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Journal articles on the topic 'Secret societies Russia Russia'

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1

Krakovskiy, Konstantin. "The problem of involvement of civil servants in Masonic societies during the Empire (XVIII – early XX century)." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 4 (2020): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-4-37-45.

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The article is devoted to the history of the emergence and activity of secret Masonic lodges in Russia in the XVIII – early XX century and the involvement of civil servants in them – representatives of the political elite and ordinary officials, civil and military bureaucracy, Metropolitan and provincial. The participation of thetop police officials in Masonic lodges and, on the contrary, the involvement of representatives of the first generation of Russian revolutionaries – the Decembrists in Masonic organizationsis shown particularly. The influence of the West (first of all, England and Fran
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2

Sifneos, Evrydiki. "Preparing the Greek Revolution in Odessa in the 1820s: Tastes, Markets and Political Liberalism." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 11 (December 5, 2014): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.333.

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The article highlights the port-city space of Odessa during the first three decades of its foundation as an important hub of commercial activity, maritime trade and political liberalism in southern Russia. It emphasizes the role of multiple markets based on imported and local trade goods and describes the different ethnicities involved in foreign trade, focusing on merchants of Greek origin, their participation in the Philiki Etaireia and their degree of involvement in its organizational mechanisms. I attempt to read the Philiki Etaireia’s development and its influence on the Eastern Question
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3

Kolotkov, M. B. "Revolutionary Terror in Russia in 1906—1907: Historical and Legal Aspect." Lex Russica, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.146.1.159-173.

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The paper presents an analysis of legal technologies of counteraction to terrorism in Russia in 19061907. The complex of special organizational and legal measures taken by the Russian authorities at the beginning of the XX century in order to counter the terrorist threat is studied. Special attention is given to both law-making and law-enforcement activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which continued to carry out systematic work to suppress the activities of terrorist groups. An attempt is made to establish key legal obstacles and restrictions to build an effective mechanism to comba
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4

Walker, Rachel. "Secret empire: the KGB in Russia today." International Affairs 72, no. 2 (1996): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624425.

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5

Voslensky, Michael, and J. Michael Waller. "Secret Empire: The KGB in Russia Today." Russian Review 56, no. 1 (1997): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131511.

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6

Guinnessy, Paul. "Russia: Secret cities seek longer-term support." Physics World 13, no. 2 (2000): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/13/2/9.

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7

Legvold, Robert, and J. Michael Waller. "Secret Empire: The KGB in Russia Today." Foreign Affairs 74, no. 3 (1995): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20047170.

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8

Hart, John. "Secret Patenting in the USSR and Russia." Contemporary Security Policy 33, no. 3 (2012): 604–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2012.727690.

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9

Rowland, Richard H. "Secret Cities of Russia and Kazakhstan in 1998." Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 40, no. 4 (1999): 281–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889388.1999.10641117.

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10

Fey, Carl F., Claes Nordahl, and Heike Zätterström. "Organizational culture in Russia: The secret to success." Business Horizons 42, no. 6 (1999): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-6813(99)80038-x.

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11

Bondarenko, L. "ACTIVITIES OF CONSUMER SOCIETIES OF RUSSIA CENTROSOYUZ." Vestnik OrelGAU 53, no. 2 (2015): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/307135.

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12

Barber, John. "Opposition in Russia." Government and Opposition 32, no. 4 (1997): 598–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00448.x.

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WHILE ‘REPOSITIONING’ MAY BE AN APPROPRIATE TERM TO DESCRIBE developments in political opposition in many contemporary societies, it falls some way short of capturing the significance of changes in Russia, where in a few years the political landscape has changed out of all recognition. Until little more than a decade ago, political opposition in the Soviet Union was barely visible and, with rare exceptions, of little consequence. In the decades following Stalin's death in 1953, the existence of interest groups and lobbies within the party and state apparatuses was persuasively argued by foreig
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13

Trubitszyn, Igor Olegovich. "Noble associations in modern Russia." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (2021): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101213.

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The author made an attempt to study the role of the descendants of the nobility in the new socio-economic and political realities of Russia at the end of the XX - first decades of the XXI century. The author focuses on the processes of recreation and subsequent activities of noble societies. The basis of the source base was a series of interviews with the descendants of the nobility living in the territory of the Russian Federation and in the countries of the post-Soviet space. The research identified the stages of development of the noble organizations, the main aspects of their activities. A
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14

Hughes, Michael. "William Le Queux and Russia." Critical Survey 32, no. 1-2 (2020): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2020.32010206.

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This article examines how Le Queux’s writings about Russia both reflected and shaped the construction of the country in the British imagination in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first part examines Le Queux’s early novels, showing how his conviction that tsarist Russia posed a major threat to the security of the British Empire was reflected in his surprisingly positive treatment of the Russian revolutionary movement. The second part then examines how Le Queux’s later writings on Russia reflected the changing nature of international politics following the outbreak of war
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15

Kotlyar, Nadezhda Vasil'evna. "Public organizations in prerevolutionary Russia: classification issues." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 6 (June 2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2021.6.32265.

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The goal of this research is to trace the evolution of views on public organizations (societies) of prerevolutionary Russia, determine the criteria for their classification based on various approaches, views and requirements of the time. The subject of this research is the classifications (typologies) of prerevolutionary societies that formed under the influence of sociopolitical realities, as well as their basic principles. The relevance of this topic is defined by the need to clarify the place and role of legal public initiative in the implementation of the demands of modern society through
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16

Andreeva, Tatiana Vasilievna. "Alexander I and internal security of the Russian Empire: government, secret societies and the nobility." Петербургский исторический журнал, no. 1 (2018): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.51255/2311-603x-2018-00005.

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17

Sadovina, Irina. "Legitimating New Religiosity in Contemporary Russia." Nova Religio 24, no. 3 (2021): 6–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2021.24.3.6.

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Attitudes toward alternative spirituality in Russia are shaped by legislative limitations on religious freedom, the state’s traditionalism, and Russian Orthodox anticultism. Nevertheless, public personalities associated with new religious movements persist and flourish. Oleg Torsunov, popularizer of Vedic Psychology and holistic medicine, is a striking example. Despite ongoing controversies about his religious affiliation, medical claims, and gender ideology, Torsunov continues to attract followers. This article examines why public figures such as Torsunov seem unsinkable in hostile cultural e
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18

Bobylov, Yu. "Does Russia Need Establishing Foreign Economic Intelligence Service?" Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 20, 2003): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-4-123-134.

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The increasing role of foreign intelligence and industrial espionage in order to improve competitiveness of Russian business is noted in the article. In the author's view, Russia's WTO accession requires application of protective secret managing technologies. The establishment of a new Russian special service - the intelligence unit in the structure of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade is proposed which will be able to perform important functions under conditions of Russia's growing integration in the world economy.
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19

Bahry, Donna, and Polina Kozyreva. "Family Socialization, Trust and Change: Evidence from Russia." Comparative Sociology 17, no. 3-4 (2018): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341460.

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AbstractSocial science debates about sources of generalized trust have prompted growing attention to how children develop faith in others. Much of the evidence, however, has come from relatively stable and prosperous societies. How might children’s trust differ in societies that have experienced rapid and destabilizing transitions, as in postcommunist states? Using new evidence on Russia from three waves of a survey between 2006 and 2014, the authors show that children’s trust is relatively low, reflecting low trust among parents, children’s sense of economic insecurity, and their doubts about
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20

Stašulāne, Anita. "ESOTERICISM AND POLITICS: THEOSOPHY." Via Latgalica, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2009.2.1604.

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Interference of esotericism and politics became apparent especially in the 19th century when the early socialists expected the coming of the Age of Spirit, and narratives about secret wisdom being kept in mysterious sacred places became all the more popular. Thus, the idea of the Age of Enlightenment underwent transformation: the world will be saved not by ordinary knowledge but by some special secret wisdom. In this context, Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891) developed the doctrine of Theosophy the ideas of which were overtaken by the next-generation theosophists including also the Russian painter
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21

Дискин and Iosif Diskin. "RUSSIA: NEW CHALLENGES AND CONSERVATIVE MODERNIZATION." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 3 (2015): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11675.

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The basic principles and approaches to the implementation of social reforms based on "conservative modernization" are presented in the article. Fiasco of modernized pro-jects is stated which is based on universal liberal methods and mechanistic borrowings of institutions. The need for scientific study of development strategies is argued, taking into account the specifics of the Russian society and the state. It is proved that successful modernized projects are based on successful synthesis of universal approaches to eco-nomic policy and technological development with valuable s
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22

BAHRY, DONNA, MIKHAIL KOSOLAPOV, POLINA KOZYREVA, and RICK K. WILSON. "Ethnicity and Trust: Evidence from Russia." American Political Science Review 99, no. 4 (2005): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055405051853.

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The willingness to trust strangers has been associated with a variety of public benefits, from greater civic-mindedness and more honest government to higher rates of economic growth, and more. But a growing body of research finds that such generalized trust is far more common in ethnically homogeneous than in more diverse societies. Ethnic difference is believed to breed more particularistic, ingroup ties, thus undermining both generalized and cross-ethnic trust. We argue that this image is too narrow, and we propose a broader model to identify the factors that give rise to cross-ethnic trust.
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23

Gokov, O. A. "Military Intelligence Service of Russia in Africa (Second Half of XIX-Early XX centuries.)." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 44, no. 4 (2010): 406–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221023910x535584.

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AbstractIn the article the review of military secret service of Russia in Africa in the second half of XIX – beginning of XX centuries on the example of activity of officers of the General staff is given. It is showed that military secret service of Russia on the African continent did not carry system character. Russian officers of the General staff in the countries of Africa in the second half XIX – XX beginning of centuries collected the military and political information. They also came forward as researchers, collecting and analysing geographical information about of the probed regions, th
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24

Quealy-Gainer, Kate. "Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia by Marc Favreau." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 73, no. 3 (2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2019.0753.

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25

Bray, Mark, and Nina Borevskaya. "Financing Education in Transitional Societies: Lessons from Russia and China." Comparative Education 37, no. 3 (2001): 345–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050060120067820.

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26

Kopirovsky, Alexander Mikhailovich. "Pre-Revolutionary Sobriety Societies and Brotherhoods in Russia. Three Paradoxes." Свет Христов просвещает всех: Альманах Свято-Филаретовского православно-христианского института, no. 21 (2017): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25803/26587599_2017_21_67.

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27

Tumanova, Anastasiya S., and Alexander A. Safonov. "CHARTERS OF VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS IN PREREVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA." RUDN Journal of Law 24, no. 1 (2020): 113–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2020-24-1-113-136.

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The article deals with the history of doctrinal formation of the content of the charter of voluntary association of Late Imperial Russia, as well as the role of the charter in regulating the phenomenon of social self-organization. This problem is practically don't studied in the scientific literature. It is based on the involvement of a broad corpus of published sources (constituent documents of public organizations, materials of clerical work of public institutions, etc.) and archives (documents of the RGIA). The legal policy of the Russian government aimed at establishing uniformity in the c
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28

CONNOR, EMMET O. "COMMUNISTS, RUSSIA, AND THE IRA, 1920–1923." Historical Journal 46, no. 1 (2003): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x02002868.

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After the foundation of the Communist International in 1919, leftists within the Socialist Party of Ireland won Comintern backing for an Irish communist party. Encouraged by Moscow, the communists hoped to offset their marginality through the republican movement. The Communist Party of Ireland denounced the Anglo-Irish treaty, welcomed the Irish Civil War, and pledged total support to the IRA. As the war turned against them, some republicans favoured an alliance with the communists. In August 1922 Comintern agents and two IRA leaders signed a draft agreement providing for secret military aid t
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29

Arnold, Richard. "Systematic racist violence in Russia between ‘hate crime’ and ‘ethnic conflict’." Theoretical Criminology 19, no. 2 (2015): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615581102.

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Racist violence in Russia has recently become a subject of interest to scholars and analysts of Russian politics. What are the similarities and differences between racist violence in Russia and the West? How does the level of Russian racist violence compare to other societies? Do racist hate groups in Russia have similar origins to groups in the West? This article considers these questions. I first demonstrate that Russia is indeed the most dangerous country in Europe for ethnic minorities, and argue that such violence is more ‘systematic’ (structured, ideologically coherent, patterned) than i
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30

Bradley, Joseph. "Associations and the Development of Civil Society in Tsarist Russia." Social Science History 41, no. 1 (2017): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2016.36.

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This article examines the growth of civil society in imperial Russia by focusing on voluntary associations, especially learned societies, closely watched by tsarist officialdom but neglected by historians. Although scholars often emphasize the peculiarities of Russian development, Russia's societies were part of a broader European phenomenon. A study of associations highlights the relationship between state and society in authoritarian regimes where civil society is most vigorously contested. Because authoritarian regimes close the channels of representative politics and make it difficult for
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31

Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "The Problem of Russian Democracy: Can Russia Rise Again?" Social Philosophy and Policy 17, no. 1 (2000): 269–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500002624.

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While Western political scientists have a variety of opinions on democracy and how its institutions could be improved, they almost never argue about the validity of democracy as a form of government. Of course, it would be unfair here to ignore the presence of an authoritarian streak in Western thought. Thomas Hobbes comes to mind most immediately. Yet the views of those thinkers with an authoritarian bent have become marginalized in present-day discourse; or, to be more precise, it is assumed that their views on the importance of a strong government are irrelevant to the present. The assumpti
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32

Alexander, James. "Surveying Attitudes in Russia: A Representation of Formlessness." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 30, no. 2 (1997): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(97)00001-9.

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This article examines the expanding body of Western research focusing on Russian political culture. As Russia emerges from its authoritarian past, the political transition enveloping the country carries important significance for the study of political development in “post-authoritarian” societies. Upon finding a “formless” representation of Russian political culture in survey results, this article raises questions about the use of quantitative surveys to examine this topic in a society still in flux. The article concludes with a brief recommendation for an alternative approach to political cu
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33

Morozov, Evgenii, Nailya Urazayeva, and Rinat Kusarbaev. "S. Sholl’s “Own” and “Alien” Russia." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001113.

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In this paper, within the framework of the linguoculturological approach, the problem of interaction of cultures is studied. In this regard, the conceptual opposition of “own” – “alien” reflects the uniqueness of perception and interpretation of the real world, due to the features of a particular culture. The authors try to restore some fragments of the character of Russia based on the material of the publicistic prose of Suzanne Sholl, the Austrian author of “Russland mit und ohne Seele”. The relevance of the paper is due to the need to overcome obstacles in intercultural communication, to ha
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34

Rukavishnikov, Vladimir O. "Sociological Aspects of the Modernization of Russia and Other Postcommunist Societies." Sociological Research 34, no. 6 (1995): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/sor1061-0154340666.

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35

Rukavishnikov, Vladimir O. "Sociological Aspects of the Modernization of Russia and Other Postcommunist Societies." Russian Social Science Review 37, no. 2 (1996): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rss1061-1428370237.

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36

Bradley, Joseph. "Subjects into Citizens: Societies, Civil Society, and Autocracy in Tsarist Russia." American Historical Review 107, no. 4 (2002): 1094–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/532665.

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37

Topor, Lev, and Alexander Tabachnik. "Russian Cyber Information Warfare: International Distribution and Domestic Control." Journal of Advanced Military Studies 12, no. 1 (2021): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20211201005.

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Cyber information warfare (IW) is a double-edged sword. States use IW to shape the hearts and minds of foreign societies and policy makers. However, states are also prone to foreign influence through IW. This assumption applies mainly to liberal democratic societies. The question examined in this article is how Russia uses IW on other countries but protects itself from the same activities. The authors’ main argument is that while Russia executes influence operations and IW in cyberspace, it strives for uncompromising control over its domestic cyberspace, thus restricting undesirable informatio
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38

Likhtshangof, Alexander Zinovievich. "Periodization of the history of the world and Russian homeopathic medicine." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 5, no. 1 (2014): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped51132-139.

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During the last two centuries homeopathy is a part of Russian medicine in whole, that’s why its development must be studied by historical medical science. There are following main stages in the development and dissemination of homeopathic medicine in Russia: 1) 1820ies-1860ies: penetration of homeopathic ideas into Russia - since the first physicians who practiced homeopathy in treatment up to organization of the first homeopathic societies and journals; 2) the end of 1860ies-1918: this stage was characterized by strengthening of homeopathy positions in Russia - since the organization of the f
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39

Zeman, Phil. "Social Antiaccess / Area-Denial (Social A2 / AD)." Journal of Advanced Military Studies 12, no. 1 (2021): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20211201007.

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Social antiaccess/area-denial (A2/AD) describes the threat posed to U.S. and Western security by sociopolitical and socioeconomic means, primarily by China and Russia. is concern focuses on actions by China and Russia designed to fracture American and Western societies through information, disinformation, economic coercion, and creating economic dependencies—in many cases capitalizing on target nation propensities to accomplish strategic ends. rough these ways, China and Russia hope to prevent the will or ability of American or Western states to respond to aggressive acts.
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40

Ganzha, Natal'ya V., and Yekaterina V. Varentsova. "The secrecy of adoption: problems and ways to improve." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 4 (2019): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-4-175-179.

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The article deals with the problems of legal regulation of the Institute of secrecy of adoption in the development of information space and medical and genetic aspects. The authors give a generalised description of modern scientific approaches to the relationship of the concepts of family secret, personal secret, secret of adoption from the point of view of various branches of law. The ways of improving the rules on the secrecy of adoption in Russia are suggested.
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41

Menyashev, R. "Social Capital and the Demand for Regulation in Russia." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 20, 2014): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-4-77-98.

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There is a popular view in Russian studies arguing that underdevelopment of Russian civil society is partly responsible for the failure of liberal idea in Russia. Fragmented society sees no alternative to massive government regulation, that is why support of strong state is so high. If this logic is true, the differences in civicness across urban societies should show up in liberal parties support. This paper estimates this effect using social capital framework and drawing upon the data from Russian regions.
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42

Lebedev, Konstantin, and Alina Marchuk. "Socio-Cultural Background of Technological Development of Russia and Choice of Its Priorities." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 3 (December 2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/ek.jvolsu.2019.3.1.

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The purpose of this article is to further confirm the author’s concept of supporting industries from the socio-cultural characteristics of the country on the facts of the history of the Russian national economy and its use for the formation of proposals for the choice of technological priorities of Russia. X–Y-theory of S.G. Kirdina explains the formation of sectoral priorities under the influence of socio-cultural characteristics of the country by the preference of forms of production organization used in industries – collective and monopoly ones in societies of “Eastern” (X) type, which incl
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43

Bodrova, A. S. "Literary Societies in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century: Approaches to an Interdisciplinary Description." Russkaya literatura 1 (2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2021-1-5-18.

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The review article systematizes the principle achievements in the studies of the literary societies and associations in the Russian and foreign historiography of the 1990–2010s, and analyzes approaches to this material within the framework of various disciplines and methodologies. The author suggests an institutional approach as the basis for the development of a conceptual and fact-fortified language for describing the literary societies in Russia in the fi rst half of the 19th century. An institutional approach provides an opportunity to link the history of the literary associations with the
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44

Pickvance, Katy. "Democracy and Grassroots Opposition in Eastern Europe: Hungary and Russia Compared." Sociological Review 46, no. 2 (1998): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.00116.

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The aim of the article is to show how the extent of democracy in two Eastern European societies has a strong conditioning effect on the development of social movements. Hungary and Russia are chosen as contrasting cases. The experience of environmental movements before and after the regime change is used as an illustration of grassroots movements. It is shown that environmental movements in Hungary are more numerous and more successful than those in Russia, and that this is linked to the extent of support they have (or lack) from politicians, non-elected officials, and the media. In Hungary, a
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45

Kravec, D. A. "Development of Electoral Legislation on Secret Ballot in Pre-Revolutionary and Soviet Russia." IZVESTIYA OF SARATOV UNIVERSITY. NEW SERIES. SERIES: ECONOMICS. MANAGEMENT. LAW 16, no. 3 (2016): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2016-16-3-365-370.

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46

Lebedeva, Nadezhda, and Alexander Tatarko. "Multiculturalism and Immigration in Post-Soviet Russia." European Psychologist 18, no. 3 (2013): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000161.

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This paper addresses some social and psychological issues concerning multiculturalism and immigration in post-Soviet Russia, which is one of the most multicultural societies in the world. The paper begins by describing the current cultural and immigrant diversity in Russia, and then provides a short description of Russian immigrants and the social and psychological problems that immigrants and the larger society face. We present the conceptual framework and findings from empirical studies that examine the reciprocal acculturation and intercultural relations between migrants and members of the
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47

Andreeva, Tatyana V. "The Epoch of Peter I in the Historical Consciousness of the Decembrists." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 20, no. 1 (2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-1-71-81.

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The article analyses the attitude to the Petrine era shared by the members of the secret political societies in the first quarter of the 19th century. The study focuses on the assessments of the personality of Peter I, his reform activities and its aftermath for Russian history that were stated by the participants of the Decembrist revolt. Although only some of the Decembrists had a professional background as historians, the comprehension of grandiose state transformations in the first quarter of the 18th century was significantly important for the majority of the plotters. The author shows th
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48

Bondarenko, Dmitri M., Elena A. Googueva, Sergey N. Serov, and Ekaterina V. Shakhbazyan. "Post-socialism Meets Postcolonialism." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 18, no. 2 (2009): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2009.180206.

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While Western Europe has a long history of facing and studying the issues of immigration, this phenomenon is still recent for the ex-socialist states and has not been studied sufficiently yet. At the same time, the 'closed' nature of the socialist societies and the difficulties of the 'transitional period' of the 1990s predetermine the problems in communication between the migrants and the population majority, the specific features of the forming diasporas and of their probable position in the receiving societies. The study of African migrants in Russia (particularly in Moscow) recently launch
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Lankton, Larry D. "Iron-Making Societies: Early Industrial Development in Sweden and Russia, 1600-1900." Technology and Culture 41, no. 3 (2000): 582–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2000.0113.

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50

Davis, Gerald H. "National Red Cross Societies and Prisoners of War in Russia, 1914-18." Journal of Contemporary History 28, no. 1 (1993): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002200949302800103.

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