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1

Fauve, S., S. Douady, C. Laroche, and O. Thual. "Secondary Instabilities of Surface Waves." Physica Scripta T29 (January 1, 1989): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1989/t29/048.

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2

Tandon, Amit, and Sidney Leibovich. "Secondary Instabilities in Langmuir Circulations." Journal of Physical Oceanography 25, no. 6 (1995): 1206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<1206:siilc>2.0.co;2.

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3

Ng, Lian L., and Gordon Erlebacher. "Secondary instabilities in compressible boundary layers." Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics 4, no. 4 (1992): 710–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.858290.

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4

Wang, Liqiu, and K. C. Cheng. "Visualization of Flows in Curved Channels with a Moderate or High Rotation Speed." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 3, no. 3 (1997): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x97000201.

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Flows in channels with streamwise curvature and spanwise rotation are visualized in terms of end-view near the exit of the test sections through injecting smoke into the flows. Two test sections are used, i.e. the rectangular channels with the aspect ratio of and 10, respectively. The work focuses on visualization of Dean and Coriolis vortices under the effects of secondary instabilities and flows in the region with a relatively high rotation speed. The results show that the secondary instabilities cause the Dean and Coriolis vortices oscillating in various forms and the flows at high rotation
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5

Parker, R. G., and Y. Lin. "Parametric Instability of Axially Moving Media Subjected to Multifrequency Tension and Speed Fluctuations." Journal of Applied Mechanics 68, no. 1 (2000): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1343914.

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This work investigates the stability of axially moving media subjected to parametric excitation resulting from tension and translation speed oscillations. Each of these excitation sources has spectral content with multiple frequencies and arbitrary phases. Stability boundaries for primary parametric instabilities, secondary instabilities, and combination instabilities are determined analytically through second-order perturbation. The classical result that primary instability occurs when one of the excitation frequencies is close to twice a natural frequency changes as a result of multiple exci
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6

Edelman, Joshua B., and Steven P. Schneider. "Secondary Instabilities of Hypersonic Stationary Crossflow Waves." AIAA Journal 56, no. 1 (2018): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j056028.

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7

Ward, H., M. Taki, and P. Glorieux. "Secondary transverse instabilities in optical parametric oscillators." Optics Letters 27, no. 5 (2002): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.27.000348.

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8

Fabijonas, Bruce, Darryl D. Holm, and Alexander Lifschitz. "Secondary Instabilities of Flows with Elliptic Streamlines." Physical Review Letters 78, no. 10 (1997): 1900–1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.78.1900.

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9

Fruman, Mark D., and Ulrich Achatz. "Secondary Instabilities in Breaking Inertia–Gravity Waves." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 69, no. 1 (2012): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-10-05027.1.

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Abstract The three-dimensionalization of turbulence in the breaking of nearly vertically propagating inertia–gravity waves is investigated numerically using singular vector analysis applied to the Boussinesq equations linearized about three two-dimensional time-dependent basic states obtained from nonlinear simulations of breaking waves: a statically unstable wave perturbed by its leading transverse normal mode, the same wave perturbed by its leading parallel normal mode, and a statically stable wave perturbed by a leading transverse singular vector. The secondary instabilities grow through in
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10

CROUCH, J. D. "Excitation of secondary instabilities in boundary layers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 336 (April 10, 1997): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096004624.

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The receptivity to fundamental and subharmonic secondary instabilities is analysed for two-dimensional boundary layers. Fundamental modes are excited by the direct scattering of Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves over surface variations. The excitation of subharmonic modes stems from the combined scattering of acoustic free-stream disturbances and TS waves over surface variations. The surface variations are localized in their streamwise extent and are the result of roughness or suction. The velocity field is expanded in terms of small parameters characterizing the acoustic disturbance and the sur
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11

Jun, Hu, Sun Dejun, Hu Guohui, and Yin Xieyuan. "Secondary instabilities of linearly heated falling films." Progress in Natural Science 15, no. 3 (2005): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10020070512331342010.

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12

KERR, OLIVER S. "Three-dimensional instabilities of steady double-diffusive interleaving." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 418 (September 10, 2000): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211200000135x.

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A stratified body of fluid with compensating horizontal temperature and salinity gradients can undergo an interleaving instability which takes the form of almost horizontal intrusions. As the amplitude of these intrusions grows they can undergo secondary instabilities which eventually leads to the mixing of the fluid in the interior of the intrusions. A previous study of the secondary instabilities focused on two-dimensional disturbances. These corresponded to experimental observations of that time which all seemed to indicate that flows were indeed two-dimensional. Some more recent experiment
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13

Karp, Michael, and M. J. Philipp Hack. "Transition to turbulence over convex surfaces." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 855 (September 25, 2018): 1208–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.690.

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Although boundary-layer flows over convex surfaces are exponentially stable, non-modal mechanisms may enable significant disturbance growth which can make the flow susceptible to secondary instabilities. A parametric investigation of the transient growth and secondary instabilities in flows over convex surfaces is performed. The optimal disturbance in the steady case corresponds to alternating streaks and streamwise vortices of opposite sign that reinforce one another due to lift-up and centrifugal forces, respectively. The process repeats with a constant (naturally appearing) streamwise wavel
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14

Meyer, F. "Accretion Disk Instabilities." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 89 (1986): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100086115.

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In this article we discuss two instabilities of stationary accretion disks which lead to an understanding of observed light variations in accretion disk systems, the dwarf novae and the rapid burster MXB 17030-335. The accretion disks in these systems avoid instability at the cost of stationarity and perform stable cycles in which sudden changes of the accretion flow lead to corresponding, often dramatic, variations of their accretion luminosity.Figure 1 shows a light curve of U Geminorum. It was discovered In 1855 by J.R. Hind and has become a prototype of the dwarf novae. In these systems an
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15

Misbah, Chaouqi, and Alexandre Valance. "Secondary instabilities in the stabilized Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation." Physical Review E 49, no. 1 (1994): 166–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.49.166.

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16

Holland, C., and P. H. Diamond. "Electromagnetic secondary instabilities in electron temperature gradient turbulence." Physics of Plasmas 9, no. 9 (2002): 3857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1496761.

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17

Wang, Tzyy-Ming, and Seppo A. Korpela. "Secondary instabilities of convection in a shallow cavity." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 234, no. -1 (1992): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112092000739.

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18

Li, Fei, and Mujeeb R. Malik. "Fundamental and subharmonic secondary instabilities of Görtler vortices." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 297 (August 25, 1995): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095003016.

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The nonlinear development of stationary Görtler vortices leads to a highly distorted mean flow field where the streamwise velocity depends strongly not only on the wall-normal but also on the spanwise coordinates. In this paper, the inviscid instability of this flow field is analysed by solving the two-dimensional eigenvalue problem associated with the governing partial differential equation. It is found that the flow field is subject to the fundamental odd and even (with respect to the Görtler vortex) unstable modes. The odd mode, which was also found by Hall &amp; Horseman (1991), is initial
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19

REYES, FRANCISCO VEGA, and FRANCISCO J. GARCÍA. "Pattern imaging of primary and secondary electrohydrodynamic instabilities." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 549, no. -1 (2006): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112005007706.

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20

Nasuno, Satoru, Osamu Sasaki, Shoichi Kai, and Walter Zimmermann. "Secondary instabilities in electroconvection in nematic liquid crystals." Physical Review A 46, no. 8 (1992): 4954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.46.4954.

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21

Strintzi, D., and F. Jenko. "On the relation between secondary and modulational instabilities." Physics of Plasmas 14, no. 4 (2007): 042305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2720370.

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22

Kassner, Klaus, Chaouqi Misbah, Heiner Müller-Krumbhaar, and Alexandre Valance. "Directional solidification at high speed. I. Secondary instabilities." Physical Review E 49, no. 6 (1994): 5477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.49.5477.

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23

Nayfeh, A. H., and J. A. Masad. "Recent advances in secondary instabilities in boundary layers." Computing Systems in Engineering 1, no. 2-4 (1990): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-0521(90)90026-h.

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24

Budday, Silvia, Sebastian Andres, Paul Steinmann, and Ellen Kuhl. "Primary and secondary instabilities in soft bilayered systems." PAMM 15, no. 1 (2015): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.201510131.

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25

Fabijonas, B., and A. Lifschitz. "Asymptotic Analysis of Secondary Instabilities of Rotating Fluids." ZAMM 78, no. 9 (1998): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4001(199809)78:9<597::aid-zamm597>3.0.co;2-c.

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26

CARMO, BRUNO S., JULIO R. MENEGHINI, and SPENCER J. SHERWIN. "Secondary instabilities in the flow around two circular cylinders in tandem." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 644 (February 10, 2010): 395–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009992473.

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Direct stability analysis and numerical simulations have been employed to identify and characterize secondary instabilities in the wake of the flow around two identical circular cylinders in tandem arrangements. The centre-to-centre separation was varied from 1.2 to 10 cylinder diameters. Four distinct regimes were identified and salient cases chosen to represent the different scenarios observed, and for each configuration detailed results are presented and compared to those obtained for a flow around an isolated cylinder. It was observed that the early stages of the wake transition changes si
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27

Fatehi, Rouhollah, Mostafa Safdari Shadloo, and Mehrdad T. Manzari. "Numerical investigation of two-phase secondary Kelvin–Helmholtz instability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 228, no. 11 (2013): 1913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406213512630.

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Instability of the interface between two immiscible fluids representing the so-called Kelvin–Helmholtz instability problem is studied using smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. Interfacial tension is included, and the fluids are assumed to be inviscid. The time evolution of interfaces is obtained for two low Richardson numbers [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] while Bond number varies between zero and infinity. This study focuses on the effect of Bond and Richardson numbers on secondary instability of a two-dimensional shear layer. A brief theoretical discussion is given concernin
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28

Dawes, J. H. P., and M. R. E. Proctor. "Secondary Turing-type instabilities due to strong spatial resonance." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, no. 2092 (2008): 923–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.0221.

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We investigate the dynamics of pattern-forming systems in large domains near a codimension-two point corresponding to a ‘strong spatial resonance’ where competing instabilities with wavenumbers in the ratio 1 : 2 or 1 : 3 occur. We supplement the standard amplitude equations for such a mode interaction with Ginzburg–Landau-type modulational terms, appropriate to pattern formation in a large domain. In cases where the coefficients of these new diffusive terms differ substantially from each other, we show that spatially periodic solutions found near onset may be unstable to two long-wavelength m
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29

Budday, Silvia, Sebastian Andres, Bastian Walter, Paul Steinmann, and Ellen Kuhl. "Wrinkling instabilities in soft bilayered systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2093 (2017): 20160163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0163.

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Wrinkling phenomena control the surface morphology of many technical and biological systems. While primary wrinkling has been extensively studied, experimentally, analytically and computationally, higher-order instabilities remain insufficiently understood, especially in systems with stiffness contrasts well below 100. Here, we use the model system of an elastomeric bilayer to experimentally characterize primary and secondary wrinkling at moderate stiffness contrasts. We systematically vary the film thickness and substrate prestretch to explore which parameters modulate the emergence of second
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30

Mashayek, A., and W. R. Peltier. "The ‘zoo’ of secondary instabilities precursory to stratified shear flow transition. Part 1 Shear aligned convection, pairing, and braid instabilities." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 708 (August 29, 2012): 5–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.304.

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AbstractWe study the competition between various secondary instabilities that co-exist in a preturbulent stratified parallel flow subject to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. In particular, we investigate whether a secondary braid instability might emerge prior to the overturning of the statically unstable regions that develop in the cores of the primary Kelvin–Helmholtz billows. We identify two groups of instabilities on the braid. One group is a shear instability which extracts its energy from the background shear and is suppressed by the straining contribution of the background flow. The other
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31

Klaassen, G. P., and W. R. Peltier. "The influence of stratification on secondary instability in free shear layers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 227 (June 1991): 71–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091000046.

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We analyse the stability of horizontally periodic, two-dimensional, finite-amplitude Kelvin-Helmholtz billows with respect to infinitesimal three-dimensional perturbations having the same streamwise wavelength for several different levels of the initial density stratification. A complete analysis of the energy budget for this class of secondary instabilities establishes that the contribution to their growth from shear conversion of the basic-state kinetic energy is relatively insensitive to the strength of the stratification over the range of values considered, suggesting that dynamical shear
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32

Budday, Silvia, Paul Steinmann, and Ellen Kuhl. "Secondary instabilities modulate cortical complexity in the mammalian brain." Philosophical Magazine 95, no. 28-30 (2015): 3244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2015.1024184.

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33

Kwang-Ok Lim, Kwan-Soo Lee, Tae-Ho. "PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INSTABILITIES IN A GLASS-MELTING SURFACE." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 36, no. 3 (1999): 309–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/104077899274787.

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34

Milner, S. T. "Square patterns and secondary instabilities in driven capillary waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 225 (April 1991): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091001970.

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Amplitude equations (including nonlinear damping terms) are derived which describe the evolution of patterns in large-aspect-ratio driven capillary wave experiments. For drive strength just above threshold, a reduction of the number of marginal modes (from travelling capillary waves to standing waves) leads to simpler amplitude equations, which have a Lyapunov functional. This functional determines the wavenumber and symmetry (square) of the most stable uniform state. The original amplitude equations, however, have a secondary instability to transverse amplitude modulation (TAM), which is not
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35

KERSWELL, R. R. "Secondary instabilities in rapidly rotating fluids: inertial wave breakdown." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 382 (March 10, 1999): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098003954.

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Inertial waves are a ubiquitous feature of rapidly rotating fluids. Although much is known about their initial excitation, little is understood about their stability. Experiments indicate that they are generically unstable and in many cases catastrophically so, quickly causing the whole flow to collapse to small-scale disorder. The linear stability of two three-dimensional inertial waves observed to break down in the laboratory is considered here at experimentally small but finite Ekman numbers of [les ]10−4. Surprisingly small threshold amplitudes for instability are found. The results suppor
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36

Falzon, B. G., and M. Cerini. "A study of secondary instabilities in postbuckling composite aerostructures." Aeronautical Journal 111, no. 1125 (2007): 715–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000004899.

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Abstract A number of experimental studies have shown that postbuckling stiffened composite panels, loaded in uniaxial compression, may undergo secondary instabilities, characterised by an abrupt change in the buckled mode-shape of the skin between the supporting stiffeners. In this study high-speed digital speckle photogrammetry is used to gain further insight into an I-stiffened panel’s response during this transient phase. This energy-dissipating phenomenon will be shown to be able to cause catastrophic structural failure in vulnerable structures. It is therefore imperative that an accurate
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37

Kelley, Michael C., Wesley E. Swartz, and Jonathan J. Makela. "Mid-latitude ionospheric fluctuation spectra due to secondary instabilities." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 66, no. 17 (2004): 1559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.07.004.

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38

Zhang, Wenbin, and Jorge Viñals. "Secondary Instabilities and Spatiotemporal Chaos in Parametric Surface Waves." Physical Review Letters 74, no. 5 (1995): 690–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.74.690.

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39

Newton, Paul K., and Lawrence Sirovich. "Instabilities of the Ginzburg-Landau equation. II. Secondary bifurcation." Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 44, no. 2 (1986): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/qam/856192.

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40

Altmeyer, Sebastian A., and Ch Hoffman. "On secondary instabilities generating footbridges between spiral vortex flow." Fluid Dynamics Research 46, no. 2 (2014): 025503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0169-5983/46/2/025503.

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41

Moiseev, S. S., and R. Z. Sagdeev. "Problems of secondary instabilities in hydrodynamics and in plasma." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 29, no. 9 (1986): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01034478.

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42

Crouch, J. D., and Th Herbert. "Nonlinear evolution of secondary instabilities in boundary-layer transition." Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics 4, no. 4 (1993): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00418043.

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43

Mashayek, A., and W. R. Peltier. "The ‘zoo’ of secondary instabilities precursory to stratified shear flow transition. Part 2 The influence of stratification." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 708 (September 3, 2012): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.294.

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AbstractThe linear stability analyses described in Mashayek &amp; Peltier (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 708, 2012, 5–44, hereafter MP1) are extended herein in an investigation of the influence of stratification on the evolution of secondary instabilities to which an evolving Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) wave is susceptible in an initially unstable parallel stratified shear layer. We show that over a wide range of background stratification levels, the braid shear instability has a higher probability of emerging at early stages of the flow evolution while the secondary convective instability (SCI), which occur
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44

Palermo, F., M. Faganello, F. Califano, and F. Pegoraro. "Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices and secondary instabilities in super-magnetosonic regimes." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 6 (2011): 1169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1169-2011.

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Abstract. The nonlinear behaviour of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is investigated with a two-fluid simulation code in both sub-magnetosonic and super-magnetosonic regimes in a two-dimensional configuration chosen so as to represent typical conditions observed at the Earth's magnetopause flanks. It is shown that in super-magnetosonic regimes the plasma density inside the vortices produced by the development of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is approximately uniform, making the plasma inside the vortices effectively stable against the onset of secondary instabilities. However, the relative
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45

Zier, Oliver, Walter Zimmermann, and Werner Pesch. "On low-Prandtl-number convection in an inclined layer of liquid mercury." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 874 (July 3, 2019): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.432.

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This paper reports on a theoretical analysis of convection in an inclined layer of mercury, a common low-Prandtl-number fluid ($Pr=0.025$). The investigation is based on the standard Oberbeck–Boussinesq equations, which are explored as a function of the inclination angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ and for Rayleigh numbers $R$ in the vicinity of the convection onset. Along with the conventional Galerkin methods to study convection rolls and their secondary instabilities, we employ direct numerical simulations for fluid layers with quite large aspect ratios. It turns out that, even for small incli
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46

Kerr, Oliver S. "Two-dimensional instabilities of steady double-diffusive interleaving." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 242 (September 1992): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112092002295.

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The stability of finite-amplitude double–diffusive interleaving driven by linear gradients of salinity and temperature is considered. We show that as the sinusoidal interleaving predicted by linear analysis grows to finite amplitude it is subject to instabilities centred along the lines of minimum vertical density gradient and maximum shear. These secondary instabilities could lead to the step-like density profiles observed in experiments. We show that these instabilities can occur for large Richardson numbers and hence are not driven by shear, but are driven, by double-diffusive effects.
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47

Tao, Jianjun, and Dachun Yan. "The absolute and convective secondary instabilities in the conduction regime." Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 4, no. 1 (1999): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1007-5704(99)90052-7.

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48

Staquet, Chantal. "Two-dimensional secondary instabilities in a strongly stratified shear layer." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 296 (August 10, 1995): 73–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095002072.

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In a stably stratified shear layer, thin vorticity layers (‘baroclinic layers’) are produced by buoyancy effects and strain in between the Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices. A two-dimensional numerical study is conducted, in order to investigate the stability of these layers. Besides the secondary Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, expected but never observed previously in two-dimensional numerical simulations, a new instability is also found.The influence of the Reynolds number (Re) upon the dynamics of the baroclinic layers is first studied. The layers reach an equilibrium state, whose features have been
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49

Karp, Michael, and Jacob Cohen. "On the secondary instabilities of transient growth in Couette flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 813 (January 20, 2017): 528–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.874.

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The secondary instability of linear transient growth (TG) in Couette flow is explored theoretically, utilizing an analytical representation of the TG based on four modes and their nonlinear interactions. The evolution of the secondary disturbance is derived using the multiple time scales method. The theoretical predictions are compared with direct numerical simulations and very good agreement with respect to the growth of the disturbance energy and associated vortical structures is observed, up to the final stage just before the breakdown to turbulence. The theoretical model enables us to perf
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50

Li, Fei, and Meelan M. Choudhari. "Spatially developing secondary instabilities in compressible swept airfoil boundary layers." Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics 25, no. 1-4 (2010): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00162-010-0190-x.

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