Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Secours aux victimes de sécheresses'
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Tomas, Pascal. "Organisation des secours médicaux dans les rassemblements de masse : expérience des secours montpelliérains." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON11070.
Full textAlghanem, Abdullah. "Le lien social en Arabie Saoudite : sociologie du secours aux familles des soldats victimes du terrorisme." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR025/document.
Full textSaudi Arabia has been exposed, over the last decade, to terrorist acts on the hands of a deviant group of people, influenced by wrong thoughts and chaotic perspectives. The Government has undertaken to, firmly and strictly, respond to these deviant groups by all means through its security and military institutions. The combats between the military forces and this deviant group have led to the kill of a number of soldiers during doing their duty to defend their homeland. All nations, throughout history, have been keening on honoring their national heroes; the victims, those who had died in battles and wars against terrorism paying their lives and blood for the sake of their country, and consequently, their nation. This appreciation extends to include honoring the victims’ families. Therefore, the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been committed to providing them with a comprehensive social care as a kind of appreciation for their efforts. This study reveals the efforts of the Ministry of Interior to provide the victims’ families with social assistance as victims of their boundless loss. It focuses on analyzing the subsidies offered for those special cases in different situations and its influence on them socially and psychologically. Saudi society is characterized by its faith in social ties; as such, these victims and their families deserve recognition and appreciation especially after losing their own support
Giraudou, Isabelle. "Typologie des catastrophes éligibles aux interventions humanitaires de l'ONU : étude empirique et normes applicables." Paris 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA020042.
Full textBiruka, Innocent. "La protection de la femme et de l'enfant dans les conflits armés en Afrique /." Paris ; Budapest ; Kinshasa [etc.] : l'Harmattan, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40966219p.
Full textDiara, Marie-Claire. "Projet de mutualité des moyens Samu/Smur face à un A. C. E. L (accidents catastrophiques à effets limités) Aquitaine." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M180.
Full textMourlon, Fabrice. "L'aide aux victimes du conflit nord-irlandais, 1969-2006." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2009_in_mourlon_f.pdf.
Full textAssistance to the victims of the conflict in Northern Ireland has given mixed results. Before being officially acknowledged and support mechanisms were organised for them since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, victims received compensation by the State. They found support among their families and informally-organised groups. The cease-fire of 1994 marked the beginning of a new concern for the human cost of the conflict which claimed almost 4000 lives and maimed 40 000 people and had a psychological impact on many individuals and communities. Acknowledging and assisting those people came from the realisation that the conflict has to be resolved permanently and from fears that violence might erupt again. However, no clearly defined strategy was formulated. A strong volontary sector, encouraged by the first generous round of European funding, was essential in helping formulate and carry out the first provisions for victims. Nonetheless, after ten years of assistance, the victim sector is still concerned about issues of truth about the past, acknowledgement, and divisions. Indeed, the Northern Irish conflict resolution model has tackled psychological and material support seperately from issues related to truth and reconciliation. There no ideal model in the field which theorists are yet to come up with. This in part explains why the British government and the European Union have acted with pragmatism
Luminati, Michele. "Erdbeben in Noto : Krisen- und Katastrophenbewältigung im Barockzeitalter /." [s. l.] : [s. n.], 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37683495c.
Full textWulfert, Dietmar. "Medizinische und organisatorische Probleme rettungsdienstlicher Grosseinsätze : Entwicklung eines Rettungsdienstkonzepts für den Kreis Unna /." Aachen : Verl. Shaker, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb389204027.
Full textMartin, Xavier. "Action médicale lors des interventions pour tremblement de terre : bilan de l'action de l'U.I.I.S.C. 7 de Brignoles." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M179.
Full textFonrouge, Jean-Marie. "Contribution à l'étude du droit international des catastrophes naturelles et technologiques : les problèmes posés par le franchissement des frontières par des patients anonymes lors de catastrophes de grande ampleur." Bordeaux 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR40012.
Full textThis study deals with legal problems posed by organising aid as a result of natural or technologic disasters. Such disasters require not only exceptional medical organization but also specific international coordination, so that emergency teams may arrive early on the scene. Moreover, these teams need to be managed properly on site, so that efficient co-operation allows the victims to be treated, and the injured who need it to be transported to the medical institutions of neighbouring countries. While the sending of international medical aid is now well understood, the crossing of frontiers by unidentified victims in peace rime us a major problem of international law. Any decision to allow such a victim to cross a boundary must respect all the established identification techniques, of which the interpol formula is the reference. Bilateral and multilateral agreements should be designed to allow such crossings in circumstances of force majeure. This study presents model agreements such as those existing between france and switzerland and those defined in the convention of american states. Planning ahead for an appropriate response to the inevitable disasters of the future implies the definition of new specific agreements, so that efficient international aid may become a realty for all victims of largescale natural and technologic disasters
Prompt-Crabieres, Anne. "Risque chimique." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11218.
Full textColombié, Olivier. "L'autogire : une alternative vers l'accessibilité aux soins." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M142.
Full textPomès, Éric. "La responsabilité de protéger : recherche sur une conciliation du droit et de la force à des fins humanitaires." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE0003.
Full textThe responsibility to protect, which can be understood as a return to war just adapted to a solidaristic vision of contemporary international law, is an attempt to respond to situations of massive human rights violations. It seems, at first analysis only as a new attempt at legalizing humanitarian interventions, and this is also his ambition. But it does not stop there. For where the right of interference and the doctrine of humanitarian intervention merely to be a right of intervention by force in States where the acts took place which shocked the Western conscience, responsibility to protect is wider not limited to formalize an authorization to use force. It provides, instead, a foundation and a clear legal framework and an operational framework for those who wish to intervene militarily in situations of grave and massive violations of fundamental rights which would cause a large number of victims
Bernou, Jean-Marc. "Proposition de plan d'afflux massif de victimes pour le centre hospitalier général de Mont de Marsan." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M234.
Full textRevet, Sandrine. "Anthropologie d'une catastrophe : les coulées de boue de 1999 sur le littoral central vénézuélien." Paris 3, 2006. http://books.openedition.org/psn/1173.
Full textOn December 15, 1999, powerful landslides beat down onto the Venezuelan coast, destroying a large part of the State of Vargas’s infrastructure and killing numerous peoples. The analysis of how this event is lived, taken into care, related and interpreted enables to highlight the whole complexity of contemporary Venezuelan society. The disaster is firstly analyzed within the long term history of “natural” disasters on the Littoral. Then, an ethnography essay of the disaster brings out three moments of the urgency - the survival, the rescue operations and the assistance - and the different levels of responses that are displayed, in particular the confrontation between humanitarian actors and “disaster victims”. The third part analyzes how the disaster is untangled, both practically and symbolically. It reveals the political tensions around the reconstruction, as well as the different scenarios that allow giving a meaning to the disaster - religious, naturalist, risk
Dejault, Laurent. "Projet de centre médical d'évacuation à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en cas de catastrophe." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2M165.
Full textSteiner, Thierry. "Intoxications collectives aiguës par inhalation." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M191.
Full textVonèche, Cardia Isabelle. "Les relations entre le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) et le gouvernement suisse (1938-1945)." Paris 10, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA100077.
Full textSince its creation in 1863, the ICRC has maintained a special relationship with Switzerland and its government, based on the pursuit of neutrality and on the perception of a common destiny. Such a perception and the adherence to shared political values were particularly strong during World War II, when the survival of the ICRC and Switzerland was at stake. This has led some historians to argue the ICRC was manipulated by the Swiss government, and that such manipulation explains the former’s silence concerning Nazi deportations. Largely based on archives and interviews with individuals who played a role at the time, the present thesis examines the relations between the ICRC and the Swiss government from the points of view of the institutions, interpersonal connections, decision-making processes, and humanitarian actions. It demonstrates the complexity of those relations, including rivalries and the negotiated character of concrete choices. Above all, it questions the government manipulation thesis. Faced with the Holocaust, the ICRC defined its attitude on the basis of several criteria. It had to safeguard neutrality and impartiality, both essential for its identity and conditions of possibility of its action, ensure the continuity of its work by maintaining good relations with the belligerents, make a practical or symbolic difference, and preserve its status as a moral authority. Beyond the issue of its silence about the Holocaust, those criteria combined with the history of the ICRC’s earlier choices, the pursuit of the institution’s ultimate values, and a systematically legalistic attitude to bring about its symbiosis with the Swiss government
Roussey-Albert, Marie-Claude. "Les politiques municipales d'assistance en France dans des villes en guerre (1938-1948)." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010553.
Full textBélanger, Jean-François. "L'évaluation en contexte de crise humanitaire : étude du cas de Katrina au regard du secteur de l'aide humanitaire internationale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29192/29192.pdf.
Full textChehade, Samer. "Designing a Customisable Communication System for Situation Awareness in Rescue Operations." Thesis, Troyes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TROY0007.
Full textThis thesis deals with the problem of awareness and communications in rescue operations. We look forward to designing and implementing a communication system aiming to simplify information sharing in rescue operations based on semantic representation techniques and a customisation of uses. In order to be used by operational units, it is essential to design such a system in a way that meets their practical needs. Moreover, in order to guarantee the privacy of information, it is essential to integrate security techniques in the proposed system. In this consequence, we propose in this thesis a novel approach for defining and designing the system’s interfaces and specifications. This approach consists of a five-step methodology. First, we analyse and model communications and interactions between different stakeholders based on practical operations. Secondly, we formalise those interactions and knowledge through an application ontology. This ontology integrates concepts related to the rescue domain, to the design of systems and to information security. Afterwards, we present ontology-based platform for designing the system. Based on the developed ontology, this platform will allow the end-users of the system to define its specifications and design its interfaces in a customised way. Moreover, we propose an access control and rights management policy based on the proposed ontology. Eventually, we present a use case scenario of the proposed platform
Cabane, Lydie. "Gouverner les catastrophes : politiques, savoirs et organisation de la gestion des catastrophes en Afrique du Sud." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0055.
Full textThis dissertation analyses the making of a government of disasters in South Africa through the development of instruments, knowledge, organisations and professions that rendered disasters governable and operationalized the state. This process finds its origins in the rise of civil defence from the mid-20th century, that constituted disasters as an object of intervention for the state through emergency planning techniques as well as the formation of a profession in the 1980s to protect the state and its critical infrastructures from anti-apartheid protests. In 1994, the conjunction between the democratic transition and simultaneous global transformations that were promoting models of “disaster management”, led to re-orientate the way disasters were governed through the circulation of experts, knowledge and policy models. The institutionalisation of disaster management within the state, its local organisations and the profession participated to reshape the form and the extent of the state. Notions of risk and vulnerability came to redefine political relations between the state and citizens, by circumscribing new objects of protection and designing “vulnerable population” as beneficiaries of the benevolence of the state. This reconfiguration is intertwined with a parallel process of “academisation” of the knowledge on disasters and the making of a new discipline. Disaster science mobilized to define and describe vulnerabilities, though it is caught in a never-ending conflict with professionals and the state on the operationalisation of this new understanding of disasters. This conflict shapes the government of disasters and reveals contradictions within the state
Revet, Sandrine. "Anthropologie d'une catastrophe : les coulées de boue de 1999 au Venezuela." Paris Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&docl̲ibrary=BVB01&docn̲umber=016778841&linen̲umber=0001&funcc̲ode=DBR̲ECORDS&servicet̲ype=MEDIA.
Full textZylberberg, Yanos. "Essais sur les catastrophes naturelles." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0047.
Full textThis thesis looks at reallocation of resources in the aftermath of natural disasters. The first part investigates the patterns of voluntary redistribution in small Vietnamese villages affected by a wave of tropical typhoons. The influence of needy families affects the reallocation process. In particular, the degree of redistribution is smaller when the distribution of losses is skewed in favour of spared families. When affected households are in the minority, they do not put enough pressure on the rest of the community and cannot extract a large compensation from them. The second part of this thesis analyzes the macroeconomic distortions induced by natural disasters. Capital losses of the order of 1 € generates economic slack of 40 cents. A temporary decrease of productivity is responsible for at least 2/3 of this production slowdown. This part also illustrates the importance of financial frictions in the immediate recovery after a shock. Affected entrepreneurs may lose access to credit as a result of their capital losses. Differential responses of economies following catastrophes are greatly explained by this dimension
Juillard-Macian, Claire. "Sociologie d'un événement : le tremblement de terre d'Assise (Italie, 26 septembre 1997)." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0095.
Full textThe target being San Francisco's basilica, symbol of the creed of figurative painting advent, the seism of 1997 brings about a patrimonial as well as religious drama, the monument being also a topmost of Christianism. The tragedy is human too, as men did perish in the debris. The disaster is unanimous but it starts controversy about the attention payed first to the church isntead of the twenty-two thousand people evicted from the shaken place astride Umbria and Marche in central Italy. The thesis sets off the spatial and temporal unit of the event as well as its complexity and its swelling in space and time. After having caught the immediate vicinity of it, the thesis includes a first slide decentring with the restauration lay out of battered basilica frescoes. In fact the destruction and rebuilding of them, is a device. The analysis goes on with estimating the infornumate lot of families whose fate includes another lighting of the disaster, then its rocking in space and time science. Its numeros manifestations recall that event the natural aspect of the drama is the purpose of arguing
Alexanian, Vardouhie. "Arménie (1988-1991) : une réponse humanitaire à la conjoncture de catastrophe à l'époque post-soviétique." Paris, EPHE, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPHE4008.
Full textImportant historical events have marked the 1980's. The tension and the division between East and West have given way progressively with weakening of the power of the Soviet Union. We tried to present this period tension with the example of Armenia. Here the central power used repressive methods to suppress the nationalist independent movements. The earthquake in Armenia happened this period of political turbulence devastating an important industrial and rural sections of Armenia and making even more difficult the political, economical, and social transition of the republic. Nevertheless it has given to western humanitarian movement the possibility of integration into this complex context. But the intervention in Armenia has showed us the limits of humanitarian action which symbolises the spirit and values of the western society, as these are foreign to the social and political context of the Armenian civilisation which remains basically incomprehensible to the humanitarians workers
Ghozlan, Eric. "Traumatisme psychique individuel et traumatisme psychique collectif. La théorie psychanalytique à l’épreuve du réel de l'effraction traumatique : trauma et attentat, trauma et guerre, trauma et catastrophe naturelle, trauma et Shoah." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7014.
Full textThe question of psychic traumatism is consubstantial of the discovery of the unconscious freudian.This original theory, radically reshaped by the conceptual contribution of fantasy and oedipal complex theory has left its mark on current conceptions of psychotraumatism. Indeed, do we not find, in the theories of debriefing psychological the idea of a necessary abreaction with therapeutic effects through the magic of speech?The psychic intrusion as a metaphor of an intrusion/delinking of the impulsive economy of the psychic apparatus appears to us fertile in the field of exploration of psychotrauma which we propose to carry out through diversified clinical experiments relating to the collection of testimonies of survivors of the Shoah, or work on writing about trauma, but also from three expert fact-finding missions we have carried out for the humanitarian NGO Médecins du Monde (earthquake in Armenia (1989), terrorist attacks in Israel (2000-2002) or the context of war targeting civilians in Israel (2006).To these four parts dotted with clinical cases which each time are a call to question the theory, we engage a discussion on the theories of trauma and to open this work towards other perspectives, we question the so essential dimensions of testimony and transmission in its report to the memory of the traumatic event.Finally, we propose to transpose the Israeli model of caring for victims of terrorism and organizing care and therapeutic efficiency after the attacks in France (2012/2015-2016) through the creation of a Psychotrauma and Resilience Care Unit within the OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants) .Throughout this work, we address the issue of psychic trauma in its three dimensions, individual and collective, intentional or accidental, unique or repeated, by questioning psychoanalytical theory and its central conceptualization in the understanding of the phenomenon.On the Theoretical level we present a re-reading of compassion fatigue from a psychodynamic point of view through the conceptual detour of transference, counter-transference,Kleinian projective identification and Ferenczian introjection to arrive at this proposition which is part of the filiation of the Freudian corpus that we have named, traumatic neurosis of counter-transference and identification with the agressed
Bika, Gildas. "Les logiques de survie des réfugiés de guerre : clinique de la reconstruction post-traumatique dans un pays d’asile : contributions des méthodes projectives (Rorschach et TAT)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20043/document.
Full textFrom a clinical subjects consisting of 15 executioners and victims, this study focuses on "survival strategies of refugees from war, "using the Rorschach and the TAT as "devices to symbolize" (Roussillon, 2003; Roman 2005; Dérivois, 2004).How do they rebuild refugees in asylum countries? At what level topical traumas would they encysted? Which coping strategies do they use? What defenses are they implemented? How trauma, the possible (re) development they are expressed on the Rorschach and the TAT? Finally, Compiling a "personality disorder" is it possible the Rorschach and the TAT? There is a link between trauma, disorders referred to identity in the country of asylum and the various methods of psychological reconstruction. The logic of survival and victimization are divided into logical victimizers; executioners and scapegoats; triumphalism and commitments; shame and guilt, wander; silence, research and creation. Somatization is another variation. The effects of trauma are often designed under the primacy of negativity. The hypothesis of trauma-engine was considered. Finally, a psychic apparatus of inter-institutional linkages have been modeled
Marcin, Freddy. "La culture : force racialisée, commémorative et reconstructice dans les sillons de l'ouragan Katrina." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0667.
Full textIn August 2005, hurricane Katrina made landfall on the city of New-Orleans, Louisiana causing not only death, despair, anguish but also massive destruction and subsequent relocation. As the catastrophe made headlines worldwide, people were shocked by the overwhelming preponderance of the African American poor among those stranded within the city. Many explained the disproportion as a result of continual neglect. The devastation left by Katrina brought to light the enduring legacy of slavery, racism and racial inequality. African Americans were left alone to fend for themselves at the Superdome and at the Convention Center. This doctoral research provides an insight into the correlation between race, class and geography. We will explore the highly controversial concepts of "the refuge(s)" and "looters" in the US context. We will try to figure out how history and cultural racism influence behaviors and political decisions. Was Katrina a natural catastrophe, a man-made disaster or a cultural crisis? Besides race, culture seems to be a major component in this tragedy. We delve into this analysis from the framework of cultural studies. On the one hand, culture condemned African-Americans in 2005, but on the other hand, it put them out of harm's way. Jazz, blues and hip-hop became serious assets in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. African-Americans used these musical genres to express grief and anger. They used writing as a powerful tool to recover from Katrina. Jazz, blues and hip-hop proved to be synonymous with catharsis
Besnaci-Lancou, Fatima. "Les missions du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) pendant la guerre d'Algérie et ses suites (1955-1963) en Algérie, au Maroc et en Tunisie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040229.
Full textThis thesis examines the missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) during the Algerian War and its aftermath. The ICRC intervenes both in wars between states and in non-international armed conflicts, in an attempt to ensure the respect of humanitarian rules. During the “events” in Algeria, mass arrests of members and militants of the FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) led to overcrowding in the prisons and was a factor in the establishment of internment camps. Immediately after independence, thousands of Muslim auxiliaries in the French army were interned in camps; many were subsequently imprisoned. This study looks at the main initiatives taken by the ICRC to ensure that the rules of humanitarian law were applied to the people involved during the seven and a half year of guerrilla warfare and after Algeria’s independence. It focuses on prisons and internment camps in which its delegates inspected material conditions and the treatment and discipline applied to nationalists and, later, to Europeans known to be pro French Algeria, who were arrested from the beginning of 1961, and former auxiliaries, interned between February and August 1963. It also examines initiatives taken by the ICRC to gain access to French prisoners in the hands of the FLN and, to a lesser degree, various humanitarian actions to help refugees in Morocco and Tunisia as well as people forcibly displaced by the French army and grouped together in camps
Carvallo-Diomandé, Aya Henriette. "L'action humanitaire en cas de catastrophes : droit applicable et limites." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3008/document.
Full textHumanitarian action has seen such an exponential growth in international society in recent years that humanitarianism seems to be carrying increasing weight in international relations. Some of the main examples of this phenomenon are the increased number of humanitarian resolutions passed by the United Nations, the creation of an international court of justice to reprimand violations of international humanitarian law, the emergence of a sense of responsibility to ensure protection by means of force for humanitarian purposes, and the development of non-governmental organizations. However, the scope of these recent developments in humanitarianism, on both the normative and operational levels, needs to be put into perspective. Indeed, while the shortcomings of Geneva law fully justify the emergence of New York law, this essentially declaratory law faces real challenges in overcoming the short comings in Geneva law. Further more, humanitarian action as it has been carried out in recent years gives rise to a number of legal questions relating to the conditions under which such action is taken. This study aims at analyzing the developments and limits of the humanitarian action legal framework, in order to put forward proposals for improving the legal position of the victims of humanitarian disasters
Mei, Estuning Tyas Wulan. "Gestion des évacuations lors des crises volcaniques : étude de cas du volcan Merapi, Java, Indonésie." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01001681.
Full textBesnaci-Lancou, Fatima. "Les missions du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) pendant la guerre d'Algérie et ses suites (1955-1963) en Algérie, au Maroc et en Tunisie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040229.
Full textThis thesis examines the missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) during the Algerian War and its aftermath. The ICRC intervenes both in wars between states and in non-international armed conflicts, in an attempt to ensure the respect of humanitarian rules. During the “events” in Algeria, mass arrests of members and militants of the FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) led to overcrowding in the prisons and was a factor in the establishment of internment camps. Immediately after independence, thousands of Muslim auxiliaries in the French army were interned in camps; many were subsequently imprisoned. This study looks at the main initiatives taken by the ICRC to ensure that the rules of humanitarian law were applied to the people involved during the seven and a half year of guerrilla warfare and after Algeria’s independence. It focuses on prisons and internment camps in which its delegates inspected material conditions and the treatment and discipline applied to nationalists and, later, to Europeans known to be pro French Algeria, who were arrested from the beginning of 1961, and former auxiliaries, interned between February and August 1963. It also examines initiatives taken by the ICRC to gain access to French prisoners in the hands of the FLN and, to a lesser degree, various humanitarian actions to help refugees in Morocco and Tunisia as well as people forcibly displaced by the French army and grouped together in camps
Jia, Xiaojuan. "Fuzzy logic based decision support system for mass evacuation of cities prone to coastal or river flood." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00858055.
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