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Journal articles on the topic 'Secret history of the Mongols'

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Published: 27 February 2023

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Sodnompilova, Marina M. "Орографические объекты «Сокровенного сказания монголов» (Mongγol-un niγuča tobčiyan) в контексте исторической географии Внутренней Азии." Oriental Studies 13, no. 5 (December 28, 2020): 1349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-51-5-1349-1358.

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Introduction. Investigation of the space once invaded and reclaimed by the Mongolic peoples is one of the pressing problems in the history of nomadic societies. Goals. The paper seeks to investigate names of positive topographic forms, analyze written sources reflecting the formation of the Mongol Empire for oronyms inherent to the medieval Mongolian language, and determine their localization. Materials and Methods. Historical geography stresses the significance of one stage in the Mongolian invasion of Inner Asia reflected in famous historical monuments, such as The Secret History of the Mongols, Compendium of Chronicles by Rashid al-Din, and Yuán Shǐ. The tasks of identifying individual objects and landforms presented in the text of The Secret History, as well as their localization in the geographical space of medieval Mongolia, were solved by the methods of phonetic reconstruction, comparative analysis of terms and historical events — through the use of 13th–14th century written sources, contemporary toponyms across the territories to have served as a historical arena for the events described. Results. The paper investigates etymologies of terms and names of orographic objects, attempts to identify the places mentioned in The Secret History within the real geographic space. Conclusions. The terminology denoting elevated landforms in The Secret History of the Mongols is distinguished by diversity and represents a very ancient stratum of vocabulary that had been formed through the abundant use of figurative words. Many terms are obsolete and do not function in modern Mongolian any more. At the same time, traces of obsolete terms are found in toponyms across territories inhabited by Mongolic peoples as such. So, the work outlines the circle of sacred orographic objects revered by the medieval Mongolian community.

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2

Sodnompilova, Marina M. "Открытые пространства в терминологии «Сокровенного сказания монголов» в контексте исторической географии: образы, локализация." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-1-122-131.

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Goals. The paper aims to reveal open space-related toponyms traced in The Secret History of the Mongols, and localize the sites. Materials. Investigation of spaces once reclaimed by Mongolic peoples is quite a topical issue in the history of nomadic communities. And a key stage in the Inner Asian expansion of Mongols depicted in The Secret History of the Mongols is of special significance for historical geography. The vast open spaces nowadays associated with Mongols proper had not actually been their indigenous territories. Names of open spaces known in the era of Genghis Khan and his military activities have been lost, and it is difficult enough to identify the former on present-day maps. The two terms related to open spaces in The Secret History of the Mongols are keer (‘steppe’) and belchir (‘confluence point’). Conclusions. The work reveals Mongols preferred areas with mosaic landscapes that would include both elevations and steppe plains. The Orkhon River valley — crossroads of steppe arterial roads to have served as historical headquarters to earlier nomadic empires — was inhabited by Mongols only after polyethnic Inner Asian communities were united by Genghis Khan. The article presents a number of original hypotheses dealing with localization of several sites mentioned in the written monument.

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3

Barrett, T. H. "The Secret History of the Mongols: some fresh revelations." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 55, no. 1 (February 1992): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00002706.

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As is well known, the Secret History is the only surviving source on the rise of the Mongol empire produced by the Mongols themselves, yet controversy continues to surround its value, its purpose, even its date. The fullest and earliest attested version of the text does not even survive in the Uyghur script employed by the Mongols, but only in a transcription into Chinese characters, accompanied by Chinese translation; a transposition carried out at an unkown date under circumstances which are not entirely clear. Chinese sources, it is true, have been used to throw a certain amount of light on the transmission of the Secret History, notably in a lengthy and detailed article published forty years ago by William Hung,1 but as the summary by F. W. Cleaves of the problems surrounding this evidence in the introduction to his translation of the Secret History makes abundantly clear,2 much has remained a matter for conjecture.

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4

Chichinov, V. A. "Quarrel of Mongolian Princes and Dating of the Mongols Campaign to South-Western Rus." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 3(113) (July 6, 2020): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)3-16.

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The purpose of this article is to research the information by historical sources related with the Mongolian invasion to the South-Western Rus, determination exact dates of the conquest of Russian southern cities and consideration the quarrel of the Mongol princes, as a turning point in the history of the Mongol invasion and the Mongol empire. The author has some several conclusions. Firstly, the Russian chronicles, the chronicle of Rashid al-Din, and the “Secret History of the Mongols” contain the information, by which we can reconstructing the chronology of events past. Secondly, to determination an accurate chronology of the events of the Mongol invasion of South-Western Russia, it is important to use a source such as “The Secret History of the Mongols”, which was written by an eyewitness to the events that unfolded in the residence of the Mongolian emperor. Thirdly, the author was able to date the events associated with the capture of some southern Rus cities by the Mongols. The research has provided information that reveals the specifics of the Mongol conquest of Kiev, namely, the date of the event was clarified, and also identified the commanders who did not participate in this campaign and were mistakenly counted among the conquerors of Kiev, the “mother of Russian cities”.

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5

Agatay, Оtkirbay. "An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan." Golden Horde Review 9, no. 4 (December 29, 2021): 684–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-4.684-714.

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Research objectives: This article discusses Joči’s military-political role and status in the Mongol Empire (Yeke Mongol Ulus), beginning in the early thirteenth century and within the intra-dynastic relations of Činggis Khan’s chief sons. In particular, the article seeks to answer questions about Joči’s birth. Discrepancies between the Secret History of the Mongols and other written sources cast doubt on whether Joči was even a legitimate son of Činggis Khan, let alone his eldest one. In addition, this article includes an analysis of Joči’s place within the family and the traditional legal system of the medieval Mongols based on the principles of majorat succession outlined in the Mongol Empire. It establishes evidence of his legitimacy within the Činggisid dynasty’s imperial lineage (altan uruġ) – a point of view supported by his military-political career, his pivotal role in the western campaigns, his leadership at the siege of Khwārazm, and the process of division of the ulus of Činggis Khan. Research materials: This article makes use of Russian, English, and Turkic (Kazakh, Tatar, etc.) translations of key primary sources including the Secret History of the Mongols and works of authors from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries, including Al-Nasawī, Shіhāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn ’Aṭā-Malik Juvāynī, Minhāj al-Dīn Jūzjānī, Zhao Hong, Peng Daya, John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruck, Jamāl al-Qarshī, Rashīd al-Dīn, Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Uluġbeg, Ötämiš Hājī, Lubsan Danzan, Abu’l-Ghāzī, and Saγang Sečen. New secondary works regarding Joči published by modern Kazakh, Russian, Tatar, American, French, Chinese, Korean and other scholars were also consulted. Results and novelty of the research: Taking into consideration certain economic and legal traits of the medieval Mongols, their traditional practices, military-political events, and longterm developments in the Mongol Empire’s history, descriptions of Joči being no more than a “Merkit bastard” are clearly not consistent. The persisting claims can be traced to doubts about Joči’s birth included in the Secret History of the Mongols, the first extensive written record of the medieval Mongols which had a great impact on the work of later historians, including modern scholars. Some researchers suspect this allegation may have been an indirect result of Möngke Khan inserting it into the Secret History. This article argues that the main motivation was Batu’s high military-political position and prestige in the Yeke Mongol Ulus. After Ögödei Khan’s death, sons and grandsons of Ögödei and Ča’adai made various attempts to erode Batu’s significant position in the altan uruġ by raising questions regarding his genealogical origin. This explains why doubts about Joči’s status in the imperial lineage appeared so widely following his death in an intra-dynastic propaganda struggle waged between the houses of Joči and Тolui and the opposing houses of Ča’adai and Ögödei’s sons. This conflict over the narrative was engendered by the struggle for supreme power in the Mongol Empire and the distribution of conquered lands and property.

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6

Antonov, Igor V. "Book Review: Zlygostev V.A. Geroi “Sokrovennogo skazaniya” [Heroes of the “Secret History”]." Golden Horde Review 9, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-2.438-450.

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Research objectives: This article analyzes a new book by independent historian, Valery Zlygostev, written in the historical, biographical genre. The book is dedicated to outstanding figures in the medieval history of the Mongols, their allies, and opponents, as have been preserved in written sources. It discusses the territories eventually covered by the Mongol Empire, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, during the period from the eighth to thirteenth century. Zlygostev traced the process of the establishment of Mongolian statehood, the formation of the Mongol Empire, and the expansion of its borders until the end of the era of conquests in the 1270s. The author reconstructs the biographies of all the characters of this period on the basis of the Mongol chronicle of c. 1240, traditionally called the “Secret History,” alongside other sources. The scholarly novelty of the research lies in the presentation of the secondary and tertiary heroes of Mongolian history and their role in various military and political events that culminated in the creation of the greatest world empire in history. Particular attention is paid to the so-called “dark” period in the history of the Mongols stretching until the middle of the twelfth century, that is, the period of Chinggis Khan’s birth. This period is still insufficiently analyzed in historiography and yet is very important for clarifying the prerequisite conditions which brought about the subsequent unification of Mongolia and the conquests of Chinggis Khan and his successors in Asia and Europe. The author has done a tremendous job of analyzing all available sources and identifying all possible details of the biography of certain heroes. The book is recommended for everyone interested in the medieval history of Eurasia.

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7

Kalan, Ekrem. "Classical Era Mongolian History Writing and a Review of Mongolian Sources." Golden Horde Review 12, no. 2 (2024): 248–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-2.248-281.

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Following their unification under Genghis Khan in 1206, the Mongols began an era in which they would play a very influential role in the course of history. Despite the existence of a negative perception of the Great Mongol Empire in the sources of the era, its impact on the political, economic, and cultural life of Eurasia has continued for generations. Although Mongolians adopted a writing system as late as 1204, the transfer of their oral tradition into writing lasted only a short time so that their historical heritage could be passed on to the next generations. The tradition of Mongolian historiography, which began with the creation of the stele known as the Genghis Stele, developed differently compared to other contemporary Asian states and it has kept this distinction until today. In addition to providing valuable information about the history of the Mongols and other nations they interacted with, historical sources written in Mongolian such as ‘Secret History of the Mongols’ and ‘Altan Tovch’ are also important milestones in Mongol historiography. Especially with works like ‘Altan Tovch’ and ‘Erdeniin Tovch’ being written during the period when Buddhism became widespread among the Mongols, the influence of Buddhist historiography on the Mongols became apparent. As a result, it is evident that grounds of legitimacy were strengthened in the actions of Mongol khans, especially Chinggis Khaan, and motifs indicating that divine power that was with these khans were added.

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8

Serjee, Munkhsaikhan. "From the secrects of “The Secret history of the Mongols”." Mongolian Diaspora. Journal of Mongolian History and Culture 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/modi-2021-010106.

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Abstract In this article, the author mentioned eight facts about many problems which are not certain till now in research of The Secret History of Mongols, which is the spectacular record of Mongolians’ language, history, and culture, based on her research.For instance, the author believes that The Secret History of the Mongols is a written literature; however, initially, it was made up orally and then noted by script, and many factsin the literature can prove this.

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9

Nanzatov, Bair Z., and Vladimir V. Tishin. "Toward the History of Tatars of Inner Asia: An Attempt to Identify Tribal Names." Golden Horde Review 9, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-1.8-27.

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Research objectives: This article attempts to correlate the names of the tribes of the Tatars mentioned in both the “Secret History of the Mongols” and Rashīd ad-Dīn al-Ṭabīb’s “Jāmī al-Tawārīkh”. Also, it contains separate remarks regarding the localization of certain tribal groups and later historical population groups among the Turkic and Mongol peoples, which could have a historical connection with the considered groups. At one time, P. Pelliot conducted similar work in his exhaustive study. Since then, the extension of the source base allows one to offer some adjustments of the reconstructions undertaken by him and other researchers. Research materials: The authors relied on two main sources: the Mongolian chronicle of the thirteenth century, the “Secret History of the Mongols”, and the composition of the early fourteenth century “Jāmī al-Tawārīkh”, recognized as a work of Rashīd ad-Dīn al-Ṭabīb. The “Altan Tobchi” was also used as auxiliary source, being a Mongol chronicle of the seventeenth century that essentially repeats the content of the “Secret History” in the studied fragments. In some cases, the authors turned to various Turkic texts and Chinese sources. Linguistic data offered from the known information about the languages used, as well as the ethnonymy and onomastics of the Mongolian and Turkic peoples, were used for phonetic reconstructions. Ethnographic materials were also used to a certain extent. Research results and novelty: Based on the data of Rashīd ad-Dīn al-Ṭabīb about the six tribes of the Tatars of Inner Asia, evidenced by a recently discovered document of the Yuan epoch, the authors compared the names given by the “Secret History of the Mongols” and “Jāmī al-Tawārīkh”, then involved the use of an additional source, and as a result reconstructed the names of Totoqli’ut, Alči, Čaγa’an, Küyin, Täräät / *Täräit, leaving the name *Barquy as debatable. For a number of ethnonyms, a broad justification of semantics is proposed. However, not all of them are subject to a single formation system, which is demonstrated in the text of the article.

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10

Serruys, Henry. "Deresü : Lasiogrostis splendens." Études mongoles et sibériennes 16, no. 1 (1985): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/emong.1985.1008.

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The characteristic grass of the Mongol steppe, deresü (Lasiogrostis splendens) is mentioned as early as the Secret History of the Mongols (14th century). The word is often found in place-names, and is rendered in Chinese by various characters deriving from the pronunciations hsi-chi, hsi-chü chih-chi.

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11

Wang, Di. "Heroic Mother and Wise Wife." Inner Asia 23, no. 2 (November 18, 2021): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340172.

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Abstract Thirteenth-century sources provide us with striking images of Mongol noblewomen, which are not eclipsed by the heroic conquests and military exploits of their men. While recognising the complexity of gender roles in pre-imperial Mongol society, this article aims to explore the specific responsivities carried by Hö’elün and Börte in the narrative of The Secret History of the Mongols. The selective presentation of their characters and duties further reveals the goal of the Secret Historian to create a ruling model, which includes a brave widowed mother and an intelligent wife for the Qan of the empire.

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12

Бямбасүрэн, Хишигсүх, and Сурнаа С. "“Монголын нууц товчоо”-ны дүрийн судалгаа (БНХАУ-ын жишээн дээр 1949-2019)." Монгол судлал 46, no. 1 (2022): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/ms20224620.

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“Secret History of Mongols” has been translated into many languages of the world and has reached the intellectual eyes of readers and researchers of many nations and has now reached tens of sixty editions. We are launching the Review of Secret History of Mongols Character Research to research, collect, and publish the entire work of Mongolian scholars abroad in the context of character research. The lifeblood of literature is “character” and the study begins with character analysis.

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Otgon, Ts, and G. Davaajav. "“Singing as a messenger” or on the issue of “words of the apostle”." Mongolian Diaspora. Journal of Mongolian History and Culture 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/modi-2022-020204.

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Summary During the long years of historical development, the people of Mongolia have created many beautiful works that are a unique example of spirituality along with material wealth. As diplomatic relations expanded during the Chinggis khaan conquests, ambassadorships became increasingly specialized. The message to be delivered by the messenger was arranged in the form of short poems and sent to the messenger by heart. This is mentioned quite a few times in the “The Secret History of the Mongols”. Although the study of “The Secret History of the Mongols” has been translated into many languages, researches and translations have been carried out, but there is no study of small-form writings and genres in it. It seems that there are many things that have not been noticed in this text, which is the basis for studying the origin and development of mongolian poems and poetry. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to deeply study the small form of writing and genre in this writing.

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14

Baldanmaksarova, E. E. "Problems of reception, translation and interpretation of “The secret history of the Mongols” (1240) in Russian oriental studies (on the example of the work of S. A. Kozin)." Orientalistica 4, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 504–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-2-504-524.

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The article deals with one of the first major historical and literary texts of medieval Mongolian literature “The Secret History of the Mongols” (1240). The text was found and made public by the Russian Orientalist Scholars as early as the 19th cent. The Mongolian text transcribed in Chinese was discovered in the Chinese Imperial Library (Beijing) by Archimandtrite Palladios (Petr Ivanovich Kafarov). He published the original text accompanied with translation, commentaries and an index in 1866 in the Proceedings of the Russian Orthodox Ecclesiastical Mision in Beijin. In 1941 S. A. Kozin (Sergei Andreevich Kozin) published research on “The Secret History of the Mongols”, which was highly acclaimed among the specialists in Mongol studies. This research comprised the reconstruction of the original prosaic and poetical Mongolian Urtext. The author's research principles became a landmark in the Mongolian medieval studies both in Europe and Asia. Following the guidelines as suggested by S. A. Kozin the present research deals with the issues of translation and interpretation of medieval Mongolian texts, principles of commentary concerning their specific features in the Russian Mongolian studies.

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G, Eldev-Ochir. "Observations on the Chinese translation of “The Secret History of the Mongols”." Translation Studies 10, no. 1 (2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/ts20220106.

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“Mongolian secret history” has been translated into many languages of the world, and only a few Chinese translators have translated it in their own way. One of them is Xie Zaishan, who translated Ts. Damdinsuren's “Mongolian secret history” published in 1947, in 1956. Therefore, in this article, we have tried to compare Chinese translation of some verses of the “Mongolian secret history” to the original version.

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16

Zimonyi, István. "The Great Town – Man Kermen in The Secret History of the Mongols." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 74, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2021.00006.

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The city name Man Kermen in The Secret History of the Mongols is identiﬁed with Kiev in the chapters concerning the great western Mongol campaign against Eastern Europe. It is based on the datum of Rashīd al-Dīn: ‘the great city of the Rus, which was called Man-Kermen.’ It is beyond doubt that the Cumans called Kiev as Man Kermen meaning Great Town in Turkic as the spiritual and ecclesiastic center of Kievan Rus. However, there is another possibility. The capital of the Volga Bulghars in the ﬁrst decades of the 13th century has been excavated near to village Biljarsk. It is called by the contemporary sources as Velikij Gorod in the Russian annals, magna civitas in the work of the Hungarian friar, Julian both meaning Great Town.

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17

De Bonis, Benedetta. "Chinggis Khan, Women, and the West: Literary and Cinematic Remakes of the Secret History of the Mongols." Humanities 13, no. 4 (July 18, 2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h13040096.

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The name of Chinggis Khan and the women who contributed to the rise of his empire have long been associated with barbarism in the West. However, the rediscovery of the Secret History of the Mongols, a medieval Mongolian epic chronicle, in 1866, and its numerous translations circulating since the mid-20th century has led Western scholars to a total revaluation of these figures. This paper analyses the representation of Chinggis Khan and his queens in the literary and cinematic adaptations of the Secret History of the Mongols produced in Europe and the United States, specifically in English, French, and Italian. It critically engages with E. W. Said’s works, and with postcolonial and gender studies. The article argues that the portrayal of the Mongols has become increasingly positive in 20th and 21st century remakes of the epic chronicle, highlighting how the West reconsiders its relationship with cultural and gender otherness in an era marked by decolonisation and feminist claims.

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Moses, Larry W. "Epic Themes in the Secret History of the Mongols." Folklore 99, no. 2 (January 1988): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0015587x.1988.9716438.

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Buell, P. D., and K. Erk. "ОБ ИМЕНАХ СОБСТВЕННЫХ И ОФИЦИАЛЬНЫХ ТИТУЛАХ В MONGƔOL-UN NIƔUCA TOBČIYAN: INAL/INANČA/INAQ." Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, no. 13 (February 15, 2022): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2713-2021.2021.62.23.028.

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Mongɣol-un niɣuca tobčiyan, the “Secret History of the Mongol,” is the only work of its kind from the era of the Mongolian world Empire, it has a complex history as a text but was originally written in (Middle) Mongolian. It is a linguistically very rich source, not only for the Mongols but for many other groups who are seen allied with or appear fighting against the Mongols, the latter bearers of the power of Eternal Heaven and of the potent sanction of the ancestors. Thus, in addition to overt political assertions to guide the new Mongolian Empire, and its rulers’ managers, and commanders, and containing carefully selected and crafted statements of events of myth and history. These are designed to buoy up the imperial state of affairs and Mongolian society in general, Adapted documents and even works of a literary character are among the devices used to this end. Given its nature, it is only to be expected too that the “Secret History” also is a rich source of a full history behind the scenes of told by the personal names and epithets, and titles of Mongols, but also the names, epithets, and titles of many non-Mongols who had military, political and diplomatic contacts with the Mongols in the early 13th century. These names, epithets, and titles tell entirely their own story. Thus, grasping their potential importance, these names, epithets and, titles have been studied by many researchers, from a variety of perspectives.Here, we, a Mongolist and a Turkologist, have banded together, to follow in the footsteps of these investigators who have gone before, offering our historical-comparative analysis of the related words inal/inanča/inaq, and their semantic and morphological structure, examined within a larger context of the “Secret History” and its monumental, literary linguistic and cultural world. Our analysis will be primarily based on the “Secret History,” but also on other historical texts and documents, as well as information offered by Mongolists, but also provided by those in closely related disciplines, in Turkology in particular, for example, this is only natural since Mongols and Turks closely interacted in building an empire, and the new, often mixed cultures that emerged from it. Mongɣol-un niɣuca tobčiyan, «Тайная история монголов», является единственным в своем роде произведением эпохи Монгольской мировой империи, оно имеет сложную историю как текст, но изначально было написано на (средне) монгольском языке. Это очень богатый с лингвистической точки зрения источник не только для монголов, но и для многих других групп, которые были замечены в союзе с монголами или воюющими против них, последними носителями силы Вечного Неба и могущественной санкции предков. Таким образом, в дополнение к открытым политическим утверждениям, направленным на руководство новой Монгольской империей, ее правителями, менеджерами и командирами, а также содержащими тщательно отобранные и обработанные утверждения о событиях мифа и истории. Они предназначены для поддержки имперского положения дел и монгольского общества в целом. Среди средств, используемых для этой цели, адаптированные документы и даже произведения литературного характера. Учитывая ее характер, следует также ожидать, что «Сокровенная история» также является богатым источником полной закулисной истории, рассказанной личными именами, эпитетами и титулами монголов, а также именами, эпитетами, и титулы многих немонголов, имевших военные, политические и дипломатические контакты с монголами в начале XIII в. Эти имена, эпитеты и титулы говорят сами за себя. Таким образом, понимая их потенциальное значение, эти имена, эпитеты и титулы изучались многими исследователями с различных точек зрения.Здесь мы, монголист и тюрколог, объединились, чтобы пойти по стопам этих исследователей, которые пошли раньше, предлагая наш историко-сравнительный анализ родственных слов инал/инанча/инак, их семантической и морфологической структуры, рассматривается в более широком контексте «Тайной истории» и ее монументального, литературно-языкового и культурного мира. Наш анализ будет основываться, прежде всего, на «Сокровенной истории», но также и на других исторических текстах и документах, а также на информации, предложенной монголистами, но также предоставленной представителями близкородственных дисциплин, в частности тюркологии, например, это вполне естественно, поскольку монголы и тюрки тесно взаимодействовали в построении империи и возникших из нее новых, часто смешанных культур.

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Fidarov, Rustem F. "On some inaccuracies in translation of “The Secret History of the Mongols” by A.S. Kozin." Golden Horde Review 11, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-3.521-531.

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Research objectives: This paper aims to identify inaccuracies in the Russian translation by A.S. Kozin of paragraphs 270 and 275 of the Mongolian 13th-century historical text “The Secret History of the Mongols.” These inaccuracies hinder a proper understanding of the information presented. The paragraphs in the source text narrate events related to the organization and course of the Great Western campaign of the Mongols (1236–1242). The translations sometimes present information that contradicts other sources and, consequently, modern interpretations of the history of the 1236–1242 Campaign. Furthermore, the points noted are occasionally refuted by other information within the same source. The analysis of these excerpts, which are ambiguous in meaning, leads to the conclusion that mistakes were made in their Russian translation. Notably, the inaccuracies identified in A.S. Kozin’s translation have not been previously addressed by researchers. Errors in the translation of the source material hinder the accurate comprehension and interpretation of its content by Russian-speaking researchers, occasionally leading modern authors astray and potentially resulting in incorrect conclusions. Research materials: This study focuses on specific information in the Russian translation by A.S. Kozin of paragraphs 270 and 275 of the Mongolian historical text “The Secret History of the Mongols.” The investigation was conducted by comparing questionable segments with translations of the source text in other European languages, as well as with re-transcriptions of the text into Mongolian carried out by specialists. Results and novelty of the research: This paper exposes inaccuracies in A.S. Kozin’s Russian translation of “The Secret History of the Mongols” and proposes their correction. A thorough understanding of the source material is crucial for its accurate interpretation and drawing of correct conclusions. This study may be of particular interest to Russian-speaking researchers.

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Kim, Sung Soo. "The Origin of Marriage Connectionsbetween Khalkha and Oyirad Mongols." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 73 (June 30, 2023): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2023.73.145.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the continuous marital relationship between the Chinggisid lineage, which was formed in the early 12th century, and the Oyirad tribe until the 17th century, by introducing several cases of marriages that took place between them. As confirmed in The Secret History of the Mongols, the marital relationship with the Chinggisid lineage accelerated Oyirad’s incorporation into the Mongol Empire. However, this marital relationship did not end there, and Oyirad strengthened its position within Mongols by establishing marital relationships with the descendants of Juchi, Chagatai, and Tolui, especially the Hülegü and Arigh Bukha lineages, over several generations. This paved the way for Oyirad to support the Arigh Bukha lineage, including Enke Jorightu Khan, Gün Temür, and others, at the end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century, and to rise to power as a short but powerful lord Esen Khan who unified the East and West Mongols. This article aims to reconstruct the traces of the Oyirad as a main character in the Mongolian history through the marital relationships that lasted for several centuries between them.

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Moses, Larry. "The Quarrelling Sons in the Secret History of the Mongols." Journal of American Folklore 100, no. 395 (January 1987): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/539990.

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Gervers, Michael, and Wayne A. Schlepp. "Felt and “Tent Carts” inThe Secret History of the Mongols." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7, no. 1 (April 1997): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300008336.

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In the final chapter of his novel,The First Circle, Alexander Solzhenitsyn extols the virtues of the felt boot: “A pair of felt boots are the two best friends a prisoner will ever have … Woe then to anyone whose feet are not shod in felt boots! … But the prisoner wearing his own felt boots has not a care in the world.” Solzhenitsyn writes for those unfamiliar with the extremes faced by the society he is describing. Similarly, but far removed in time, we are accustomed to learning a great deal more about the uses of felt among nomadic peoples from travellers who have purportedly visited them than we do from such rare accounts asThe Secret History of the Mongols(SH) which emanate from sources close to the nomads themselves.

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Rachewiltz, Igor De. "The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century Translated with a historical and philological commentary." Inner Asia 7, no. 1 (2005): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481705793647044.

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AbstractThe appearance of this new publication by Igor de Rachewiltz is evidence of the unquenchable interest in the Mongolian medieval literary monument The Secret History of the Mongols. To quote: ‘The real interest of the Secret History lies . . . in its faithful description of the Mongol tribal life in the 12th and 13th centuries’. Why is this text so especially valuable? Firstly, ‘The Secret History stands alone also because it is so close to the events which it relates’ (p. lxiv), and secondly, ‘The Secret History is and remains a true and original Mongol product, unique of its kind, for no other nomadic or seminomadic people has ever created a literary masterpiece like it, in which epic poetry and narrative are so skilfully and indeed artistically blended with fictional and historical accounts’ (p. xxvi). In the present study the author used more than forty translations in different languages. By doing it he pays a tribute to his predecessors: ‘Mostaert’s outstanding contribution’ (p. cxiii), ‘Mostaert’s and Ligeti’s epoch-making studies’ (p. lxxv), ‘Cleaves’ book is nevertheless of paramount importance’ (p. lxxvi) etc. To complete the translation and the commentary, the author used bibliographies, references, and dictionaries, all of which helped him to create a piece of work which revealed different sides of Mongolian life in the period of formation of the Mongolian Empire. For instance, the mentality of the time is revealed through interpretation of various folk motifs. Types of social organisation are revealed by explanation of terms, social positions, ranks and hierarchy, the levels of political organisation, and through analysis of interrelations between social groups and the elite. The present translation is the product of thirty years’ continuous investigation into this difficult text. ‘Over 1,300 primary and secondary sources, as well as monographs and essays in many languages, have been consulted by the author’. One can not disagree with the statement that, despite the longevity of observation and interest in it, the Secret History still remains ‘a true mine of information’.

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Dampilova, Liudmila S. "Маркеры этничности в песнях бурят о Чингис-хане." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 14, no. 1 (April 18, 2022): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-1-212-222.

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Introduction. The article analyzes legends and songs about Genghis Khan recorded in expeditions across Buryatia, Mongolia and China — to further compare them with related archival and published materials. Goals. The work aims at identifying distinctive features inherent to folklore texts dealing with Genghis Khan in different linguistic and ethnic environments. The issue of revival of ethnic consciousness actualizes insights into ethnic culture and its peculiarities. Methods. The paper is first to consider local versions of Buryat songs about Genghis Khan in a comparative aspect. Semantic contextual analysis proves instrumental in revealing ethnic markers. Results. The article discusses songs about Genghis Khan of both local and general Mongol significance. Songs about kinship with Genghis Khan and the ancestral homeland of Buryats — Nayan Nava — have a local and specifically tribal meaning being connected to the history of the Khori Buryats proper. Songs with a motif of chase contain parallels with plots of all-Mongol toponymic legends. The song titled ‘Two Steeds of Bogdo’ (Bur. Bogdyn hoyor zagal) and known among the Mongolic peoples dates back to the Mongolian medieval literature — The Tale of Two Steeds of Genghis Khan. The songs are examined in comparison with legends and The Secret History of the Mongols. Conclusion. Contextual analysis of songs about Genghis Khan along with legends and The Secret History reveals a hidden deep layer in the semantics of texts. The songs of Russia and Mongolia’s Buryats identify ancient roots of the motif of kinship with Genghis Khan that date back to the historical homeland. The Shinehen Buryats of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (China) have shown a perfect preservation of authentic materials in an isolated environment, while Mongolia’s Buryats experienced a transformation and song borrowings in the close ethnic culture. The paper also concludes there are virtually no such songs about Genghis Khan among modern Buryats of Russia. In general, the comparative analysis of Buryat songs about the legendary warlord proves those had been created in their historical homeland of present-day Russia to be further preserved both in the alien (China) and kindred (Mongolia) ethnocultural environments.

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Mazarchuk, Anna V. "Common Mongoliс Lexis Denoting Clothes and Headgear in The Secret History of the Mongols." Oriental Studies 41, no. 1 (April 24, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2019-41-1-57-68.

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NASIROVA, Lamiya. "Similarities between “The Secret History of the Mongols” and Turkish Epic (“Moğolların Gizli Tarihi” destanı ile türk destanı arasındaki benzerlikler)." ALTRALANG Journal 2, no. 02 (December 31, 2020): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/altralang.v2i02.85.

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ABSTRACT: Many similarities existing in the epics of the Mongols and the Turkish allow to research common literary-cultural features in these works. The Book of Dede Gorgud and “The Secret History of the Mongols” as remarkable examples of nation’s heroic works both have similar and common ideas. The purpose of the research work consists of comparatively analyzing social-cultural life, abundant historical past, folk and ethnography of nations. The epics are linked to each other in terms of people’s views, condition of emergence, similar motives, features of characters, religious beliefs, and they allow us to compare those similarities. Main method of research work is comparative analysis. Common subject of the epics is heroism, protection of motherland and struggle against enemies. Motives regarding courage and bravery against attacks of other tribes are fully demonstrated in the tales. Heroism, capture, revenge are common themes used in the epics. And these themes are reflected in the stories of important characters and they stress loyalty and courage of those men. Main character of Mongol epic is Temujin who is later named Genghis khan, conquerer of the world. Genghis khan governed his state thanks to his intelligence and wit, enlarged defence units of the country. In the example of Salur Gazan, Bamsi Beyrek, Ganturali from the stories of “The Book of Dede Gorgud” motives of heroism, devotion and loyalty are emphasized. Men of Oguz gained names for their deeds, courage, bravery. Mongolian and Turkish epics are closely related to the events happened in the history and portray traces of ancient history of these nations. National-moral values and abundance of lifestyle of the Mongols and Oguz people are very evident in the mentioned epics

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Shamakhay, S. "Traditions and continuity in the «The Secret History of the Mongols»." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 127, no. 2 (2019): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2019-127-2-94-106.

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Yasuhiro YAMAKOSHI. "Predicative non-past participles in The secret history of the Mongols." ALTAI HAKPO ll, no. 26 (June 2016): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15816/ask.2016..26.006.

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Skrynnikova, Tatyana. "The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century." Inner Asia 7, no. 1 (2005): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481705793646991.

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AbstractThe Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century Translated with a historical and philological commentary by Igor De Rachewiltz. Leiden & Boston: (MA) Brill. 2004. cxxvi + 1347 pp. Brill’s Inner Asian Library 7. ISBN 90 04 13159 0 (Set), ISBN 90 04 13596 0 (Vol. 1), ISBN 90 04 13597 0 (Vol. 2). EUR 190, US 272, £130.00.

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Breier, Idan. "“If You Are Not the King You Will Be Eventually …”: Eastern and Western Prophecies Concerning the Rise of Emperors." Religions 11, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11010004.

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This article compares three literary-historical texts—two from the Jewish world and one from Mongolia—that record prophecies given to military commanders asserting that they will become the rulers of great empires and civilizations. In his The Jewish War, Josephus tells us that he prophesied that Vespasian would become emperor, an act that appears to have saved his life. A rabbinic tradition, related in several versions, similarly recounts that R. Johanan b. Zakkai prophesied that Vespasian would rise to power—he, too, thus being granted his freedom and the opportunity to rebuild his life and community in Yavneh. I compare Josephus and R. Johanan’s prophecies in the light of The Secret History of the Mongols. A chronicle describing the life of Temüjin, the founder of the Mongol Empire who gained fame as Genghis Khan (1162–1227), this tells how Temüjin, the young commander, was predicted to unite all the Mongol tribes and rule over a vast empire. The article analyzes the three prophecies, which occur in diverse genres, in the light of their historical background, hereby demonstrating the way in which written sources can serve anthropological phenomenological research and shed new light on ancient Jewish texts.

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Moses, Larry. "Triplicated Triplets: The Number Nine in the "Secret History" of the Mongols." Asian Folklore Studies 45, no. 2 (1986): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1178621.

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Park, Won-Kil. "A Study on Burkhan-Khaldun of the Secret History of the Mongols." Journal of Gojiseon & Dangun Studies 30 (June 30, 2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18706/jgds.2014.06.30.111.

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Jiang, Di. "The Electronic Data and Retrieval of the Secret History of the Mongols." Data Science Journal 6 (2007): S393—S399. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.6.s393.

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Drobyshev, Yu I. "Genghis Khan on Power (Based on The Secret History of the Mongols)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 2 (12) (2020): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-2-198-208.

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G, Erdenenaran. "Cognitive analysis of the metaphor of the secret history of the Mongols." Mongolian Journal of Foreign Languages and Culture 22, no. 1 (2018): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/mjflc2018118.

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Biambazhav, Baiarzhargal. "A study of cases of correspondence of constructions with postpositions to serial verb constructions (based on the material of Mongolian language texts of the 13th, 17th and 20th centuries)." Ethnic Culture 5, no. 4 (November 28, 2023): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-107600.

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The article deals with cases of correspondence of constructions with postpositions to serial verbal constructions, an attempt is made to identify the typological features of verbal serialization in the Mongolian language. As a research material, written monuments of different time slices of the Mongolian language are used, namely Latin transcription of the chronicle “The Secret History of the Mongols” of the XIII century; the chronicle “Altan tobchi” of the 17th century; translation of the “Secret History of the Mongol” into the modern Mongolian language of the XX century. Based on the analysis, the number of similar correspondences on specific time slices was revealed. So, in the texts of older written monuments, one case of the use of serial verbal constructions was found to convey the same meaning, which in the modern text is expressed by a postpositional construction. In all the other 12 cases of such correspondences – the serial construction occurs precisely in the text of the 20th century, there is a tendency for an increase in the number of correspondences of postpositions to serial constructions over the course of the history of the language. Also, based on the considered examples of serial constructions found in our comparative study, we can assume that the Mongolian language is characterized by serialization of an asymmetric type.

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Bedeski, Robert. "Roots of the Mongolian State: Genghis Khan’s Survival and Pragmatism as related in the Secret History of the Mongols." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs 20 (September 27, 2018): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v20i0.1025.

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The genesis of the first Mongol State (1206) was overseen and led by Genghis Khan, whose conquests remain a formidable historical series of events. The Secret History of the Mongols narrates his biography as a tale of surviving repeated life threats and defeating major enemies. From this history, I have extracted an existential framework to explain how he survived in a dangerous natural, social and political environment. The rise of this State compressed what occurred in most other historical States, and I will summarize my Anthrocentric Security Theory as general explanation of this phenomenon, drawing on Western philosophy, especially philosophical anthropology. The framework consists of four levels of Being - state of nature, life- community, State, and civil society. Each level has enabled humans to devise several Security Action Platforms from which are launched particular security actions, culminating in the State. Successful in three stages, but not in creating a civil society, the Mongol State assimilated and absorbed the strengths of natural men and life-communities, enabling the expansion into Eurasian empire under his sons and grandsons.

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Zhang, S., and E. A. Vaseeva. "Translator’s Notes from Paratextuality Perspective (as Exemplified in “The Secret History of the Mongols” Translated by Ardazhabu)." Известия Восточного института 45, no. 1 (2020): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/2542-1611/2020-1/34-44.

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The theory of intertextuality has proved to be very useful in translation studies, as it gives a more precise view of the translation process and its result. Paratexts include all the elements that surround the text – titles, prefaces, epilogue, and the like, and also include notes made by the translator. Translator’s notes play an important role in translation work. They are an indispensable means for making the translated text comprehensible for the audience belonging to a different cultural environment. Notes fulfill various functions and have significant effects. The paper studies the notes made by Ardazhabu in his translation of The Secret History of the Mongols into Chinese. The function of elucidation seems to be one of the most significant in the translator’s notes of the studied text. But the translator not only explains and clarifies some parts in the source text, but also endeavors to guide the readers’ interpretation of the contents by presenting alternative points of view on some ideas. The analysis of representative examples shows that notes can fulfill more than one function and draw on various sources of information and reasoning Переводческие примечания как один из видов паратекстов играют важную роль в переводческой работе. Примечания выполняют разнообразные функции и оказывают значительное воздействие. В данной работе исследованы примечания Ардажабу к его переводу на китайский язык эпического произведения XIII века «Тайная история монголов». Одной из основных функций примечаний в исследуемом тексте перевода является разъяснительная функция. Но переводчик не только объясняет и уточняет, он стремится направлять понимание читателями содержания, представляя альтернативные точки зрения. Анализ показывает, что примечания могут одновременно выполнять несколько функций и привлекать различные источники информации и аргументации

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Chogt, N. "A Question Related to the History of Genghis Khan's Early Stage: Focused on the Comparison between the Records of “The Secret History of the Mongols” and “Jami' al-tawarikh(Compendium of Chronicles)”." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 74 (August 31, 2023): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2023.74.123.

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“The Secret History of Mongolia” is the first book to record the history and life of Genghis Khan. However, the descriptions about Genghis Khan are sometimes accompanied by literary exaggeration and fiction, which brings certain difficulties in correctly understood the history of Genghis Khan. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish and analyze it, select the false and preserve the truth, and restore the original appearance of Genghis Khan's history. This thesis mainly puts forward new insights for how to understand the historicity of “The Secret History of Mongolia” by re-discussing the issue of the history of Genghis Khan's early stage, which is the history of The Tayichiud tribe abandoning its widows and orphans and taking away its subordinate after Yesugei Baghatur died, based on the Yuan Dynasty documents such as “Secret History of Mongolia,” Jami' al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles), “Shengwu Qinzheng Lu,” and other Yuan Dynasty documents.

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Erbaugh, Mary S. "The Secret History of the Hakkas: The Chinese Revolution as a Hakka Enterprise." China Quarterly 132 (December 1992): 937–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000045495.

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Few China scholars or Chinese citizens know one of the most basic facts about Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, Zhu De, Chen Yi, Guo Moruo or many other modern leaders: they are all Hakka. Most popular and official histories, in China and abroad, ignore this basic ethnic bond. The title of this article is used ironically, in deliberate parody of the genuine Secret History of the Mongols. The subtitle points toward an ironic but serious effort to illuminate a major facet of revolutionary history which remains almost entirely unexplored.

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Biran, Michal. ""The Date of the Secret History of the Mongols Reconsidered," by Christopher Atwood." Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 50, no. 1 (2021): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sys.2021.0024.

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ParkHwanYoung. "The Folkloric Study of Animals Found in the Secret History of the Mongols." ALTAI HAKPO ll, no. 20 (June 2010): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15816/ask.2010..20.004.

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ParkHwanYoung. "Study on Traditional Mongolian Rituals found inside "The Secret History of the Mongols"." CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES 15, no. ll (December 2010): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29174/cas.2010.15..010.

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Müller, Wilhelm K. "Yü Da-Djün: On the Dating of the Secret History of the Mongols." Monumenta Serica 37, no. 1 (January 1986): 277–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02549948.1986.11731193.

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Наранчимэг, Мунаа. "«Сокровенное сказание монголов» - феномен публицистического творчества." Вопросы теории и практики журналистики 7, no. 2 (2018): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2018.7(2).320-330.

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Gombojav, Gongmujafu. "Дал шинжилгээний уламжлал бэлгэдэл (Шинжааны Баянголын монголчуудын жишээгээр) (= Традиция гадания на бараньей лопатке и его символика (на примере баянгольcких монголов Синьцзяна))." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, no. 3 (November 5, 2020): 446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-3-446-454.

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Introduction. In the cultural tradition of Mongolic peoples, there is a rite of sacralizing certain parts of animal bones, and related ritual actions and prohibitions. In this regard, a special place is held by the ancient rite of telling tales and divination on sheep scapula. Goals. The paper seeks to examine the mentioned practice among Bayangol Mongols (Oirats) of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (PRC). Results. The shoulder bone as an important and sacred part of the body is mentioned in many oral and written narratives, including such ancient written monuments as The Secret History of the Mongols and the Epic of Jangar. In the food culture of the Oirats, there is a special tradition of offering a shoulder bone to certain members of the family and clan, by age and social status. In the verse of benevolence to be recited after eating the spatula meat and an obligatory break of the scapula, as well as in the text of the narrative and divination on sheep scapula, there are certain general clichéd formulas that have a deep symbolic meaning. The article examines the rites that exist in the tradition of the Oirats of Bayangol related to storytelling and divination on sheep scapula, as well as the symbolic meaning of the texts.

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Atwood, C. P. "Review: The Secret History of the Mongols: the Life and Times of Chinggis Khan." Journal of Islamic Studies 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/14.2.236.

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Drobyshev, Yuliy I., and Roman Yu Pochekaev. "Reward for the loyalty, retribution for treachery: judicial practice of Chinggis Khan." RUDN Journal of World History 14, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2022-14-2-103-121.

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The article is an analysis of judicial activity of Chinggis Khan towards persons who entered his service under different circumstances. Analysis allows to state that Chinggis Khan not always used the same criteria taking his decision on the reward for loyalty and punishment for treachery. Authors attempt to explain the reasons of taking one or another decision by Chinggis Khan and clarify their correlation with political ideology formed by him during the establishing of the Mongol Empire. Besides, it seems that the analysis of specific cases could help trace the process of forming the system of khans court which foundation was laid by Chinggis Khan just during the period of the unification of Mongol tribes at the initial stage of creating of his empire. The source base for the research includes medieval historical works: Secret history of Mongols, Sheng-wu qin-cheng-lu, Compendium of chronicles by Rashid ad-Din, Yuan shih, Altan Tobchi by Lubsan Danzan and some others. Positions of different scholars on decisions of Chinggis Khan are also taken into account.

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Cui, Yinqiu, Li Song, Dong Wei, Yuhong Pang, Ning Wang, Chao Ning, Chunmei Li, et al. "Identification of kinship and occupant status in Mongolian noble burials of the Yuan Dynasty through a multidisciplinary approach." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1660 (January 19, 2015): 20130378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0378.

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The Yuan Dynasty (AD 1271–1368) was the first dynasty in Chinese history where a minority ethnic group (Mongols) ruled. Few cemeteries containing Mongolian nobles have been found owing to their tradition of keeping burial grounds secret and their lack of historical records. Archaeological excavations at the Shuzhuanglou site in the Hebei province of China led to the discovery of 13 skeletons in six separate tombs. The style of the artefacts and burials indicate the cemetery occupants were Mongol nobles. However, the origin, relationships and status of the chief occupant (M1m) are unclear. To shed light on the identity of the principal occupant and resolve the kin relationships between individuals, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted, combining archaeological information, stable isotope data and molecular genetic data. Analysis of autosomal, mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal DNA show that some of the occupants were related. The available evidence strongly suggests that the principal occupant may have been the Mongol noble Korguz. Our study demonstrates the power of a multidisciplinary approach in elucidating information about the inhabitants of ancient historical sites.

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