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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "U. S. A.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." International Labour Law Reports Online 12, no. 1 (1991): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160292x00104.
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International Labour Law Reports, Editors. "U. S. A.2 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." International Labour Law Reports Online 12, no. 1 (1991): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160292x00113.
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Knisley, C. Barry, Mike Kippenhan, and David Brzoska. "Conservation status of United States tiger beetles." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 7, no. 2-4 (November 29, 2014): 93–145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749836-07021077.
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This study evaluates the conservation status of all of the United States species and subspecies of tiger beetles on the basis of the published literature, unpublished reports, museum and private collections, our personal field work and contact with collectors. We provide a brief summary of the status of the four species already listed and the two candidates for listing by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We indicate three taxa believed to be extinct and evaluate 62 others that we deem sufficiently rare to be considered for listing as endangered or threatened. We used a 1, 2, 3 grading system that is generally comparable to the terminology of critically imperiled, imperiled, and vulnerable designations, respectively, used in NatureServe Explorer. Fifty-two of these taxa are from the western states and Texas and most of them are named subspecies with extremely limited distributions and habitats. We assigned seven taxa a 1+ grade, our highest level of rarity and/or threats; of these there is presently sufficient information available to consider two of them-- Cicindelidia floridana Cartwright and Cicindela tranquebarica joaquinensis Knisley and Haines-- as the U. S. forms most in danger of extinction. Future prospects for conservation and listing of tiger beetles seem bleak because of the limited budget and personnel available for Endangered Species in the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the current economic and political climate in the United States.
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Ostaszewski, Piotr. "The U. S. – Taiwan and the U. S. – Poland Non-Confrontational Asymmetry: A Comparative Analysis." Studia z Polityki Publicznej, no. 4(12) (October 24, 2016): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kszpp.2016.4.10.
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The article concerns the comparison of two cases of non-confrontational asymmetry in international relations: between Taiwan and the United States and between Poland and the United States. The author explores the differences and the common elements of both situations. The outcome provides a background for comparative studies concerning not only the international situation of Taipei and Warsaw, but also an introduction to comparative approaches concerning political developments in Eastern Europe and East Asia.
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Barr, Saul Z., and Gerald L. Curtis. "The United States, Japan, and Asia: Challenges for U. S. Policy." Southern Economic Journal 62, no. 1 (July 1995): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1061394.
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Danilovskaia, Anna. "Criminal-legal protection of competition in the United States." Юридические исследования, no. 2 (February 2020): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.2.32254.
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The subject of this research is the legislation and law enforcement in the area of criminal-legal protection of competition in the United States. The questions of counteracting encroachment upon competition alongside protection of rights of economic entities and consumers in case of unfair competition are one of the most relevant in the world. According to separate assessment, the U. S. antitrust legislation is recognized as most efficient. Its establishment, development, and application contributed to emergence of the generally accepted principles of protection of competition, such as per se and the rule of reason. Modern approaches towards restraint of violation of antitrust legislation determined the new trends in development of both, normative acts and judicial practice. Criminal legal protection of competition in the United States is characterized by strict prohibitions, high sanctions, presence of criminal-procedural authority of Antitrust Administration of the U. S. Ministry of Justice, as well as program of mitigation of responsibility for cartels. The goal of study lies in the analysis of legislation and law enforcement in the area of protection of competition in the United States for assessing the existing experience. The novelty consists in proposal of the author to take into account the U. S. experience with regards to countering encroachment upon competition, which can be valuable particularly in revision of the Article 178 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, improvement of the program of mitigation of responsibility for cartels, systematization of the compositions of crime related to unfair competition, cooperation of anti-monopoly agencies and law enforcement authorities. The research results can be used in the work of Federal Anti-Monopoly Service, as well as educational process and scientific activity.
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Cunningham, John M., Karen A. Sahatjian, Chris Meyers, Gary Yoshioka, and Julie M. Jordan. "Use of Dispersants in the United States: Perception or Reality?" International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-389.
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ABSTRACT Dispersants have been a controversial oil spill response technique since their introduction during the Torrey Canyon oil spill off the coast of the United Kingdom in 1967. Despite reductions in the toxicity of dispersants and improvements in their application since then, dispersants have not been used extensively in the United States because of logistical difficulties, unfavorable weather conditions, and a lack of demonstrated effectiveness during actual spill conditions. In addition, there is a widely held perception in the United States that dispersant use has been limited by complex authorization procedures. This paper reviews the dispersant policies of several European nations and Canada and compares them with those of the United States. Recent developments in U. S. dispersant policy are outlined, particularly those designed to expedite decision making. The paper concludes by examining some recent U. S. oil spills in which dispersant use was considered.
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Iuniushkina, Anna Sergeevna, Kristina Alekseevna Shapovalova, Rodion Kudakaev, and Tat'yana Ivanovna Pon'ka. "Positions of China and the United States in Indo-Pacific Region." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2020): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2020.2.33069.
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This article examines the main factors of the emergence of Indo-Pacific Strategy, the balance of powers between China and the United States in the Indo-Pacific Region, and their investment policy into contiguous countries of the region. Special attention is paid to contradictions between China and the United States in the region, as well as the impact of D. Trump’s Indo-Pacific Strategy upon U. S. relations with China. The article explores the main integration structures of Indo-Pacific Region, goals and tasks set before them. The novelty of this research is defined by fact that in incipient competition between the two countries for the leading positions in Indo-Pacific Region is traced in the advanced by China concept “One Belt, One Road” and U. S. strategy of “Free and Open Indo-Pacific”. The author comes to the conclusion that currently there is no unified integrated interregional authority that is capable of solving the entire range of problems faced by the countries of Indo-Pacific Region. However, the United States gradually lose its leading position in the region, yielding to PRC. China’s domestic reforms, aimed at improvement of interregional financial and economic ties, contribute to creation of a positive image of the country and strengthening of PRC’s position in the Indo-Pacific Region.
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Reilinger, Robert. "Geodetic Evidence for Tectonic Deformation in the Eastern United States." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.314.
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Abstract The historic geodetic data base in the eastern United States dates back over 100 years. Although instrumentation and hence measurement precision has improved since the initial observations, the basic techniques [leveling, triangulation, water level gauging] remained unchanged until the recent introduction of space geodesy [Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Global Positioning System (GPS)]. Because of this, it has been possible to compare repeated observations to identify apparent changes in relative positions. Such “changes” can reflect observational errors, non-tectonic movements (water level effects, monument instability, loading, etc.) or tectonic/isostatic deformation. A number of possible deformation features in the eastern U. S. have been reported in the literature, including uplift of the southern Appalachian and Adirondack mountains, doming of the Gulf coast inland of the Mississippi delta, subsidence of Chesapeak Bay and along the coast of Maine, horizontal deformation in New York and Connecticut, and possible fault related deformation near Charleston and in the New Madrid area. Unfortunately, it is not dear to what extent any of these features represent tectonic deformations and hence what their significance may be for the earthquake problem. An important recent development in monitoring regional deformation has been the establishment of the eastern U. S. GPS strain network by the National Geodetic Survey. The network consists of roughly 45 sites uniformly distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The network was established in 1987 and will be reobserved in 1989. Subsequent reobservations will be made at 2 to 5 year intervals depending on analysis of the early measurements. Given the precision of the GPS measurements (few cm in 3-D relative positions), a considerable time period will be required to detect the subtle deformations expected for this intraplate region. Perhaps more immediate information will result from recent progress in recognizing and correcting systematic errors in the historic geodetic data base. This, together with the newly automated historic data base, and improved techniques for integrating and analyzing these extensive observations, provide the necessary basis for effectively evaluating the deformational features listed above. Given the potential importance of these data for understanding tectonic processes (and the huge expense of collecting these measurements over the pst century), such studies should be an integral part of future earthquake studies in the eastern U. S.
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Whipple, Glen D., Charles Powe, and Morgan Gray. "An Economic Analysis of Selected U. S. Dairy Program Changes." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 17, no. 2 (December 1985): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025188.
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AbstractAn interregional reactive programming model of the United States dairy industry is used to test the welfare implications of several dairy program changes on milk producers, milk consumers, and taxpayers. The results showed that each of the tested alternatives (price support reduction, price support reduction with frozen minimum Class I price, assessments, and production quotas) could reduce price support expenditures substantially. However, assessments reduced expenditures most effectively in terms of cost to milk producers for the United States generally while price support reduction with frozen minimum Class I price was most efficacious in terms of cost to Southeast producers.
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Ikerd, John E. "U. S. Agriculture at a Crossroads: Implications for Agricultural Economics." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 18, no. 1 (July 1986): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200005264.
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United States agriculture is at a crossroads. The current financial crisis in agriculture eventually will force the farm sector to follow one of two general directions for the future. One of those courses is to retreat from reliance on export markets, the loss of which triggered the current farm financial crisis, and to return to greater reliance on domestic demand. The other course is to return to a world market orientation, regain export markets lost during the 1980s, and develop and exploit a growing world demand for agricultural commodities. Each of these alternatives implies a different future for United States agriculture and a different future for the Agricultural Economics profession.
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Morris, Stephen D. "Exploring Mexican Images of the United States." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 105–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1052123.
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NAFTA, neoliberalism and even neoindigenismo in Chiapas have all challenged past perceptions of self and other in Mexico. Rooted in the postmodernist importance of the other in shaping identity, this essay explores themes in contemporary Mexican images of the United States-- Mexico's predominant other-- as found in written editorials and illustrations from the Mexican press during recent moments in Mexican-U. S. affairs. The discussion first maps out the theoretical setting, raising questions about the importance of Mexican perceptions of its northern neighbor and recent changes in those perceptions. These concerns are briefly incorporated into the modernist/postmodernist approaches. The essay then explores and interprets the major themes portrayed by the Mexican press during the period under review. Despite recent indications that Mexico has nurtured a new, more modern view of the United States, perceptions of the United States as power-hungry, hypocritical, and anti-Mexican still inform the public discourse. / El TLC, el neoliberalismo y también el neoindigenismo en Chiapas han retado a las recientes percepciones sobre el yo y el otro en México. A raíz de la importancia posmodernista del otro en la creación de la identidad nacional, el trabajo actual examina algunos aspectos de la imagen contemporánea que México sostiene de los Estados Unidos. Este ensayo se basa en un análisis de editoriales escritos e ilustraciones de la prensa mexicana durante un período reciente en la relación entre los dos países. Dividida en dos partes, la discusión empieza al ofrecer un marco teórico que subraya varias cuestiones sobre la importancia de las percepciones mexicanas de vecino del norte y los posibles cambios de éstas en los últimos años. Se incorporan entonces estos puntos, en forma breve, a los enfoques modernistas/posmodernistas. La segunda sección explora e interpreta los temas más sobresalientes de la prensa mexicana durante el período en cuestión. El trabajo muestra que a pesar de las recientes indicaciones que México ha desarrollado una imagen nueva, y más moderna de los EU, la percepción dominante caracteriza a Estados Unidos como un país con una insaliable hambre de poder, hipócrita y antimexicano.
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Yallapragada, RamMohan R., C. William Roe, and Alfred G. Toma. "The Prospects Of Replacing GAAP With IFRS In The United States." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i1.7509.
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Historically, each country developed its own Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for financial accounting and reporting and there was no uniformity among the GAAPs of different countries. Comparison of financial statements issued by business firms from different countries has become difficult leading toward suboptimal capital allocation across countries in the world. Gradually, there emerged a global demand for convergence of GAAP of different countries into a single set uniform accounting standards applicable to all countries. As a result, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was established in 1973. The IASC formed International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in 2001 which began issuing International Financial Accounting Standards (IFRS). At this point about 100 countries have adopted IFRS for their financial reporting purposes. In 2010, the US Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) stated that it would be able to make a decision on the adoption of the IFRS in the United States within that year and would allow a five-year period for complete transition, if it is decided to incorporate the IFRS into the U S reporting standards. An intense debate ensued for and against incorporation of IFRS into the US GAAP. Four alternative processes are suggested for the transition - outright adoption, convergence, endorsement, and co-endorsement. This paper presents details of each of these suggested alternatives and future perspective of the adoption of IFRS into the U S accounting and reporting system.
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Bjork, Jonas, Rob Kroes, Robert W. Rydell, and Doeko F. J. Bosscher. "Within the U. S. Orbit: Small National Cultures vis-a-vis the United States." Journal of American History 82, no. 1 (June 1995): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082075.
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Yingying, YANG, and CHEN Ying. "Driving Mechanism of China’s Tourism Foreign Direct Investment in the United States." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 02030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021402030.
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Based on the 2000-2018 data of China’s direct investment in U.S. tourism industry, this paper used the random effect models to quantitatively measure the driving mechanism of Chinese direct investment in U.S. tourism industry. The results showed that: China’s direct investment in U.S. tourism is mainly influenced by the four driving forces of economic development, tourism development, cultural affinity, investment environment and system. “Cultural affinity” is the characteristic of the U. S. which is different from the FDI of Chinese tourism in the global perspective.
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Marsh, Christopher, and Mark Heppner. "When Weak Nations Use Strong States: The Unintended Consequences of Intervention in the Balkans." Nationalities Papers 31, no. 3 (September 2003): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599032000115493.
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In the years that have passed since NATO forcibly compelled Yugoslavia to withdraw its military and police forces from Kosovo and the province was placed under U. N. guardianship, the Kosovo crisis of 1999 has been examined from a variety of angles. Although many insightful analyses have documented the horrific and deplorable events that led up to the crisis, one important factor that has received relatively short shrift is the way in which the U. S. was drawn into the conflict. In particular, it has remained overlooked that the United States, qua superpower, had a significant impact on the policy formulations of the belligerent parties. This essay is based on the proposition that the United States does not formulate policy and operate in a vacuum, but rather that the U. S. is itself a critical factor in the calculations of other actors in the international system. These actors make strategic calculations based upon their expectations of American actions and reactions. The U. S. policymaking community, on the other hand, seems to formulate policies without considering the implications of the fact that other actors might anticipate U. S. actions or even attempt to provoke a desired response.
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Polonskaya, Olesya Yur'evna. "Metaphorical modeling of migration: on the material of the U. S. mass media." Litera, no. 3 (March 2020): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.3.30050.
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This article is dedicated to examination of metaphorical peculiarities of representation of migration in the U. S. press. The object of this research is the metaphorical perception of migrants and migration in mass media language of the United States. The subject is the metaphorical models structuring the concept sphere of “migration” in mass media language of the United States. The goal of this work consists in analysis of the peculiarities of metaphorical modeling of migration in the U. S. political media discourse. The relevance is defined by insufficient coverage of metaphorical perception of the migration processes by modern mass media of the United States. The research is based on the cognitive approach, according to which metaphor is a fundamental phenomenon in perception of the surrounding environment. Study of the linguistic material and description of metaphorical model allowed determining the attitude towards migrants at the current stage of development of the U. S. society. The analysis of conceptual metaphors was conducted via continuous sampling from digital versions of the well-known newspapers “The New York Times”, “USA Today” and “The Wall Street Journal”. The author highlights the three main groups of metaphors: signifying natural phenomena and disasters; military; and goods-commodity.
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Warner, John T., and Beth J. Asch. "The Record and Prospects of the All-Volunteer Military in the United States." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.2.169.
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From the onset of World War II until July 1973, the draft was a fact of life for male youth in the United States. Since then, America's armed forces have been staffed by volunteers. Recent recruiting difficulties have precipitated calls from some quarters for a return to conscription. This paper reviews the economic issues involved in the choice over conscription versus volunteerism and it reviews the volunteer force record in the U. S. Despite recent recruiting difficulties, the case for the volunteer force is more compelling today than it was in 1973.
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McClain, Margy. "Mexican Immigrant Students in Southern Wisconsin: Creating Dialogue Between Parents and Schools." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.3.l072260h7662861v.
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Current immigration to the U. S. consists mostly of individuals from Latin America, Asia, and Africa, and brings new kinds of cultural and linguistic diversity to the U. S. The demographic transformation of the United States is already visible in such states as California, which has become a "majority minority" state. This "new immigration" is changing the face of the U. S. in new ways as well, not only in established urban "first ports of entry," but also in smaller towns and semi-rural areas throughout the country.
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Lebedeva, L. F. "U. S. FOREIGN TRADE RESTRICTIONS UNDER UNSTABLE DYNAMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRAD E." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-1-18-26.
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The paper describes factors that lead to the United States trade restrictions, particularly export control at the end of the second decade; the challenges of the United States policy, prospects for international trade relations. World trade is expected to grow this year after reducing in the previous one. The outlook for trade development remains with a large degree of uncertainty due to economic, financial risks, effects of struggle against pandemia; national policies. The US trade restriction policies are in focus. Besides imposing import tariffs; controlling exports of software, sensitive equipment, technology has been transformed under Trump’s administration in the context of national security, foreign policy objectives. Limiting access to the most sensitive U.S. technology has been putting in practice along with new export controls on software; restrictions on the emerging and foundational technologies. Export Control Reform that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Trump has determined a new stage in US policy and may bring more uncertainty as concerning relations with other countries.
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Li, Xin, and Xiang Zhang. "Analysis of Aluminum Supply and Demand Development Trend in China and the United States." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1936–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1936.
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Abstract: In this paper we use comparative method to analyze the evolution law and development trend of aluminum resources supply and demand in China and the United States, the purpose is to predict the future China aluminum supply and demand trend. This paper analyses the primary aluminum production, secondary aluminum production, import and export volume, consumption of aluminum and other data in China from 1956 to 2013, and in the United States from 1900 to 2013. The results show that: (1) the aluminum resources supply and demand trend of the United States are in line with "S" shape, while the primary aluminum development show a trend of inverted "U" curve; (2) China primary aluminum production and consumption trend both appears inverted "U" curve; (3) China begin to reduce the external dependency of secondary aluminum with its self-sufficiency ability raise; (4) China secondary aluminum production ratio will be more than primary aluminum ratio.
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Cohen, Yinon. "Socioeconomic Dualism: The Case of Israeli-born Immigrants in the United States." International Migration Review 23, no. 2 (June 1989): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300205.
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Relying on the 1980 U. S. Census of Foreign-Born Population and the 1979 INS Public Use File, this article compares Israeli-born Americans (including Arabs) to both the United States and Israeli populations with respect to age, marital status, unemployment, education, industry, occupation and income as of 1979–80. Some of the results, mainly those pertaining to the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Israeli immigrants as compared to their society of origin, corroborate previous research. Thus, Israeli-born immigrants in the United States held top white-collar jobs and were less likely to be unemployed than the rest of the Israeli labor force. Once in America, however, it seems that not all Israeli-born Americans are as successful as portrayed by past research. In fact, the Census data reveal occupational and economic dualism among the population of Israeli-born Americans. The reasons for this dualism are discussed.
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Friedman, Max Paul. "Specter of a Nazi Threat: United States-Colombian Relations, 1939-1945." Americas 56, no. 4 (April 2000): 563–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500029849.
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On 11 September 1941, U..S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt took to the airwaves to warn his country that “Hitler's advance guards” were readying “footholds, bridgeheads in the New World, to be used as soon as he has gained control of the oceans.” The most recent sign that the Nazis were coming, the president told his rapt national audience, was the discovery of “secret airlanding fields in Colombia, within easy range of the Panama Canal.”In Bogotá, the response was pandemonium. U.S. ambassador Spruille Braden, astonished that “the President has gone out on a limb with this statement,” sent his staff scrambling across German-owned farms and rice fields to try to produce evidence for the assertion ex post facto. Colombian President Eduardo Santos scoffed at Roosevelt's claim, telling Braden, “in the final analysis all of Colombia is a great potential airport.” A resentful Colombian Senate voted unanimously that no such airfields existed (that Colombia had fulfilled its responsibility to defend against the Axis menace). In Washington, Secretary of State Cordell Hull was forced to call in Colombia's Ambassador Gabriel Turbay to express “the very deep regret of the President, of myself and of our Government” for the “unintentional reference.”
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Ефремов, Игорь Александрович. "Иммиграционная политика в США." Демографическое обозрение 2, no. 2 (December 9, 2015): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v2i2.1786.
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Рецензия на книгу Meissner D., D. M. Kerwin, M. Chishti, C. Bergeron (2013). Immigration enforcement in the United States. The rice of a formidable machinery. U . S .: Migration policy institute : 182.
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Velleman, Barry L. "The “Scientific Linguist” Goes to War." Historiographia Linguistica 35, no. 3 (August 4, 2008): 385–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.35.3.05vel.
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Summary During World War II there arose in the United States an urgent need for intensive foreign language instruction that emphasized the spoken language. Beginning in April, 1943, the U. S. Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) established approximately 500 intensive speaking courses in over 30 languages in fifty-five United States universities. After a single year, the program was suddenly abandoned, owing to combat personnel needs. The present study proposes to describe the sources, implementation, content, materials development, and methods of the ASTP in foreign languages. The study analyzes the ASTP Spanish language materials, explores the attempts at assessing the speaking proficiency of trainees of the program, and evaluates the program’s contributions to subsequent pedagogical approaches and assessment in the United States.
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Bjelic, Predrag. "A model of American foreign trade policy." Medjunarodni problemi 54, no. 1-2 (2002): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0201006b.
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In this paper the author explains very complex and developed process of trade policy creation in the United States. He describes the institutional model of trade policy creation, main organs and procedures, and the legal setting for that process. He also gives the basic principles in the realization of American trade policy in all dimensions - bilaterally regionally and multilaterally, that is to say the bilateral relations with main American trading partners, the links of the United States with the main regional economic groupings in the world and the U. S. influence in international economic organizations.
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Pope, Joan. "50-YEAR HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES (USA) ARMY ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH BOARD (CERB)." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.70.
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The U. S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Board (CERB), established on 7 November 1963 by Public Law No. 172, of the 88th USA Congress, has had a major impact on the field and profession of coastal engineering for over 50 years. The CERB replaced the Beach Erosion Board (BEB) (created in 1930) and provided oversight to the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), now the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory. The greatest names in USA coastal engineering and science have served on the CERB and helped to define the course of USA coastal research and practice.
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Grove, Hugh, and Maclyn Clouse. "Corporate governance standards in cross-border investing: lessons learned from Chinese companies listed in the United States." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 3 (2014): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i3conf2p4.
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This paper will examine five Chinese company stocks that have been listed on United States exchanges with either initial public offerings (IPOs) or reverse mergers, often called reverse take-overs (RTOs). Their shares were initially well received in the market, especially as China’s economy continued to grow at rates much higher than the rest of the world’s countries, with increasing stock prices creating significant gains for their investors. However, in spite of these firms’ apparent compliance to the U. S. regulations, there is now evidence of fraud, poor auditing, and a lack of corporate governance and control. The resultant stock price declines have led to billions of dollars of losses for investors, and some of these Chinese firms have subsequently been delisted by U. S. stock exchanges. In this paper, we will show that had auditors, boards of directors, and financial analysts been more diligent and responsible, these problems could have been identified earlier than they were. Perhaps some of the investors’ losses could have been prevented
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Suh, Moon-Gi. "Korean Immigrants and Business Development in the United States: Toward a Synthetic Perspective." International Area Review 10, no. 2 (September 2007): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590701000204.
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This study attempts to explore the reasons why a particular minority community such as Korean immigrants has been able to successfully adapt to the U. S. economy, compared to other ethnic groups. It focuses on community characteristics in the ability to collectively mobilize resources for building businesses and self-employment. Contradictory reports in the literature, however, concerning the superior or inferior development of the self-employment business is related to the emphasis of the different aspects of minority groups. It is argued here that such ramification of explanations is unnecessary and that a more synthetic theoretical argument can be forwarded to explain the success of minority business of Korean immigrants. The baseline toward a theoretical framework is to account for the complex interrelation between economic and non-economic factors that underpin the historical context in which immigrant businesses survive and adapt. The study suggests that the issue of immigrant-owned business in the United States can be best understood in terms of the synergy view by which different theories and models of minority business are integrated and embodied in family relations.
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Teschner, Richard V. "Bilingual Communities: U. S. National /Regional Profiles and Verbal Repertoires." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 6 (March 1985): 220–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003159.
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From the vantage point of August 1, 1985, the past three years are better characterized by what has failed to happen, politically, in realms directly affecting the concerns of applied linguistics in the United States than by what actually has happened. Despite 55 months of the Reagan Revolution, the Department of Education is still intact, and, with it, the Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs (OBEMLA). Bilingual education continues to receive federal funding, though predictably at levels that satisfy neither its advocates (too low) nor its detractors (too high).
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BARR, WILLIAM F., and JACQUES RIFKIND. "Two new and one resurrected species of Enoclerus Gahan (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) from the western United States." Zootaxa 2168, no. 1 (July 27, 2009): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2168.1.4.
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Enoclerus vernalis, new species, is described from the Mojave Desert of California. Enoclerus valens, new species, is described from Arizona. Enoclerus spinolae (LeConte 1853), broadly distributed in the U. S. Southwest and also occurring in northern Mexico, is resurrected as a valid species. Distribution and biology of some yucca associated Enoclerus species are briefly discussed.
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Clarke, Richard L. "Maritime unions and the U.S. merchant marine." Journal of Transportation Management 11, no. 2 (September 1, 1999): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/936144180.
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U.S. maritime unions have played a vital historical role in both the defense and the economic development of the United States. The economic and the political forces that helped shape and promote the growth of U.S. seafaring labor unions changed dramatically in the 1990s. Maritime union membership in the United States has fallen by more than 80 per cent since 1950. Inflexible union work rules and high union wage scales have contributed to this decline. Recent regulatory and industry changes require a new union approach if U. S. maritime unions are to survive the next decade.
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Chen, David. "Rethinking Globalization and the Transnational Capitalist Class: China, the United States, and Twenty-First Century Imperialist Rivalry." Science & Society 85, no. 1 (January 2021): 82–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/siso.2021.85.1.82.
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The arrest of Meng Wanzhou and the Huawei prosecution have revealed a mounting battle for high-tech supremacy between the United States and China. The ongoing technology war and the trade war are merely one dimension of a far-reaching and accelerating imperialist rivalry. The changing reality on the world stage has urged a reconsideration of the transnational capitalist class (TCC) thesis and the theory of globalization in general. By reviewing the historical debate between the globalist and critical realist schools, I argue that William Carroll's theoretical frame of global capitalism grounded in corporate network research through emphasizing a dialectical process of the “making” of the TCC is better equipped to explain the unfolding Sino–U. S. conflict. Corporate network research has unveiled a highly regionalized and uneven TCC network: the transnational interlocks of both Chinese and Western corporate directorates are relatively sparse while regional and national ties dominate. It affirms the fragility of the TCC, its internal friction and potential decomposition. It also provides the material ground for analyzing the Sino–U. S. imperialist rivalry as a structural development out of global capitalism and its class relations.
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Arnold, Theresa J. "What Canadian Oil and Gas Companies Need to Know about U. S. Antitrust Laws." Alberta Law Review 34, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr656.
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The author presents an introduction to and a cautionary warning about the idiosyncrasies, complexities and dangers of U.S. antitrust law for the Canadian oil and gas industry in a post-NAFTA economic and legal reality. Pre-NAFTA transborder Canadian rules, customs and business practices in the oil and gas industry may have to be reconsidered in light of the serious implications of U.S. antitrust jurisprudence to date. The reach and the scope of U.S. Title 15 Trade and Commerce legislation, such as the Sherman Act, the Clayton Act, the Robinson-Patman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act, and the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, are outlined and presented. The author also describes the powers and authority of the United States Department of Justice, the United States Federal Trade Commission, the state attorneys general, and the "private" attorneys general to launch civil actions, class actions and criminal prosecutions serially, concurrently or in combination should an unwary foreign or domestic person run afoul of US. antitrust law. In addition, the author discusses the relevant leading case law, legal tests and legal principles, remedies, penalties, consequences and pitfalls of U.S. antitrust law.
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Gosling, Samuel D., Carson J. Sandy, Oliver P. John, and Jeff Potter. "Wired but not WEIRD: The promise of the Internet in reaching more diverse samples." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 2-3 (June 2010): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10000300.
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AbstractCan the Internet reach beyond the U. S. college samples predominant in social science research? A sample of 564,502 participants completed a personality questionnaire online. We found that 19% were not from advanced economies; 20% were from non-Western societies; 35% of the Western-society sample were not from the United States; and 66% of the U. S. sample were not in the 18–22 (college) age group.
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Cannedy, Shay. "Crafting Citizens: Resettlement Agencies and Refugee Incorporation in the U. S." Practicing Anthropology 33, no. 4 (September 1, 2011): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.33.4.1054065168q7v740.
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Being a citizen means more than simply possessing proper legal documents. It also entails notions of belonging that are defined and cultivated in large part by the nation-state. As Aihwa Ong (2003) observes, citizenship is a ‘social process,’ which, in the context of the United States, is tied to wealth accumulation and self-reliance. The role of the state in this process is clearly visible in refugee resettlement, where newly arrived refugees come into contact with a host of social services designed to create citizens who are appropriately "American."
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Wang, Jun Bo, Xin Li, and Shan Lu Gu. "Comparative Analysis of Copper Resource Supply and Demand Development Trend in China and the United States." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1953.
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Copper is one of the most valuable metals in the daily production activities of human beings. Its consumption can indicate the changes in economic structure. The regularity of copper development in the U.S. has a very far-reaching significance as well as reference value to China. This paper is based on date of copper production and consumption in China and U.S. contrasted and analyzed the development trend. The results show that the curve presented by the consumption of copper in the U.S. doesn’t totally comply with the “S” shaped rules which put forward by above-mentioned scholars, but presents the typical “M” shaped rules. The increase of China’s demand for copper, while since 1998, hasn’t presented t the “S” shaped rules, which is common among other industrialized countries, but presented the typical inverted “U” shaped rules.
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Chernova, O. V., and D. H. Zaiats. "The Role of TNCs in U.S. Economic Strategy." Business Inform 5, no. 520 (2021): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-5-42-48.
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The article is aimed at analyzing the impact of American transnational corporations (TNCs) on the economic strategy of the United States of America. During the research, the essence of the category of «transnational corporation» is considered and the peculiarities of functioning of the leading TNCs are defined. The key vectors of U. S. economic strategy at the present stage are specified. The activities of transnational (multinational) corporations in the United States of America is analyzed. The article carries out a comprehensive analysis of the existing ratings of American transnational corporations. The key indicators of their activity in various spheres of public production and sectors of economy are analyzed. The impact of transnational corporations on the U.S. economy is evaluated by analyzing the dynamics of exports, imports, indices of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross domestic product per capita. The activities of American TNCs in the territories of foreign countries is studied. The analysis of the dynamics of direct foreign investment of the United States of America abroad and the scale of investment in the national economy of the country from abroad is carried out. The geographical structure of foreign direct investment from the United States of America is considered. Existing threats to the U.S. economy caused by transnational corporations are identified, and their consequences are estimated. Conclusions have been drawn on the future prospects of transnationalization of the US economy and the impact of global companies on the economic strategy of the United States of America.
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Sader, Helio S., Robert K. Flamm, Urania Rappo, Dmitri Debabov, Mariana Castanheira, and Rodrigo E. Mendes. "1000. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated From Patients Hospitalized With Bacteremia in United States and European Medical Centers: Results From the International Dalbavancin Evaluation of Activity (IDEA) Program." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy210.837.
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Abstract Background Gram-positive bacteria (GP), mainly S. aureus (SA), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and Enterococcus spp., represent major causes of bacteremia in hospitalized patients. We evaluated the activity of dalbavancin (DALBA) and comparator agents against contemporary GP from patients with bacteremia. Methods A total of 8,296 GP unique isolates were consecutively collected from 33 United States (n = 4,409) and 39 European (EUR; n = 3,887) medical centers in 2015–2017 and susceptibility tested by reference broth microdilution methods. Results The most common organisms were SA (48.3% in United States, 44.3% in EUR), CoNS (14.3% in United States, 15.6% in EUR), and E. faecalis (EF; 11.5% in United States, 13.1% in EUR). All SA isolates were susceptible (S) to DALBA (MIC50/90, 0.03/0.03 mg/L), linezolid (LZD; MIC50/90, 1/2 mg/L), vancomycin (VAN; MIC50/90, 1/1 mg/L), and teicoplanin (TEI; MIC50/90, ≤0.5/≤0.5 mg/L); >99.9% were S to daptomycin (DAPTO; MIC50/90, 0.25/0.5 mg/L). Based on MIC50, DALBA was 8-fold more active than DAPTO and 32-fold more active than VAN against SA, and DALBA activity was not adversely affected by oxacillin (OXA) resistance (R). Among CoNS, 99.9% of isolates were inhibited at a DALBA MIC of ≤0.25 mg/L (MIC50/90, 0.03/0.06 mg/L); S to DAPTO (MIC50/90, 0.5/0.5 mg/L), LZD (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 mg/L), VAN (MIC50/90, 1/2 mg/L), and TEI (MIC50/90, 2/4 mg/L) were 99.9%, 97.6%, 100.0%, and 98.5%, respectively. Among EF, 97.7% were DALBA-S (96.4% in USA, 99.0% in EUR; MIC50/90, 0.03/0.06 mg/L), 97.5% were VAN-S (96.1% in United States, 99.0% in EUR; MIC50/90, 1/2 mg/L), and all isolates were S to ampicillin (MIC50/90, 1/1 mg/L), DAPTO (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 mg/L) and LZD (MIC50/90,1/2 mg/L). Among E. faecium isolates (n = 656; 7.9% overall), 63.9% were inhibited at ≤0.25 mg/L of DALBA (33.4% in United States, 87.5% in EUR) and 61.6% were VAN-S (32.8% in United States, 84.0% in EUR). DALBA was highly active against β-hemolytic streptococci (BHS; n = 686 [8.3%]; MIC50/90, 0.015/0.03 mg/L) and viridans group streptococci (VGS; n = 432 [5.2%]; MIC50/90, 0.015/0.03 mg/L). Conclusion DALBA was very active against SA, CoNS, VAN-S enterococci, BHS, and VGS isolated from patients with bacteremia. Based on MIC50, DALBA was generally 8- to 32-fold more active than DAPTO and VAN against these organisms. Disclosures H. S. Sader, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research support. R. K. Flamm, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research support. U. Rappo, Allergan: Employee, Salary. D. Debabov, Allergan: Employee, Salary. M. Castanheira, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research support. R. E. Mendes, Allergan: Research Contractor, Research support.
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Gegelashvili, N., and I. Modnikova. "Ukraine in the Focus of US Foreign Policy Priorities." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 3 (2020): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2020-3-66-79.
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The article analyzes the US policy towards Ukraine dating back from the time before the reunification of Crimea with Russia and up to Donald Trump coming to power. The spectrum of Washington’s interests towards this country being of particular strategic interest to the United States are disclosed. It should be noted that since the disintegration of the Soviet Union Washington’s interest in this country on the whole has not been very much different from its stand on all post-Soviet states whose significance was defined by the U,S depending on their location on the world map as well as on the value of their natural resources. However, after the reunification of Crimea with Russia Washington’s stand on this country underwent significant changes, causing a radical transformation of the U,S attitude in their Ukrainian policy. During the presidency of Barack Obama the American policy towards Ukraine was carried out rather sluggishly being basically declarative in its nature. When President D. Trump took his office Washington’s policy towards Ukraine became increasingly more offensive and was characterized by a rather proactive stance not only because Ukraine became the principal arena of confrontation between the United States and the Russian Federation, but also because it became a part of the US domestic political context. Therefore, an outcome of the “battle” for Ukraine is currently very important for the United States in order to prove to the world its role of the main helmsman in the context of a diminishing US capability of maintaining their global superiority.
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Zheng, Yuqing, and Harry M. Kaiser. "Advertising and U. S. Nonalcoholic Beverage Demand." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 37, no. 2 (October 2008): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500002963.
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As a first effort at modeling nonalcoholic beverage demand in a systemwide framework that includes bottled water, this article examines the impact of advertising on the demand for nonalcoholic beverages in the United States. We employed an AIDS (almost ideal demand system) model of five jointly estimated equations that included advertising expenditures as explanatory variables to evaluate annual U. S. consumption of nonalcoholic beverages for 1974 through 2005. Results suggest that advertising increases demand for fluid milk, soft drinks, and coffee and tea, but not for juice or bottled water. Advertising spillover effects occur in over 50 percent of the cases considered, and such effects can be substantial, particularly for advertising of soft drinks, and coffee and tea. We find that a large increase in the retail price of fluid milk, an increasing trend towards dining out, and positive spillover effects from soft-drink advertising made significant contributions to bottled water's success in recent years.
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Iuniushkina, Anna Sergeevna, Kristina Alekseevna Shapovalova, and Evgeniya Yur'evna Katkova. "U.S. – China trade war as an attempt to regain global leadership." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2021.2.35748.
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Confrontation between the two most economically developed countries and the advent of coarse trade wars has disturbed the international arena in 2017. One of the causes for such contradictory relations is presidency and election campaign of Donald Trump, who actively advocated the need to change the structure of relations between the United States and China. This article is an attempt to get a grasp on the origins of contradictions, trace the chronology of the development of trade wars, and carry out a comprehensive analysis of the methods and instruments used by the governments of both countries to resolve the conflict. The key goal of this research is to determine the main causes underlying the trade-economic rivalry between China and the United States, as well as the prerequisites for the emergence of trade wars between the countries. Special attention is given to the U. S. – China contradictions during the presidency of D. Trump. Methodological framework is comprised of theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison, as well as systematic approach for examining the key challenges emerging in the trade relations between China and the United States, and mechanisms for overcoming them. In the studying the in-depth motives of the modern conflict, the authors referred to the power transition theory, which clarifies the origins of contradictions between the countries. The novelty of this work consist is consideration of the current stage of U. S. – China trade war, which continues despite the outbreak of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusion is made that the contradictions between PRC and the United States are of compound, and thus, not limited by contradictions in the trade-economic sphere, which conditions for long-run conflict.
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Kudryashova, Yuliya Mikhailovna. "Legislation on direct foreign investment in the Russian Federation and the United States: comparative-legal analysis." Право и политика, no. 7 (July 2020): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2020.7.33497.
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This article analyzes the investment legislation of the Russian Federation and the United States. The subject of this research is the specific normative legal acts regulating direct foreign investments in the indicated countries, while the object is the relations emerging in the process of foreign investment activity. The author provides the examples of various factors in the area of foreign investment for the purpose of their comparison and determination of specificity of their practical implementation. The reference to doctrinal sources allowed to clearer explain the author’s position of the topic. The scientific novelty and relevance of this work are substantiated by examination of investment activity, which greatly impacts the economy of modern countries. The author’s special contribution lies in studying the experience of U. S. legislation with regards to direct foreign investments. The main conclusion consists in the fact that both jurisdictions have a well-developed mechanism for regulating investment relations, as well as both countries feature a number of restrictions that can face a foreign investor. The need for improvement of Russian legislation is underlined. The acquired results can be used in legislative and expert activity, as well as in further theoretical-legal research.
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Dung, J. K. S., L. M. Carris, and P. B. Hamm. "First Report of Ustilago cynodontis Causing Smut of Cynodon dactylon in Washington State, United States." Plant Disease 98, no. 2 (February 2014): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0560-pdn.
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Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) is an important warm-season perennial turf and forage grass that is typically grown in warm, tropical and subtropical climates. Smutted inflorescences of bermudagrass were observed and collected in Benton County, Washington, United States, in October of 2012 in an unmanaged, naturalized area located near the banks of the Columbia River and adjacent to large expanses of managed turf containing bermudagrass. The climate in this area is favorable to bermudagrass due to the relatively mild winters and hot, dry summers that usually occur in this region. The infected plants occurred in patches alongside healthy plants and several disease foci were observed along a 100-m transect of non-contiguous bermudagrass. The disease was severe wherever it occurred. Diseased inflorescences were covered with black-brown teliospores, distorted, and frequently failed to fully emerge and develop. Teliospores (n = 80) were irregularly globose to subglobose, 5.3 to 7.0 × 4.5 to 6.2 μm (mean 6.4 × 5.9 μm) and 6.2 to 8.8 × 5.3 to 7.0 μm (mean 7.0 × 6.5 μm), with a smooth wall approximately 1 μm thick, and were consistent with previous descriptions of Ustilago cynodontis teliospores (1,3). Teliospores germinated within 24 h when plated on 0.2% malt agar at 16°C and produced 4-celled basidia in a 3+1 arrangement, also consistent with U. cynodontis (3). Basidia gave rise to lateral and terminal, ovoid to long ellipsoidal basidiospores. Basidiospores budded or germinated by hyphae from which lateral or terminal aerial sporidia developed as previously described (3,4). DNA was extracted from sporidia of three single-spored isolates grown in malt extract broth. Complete nucleotide sequences of the 5.8S ribosomal RNA coding region and partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2 were obtained from the three isolates using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The corresponding regions of the three aligned sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. KC920742 to KC920744) were identical and exhibited 99 to 100% identity with U. cynodontis strains previously deposited in GenBank (HM143013, AY740168, AF038825, and AY345000). Representative specimens were deposited in the WSU Mycological Herbarium as WSP 72345 to WSP 72348. This is the first report of U. cynodontis causing smut on bermudagrass in Washington State and represents the northernmost record of this fungus in North America (2). The occurrence of U. cynodontis in Washington State suggests that the pathogen may exist in other hot and dry areas of northwestern North America where bermudagrass is found associated with turf in recreational, landscape, or natural settings. References: (1) S. D. Brook. Trans. R. Soc. N. Z. 84:643, 1957. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Online. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases , April 18, 2013. (3) C. T. Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 83:251, 1984. (4) C. T. Ingold. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 89:471, 1987.
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Matvienko, V., and I. Gavrylenko. "THE EXERCISE OF SOFT POWER BY THE U. S. THROUGH THE USE OF MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY DURING G. W. BUSH AND B. OBAMA PRESIDENCY." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 133 (2017): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.133.0.16-25.
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In the modern world, multilateral diplomacy is a significant factor of soft power, as it demonstrates commitment to global goals and international cooperation, the desire to address the interests of not only allies, but also of hostile states, and the presence of a clear vision of the world development that altogether increases the attractiveness of the state. The article analyzes the approaches to the multilateral diplomacy of the administrations of two U. S. presidents, namely of G. W. Bush and B. Obama. The study came to the conclusion that the United States mostly neglected the potential of soft power that could have been obtained in case of more active use of multilateral mechanisms. The preference was given to unilateralist actions on the world stage under the administration of G. W. Bush, and this trend was mainly preserved by B. Obama, despite his declared commitment to international obligations, although he generally managed to increase the importance of multilateral diplomacy for the United States and to improve the image of the state in the international arena.
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Leff, Mark, and Martin J. Sklar. "The United States as a Developing Country: Studies in U. S. History in the Progressive Era and the 1920s." Journal of American History 80, no. 3 (December 1993): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080509.
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Wood, Bruce W. "Production Unit Trends and Price Characteristics within the United States Pecan Industry." HortTechnology 11, no. 1 (January 2001): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.1.110.
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The United States pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] industry is based on about 10,107,170 trees (about 15% nonbearing) comprising about 492,137 acres (199,168 ha) of orchards (34% in Texas, 27% Georgia, and 17% Oklahoma) dispersed among about 19,900 farm operations (36% in Texas, 16% Georgia, and 7% Oklahoma) in 24 states. Fifty-six percent of this acreage is on farms with ≥100 acres (40.5 ha) of trees (i.e., 5% of total farms). An evaluation of production related changes over the last decade indicate fundamental changes occurring in the nature of the U. S. industry. These include a) movement toward agricultural industrialization as reflected by fewer small-farms and more large-farms; b) reduced percentage of young (i.e., nonbearing) trees in most major producing states; c) substantial decline in number of farms and acres in the southeastern regionhistorically the primary production area-yet substantial growth in the northern region of production; d) a national 3% increase in the number of pecan farms and 14% increase in acreage; and e) substantial demographic changes, such as the enhanced importance of the southwestern region including New Mexico with diminished importance of many southeastern states. States also drastically differ in degree of biennial bearing, as measured by the biennial bearing index (i.e., K = 0.04 - 0.73; where 0 = no production variation and 1 = maximum variation), average production efficiency of both orchards [Epa = 192 - 1,224 lb/acre (215 - 1,374 kg·ha-1)] and trees [Ept = 19 - 60 lb/tree (8.6 kg/tree)], variation in grower prices (cv = 18 - 36%), and relationship between price and national supply of pecan (r2 = 0.94 - 0.03). For the pecan industry as a whole, average price received for nut-meats is as closely associated with national supply of pecan nut-meats as that of almond and pistachio and is far better than that of walnut-pecan's primary competitor. The supply of pecan meats on-hand at the beginning of the season, plus supply from the current season's crop, plus the price of walnut meats accounts for 80% of price variation in average United States pecan meat price.
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Misiuna, Jan. "Zarys historii regulacji finansowania kampanii wyborczych w USA." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (November 29, 2011): 203–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2011.1.8.
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The article presents the history of the US campaign finance law. It describes acts passed by the Congress, starting from the Tillman Act of 1907, followed among others by Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 and finished with McCain-Feingold Act of 2002. There are also described the most important decisions of the US Supreme Court related to the campaign finance including Newberry vs. United States (256 U. S. 232 (1921)), Buckley v. Valeo (424 U. S. 1 (1976)), McConnell v. Federal Election Commission (540 U. S. 93 (2003)) Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (130 S. Ct. 876 (2010)) of 2010. The paper also how has changed the attitude of the Supreme Court towards campaign finance regulation The article also recalls the historical events, such as Teapot Dome Scandal and Watergate, that were important stimuli for passing new law by the Congress. The background of the Supreme Court decisions is also provided.
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Bratko, Tatiana Dmitrievna. "Illegal income as an object of taxation in law of the Russian Federation and the United States." Налоги и налогообложение, no. 3 (March 2021): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2021.3.35831.
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One of the perpetual problems within the Russian and U.S. tax law is the establishment of criteria for taxability of income, under what conditions the income of a taxpayer should be taxable. The fact the legislation nor the rulings of supreme courts contain a clear answer to this question, leads to the emergence of legal uncertainty on the tax consequences of receiving illegal income. The goal of this research lies in examination of problem of taxation of illegal income, including the questions of bringing to tax and criminal liability for tax evasion on illegal income, as well as in substantiation of a new solution to this problem. For achieving this goal, the author analyzes the Russian and U. S. case law on taxation of criminal and other illegal income. Although such practice is not always consistent, the merit of the court includes the development of classical theory of the object of income taxation. Namely, the Supreme Court of the United States formulated the well-known concept of taxable income and the rule on “right of claim”. The author believes that the grounds for distinguishing between taxable and non-taxable income is the criterion of economic benefit. The strict application of such criterion for the assessment of tax consequences from receiving illegal income led the author to a conclusion that contradicts the interpretations of the Russian and U. S. courts: only the economic benefit from the free use of the property, rather than the overall value of such property, should be recognized as the object of taxation should be recognized. The concept proposed by the author can be used in the practice of tax and judicial authorities for ensuring subjective rights and legitimate interests of taxpayers.
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Luppold, William G. "The Canadian Connection in the North American Hardwood Lumber Export Market." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.3.91.
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Abstract Canada has consistently been the largest international market for U.S. hardwood lumber in both value and volume terms. Although much of the lumber shipped to Canada is used by Canadian industries, a significant amount is re-exported to Europe by Canadian brokers and wholesalers. In addition, 10 to 20% of U S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe are transshipped through Canadian ports. Most exports to Canada and transshipments through Canada exit the United States at inland points in the Northeast. This paper provides an alternative look at exports of lumber from the United States to Canada and examines the connection between Canada and U.S. exports to Europe. However, the volume of U.S. lumber and logs reprocessed in Canada and then exported is not known. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):91-93.