Journal articles on the topic 'Secondo triumvirato'

Summary. The article deals with the activities of Marcus Licinius Crassus as a triumvir and the consequences of his participation in the triumvirate. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity, general scientific and special historical methods: analysis, synthesis, problem-chronological and the method of historical reconstruction. The scientific novelty is that for the first time in the Ukrainian historiography the article considers the activity of Marcus Licinius Crassus as a triumvir and his achievements of his participation in the triumvirate. With Caesar and Pompey’s support Crassus reached the consulate for the second time taking control of the province of Syria, which was the culmination of his political and military career. The conclusions are as follows. Crassus’ political position was strengthened with the foundation of the triumvirate, but his political dividends were initially the most modest compared to those received by Caesar and Pompey. This exacerbated the contradictions between him and the other members of the triumvirate. The triumvirs managed to settle disputes and restore unity at a conference at Lucca in 56 BC, after which the alliance of Caesar, Pompey and Crassus became obvious to all. Crassus received assurances of support for the fulfillment of all his desires and was able to implement everything planned, as well as the other members of the triumvirate. It was Crassus’ participation in an alliance with Caesar and Pompey and their support that allowed Crassus to achieve a second consulate, to gain control of the province of Syria and organize a military campaign against the Parthian kingdom.

The article describes the characteristics of 35 Roman republican and Roman provincial silver coins II-I cent BC found during archaeological excavations of the sanctuary near the pass Gurzufskoe Sedlo in 1981–1993 at Mountain Crimea. Coins refer to the chronological periods of the Mithridates' Wars, the first triumvirate, the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, the second triumvirate, the reign of Octavian. In view of the rarity of the discovery of Roman republican coins in the cultural layers of archaeological sites of the Northern Black Sea region, the detailed stratigraphy data of Roman coins are provided.

In 59bc, in the second half of Caesar's tumultuous year as consul, a certain Decimus Laelius brought a charge of extortion against the former praetor and ally of Cicero – L. Valerius Flaccus. Flaccus had proven instrumental in the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy four years earlier. From the beginning of his speechpro Flacco, the orator frames the case in terms of contemporary politics. Though ostensibly about the defendant's alleged misconduct as Governor of Asia, Cicero makes the contest a ‘trial of character’ and argues that the impetus for the prosecution was actually Flaccus’ role in foiling the Catilinarian plot. In contrast with his own heroism as consul and that of his client in preserving the Republic, Cicero portrays the prosecution and its backers as in league with the remnants of Catiline's ill-fated putsch.

The compact formed between Antonius, Lepidus and Octavian near Bononia in November 43 b.c. (Dio Cass. 46.55.1–3), commonly named the second triumvirate, was characterized by civil conflict. The major battles at Philippi, Perusia and Naulochus led to the presence of many legions in Italy. In addition, a large number of time-served soldiers were settled throughout the peninsula. The requirement of land for the veterans meant conflicting interests arose with landowners who were dispossessed to make way for them. The impact of the army on Rome itself and on the population of the Italian countryside was great during the late first century b.c.

Current scientific and scholarly discourse on war, which represents the legitimate knowledge and theory on war today, has been narrowed to the topics and issues related to war doctrine and technology of war. It has become reserved for the privileged ?green collars?, highly skilled professionals and officers inside the military structure, which act in cooperation with the political and economic elites, forming the triumvirate of power in contemporary world. The opportunities for civil critique of military politics and strategies of wars have been decreased enormously, in spite of the fact that contemporary wars have spread deeply into the civil sector of society. By looking into the social context and political background of the knowledge reserved for the military experts, we can develop insights into the process of the ideological framing of wars today, marked by naturalization and purposeful interpretations of wars, as if they are fought in the name of democratization of global world. At the same time, the image of the importance of human factor in war has been decreased, as much as responsibility for causalities. Citizens have been pacified for the silent acceptance of military politics promoted in their countries.

This article reports on the development of the accounting discipline in universities in England and Scotland from the 1960s. Drawing on the oral history narratives of six distinguished accounting scholars who played a significant role in the discipline, this article documents (1) the initial influences on the teaching of accounting in English universities, (2) the different influences on the teaching of accounting in Scottish universities and (3) the influence of US universities and their scholars on the development of academic accounting in the United Kingdom. With a focus on the second wave of accounting professoriate who followed the London School of Economics (LSE) ‘Triumvirate’ of William Baxter, Harold Edey and David Solomons, this article provides first-hand insights into the shape and spread of university accounting education at a crucial stage of its development. This, in turn, develops an understanding of the contemporary academic accounting discipline in the United Kingdom.

ABCG2 is one of a triumvirate of human multidrug ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are implicated in the defense of cells and tissues against cytotoxic chemicals, but these transporters can also confer chemotherapy resistance states in oncology. Understanding the mechanism of ABCG2 is thus imperative if we are to be able to counter its deleterious activity. The structure of ABCG2 and its related family members (ABCG5/G8) demonstrated that there were two interfaces between the nucleotide binding domains (NBD). In addition to the canonical ATP “sandwich-dimer” interface, there was a second contact region between residues at the C-terminus of the NBD. We investigated this second interface by making mutations to a series of residues that are in close interaction with the opposite NBD. Mutated ABCG2 isoforms were expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells and analysed for targeting to the membrane, drug transport, and ATPase activity. Mutations to this second interface had a number of effects on ABCG2, including altered drug specificity, altered drug transport, and, in two mutants, a loss of ATPase activity. The results demonstrate that this region is particularly sensitive to mutation and can impact not only direct, local NBD events (i.e., ATP hydrolysis) but also the allosteric communication to the transmembrane domains and drug transport.

PurposeThis paper empirically examines the short-term and long-term associations between risk, capital and efficiency (R-C-E) in the Indian banking sector across 2008–2019 to answer the presence of causation or contemporaneousness in the R-C-E nexus.Design/methodology/approachThe paper focuses on three objectives. First, the authors determine short-term causality in the risk–efficiency relationship by studying the simultaneous influence of a wide array of banking risks on DEA-based technical and cost efficiency in static and dynamic situations. Second, the authors introduce bank capital and contemporaneously determine the interplay between R-C-E using seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) and three-staged least squares (3SLS). Last, the authors assess stability in inter-temporal associations using Granger causality in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) generalized method of moments (GMM) framework.FindingsThe authors contend that high capital buffers reduce insolvency risk and increase bank stability. Technically efficient banks carry lesser equity buffers, suggesting a trade-off between capital and efficiency. However, capitalization makes banks more technically efficient but not cost-efficient, implying that over-capitalization creates cost inefficiencies, which, in line with the cost skimping hypothesis, forces banks to undertake risk. Concerning causal relationships, the authors conclude that inefficiency Granger-causes insolvency and increases bank risk. Further, steady increases in capital precede technical and cost efficiency improvements. The converse also holds as more efficient banks depict temporal increases in capitalization levels.Originality/valueThe paper is perhaps the first that acknowledges the influence of the “time” perspective on the R-C-E nexus in an emerging economy and advocates that prudential regulations must focus on short-term and long-term intricacies among the triumvirate to foster a stable banking environment.

The foundation for Rome's imperial bureaucracy was laid during the first century B.C., when functional and administrative writing played an increasingly dominant role in the Late Republic. During the First and Second Triumvirates, Roman society, once primarily oral, relied more and more on documentation to get its official business done. By the reign of Augustus, the orator had ceded power to the secretary, usually a slave trained as a scribe or librarian. This cultural and political transformation can be traced in the career of Marcus Tullius Tiro (94 B.C. to 4 A.D.), Cicero's confidant and amanuensis. A freedman credited with the invention of Latin shorthand (the notae Tironianae), Tiro transcribed and edited Cicero's speeches, composed, collected, and eventually published his voluminous correspondence, and organized and managed his archives and library. As his former master's fortune sank with the dying Republic, Tiro's began to rise. After Cicero's assassination, he became the orator's literary executor and biographer. His talents were always in demand under the new bureaucratic regime, and he prospered by producing popular grammars and secretarial manuals. He died a wealthy centenarian and a full Roman citizen.

This feature addresses the history of economic words and ideas. The hope is to deepen the workaday dialogue of economists, while perhaps also casting new light on ongoing questions. If you have suggestions for future topics or authors, please write to Joseph Persky, c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, Department of Economics (M/C 144), University of Illinois at Chicago, 601 South Morgan Street, Room 2103, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7121. Until recently, the standard story line in history of thought textbooks was that a triumvirate of British and Continental writers established demarcation between classical economics and neoclassical economics in the early 1870s. The authors raise two objections to this potted history. The first is that the tools of neoclassical economics were invented earlier. Recent work has demonstrated that the tools of neoclassical analysis were widely available across Europe well before 1870. The notion that neoclassical economics experienced a tripartite immaculate conception around 1870 cannot stand. The second objection is that the method of neoclassical economics was invented later. As it stands, the legend undervalues the key contribution of Alfred Marshall, who put an indelible stamp on neoclassical economics by defining the appropriate method of economic inquiry. When we refer to neoclassical economics today, we usually mean the collection of tools of economic knowledge available to (and invented by) Marshall, channeled and directed into uses dictated by Marshall's view of economic science. Yet as we shall see, Marshall had an eminent predecessor in method as well, in the person of Jules Dupuit.

Объектом исследования стала «Статуя полководца из Тиволи», датируемая большинством исследователей второй четвертью I в. до н.э. Наш интерес к ней обусловлен тем, что до сих пор не было установлено — кого из лидеров Республики она возвеличила. Полагаем, что это Гай Марий. При этом учитываем, в частности, сходство лица «полководца из Тиволи» и лиц бюстов из Глиптотеки Мюнхена и Музеев Ватикана, в которых исследователи видят изображения именно этого военного и политического деятеля. Высекли же статую после смерти диктатора Л. Корнелия Суллы, а точнее — в период Первого триумвирата и, скорее всего, по инициативе Г. Юлия Цезаря. Это обстоятельство и определило её дальнейшую судьбу: статуя была сохранена. Она украшала храм Геркулеса Виктора, возведённого в Тиволи в I в. до н.э., при раскопках которого и была найдена. The object of the study was the “Statue of the commander from Tivoli”, which dates back, according to the majority of researches, to the second quarter of the 1st century BCE. Our interest in it is due to the fact that it is still not known which of the leaders of the Republic was glorified in this way. We believe that it is about Gaius Marius that we should speak. We are also taking into account the fact that the “commander’s” face is rather similar to those of the busts from the Münchener Glyptothek and the Musei Vaticani, in which many scholars tend to recognize the military and political leader mentioned above. The sculpture was made after the death of the dictator L. Cornelius Sulla, or, more precisely, it was carved during the First Triumvirate, and most likely on the initiative of G. Julius Caesar. This circumstance determined its future fate: the statue survived. It was supposed to adorn the Templeof Hercules Victor, erected in Tivoli in the 1stcentury BCE, and it was during the excavations of the temple that the statue was found.

AbstractThe reign of Peter the Great is regarded as one of the most significant and contentious epochs in Russian history. It has been customary to view the reforms of the period as either a progressive transformation of an antiquated society or the destructive suppression of traditional Russian culture. This dichotomy rests on an accepted perception of Peter the Great and his reign as rational and secular.This paper attempts to revise this dichotomy by focussing on the Masonic and occult influence prevalent at the Petrine Court. These two complimentary aspects of Petrine society and culture have been censured or overlooked by successive generations of historians, yet they exerted a considerable hold on some of the most powerful statesmen of the period, including the Tsar himself. The importance of studying Masonic and occult influence in Petrine Russia lies in the fact that it can help to overcome the starkly secular image of Peter the Great, without denying the progressive nature of his reforms.The first section of the article examines the powerful symbolic representations of the Tsar as a "Mason King" and architect of a new Russia. It reveals a concerted campaign to portray Peter the Great as a new King David, leading his people—new Israelites—to their promised land and a New Jerusalem, crystallised by the foundation of St. Petersburg. This is then followed by examining how Peter the Great's worldview—encompassing religious tolerance, a scientific curiosity open to esotericism and a passion for chivalrous societies—was wholly compatible with the ideals of Freemasonry as it developed at the beginning of the eighteenth-century.The second part of the paper focuses on the Masonic links and strong occult interests of Jacob Bruce (1669-1735), Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736) and Robert Erskine (1677-1718)—three of the most prominent statesmen in Petrine Russia. Bruce came from a Scottish Jacobite family and played an active role in practically all fields of Russian state life, ranging from the military to the promotion of science and education. Prokopovich was the most eminent ecclesiastic figure in Petrine Russia and a loyal stalwart of Peter the Great's state reforms. Erskine, like Bruce, also descended from a powerful Jacobite family in Scotland. He enjoyed a close relationship with Peter the Great and was his Chief Physician and Head of the Russian Medical Chancellery, as well as being Director of the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera and Library.This triumvirate played an active role in transforming the Russian State, but do not represent the archetypal embodiments of purely rational and secular enlighteners. They all displayed a strong religiosity and a marked interest in esoteric matters and Bruce and Erskine, in particular, had strong ties to Jacobite Freemasonry. Peter the Great displayed similar interests and acted as their enthusiastic patron. Thus, it is hoped that this paper will reveal the significant extent to which Masonic ideals and a fascination with the occult were rife at the Petrine Court and helped to shape the transformations enacted during this pivotal period in Russian history. Le règne de Pierre le Grand est considéré comme étant l'une des époques la plus marquante et contestée de l'histoire russe. Les réformes de cette période ont souvent été envisagées en tant que transformation ascendante d'une société désuète ou comme l'abrogation pernicieuse de la culture russe traditionnelle. Cette dichotomie réside dans une idée convenue du rationnel et du séculier de Pierre le Grand et de son règne.Cette communication tente de réévaluer la dichotomie par l'étude de l'influence occulte et maçonnique qui prévalait à la cour de Pierre le Grand. Ces deux aspects complémentaires de la société et la culture pétrine ont été censurés ou mis à l'écart par des générations successives d'historiens, pourtant ceux-ci ont exercé une influence considérable sur certains des hommes d'état les plus puissants de l'époque, y compris le Tsar lui-même. L'examen de l'influence maçonnique et occulte de la Russie pétrine peut aider à surpasser l'image séculière forte de Pierre le Grand, sans remettre en cause la nature progressiste de ses réformes.La première partie de l'article envisage les représentations symboliques solides du Tsar en tant que "Roi Maçon" et architecte d'une nouvelle Russie. Celle-ci dévoile une campagne convergente pour décrire Pierre le Grand comme le nouveau Roi David, conduisant son peuple (les nouveaux Israélites) vers les terres promises et la Nouvelle Jérusalem, concrétisée par la fondation de St. Pétersbourg. Nous examinerons ensuite comment la vision du monde de Pierre le grand (sa tolérance religieuse, sa curiosité scientifique tournée vers l'ésotérisme et sa passion pour les sociétés chevaleresques) était entièrement compatible avec les idéaux de la Franc-Maçonnerie, telle qu'elle se développait au XVIIIIème siècle.Dans la deuxième partie de l'article, nous nous concentrerons sur les liens maçonniques et les forts intérêts occultes de Jacob Bruce (1669-1735), Feofan Prokopovich (1681-1736) et Robert Erskine (1677-1718)—trois des plus grands hommes d'état de la Russie pétrine. Bruce, issu d'une famille jacobite écossaise, jouait un rôle actif dans presque tous les ressorts de la vie d'état russe, de l'armée à la promotion des sciences et de l'éducation. Prokopovich était la figure ecclésiastique la plus éminente de la Russie pétrine et un fidèle partisan des réformes de l'Etat de Pierre le Grand. Erskine, comme Bruce, descendait d'une famille Jacobite puissante d'Ecosse; il appréciait être proche de Pierre le Grand. Il était son Médecin en Chef, Directeur de la Chancellerie Médicale Russe et Directeur de la Kunstkamera de St. Pétersbourg et de la bibliothèque.Ce triumvirat a joué un rôle actif dans la transformation de l'état Russe, toutefois, ils ne symbolisent pas des incarnations archétypes des lumières purement rationnelles et séculières. Ils affichaient tous un grand sentiment religieux et un intérêt marqué pour l'ésotérisme. Bruce et Erskine, en particulier, avaient de fortes attaches avec la Franc-Maçonnerie Jacobite. Pierre le Grand exhibait des intérêts similaires et était leur fervent bienfaiteur. Ainsi, nous espérons que notre article mettra en avant la prédominance nette des idéaux Maçonniques et d'une fascination pour l'occulte dans la Cour pétrine et permettra de façonner les transformations édictées durant cette période pivot de l'histoire russe.

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are powerful tools that enable MHC-independent activation of T cells. Recent reports have indicated that constitutive, low-level (tonic) signaling by CARs can impair the utility of the engineered T cells. The single-chain antibody (scFv) binding domain was one of the features determined to promote tonic signaling. We have recently developed a novel chimeric receptor, known as the T cell antigen coupler (TAC), that is less prone to tonic signaling than second-generation CARs. The TAC consists of a scFv-based antigen binding domain, a CD3-binding domain that couples the TAC to endogenous T cell receptor (TCR), and a transmembrane and cytoplasmic coreceptor (CD4) domain. In contrast to CARs, this design enables TAC-T cells to signal through the endogenous TCR, which we propose provides a fidelity to natural T cell signal regulation. Interestingly, we have recently reported that CAR-T cells have a greater propensity for off-target activation than TAC-T cells, suggesting a safety advantage to TAC-T cells (Helsen et al., Nat. Comm., 2019). Further characterization of the differences between CAR- and TAC-T cell signal initiation and activation is required to understand how their design affects sensitivity, specificity and regulation of T cell activation. Examination of the activation requirements for BCMA-specific CAR-T cells and TAC-T cells confirmed that TAC-T cells are reliant upon the endogenous TCR for T cell activation whereas CAR-T cells are TCR-independent. TRAC knock-out CAR-T cells retained potent effector function at levels similar to CAR-T cells with intact TCR expression, whereas TRAC knock-out TAC T-cells showed significant impairment in effector function. Consistent with TCR-dependence, the immunological synapse produced by TAC-T cells displays all the hallmarks of a conventional immunological synapse, whereas CAR-T cells form unconventional synapses. Unlike TAC-T cells, immunological synapses formed by CAR-T cells display non-uniform central supramolecular activation clusters, disperse Lck distribution, a lack of an LFA-1 associated adhesion ring (Figure), as well as more disperse delivery of perforin to the cell interface. CAR-T cells also formed synapses faster than TAC-T cells. This suggests that while TAC T-cells are beholden to the requirement of organized, mature synapse formation, CAR T-cells can rapidly form less structurally organized synapses. Transcriptional profiling of CAR-T cells in the absence of antigen stimulation revealed a basal activation status associated with upregulation of Nur77, a transcription factor that is downstream of TCR activation. Transcriptional profiling of TAC-T cells failed to reveal evidence of TCR signaling in the absence of stimulation. Further evaluation of CAR- and TAC- T cells in the absence of stimulation revealed elevated levels of CD69, PD-1 and LAG-3 in CAR-T cells compared with TAC-T cells, as well as higher expression of IL-2, IFNγ, and TNF in CAR-T cells. Interestingly, the level of tonic signaling was dependent on the antigen-binding scFV, as otherwise identical BCMA-specific CAR- and TAC-T cells displayed different levels of CD69, PD-1 and LAG-3 depending on the identity of the BCMA-specific scFv. Despite different levels of basal activation, both CAR- and TAC-T cells displayed comparable activation kinetics as measured by upregulation of CD69 and Ki-67, as well as proliferation. However, the elevated level of basal activation rendered the CAR-T cells more easily activated by a cross-reactive off-target antigen that failed to stimulate TAC-T cells carrying the same binding domain. These data suggest that the TAC receptor offers a valuable alternate platform to CAR-T cells. The antigen-binding scFv domain has a direct impact on tonic signaling and basal activation in CAR-T cells. Conversely, TAC-T cells are less susceptible to basal activation and this works suggests that the TAC receptor can deploy scFv binding domains that are not suitable for CARs. This work was supported by Triumvira Immunologics and Genome Canada. Figure 1 Disclosures Bramson: McMaster University: Current Employment, Patents & Royalties; Triumvira Immunologics: Current Employment, Current equity holder in private company, Research Funding.

Abstract. A self-driving vehicle is one of the most expected inventions in the near future. These vehicles are enabled by several technological developments, like artificial intelligence, robust control, vehicular sensors, and high-speed communication. But beyond all these elements, the essential component is the knowledge about reality. Our profession has answered that question with the development of high-definition (abbreviated as HD) maps. Fully automated driving (also called driverless transportation) must be reliable enough to entrust our lives to the car. This fact indicates that the applied technology and the used map must be of high quality. But how can the quality of such a map be expressed? We are looking for the answer in the current paper.Following Carlo Batini’s idea, the general approach is based on the triumvirate of data sources – quality dimensions – life cycle phases. Data sources cover aerial, terrestrial and mobile mapping products with the available highest technological care; furthermore, onboard vehicular sensing extends the corresponding data sets. Lifecycle phases focus on the production (data collection and processing technologies) expanded by conceptualization (pre-production) and data delivery and use (post-production). Quality dimensions are strongly related to the dimensionality of the data; they can be measured by dimension metrics.The first part of the paper summarizes the applied data collection methodologies, emphasizing the output data. This description contains a summary of the processing mechanism – inevitably characterized by quality indicators. The paper aims to give a complete outline for the quality dimensions; we do not limit the resolution and accuracy dimensions, but other significant clusters like completeness or consistency are also discussed. Because the reality changes are enormous in transportation (vehicles, pedestrians, etc., are moving – even at higher speed) and the newly developing HD maps are expected to be live, actuality is a cardinal quality dimension as well. Vehicular technologies like SENSORIS give an excellent option to the equipped vehicles to download and use maps from the cloud and upload their field observations, opening a new way to maintain the map database. The so established crowd-sourced data collection intensely influences the map quality; therefore, this method generates quality-related issues that are also to be analyzed.The second part of the paper is a case study, where a pilot site close to the university campus was selected. In this area, thousands of images were captured and uploaded into the Mapillary database. Artificial intelligence processes were applied for segmenting, classifying, and evaluating the content of the georeferenced imagery. The map database stores various object categories in the area, for example, pedestrian crossings, traffic signs, or trash cans. All extracted objects are available in georeferenced format, enabling spatial analyses to derive numeric quality indicators. The paper presents the complete results of this study.

In this second report on quantitative methods, I consider the foundational triumvirate that underpins the sub-discipline: data, methods, and theory. I argue that, although ‘big data’ and, more recently, ‘big code’ may have captured the limelight, theory is invaluable and should not be disregarded. Showcasing the integral role of theory in quantitative human geography, I identify three kinds of useful theory (old school, enduring and conceptual) and, along the way, highlight beneficial ways in which they contribute to our thinking about data and methods. Throughout, I emphasize that theory is a crucial component of contemporary and future quantitative methods development.

Abstract: In satire 1, 5, Horace gives a detailed account of the journey he undertook from Rome to Brundisium to accompany Maecenas on a diplomatic mission. The memorial value of the poem is not obvious: it does not present itself as a monumentum intended to immortalize the political action of the Aretino under the second triumvirate, and while the poet gives a representation of himself, it seems to have above all a metapoetical function. It is by considering the construction of memory as a process and by putting satire 1, 5 in perspective with odes or epistles in which it is also a question of travel and Maecenas that we can measure the memory value of the Iter Brundisinum. Satire 1, 5 inaugurates series of poems that have constructed and immortalized the image of Horace as an amicus priuatus of Maecenas, as an eternal proficiens or as the poet of the aurea mediocritas.

Hierdie artikel is die eerste in ’n reeks van drie wat handel oor die ontstaan van ’n reformatories-Christelike filosofie by D.H.Th. Vollenhoven (1892–1978), H. Dooyeweerd (1894–1977) van Nederland en H.G. Stoker (1899–1993) van Suid-Afrika. As algemene inleiding tot die trilogie word die vraag bespreek hoe hierdie filosofie vandag – 75 jaar na sy ontstaan – nog lewend en relevant kan wees. In hierdie eerste artikel, wat op die bydrae van Vollenhoven gefokus is, word die volgende behandel: (1) Ter inleiding word kortliks inligting oor sy persoonlikheid vermeld. (2) Aangesien veral kenteoretiese probleme in die brandpunt van belangstelling gestaan het ten tye van die geboorte van die reformatoriese filosofie aan die begin van die vorige eeu, volg ’n kort oorsig van hierdie wysgerige landskap. (3) Daarna word die moontlike invloede op Vollenhoven se denke van sowel buite (die sekulêre filosofiese milieu van sy tyd) as van binne(sy geesgenootlike tradisie) bespreek. (4) Die volgende hoofgedeelte vestig die aandag op Vollenhoven se pionierswerk vir sowel die die sistematiese filosofie as die filosofiese historiografie. (5) Dit word gevolg met ’n gedeelte oor hoedanig die nalatenskap van die driemanskap (Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd en Stoker) deur daaropvolgende generasies ontvang is en hoe die reformatories-filosofiese tradisie verdeeld geraak het in die navolging van Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd en Stoker. (6) Die verkenning word afgesluit met ’n aanduiding van die noue verbintenis tussen Vollenhoven (sy persoon asook sy filosofie) en Suid-Afrika en in die besonder Potchefstroom.The Christian philosophy of D.H.Th. Vollenhoven (1892–1978): How it originated and was developed. This article is the first in a series of three dealing with the emergence of a reformational-Christian philosophy in the work of D.H.Th. Vollenhoven (1892–1978), H. Dooyeweerd (1894–1977) of the Netherlands and H.G. Stoker (1899–1993) of South Africa. As a general introduction to the trilogy the question is how a tradition, the reformational philosophical tradition in particular, can today – 75 years after its inception – be kept alive and relevant. In this first article, focusing on Vollenhoven’s contribution, the following are dealt with: (1) As introduction, something briefly is said about his personality. (2) Since especially epistemological issues were key problems at the cradle of his reformational philosophy during the first part of the previous century, a brief historical background (up to the present postmodern situation) is provided. (3) The third main section investigates the possible influences on Vollenhoven’s thinking, firstly from outside(the philosophical environment of his times) and, secondly, from inside(preceding congenial thinkers). (4) Next, attention is asked for Vollenhoven’s pioneering contribution to both systematic philosophy as well as the historiography of philosophy. (5) The following part deals with how the work of the triumvirate (Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd and Stoker) was received by next generations and how the reformational philosophical tradition became divided into followers of Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd and Stoker. (6) The reconnaissance is concluded with an indication of the close contacts between Vollenhoven as person as well as his philosophy and South Africa, especially Potchefstroom.