningitis: Immunocompetence, Secondary Immunodeficiency, or Adult Onset Primary Immunodeficiency?" American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101, no. 5 (2019): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.19-0535a.

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9

Babicheva, Lali G., Alexey V. Luntsov, Gulnara N. Khusainova, and Irina V. Poddubnaya. "An interdisciplinary approach to the management of oncohematological patients with immunodeficiency: clinical cases. A review." Journal of Modern Oncology 25, no. 3 (2023): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/18151434.2023.3.202446.

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Immunodeficiency occurs when one or more immune system components do not function properly, resulting in the body's inability to resist mostly infectious agents. Most cases of immunodeficiency in adults are acquired (secondary), but congenital immunodeficiencies are not uncommon. Primary immunodeficiencies are a heterogeneous group of innate immune errors that result in various clinical and laboratory manifestations. In contrast, secondary immunodeficiencies involve an acquired decrease in immune cell count and/or impairment of their function, commonly associated with an antibody level decrease. Secondary immunodeficiency in patients with B-cell hematological malignancies is a common condition attributed to both hematological malignancy and secondary antitumor therapy-related causes. Paradoxically, immunodeficiency, initially attributed to secondary causes, may be due to a previously undiagnosed primary immunodeficiency. Early diagnosis of immunodeficiency and optimization of management strategies with a multidisciplinary approach are critical to providing the most effective specific treatments and reducing the incidence of infection-related complications and mortality. The article addresses clinical practice, recommendations, and problems of immunodeficiency diagnosis and the effectiveness of immunoglobulin replacement therapy illustrated by clinical cases.

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10

Esenboga, Saliha, Deniz Çagdas, Berna Oguz, et al. "A Rare Cause of Secondary Immunodeficiency." Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 40, no. 3 (2018): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mph.0000000000001101.

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11

Eng, A., R. Joks, and M. Vastardi. "SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY RELATED TO STRONGYLOIDES INFECTION." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 133, no. 6 (2024): S178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2024.08.694.

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12

Esposito, Susanna, Elisabetta Prada, Mara Lelii, and Luca Castellazzi. "Immunization of children with secondary immunodeficiency." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 11, no. 11 (2015): 2564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1039208.

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13

SHIMADA, Kaoru. "Recent progress in hematology. Secondary immunodeficiency." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 76, no. 5 (1987): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.76.649.

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14

Chen, E., C. Smigiel, L. Banka, M. Li, L. Scott, and K. Kwong. "SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DUE TO GAMING DISORDER." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 121, no. 5 (2018): S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2018.09.328.

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15

Fawcett, William A. "Immunodeficiency Secondary to Structural Intestinal Defects." American Journal of Diseases of Children 140, no. 2 (1986): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1986.02140160087042.

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16

Iseki, Mikiro, and Douglas C. Heiner. "Immunodeficiency Disorders." Pediatrics In Review 14, no. 6 (1993): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.14.6.226.

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Introduction Immunodeficiency diseases are a group of disorders that increase susceptibility to infection, malignancy, and autoimmunity. Deficiencies of the immune system may be congenital or acquired. They may be secondary to a developmental anomaly or an enzymatic defect or be of unknown etiology. Recently it has become clear that immune responses are comprised of a large number of discrete steps, and there may be a breakdown at any point in this process. It is likely that hundreds of different lesions lead to immunodeficiency diseases. It is important to remember that it was from studies of patients who had abnormalities of the immune system that many of the functions and components of the normal immune system have been elucidated. There are two broad categories of immunodeficiencies: those that are primary and those that are secondary to another disorder. Classification and Incidence The immune system has four major components: 1) antibody-mediated (B cell) immunity, 2) cell-mediated (T cell) immunity, 3) phagocytosis (polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells), and 4) the complement system. This division provides a practical way to classify the immunodeficiencies (Table 1). Common secondary immunodeficiencies are listed in Table 2. A more complete classification of primary immunodeficiencies is that of the 1986 WHO Scientific group (see Suggested Reading).

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17

Surinov, B. P., V. G. Isaeva, and N. A. Karpova. "Immunostimulating chemosignaling in animals with secondary immunodeficiency." Doklady Biological Sciences 418, no. 1 (2008): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496608010146.

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18

Borie, Raphael, Caroline Kannengiesser, Flore Sicre de Fontbrune, et al. "Pneumocystosis revealing immunodeficiency secondary to TERC mutation." European Respiratory Journal 50, no. 5 (2017): 1701443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01443-2017.

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19

Petrov, R. V., V. S. Aprikyan, and A. A. Mikhailova. "Immunocorrective properties of antibiotics in secondary immunodeficiency." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 113, no. 1 (1992): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00787755.

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20

Shikanai-Yasuda, M. A., A. A. Cotrim Segurado, W. Pereira Pinto, et al. "Immunodeficiency secondary to juvenile paracoccidioidomycosis: associated infections." Mycopathologia 120, no. 1 (1992): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00578498.

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21

Franzoi, André Eduardo de Almeida, Amanda Maieski, Caio César Diniz Disserol, and Helio Afonso Ghizoni Teive. "Chorea secondary to human immunodeficiency virus infection." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 81, no. 09 (2023): 857–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-1771170.

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22

McShane, Pamela J. "Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Other Immunodeficiency Syndromes in Bronchiectasis." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 42, no. 04 (2021): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730893.

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AbstractImmunodeficiency represents a vast number of diseases and syndromes. Both primary and secondary forms of immunodeficiency are important contributors to the development of bronchiectasis. Primary immune deficiencies, in particular, are increasingly identified and defined as contributors. Specific immune deficiencies that are closely associated with bronchiectasis and as discussed in this article are common variable immunodeficiency, specific antibody deficiency, immunodeficiencies involving immunoglobulin E, DOCK8 immunodeficiency, phosphoglucomutase 3 deficiency, activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome, and X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Each of these primary immune deficiencies has unique nuances. Vigilance for these unique signs and symptoms is likely to improve recognition of specific immunodeficiency in the idiopathic bronchiectasis patient. Secondary forms of immunodeficiency occur as a result of a separate disease process. Graft versus host disease, malignancy, and human immunodeficiency virus are three classic examples discussed in this article. An awareness of the potential for these disease settings to lead to bronchiectasis is necessary to optimize patient care. With understanding and mindfulness toward the intricate relationship between bronchiectasis and immunodeficiency, there is an opportunity to elucidate pathophysiologic underpinnings between these two syndromes.

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23

Edgar, J. D. M. "T cell immunodeficiency." Journal of Clinical Pathology 61, no. 9 (2008): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2007.051144.

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T cell immunodeficiency can occur as one of a group of primary disorders or develop secondary to chronic infection, illness or drug therapy. Primary T cell disorders are rare, accounting for approximately 11% of reported primary immunodeficiencies, and generally present in infancy or early childhood. Early recognition is very important as many of these patients will require bone marrow transplantation prior to the onset of severe infection or other complications. Because of their rarity, these infants usually present to clinicians who have little or no prior experience of these conditions, and therefore laboratory-based clinicians with knowledge of the key laboratory/pathological abnormalities and clinical features have a valuable role in identifying the possibility of immunodeficiency. Secondary T cell deficiency is a cardinal feature of HIV infection and the specific susceptibility to infectious micro-organisms is highlighted. The possibility of T cell immunodeficiency should be considered in any patient presenting with unusual or severe viral, fungal or protozoal infection.

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24

Yoshida, Eric M., Norman HL Chan, Clifford Chan-Yan, and Robert M. Baird. "Perforation of the Jejunum Secondary to AIDS-Related Gastrointestinal Kaposi's Sarcoma." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 11, no. 1 (1997): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/425861.

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Intestinal perforation in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients due solely to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) has rarely been described. A homosexual man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related KS who presented with an acute abdomen is presented. He was found to have a jejunal perforation through a small KS lesion. There were no infectious organisms identified at the site of perforation.

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25

Schiffman, Amy B., and Laurianne G. Wild. "An Older Gentleman with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID): A Question of Primary Immunodeficiency Versus Secondary Belimumab-Induced Immunodeficiency." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 137, no. 2 (2016): AB18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.057.

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26

Bateman, Caroline M., Alison Kesson, Madeleine Powys, Melanie Wong, and Emily Blyth. "Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies." Viruses 13, no. 10 (2021): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102001.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a human herpes virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed children. CMV primary infection causes a clinically mild disease in healthy children, usually in early childhood; the virus then utilises several mechanisms to establish host latency, which allows for periodic reactivation, particularly when the host is immunocompromised. It is this reactivation that is responsible for the significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. We review CMV infection in the primary immunodeficient host, including early identification of these infants by newborn screening to allow for CMV infection prevention strategies. Furthermore, clinical CMV is discussed in the context of children treated with secondary immunodeficiency, particularly paediatric cancer patients and children undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Treatments for CMV are highlighted and include CMV immunotherapy.

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27

Kobayashi, Roger H., Jiří Litzman, Syed Rizvi, Huub Kreuwel, Sonja Hoeller, and Sudhir Gupta. "Overview of subcutaneous immunoglobulin 16.5% in primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases." Immunotherapy 14, no. 4 (2022): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2021-0313.

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Most primary immunodeficiency diseases, and select secondary immunodeficiency diseases, are treated with immunoglobulin (IG) therapy, administered intravenously or subcutaneously (SCIG). The first instance of IG replacement for primary immunodeficiency disease was a 16.5% formulation administered subcutaneously in 1952. While most SCIG products are now a 10 or 20% concentration, this review will focus on SCIG 16.5% products with a historical overview of development, including the early pioneers who initiated and refined IG replacement therapy, as well as key characteristics, manufacturing and clinical studies. In determining an appropriate IG regimen, one must consider specific patient needs, characteristics and preferences. There are advantages to SCIG, such as stable serum immunoglobulin G levels, high tolerability and the flexibility of self-administered home treatment.

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28

Popova, N. G., and V. V. Kocherova. "NEUTROPENIA IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD: QUESTIONS REMAIN. CLINICAL CASE." Transbaikalian Medical Bulletin, no. 4 (February 25, 2025): 161–68. https://doi.org/10.52485/19986173_2024_4_161.

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Immunodeficiency in the neonatal period is often recorded. Neutro- and lymphopenia of secondary genesis are detected in various infectious diseases of the ante-, intra- and postnatal period of infection. Primary immunodeficiency occurs due to genetic breakdown of the immune system and is included in the syndrome complexes of hereditary and chromosomal diseases. The clinic of immunodeficiency conditions does not have a specific picture, and is realized as a sluggish infectious disease, often leading to sepsis. Newborn children, especially premature infants, have a functionally immature immune system, do not form an adequate immune response when exposed to pathogens, which leads to rapid generalization of infectious diseases. An infectious process against the background of congenital immunodeficiency can lead to death. A clinical example of the development of a generalized infectious process with secondary immunodeficiency clearly shows the difficulty of curating patients with a fatal outcome.

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29

Chovancová, Zita. "Secondary immunodeficiency as a consequence of chronic diseases." Vnitřní lékařství 65, no. 2 (2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/vnl.2019.024.

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30

Даулет, Г. Д., Л. К. Бактыбаева, А. С. Соколенко, Н. Н. Беляев, А. Ж. Молдакарызова, and А. С. Катчибаева. "THE USE OF NEW IMMUNOMODULATORS AT SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY." Vestnik, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53065/kaznmu.2021.49.37.046.

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В данной статье рассматривается использование нового иммуномодулятора у животных, страдающих вторичным иммунодефицитом за период последнего года. В исследованиях России и Китая в качестве новых иммуномодуляторов применялись Ganodermalucidum (Gl-PS) полисахариды и стимфорт на фоне введения циклофосфана. Иммуномодуляция играет важную роль в кроветворении. На мышах исследовали возможный механизм активации миелопоэза при миелосупрессии, вызванной циклофосфамидом. Показано, что иммуномодулятор обладает способностью корригировать количественный и субпопуляционный состав МЛ селезенки, структуру центральных и периферических органов лимфопоэза, эффекторные функции клеток иммунитета, нарушенные при введении цитостатика. В настоящем исследовании invivo и invitro обнаружили, что иммуномодуляторы избирательно связываются со стромальными клетками костного мозга, стимулирует секрецию гемопоэтических факторов роста и усиливают клоногенную активность гемопоэтических и стромальных клеток, способствуя гемопоэзу у мышей с миелосупрессией. This article reviews the use of a new immunomodulator in animals for secondary immunodeficiency in the past year. In a study in Russia and China, Ganoderma lucidum (Gl-PS) polysaccharides and stimforte were used as new immunomodulators against the background of cyclophosphamide administration. Immunomodulation plays an important role in blood formation. A possible mechanism of myelopoiesis activation in cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression was investigated in mice. It was shown that the immunomodulator has the ability to correct the quantitative and subpopulation composition of spleen ML, the structure of the central and peripheral organs of lymphopoiesis, the effector functions of immunity cells, impaired by the introduction of a cytostatic. In the present study, in vivo and in vitro, it was found that immunomodulators selectively bind to bone marrow stromal cells, stimulate the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors and enhance the clonogenic activity of hematopoietic and stromal cells, promoting hematopoiesis in mice with myelosuppression.

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31

Babicheva, Lali G., and Irina V. Poddubnaya. "Accompanying therapy in oncohematological patients with secondary immunodeficiency." Journal of Modern Oncology 22, no. 2 (2020): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/18151434.2020.2.200127.

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Actuality. The inability of a persons immune system to withstand foreign antigenic aggression is called immunodeficiency. More than 1/2 of all cases of secondary immunodeficiency (SID) in the world are occupied by hemoblastosis and, in a greater degree, the therapy, accompanied by the immunosuppression. Due to the expansion of the arsenal of new targeted drugs for the treatment of oncohematological diseases affecting different parts of the immune system, to increasingly frequent use of autologous and especially allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, the prevalence and the frequency of SID are inexorably increasing. Timely diagnosis of SID should be the starting point of the management of oncohematological patients to reduce the incidence of infectious complications and, as a result, case fatality rate. Monitoring is based on assessing risk factors and identifying the category of patients requiring active preventive measures before they develop severe infection. Elimination of the main cause of SID development is the preferred option for the prevention of the infectious complications. However, in case of multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other oncohematological diseases, this option is often impossible. Therefore, active accompanying therapy is necessary for this category of patients, in particular immunoglobulin (Ig) replacement therapy. Main clinical communities are currently in the process of updating their guidelines and recommendations on using Ig replacement therapy in patients with hemoblastosis accompanied severe recurrent infections; after ineffective antibiotic treatment; with a proven inadequate specific antibody response; IgG4 g/l. Numerous cohort, observational and randomized trials showed the significant reduction in the number of infectious complications in oncohematological patients on using long-term (not less than 1012 months) intravenous Ig replacement therapy. The lack of attention of oncologists and hematologists to the early diagnosis and prevention of these conditions leads to the increase in the number of infectious complications with all the consequences such as worsen treatment results and increase mortality among oncohematological patients. Conclusion. There is a real need to raise awareness among physicians and patients, to use screening and better management of the group of patients with increased risk of SID, and preventive use of intravenous Ig to reduce the incidence of infectious complications and active accompanying therapy aimed at reducing infection-related mortality.

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32

Jungová, Alexandra. "Treatment of secondary immunodeficiency in hemato-oncological patients." Onkologie 18, no. 5 (2024): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/xon.2024.070.

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33

Mkrtumyan, A. M., V. D. Zabelina, V. M. Zemskov, L. A. Tolmakova, and O. A. Antonova. "Metabolic syndrome and the state of secondary immunodeficiency." Problems of Endocrinology 46, no. 4 (2000): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11858.

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The metabolic (MS) or insulin resistance syndrome includes a tetrade of signs: dyslipidemia, carbohydrate metabolism disorders presenting as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) or impaired glucose tolerance, arterial hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Arbitrary components are hyperuricaemia and microalbuminuria. The immune status of 24 patients with MS has been examined for the first time. Control groups consisted of 5 patients with type 2 DM without history of MS or chronic infections, 16 patients with chronic infections, and donors. Immunoglobulins A, M. and G were measured by Mancini’s method in gel; CD3, CD4, CD8, CD 16, and CD72 were evaluated using monoclonal antibodies (Sorbent); thyroid hormones were measured by enzyme immunoassay (Biorad). Thyroid diseases (autoimmune thyroiditis with nodular goiter or nodular goiter) were detected in 54%, chronic infectious diseases in 58.3%, and their combinations in 29.2% examined patients. Shifts in immune status were detected in MS patients without concomitant chronic infections and/or thyroid diseases: decreased counts of T lymphocytes and hyperfunction of В lymphocytes and dysimmunoglobulinemia with a significant increase in IgA and IgG levels. Presumably hyperstimulation of humoral immunity is the first stage of immune disorders in patients with MS. Combination of MS with thyroid diseases and/or chronic infections leads to inversion of the immune status with development of T helper, T suppressor, and NK insufficiency, В lymphocyte dysfunction, and low IgG level. Decreased count of NK cells in MS can be associated with increased risk of malignant diseases, including those of the thyroid.

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34

Manhães, Isabella, Marilia Moraes, Luiza Marino, et al. "Secondary Immunodeficiency: A Difficult Diagnosis In Clinical Practice." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 145, no. 2 (2020): AB215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.251.

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35

Chan, Shirley Chiu Wai, and Chak Sing Lau. "Systemic lupus erythematosus and immunodeficiency." Rheumatology and Immunology Research 2, no. 3 (2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rir-2021-0019.

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Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Recent advances in genetic analysis coupled with better understanding of different immune regulatory and signaling pathways have revealed the complex relationship between autoimmunity, including SLE, and immunodeficiency. Furthermore, the expanding therapeutic armamentarium has led to the increasing awareness of secondary immunodeficiency in these patients. This article serves to update the current understanding of SLE and immunodeficiency by discussing the shared genetic factors and immunobiology. We also summarize the effects of immunosuppressive therapies with a focus on secondary antibody deficiency (SAD) after B-cell targeted therapies.

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36

Katuwal, Bhoj Kumari. "Human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS): awareness and attitude among school teachers." Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 7, no. 1 (2020): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v7i1.28889.

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Introduction: Awareness and attitude regarding human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) can play a crucial role in providing health education and prevention of HIV/AIDS. This study aims to find out awareness and attitude regarding HIV/AIDS amongst secondary level school teacher. Method: During 3-months period in 2018, secondary level school teachers in Lalitpur district in Kathmandu valley, Nepal, were randomly selected by lottery to find out their awareness and attitude regarding HIV/AIDS. A self-administered structured questionnairesand a five-points Likert attitude scale was used to collect data. Data was analysed with SPSS version 16. Result: Among 116 school teachers included in the study, 94 (81%) had adequate level of awareness on HIV/AIDS, 115(99.1%) were aware about sexual transmission of HIV, 112 (96.6%) about not being transmitted by eating drinking from same utensils and 113 (97.4%) knew commercial sex workers as high-risk group. Overall, 106 (91.4%) had favourable attitude regarding HIV/AIDS. There was no significant correlation between awareness and attitude. Conclusion: The HIV/AIDS awareness among secondary level school teachers was adequate, their attitude was favorable. There was no association between awareness and attitude.

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37

Borisova, Tatyana Yurevna, and Petr Petrovich Geraskin. "FORMATION OF SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN GOBIES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF NORTHERN PART OF CASPIAN SEA." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2020, no. 4 (2020): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2020-4-138-146.

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The article focuses on studying the formation of secondary immunodeficiency in gobies in the northern and southern parts of the Russian sector of the Northern Caspian Sea. The study was based on a new approach to studying the immune system – the detection of a natural inhibitory factor in biological fluids. It has been shown that the level of secondary immunodeficiency is an integral indicator that expresses not only the state of the immune system, but also the physiological status of the studied fish and their adaptive capabilities. In the studied areas of the Northern Caspian Sea the worst results of secondary immunodeficiency were found in gobies caught in the waters of Small Zhemchuzhny Island and Bolshaya Zhemchuzhnaya Bank, the best results were registered off Kulalinskaya Bank. It has been stated that in the first decade of the 2000s the inhibition index in the water area of Maly Zhemchuzhny Island and Bolshaya Zhemchuzhnaya Bank was, on average, 1.2 times lower than in 2018. In addition, in the areas of Maly Zhemchuzhny Island and Kulalinskaya Bank fish without immunodeficiency were detected until 2002, the proportion of which decreased from year to year. It is assumed that the formation of immunodeficiency is associated with a long-term impact on bulls of flood waters of the Volga River, contaminated with toxic substances.

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38

Napiorkowska-Baran, Katarzyna, Radoslaw Janicki, Sylwia Koltan, Ewa Szynkiewicz, and Zbigniew Bartuzi. "Lifelong immunoglobulin replacement is not always necessary: A case description of a patient with recurrent infections and hypogammaglobulinemia." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 33 (January 2019): 205873841984336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2058738419843364.

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Humoral immunodeficiency with accompanying infections is an indication for human immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Whether treatment will be lifelong or necessary only temporarily depends on the nature of deficiency: primary (persistent) or secondary (persistent or transient). It is not always easy to distinguish between primary and secondary immunodeficiency, especially in adults. The article presents a case of a 39-year-old patient with anamnesis and medical tests results that suggested primary humoral immunodeficiency. The deficiency was diagnosed for the first time at the age of 38, when the patient was pregnant. The patient was qualified for immunoglobulin G replacement therapy. Clinical improvement was achieved. After the end of pregnancy, systematic improvement in immunological parameters was observed, suggesting the resolution of immunodeficiency. A decision was made to discontinue immunoglobulin replacement. Due to the ability to respond to vaccine, confirmed during diagnosis, preventive vaccines were recommended. There was no recurrence of serious infections. The clinical course finally enabled a diagnosis of secondary immunodeficiency. The presented case shows the importance of an active approach to the diagnostic and therapeutic process, constant assessment of clinical course, monitoring of IgG concentrations, and the awareness that in the situation when we do not have a genetic confirmation of the disease, the diagnosis may change.

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Boeva, E. V., V. V. Rassokhin, N. A. Belyakov, and A. S. Simbirtsev. "The nature and origin of immunosuppressive disorders." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 15, no. 4 (2024): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2023-15-4-7-24.

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This publication reflects modern ideas about the main aspects of etiology, pathogenesis and the latest achievements of clinical practice in the field of the most common primary and secondary immunodeficiency. The features of laboratory diagnostics of congenital immunodeficiency, risk factors and early clinical guidelines that allow the patient to suspect an immunosuppressive state are considered. Special attention is paid to the problem of secondary immunodeficiency, their prevalence and polyetiology. When covering immunopathogenesis, infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), attention is paid to the multimorbidity of clinical manifestations of HIV-associated immunosuppression and concomitant diseases, the importance of timely administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its role in the development of immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS). The criteria for the diagnosis of SVI based on their own experience and the opinion of foreign colleagues, the tactics of patient management are presented in detail.

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Yartsev, M. N., and M. V. Plachtienko. "Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and immune defi-ciency in children." Russian Journal of Allergy 7, no. 5 (2009): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja905.

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The lecture is devoted to results of clinical and immunological investigation of 614 children with 20 forms of primary immunodeficiency states and more than 8000 children with «frequent infections». The observations were performed in children unit of the Institute of Immunology in the years 1981-2010. The main features of primary immunodeficiency and secondary immunodeficiency and the term «immunocompromised child» are analyzed in details.

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Kadiroğlu, Ali Kemal, Yaşar Yıldırım, Zülfükar Yılmaz, et al. "A Rare Cause of Secondary Amyloidosis: Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disease." Case Reports in Nephrology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/860208.

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The common variable immunodeficiency disease (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary antibody deficiency. It is the most frequently observed cause of panhypogammaglobulinemia in adults. Here, we present a case of systemic amyloidosis that developed secondary to the common variable immunodeficiency disease causing recurrent infections in a young female patient. A 24-year-old female patient, who was under treatment at the gynecology and obstetrics clinic for pelvic inflammatory disease, was referred to our clinic when she was observed to have swellings in her legs, hands, and face. She had proteinuria at a rate of 3.5 gr/day, and her serum albumin was 1.5 gr/dl. The levels of immunoglobulins are IgG: 138 mg/dl, IgA: 22,6 mg/dl, and IgM: 16,8 mg/dl. The renal USG revealed that the kidneys were observed to be enlarged. Since the patient had recurrent infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, nephrotic range proteinuria, and enlarged kidneys in the renal USG, she was thought to have type AA amyloidosis and therefore underwent a renal biopsy. The kidney biopsy revealed amyloid (+). So the patient was diagnosed with AA type of amyloidosis secondary to common variable immunodeficiency disease. A treatment regimen (an ACE inhibitor and a statin) with monthly administration of intravenous immunoglobulin was started.

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Hackney, Alexander, Sunil James, and Surendra Karanam. "Recurrent severe respiratory infections with low CRP secondary to autoimmune IL-6 deficiency." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 6 (2021): e243334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-243334.

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C reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory protein that is often used in conjunction with the clinical presentation of a patient to help with quantifying infection severity and measuring treatment response. We report the case of a patient who presented with severe pneumonias but had a suboptimal CRP response, later diagnosed as having an underlying immunodeficiency. This case exemplifies the need to consider immunodeficiency as an underlying pathophysiological cause in patients presenting with complicated and severe infections.

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Kim, Myoung Chan, Hudson Manyanga, and Flora Lwakatare. "Secondary abdominal pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus-positive woman." Obstetrics & Gynecology Science 59, no. 6 (2016): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2016.59.6.535.

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Zhou, Qian-Hui, Ping Chen, Hong Peng, Ruo-Yun Ouyang, and Dai-Qiang Li. "Secondary Amenorrhea in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency." Chinese Medical Journal 130, no. 10 (2017): 1257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.205860.

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Martin, S. "P0722 / #1746: AUTOIMMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA SECONDARY TO PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 22, Supplement 1 3S (2021): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pcc.0000741224.04328.e1.

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Heeney, Matthew M., Sherri A. Zimmerman, and Russell E. Ware. "Childhood autoimmune cytopenia secondary to unsuspected common variable immunodeficiency." Journal of Pediatrics 143, no. 5 (2003): 662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/s0022-3476(03)00445-1.

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Liew, Woei-Kang, Koh-Cheng Thoon, Chia-Yin Chong, et al. "Juvenile-Onset Immunodeficiency Secondary to Anti-Interferon-Gamma Autoantibodies." Journal of Clinical Immunology 39, no. 5 (2019): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10875-019-00652-1.

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Riminton, Sean. "Assessment of secondary immunodeficiency – the role of laboratory testing." Pathology 45 (2013): S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pat.0000426829.41515.da.

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Setyowatie, Lita, and Adya Sitaresmi. "Case Report: Secondary Syphilis And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection." Asian Journal of Health Research 1, no. 3 (2022): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55561/ajhr.v1i3.50.

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Introduction: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is chronically progressive, with a broad spectrum of active clinical and asymptomatic periods. A total of 80.6% of men with syphilis were Men Who Sex with Men (MSM), 47% of the population was coinfected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Case Presentation: Male, 23-yo, MSM, unmarried, HIV, complaining of red bumps and spots on the palms, soles, and upper arms since 4 days ago. One week earlier, he complained of sores in the genitals, which recurred 1 year ago and healed on their own. Dermatological examination revealed multiple erythematous patches and papules. The corpus penis, glans penis, and scrotum showed erosions and multiple ulcers with an erythematous-based, covered with yellowish crusts. VDRL and TPHA were reactive. The patient was diagnosed with secondary syphilis and treated with an intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin 2.4 million IU once. A 1-month evaluation showed significant lesion improvement, VDRL titer 1:64. Evaluation of the 3rd and 6th months revealed a VDRL titer of 1:4. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of syphilis patients with HIV coinfection are generally more atypical, aggressive, and overlap caused by changes in the immune system in HIV infection. Unsafe sexual behavior in MSM increases the transmission of syphilis infection. Diagnosis and therapy are generally the same. Men Who Sex with Men is a factor that allows the transmission of syphilis in HIV patients. Administration of benzathine penicillin injection once gave lesion improvement and significantly reduced VDRL.

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Andrews, Tyler Q., Patrick McBride, Omar Sami Abdelhai, Avi Toiv, Allison Zimmerman, and Jennifer Ann Cowger. "CARDIOGENIC SHOCK SECONDARY TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INDUCED MYOCARDITIS." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 85, no. 12 (2025): 3210. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(25)03694-0.

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