Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sécurité incendie'
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Hébert, Damien. "Etude de la combustion des matériaux solides, application à la sécurité incendie." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795236.
Full textMuller, Anne. "Développement d'une méthode de modélisation pour l'évaluation de la performance de stratégies de sécurité incendie." Phd thesis, Université de Haute Alsace - Mulhouse, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593716.
Full textChorier, Julien. "Diagnostic et évaluation des risques incendie d’une construction et de sa mise en sécurité." Chambéry, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CHAMS002.
Full textThe fire safety level assessment for buildings is now necessary in order to be able to satisfy given requirements for new or refurbished buildings. One of the main missions of the Fire Safety Department of CSTB (Scientific and Technical Center for Building in France) is to help to the choice of methodologies and tools for evaluation and improvement of fire safety for existing buildings. Our study aims to develop the means to help building managers in fire risk diagnosis and decision making for the protection of buildings and their occupants (maintenance, repair, reinforcement, demolition). This work is integrated within the framework of the National ISI (Engineering of Fire protection) Project (PN ISI). We are members with the CSTB ( which supports this research, of PN ISI. The diagnosis proposes a fire risk evaluation of buildings with respect to the different possible damage: people, property, structure, and environment. Then, our methodology is able to provide a choice between various proposals for fire safety improvement, and to distribute a budget allocated to safety. Our study is carried out on various kinds of buildings, excluding industrial buildings where dangers are too specific. It should also provide a structured approach in order to obtain an efficient communication with safety commissions and other concerned players. Our fire risk assessment method for helping building inspectors or engineers to reach a given safety level in a building is based on the use of Petri nets and simplified evaluation models of physical parameters related to fire (temperature, height without smoke). Evaluation of injury to people and damage to the building is obtained through probabilistic simulations developed from danger events identified by experts. Various safety improvement actions can be simulated and compared in order to retain the most effective one. Specific examples are given and an analysis of the most important points to develop in the future is provided
Tinon, Emmanuelle. "Etude expérimentale des mécanismes d'atomisation effervescente. Application à la sécurité incendie dans les moteurs aéronautiques." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/20749/1/TINON_Emmanuelle.pdf.
Full textOuld, Moustapha Ahmed Salem. "Etude numérique du développement de panaches thermiques en milieux confinés : application à la sécurité incendie." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066255.
Full textDa, Silva Stéphanie. "La sécurité des infrastructures de transport." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON10049.
Full textOn March 24th, 1999, a fire swept through the Mont Blanc tunnel, Results: 39 victims. How such a disaster could happen? People wonder about it. The powerful French Republic react, the Law n°2002-3 from January 3rd 2002 is published. Two targets are clearly identified by the legislator: Secure transportation infrastructure (prevent the risks) and work on feedback after each incident, in a way to avoid that disaster happen again. Several legal text (national or european) are voted to reinforce them. Following the Law n°2002-3 from January 3rd 2002, many others law from various legal branches were added: for example, public building, and urbanism etc … Nevertheless, the security does not stop in the limitation, in the abolition of the risk; anticipate the actions to be led facing these events are also important. So, operational planning (internal and external) also represents a critical part: It is necessary to foresee the actions of every actor in front of the event. Next to aspects prevention and forecast, we must take care of the return of experience provided by internal actions or investigations performed when these incidents happen. Finally, the transportation infrastructure are subjected to security standards, it could be explain in one way because of the risks related to the transportation infrastructure themselves and in another way for their impacts on existing risks. The security in transportation infrastructure is completely integrated in the “Culture of the security” philosophy
Charles, Smith. "Conception d'un Système Expert pour l'étude de la Sécurité Incendie de Bâtiments dans un Contexte Pluridisciplinaire." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003554.
Full textCharles, Smith. "Conception d'un système expert pour l’étude de la sécurité incendie de bâtiments dans un contexte pluridisciplinaire." Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0025.
Full textFire safety is a component of the technical function of a building. It is generally taken into account by the application of regulations. We propose a different method based on the search of risk factors and the best measures for their elimination. Our method is a systemic one which integrates knowledges about the technical, architectural and economic functions of the building. The works described concern: - a method of risk assessment based on belief-trees combining favourables and unfavourable probabilist hypotheses. - an expert-system for studying the fire safety of buildings providing two modes of expertise : one for the focalised studies, one for the more general expertise guided by a tasks scheduler. - a tool for developing large expert-systems managing many knowledge sources in natural language. - a knowledge elicitation method to enhance the knowledge engineer's performance by the anticipation of what knowledge to extract and how to proceed
Huppé, Alexandre. "Utilisation d'imagerie thermique basse résolution pour valider l'utilisation sécuritaire d'une cuisinière électrique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11624.
Full textChantelauve, Guillaume. "Evaluation des risques et réglementation de la sécurité : Cas du secteur maritime - Tendances et applications." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780595.
Full textOucherfi, Myriam. "Contribution à l'étude de la ventilation transversale lors d'un incendie en tunnel routier." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652385.
Full textOucherfi, Myriam. "Contribution à l'étude de la ventilation transversale lors d'un incendie en tunnel routier." Phd thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6cc0z3v.
Full textThe aim of this study is to present simple criteria to evaluate the performances of a transverse ventilation system. Efficiency and yield have been defined, based on the flux of density deficit createdby the fire. After a preliminary study of numerical models, the influence of different parameters on those criteria has been investigated. First, the study focused on the simplified case of a single damper. We showed that the air flow speed in the tunnel is the more important parameter. On the contrary, the shape of the damper has little influence on the efficency, except in unusual cases (slit on the whole width of the tunnel). Then, the study of a longer portion of the tunnel confirmed the prominence of the limitation of air flow speed. Comparison with a case with fewer dampers but the same total extraction section showed that this sensibility to air flow speed tends to disappear for larger dampers, but that the efficiency is lowered. Finally the study of the influence of heavy-goods-vehicules obstructing the tunnel reports better results, due to the fact that big objects tend to confine smokes
Lamalle, Damien. "Simulations aux grandes échelles de panaches libre et impactant." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0048/document.
Full textFire Safety Engineering studies often rely on the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics, but several recent studies (e.g. Dalmarnock 2007, Arcueil Numérique 2009) have highlighted significant differences between experimental data and the results of numerical simulations. The numerical models are often rather sensitive to the choice of boundary conditions, and may depend on key parameters which are poorly understood. The research presented in this thesis addresses some of these questions, using the CFD code FDS to simulate a set of experimental test cases, and to test the sensitivity of the simulations to different input parameters. The general configuration studied is that of a thermal plume generated by a heated plate, either rising freely or else impacting on a ceiling. Radial profiles of 1st and 2nd order statistics of temperature and velocity agree well with published data, as does the axial variation of Mass, Momentum and Buoyancy fluxes, and the local Richardson number. A detailed study of the entrainment coefficient shows that this varies with distance from the heat source, between about 0.4 and 0.1; this is explained by the dependence of entrainment on the local Richardson number and the density difference between the plume and the ambient air. The comparison between simulations has also been used to investigate the applicability of different sub-grid scale models for this type of flow. Finally, a methodology has been developed for evaluating the sensitivity of the calculations to different input parameters, and the method has been applied to a test configuration representing a fire in a building. The results show the relative importance of both explicitly-defined parameters that characterize the situation (thermal power of the fire, ventilation regime inside the building) and implicit model parameters
Chanti, Houda. "Développement d'un outil d'évaluation performantielle des réglementations incendie en France et dans les pays de l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MULH8193/document.
Full textIn order to facilitate the engineers task of evaluating the fire safety level, and to allow the specialists involved in the field to use their preferred languages and tools, we propose to create a language dedicated to the field of fire safety, which automatically generates a simulation, taking into account the specific languages used by the specialists involved in the field. This DSL requires the definition, the formalization, the composition and the integration of several models, regardig to the specific languages used by the specialists involved in the field. The specific language dedicated to the field of fire safety is designed by composing and integrating several other DSLs described by technical and natural languages (as well as natural languages referring to technical ones). These latter are modeled in a way that their components must be precise and based on mathematical foundations, in order to verify the consistency of the system (people and materials are safe) before it implementation. In this context, we propose to adopt a formal approach, based on algebraic specifications, to formalize the languages used by the specialists involved in the generation system, focusing on both syntaxes and semantics of the dedicated languages. In the algebraic approach, the concepts of the domain are abstracted by data types and the relationships between them. The semantics of specific languages is described by the relationships, the mappings between the defined data types and their properties. The simulation language is based on a composition of several specific DSLs previously described and formalized. The DSLs are implemented based on the concepts of functional programming and the Haskell functional language, well adapted to this approach. The result of this work is a software dedicated to the automatic generation of a simulation, in order to facilitate the evaluation of the fire safety level to the engineers. This tool is the property of the Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), an organization whose mission is to guarantee the quality and safety of buildings by combining multidisciplinary skills to develop and share scientific and technical knowledge, in order to provide to the different actors the expected answers in their professional practice
Feliciangeli, Anne-Claire. "Le droit relatif à la prévention des risques d’incendie et de panique dans les établissements recevant du public en France." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0028/document.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is the analysis of the law governing the measures taken by the State to ensure security and, more recently, the safety in the Establishments Receiving the Public (ERP). Due to the major economic and social role of ERPs particularly targeted by terrorist acts, the Government has legislated for the safeguarding of persons and the protection of property against fire risks and threats. This work deals with legally imperfect regulatory texts, whereas before the administrative courts the liability of the State is incurred in the event of a dispute. This research diagnoses areas of this administrative law that have reached their limits. Administratively and technically, this legislation has become complex and difficult to assume from an institutional, financial and legislative point of view. An interministerial mission concluded that a major reform of the enforceable rights against ERPs is not feasible. However, since recently changes have been undertaken in the french law that this study takes into account and proposes another way to simplify, modernize and correct the existing law. This involves removing existing imperfections, pooling the security and safety resources available in the ERPs and changing the current model towards a more liberal and jurisprudential right
Morlon, Romain. "Stratification thermique et optique d'un environnement enfumé et interactions eau/fumée sous aspersion." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0138/document.
Full textThis work was devoted to the study of water/smoke interactions in the case of water mist activation on a smoke layer. The aim was to investigate the effects observed on thermal and optical properties when injecting water particles using sprinkler or water mist devices through a smoke layer generated with an heptane pool fire. A first review was reported in order to highlight the researches devoted to water aspersion for firefighting and the smoke stratification phenomena. An experimental study based on 50 runs at real scale was presented, involving optical and thermal measurements. In particular, a laser opacimeter system was developed, which allowed measuring the smoke opacity and the effects of smoke/water interactions on opacity and visibility. Afterwards, a numerical study was conducted. On the one hand fire tests were simulated using the FDS 6th version (Fire Dynamics Simulator) and on the other hand a dedicated code allowed us to evaluate the visibility. The values of the soot and droplet concentrations were extracted from FDS and used into the code dedicated to visibility to calculate the optical properties of the corresponding absorbing-scattering environment. Those properties are then used in a Monte Carlo approach combined with PSF (Point Spread Function) and MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) methods to evaluate the intensity and the contrast of reconstructed images. The destratification effects based on thermal and optical criteria were compared experimentally and numerically for each technology
Abdulrahman, Shehu. "Experimental investigations on fire behaviour and fire suppression in a reduced-scale room of the Castle of Chambord." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAB0007.
Full textThe current state of fire protection by sprinkler systems is inadequate for the protection of cultural heritage building and monuments. Although different types of automatic sprinkler fire suppression systems exist, their disadvantages (vulnerability to corrosion and frost, risk of water-leaks, false activations…) can cause irremediable damage to the historical buildings and the valuable artifacts and pieces of art they contain. Hence, automatic fire suppression systems are rarely installed in cultural heritage buildings, resulting in numerous monuments being partly or completely destroyed by fire, such as the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, following the fire which occurred on April 15, 2019. To be able to better protection our cultural heritage, there is hence a pressing need to obtain more knowledge regarding fire and fire suppression in geometries specific to these buildings. For this purpose, a 1/8th reduced-scale compartment was built in this research work based on 3D scans of a room of the Castle of Chambord, Loire Valley, France. The latter was instrumented with the aim of studying, on one hand, the behaviour of the fire source, and, on another hand, the interaction of the fire with different fire suppression systems. Tests of n-heptane pool fires were first carried out for different fire powers, controlled by fuel surface areas using circular steel pans of 8 cm, 16 cm and 24 cm diameters pans. The initial heptane fuel mass was varied between 10 grams, 30 grams and 50 grams corresponding to fuel depths of 0.007 m, 0.0016 m and 0.025 m respectively. Heat release rate (HRR) was varied between 4 kW and 30 kW and ventilation conditions, ranging from 0.6 air change per hour (ACPH), to 1.4ACPH, 2.4ACPH, 3.3ACPH and 3.8ACPH. Through series of experiments, the effect of ventilation on fire dynamics on a compartment fire addressed with physicochemical parameters, such as flame extension, flame oscillation, temperature distribution and gas analysis. Then, three kind of sprinkler systems were considered, with varying initial pressure in the pipes. They consisted in wet pipe, dry pipe, and an innovative vacuum sprinkler system, whose pressure is inferior to the atmospheric pressure at idle state, and which has potential of solving the technological problems of water leaks, freezing and corrosion. The latter was used to study the interaction of the pool fire with a sprinkler water spray for the different sprinkler initial pressures, fire conditions, and ventilation rates. Results were obtained in terms of water delivery time, compartment gas temperature, cooling rate, heat flux and concentrations of gaseous species. The obtained results allowed to provide conclusions regarding the relative behaviour of the different systems on the fire suppression phenomena, with promising results for the vacuum sprinkler system. The study contributed to increase the knowledge on the phenomena of fire suppression in cultural heritage geometry, and a new database of experimental data has been generated. The latter will be extended forward and improved on the basis of the developed test bench, with the aim of providing future recommendations related to fire safety of cultural heritage buildings
Theos, Constantin. "Modélisation du mouvement des personnes lors de l'évacuation d'un bâtiment à la suite d'un sinistre." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ENPC9407.
Full textNguyen, Khac Tien. "Dégradation thermique de matériaux solides poreux exposés au feu - Simulation numérique avec prise en compte des processus chimiques et mécanismes de transfert." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2344.
Full textThe description of the degradation of solids is crucial in the numerical simulation of a fire, the pyrolysis gases constituting the combustible source. It is important to describe with accuracy these processes, according to the ambient conditions. However, the couplings between chemical reactions and mechanisms of mass and heat transports strongly modify the behavior of the fire.The objective of this work is to predict the macroscopic behavior of the thermal decomposition of solid fuel by numerical simulation. The intrinsic properties of the material, among which a chemical model including a reactive scheme and the associated thermochemical parameters stemming from small-scale experiment are considered as well as the transport mechanisms and the limiting effects that they can introduce. The comportment of the material is then predicted for geometrical configurations and arbitrary scenarios of exposure. The specific tool developed during this Ph-D is based on a description on the Darcy scale. It has in the future to be coupled with a global code of simulation of the fire, so that the conditions undergone by every exposed solid element would be described whereas the prediction of the fire evolution fire would depend on the behavior of the materials supplied by the present module.A set of applications is presented for two wooden materials, featuring different reactive schemes, with sequential or competitive reactions. The configurations and the examined scenarios correspond to normalized tests under cone calorimeter, and a comparison between the numerical and experimental results is made
Juhoor, Karim Khan. "Étude et modélisation d’écoulements en convection mixte : application au désenfumage naturel de bâtiments." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0027/document.
Full textThis thesis work presents deals with the issue of fire safety consideration in naturally ventilated buildings. The particular case of the interaction between the wind and hot smoke movement is pinpointed. In the first chapter, basics of natural ventilation mechanisms are shown. Then, the analysis of building’s regulations, relating to fire safety and thermal comfort, allows to highlight potential conflicts and normative gaps. Theses gaps and conflicts are illustrated through real buildings feedbacks. The challenge of indoor flow pattern studies for safety purpose is hence underline. In the second chapter, scientific’s barriers in relation with the transitions between existing flow pattern, when wind and buoyancy are opposed, are identified thought a literature review. A scaled experiment is proposed in the third chapter, using density difference between air and helium, to identify internal flow pattern when wind opposes buoyancy. Three stable internal flow patterns are identified. A power law characterizing the transitions between identified flow pattern, involving source Froude number and dynamic pressure ratio between source jet and wind, is found. In the fourth chapter, the identified flow pattern are observed when the tested volume is emptied, and a relation between the initial Richardson number Ri and the characteristic emptied time θ is found. Furthermore, specific behaviour of internal flow, when the volume is emptied, is quantitatively study thanks to a numerical model. In the last part of this thesis, transitions law between internal flow patterns allows to introduce a new wind dependent fire safety index. A methodology is then proposed to both analyse fire safety and thermal comfort in building. The presented method gives the opportunity to avoid conception conflicts underlined in the first chapter of the present work
Stroh, Rémi. "Planification d’expériences numériques en multi-fidélité : Application à un simulateur d’incendies." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC049/document.
Full textThe presented works focus on the study of multi-fidelity numerical models, deterministic or stochastic. More precisely, the considered models have a parameter which rules the quality of the simulation, as a mesh size in a finite difference model or a number of samples in a Monte-Carlo model. In that case, the numerical model can run low-fidelity simulations, fast but coarse, or high-fidelity simulations, accurate but expensive. A multi-fidelity approach aims to combine results coming from different levels of fidelity in order to save computational time. The considered method is based on a Bayesian approach. The simulator is described by a state-of-art multilevel Gaussian process model which we adapt to stochastic cases in a fully-Bayesian approach. This meta-model of the simulator allows estimating any quantity of interest with a measure of uncertainty. The goal is to choose new experiments to run in order to improve the estimations. In particular, the design must select the level of fidelity meeting the best trade-off between cost of observation and information gain. To do this, we propose a sequential strategy dedicated to the cases of variable costs, called Maximum Rate of Uncertainty Reduction (MRUR), which consists of choosing the input point maximizing the ratio between the uncertainty reduction and the cost. The methodology is illustrated in fire safety science, where we estimate probabilities of failure of a fire protection system
Gasparotto, Thomas. "Modélisation de l’évacuation des personnes en situation d’incendie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0128/document.
Full textThis work was conducted as a collaboration between CNPP and the laboratory LEMTA. It was devoted to the implementation of an emergency egress model offering prospects for use in Fire Safety Engineering. The pedestrian movement model described in this manuscript is a physical model relying on a people density balance equation. This model is based on three fundamental assumptions resulting from pedestrian phenomena commonly observed, especially in crowds. Its mathematical formulation assumes that people are regarded as a mean density in a macroscopic way. The pedestrian model was tested on verification and comparison cases extracted from literature. Evacuation drills were also performed at real scale without fire constraints to collect some quantitative data like egress times or flows, and to validate the people motion model. Furthermore, a mathematical strategy is propounded in order to integrate thermal and optical stresses into the evacuation model and to take into consideration their incidence on evacuation processes. Finally, egress simulations are achieved on a large-scale configuration considering different scenarios involving fires
Theos, Constantin. "Modélisation du mouvement des personnes lors de l'évacuation d'un bâtiment à la suite d'un sinistre." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523176.
Full textValentin, Julien René. "Simulation du comportement humain en situation d’évacuation de bâtiment en feu." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3051/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to propose a behavioral model of the human being in presence of several constraints and to integrate it into a simulation tool for building egress. The proposed model represents an individual-based approach of behavior modelisation and implement axioms of the bounded rationality set by Herbert Simon providing two key features :– individual prioritization and parametisation of cognitivemeans,– individual perception and knowledgemanagement.The proposed software has the particularity to run entirely on GPU via OpenGL 2.0. Thus the frequency of the behavior engine is very near to that of the simulator and allow adaptation of near real-time behavior of agents in a changing perception of their environment
Desanghere, Sylvain. "Détermination des conditions d'échauffement de structure extérieure à un bâtiment en situation d'incendie." Phd thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAM0010.
Full textDesanghere, Sylvain. "Détermination des conditions d'échauffement de structure extérieure à un bâtiment en situation d'incendie." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00117465.
Full textUn outil de simulation numérique avancé a été mis en oeuvre pour étudier les paramètres principaux affectant les caractéristiques des flammes extérieures. Cette tâche a nécessité au préalable la prise en main et le développement d'un modèle CFD de simulation numérique du feu, ainsi que sa validation sur des cas expérimentaux de complexité croissante. A l'étude numérique de la sortie de flammes d'un local en feu est venue s'ajouter une partie expérimentale concernant l'effet du vent sur les flammes extérieures.
L'étude des flammes extérieures a permis de procéder à la vérification et à l'extension d'une méthode de calcul simplifiée destinée à prédire les conditions d'échauffement des éléments de structure situés à l'extérieur des bâtiments. L'application pratique de ce travail a consisté à regrouper dans un nouveau modèle global les résultats obtenus à partir de la synthèse bibliographique et des études numériques et expérimentales.
Auboyer, Audrey. "Contribution à l'évolution du retour d'expérience en tunnel routier vers un outil de compréhension du comportement humain (usager et exploitant)." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005923.
Full textColombiano, Jérémy. "Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de la réaction au feu sur un matériau bois. Développement d'une méthodologie pour l'ingénierie de la sécurité incendie. Validation of a Pyrolysis Model of Wood Thermal Decomposition under Cone Calorimeter." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0017.
Full textIncreasingly, fire safety relies on fire safety engineering. This involves, in particular, using calculation codes, performing numerical simulations aimed at defining the safety rules to be applied. Thus, numerous studies have made it possible to improve the calculation codes and define the bases and technical guides to be respected for carrying out these studies. However, while this is true in the field of fire resistance, evacuation or smoke control, it is not yet the case in the field of reaction to fire. The latter represents how the material will behave as a fuel and it characterizes the ability of that material to ignite and contribute to a fire.In this context, the objective of this thesis work is to study and predict the kinetics of thermal decomposition, combustion and flame propagation of wood material. For this, the working method adopted is multi-scale, both experimental and digital. This approach allows initially to simplify the phenomena in order to determine the properties of the material, then to add complexity on an increasing scale, in order to identify the processes controlling the propagation of flame and to define the bases for an engineering study. In total, 4 working scales were studied:- At a small scale, which concerns only the solid phase. It permits to extract some properties of the material by working on samples of the order of a milligram. The properties extracted are the thermal and kinetic properties, essential to characterize the heating and thermal decomposition of the material on a larger scale.- At medium scale, including the influence of the gas phase within particularly the development of the flame on the surface of the sample. The samples are of the order of a hundred grams with a thickness identical to the final application of the product. The objective is first to identify the combustion parameters of the material, such as the heat of combustion, the rate of formation of soot, carbon monoxide, etc. Secondly, it concerns the numerical validation of all the properties extracted (thermal, kinetic and combustion properties) by comparison with the experimental data (rate of heat release, loss of mass, temperatures, etc. ).- At the intermediate scale, using samples of the order of one kilogram. It takes into account the propagation of flame on the surface of the sample. Therefore, the processes driving this propagation are studied. This scale is used to assess the ability of the code to predict the kinetics of flame propagation. Two modes of propagation are investigated: counter-current and co-current. This scale also makes it possible to establish certain bases for carrying out a reaction to fire engineering study.- At final scale, two studied modes of propagation are coupled. The objective is then to validate the observations made at the previous scale and to support the basis for an engineering study
Bouaoud, Amal. "Méthode de détection de risques de phénomènes thermiques pendant la lutte contre les feux de compartiments." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH14/document.
Full textIn compartment fires smokes are a major danger during firemen intervention. Most of the time, they are at high temperature and they flow everywhere through many kinds of ducts, which leads to the propagation of the combustion by the creation other fires in places which may be far from the initial fire. Besides, since the appearance of the new building materials and with the heat insulations which lead to the concentration of heat during a fire, the compartments fire became even more dangerous for firefighters during their phases of attack.In the presente study we will introduce a new approach of the problem, which allows to better follow the fire behavior and especially to detect the dangers that may appear and endanger firefighters. This approach consists in a mathematical analysis based on the comparison of moving averages, calculated on the temperature recordings of the smokes. As a consequence, this method may allow improving decision support in real time and therefore to improve the security and the efficiency of firefighters in their operations against that kind of fires
Haouari, Harrak Samia. "Contributions à l'étude des écoulements de fumées dans un bâtiment en situation d'incendie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0014/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the evaluation and improvement of zone models, used in fire safety engineering to simulate the smoke propagation in a building in a fire situation. It aims at improving the understanding of the smoke flow in a building. The PhD work is divided into two parts. The first part is essentially devoted to a bibliographical survey and an evaluation of the ability of a zone code CFAST, widely used in fire safety engineering, to simulate smoke flows in a building. Numerical results with CFAST are compared with the data of a real-scale experimental campaign carried out on a three-storey residential building. The second part, more academic, consists of studying the smoke flows in a building. Two phenomena are first studied, namely the smoke filling of a room, and the simultaneous filling and emptying of a naturally ventilated room. Zone models describing these phenomena are presented. Two experimental campaigns are conducted on reduced scale room models, in order to study the two phenomena and to evaluate and improve the zone models. Furthermore, numerical simulations with the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are performed to extend the study field of the smoke filling. Finally, improvements to the zone model are proposed. After studying the phenomena related to smoke flows in a single room, the smoke flows in a multi-compartment configuration, consisting of two rooms connected by a stairwell, are experimentally studied at the laboratory scale
Haouari, Harrak Samia. "Contributions à l'étude des écoulements de fumées dans un bâtiment en situation d'incendie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0014.
Full textThis work is devoted to the evaluation and improvement of zone models, used in fire safety engineering to simulate the smoke propagation in a building in a fire situation. It aims at improving the understanding of the smoke flow in a building. The PhD work is divided into two parts. The first part is essentially devoted to a bibliographical survey and an evaluation of the ability of a zone code CFAST, widely used in fire safety engineering, to simulate smoke flows in a building. Numerical results with CFAST are compared with the data of a real-scale experimental campaign carried out on a three-storey residential building. The second part, more academic, consists of studying the smoke flows in a building. Two phenomena are first studied, namely the smoke filling of a room, and the simultaneous filling and emptying of a naturally ventilated room. Zone models describing these phenomena are presented. Two experimental campaigns are conducted on reduced scale room models, in order to study the two phenomena and to evaluate and improve the zone models. Furthermore, numerical simulations with the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are performed to extend the study field of the smoke filling. Finally, improvements to the zone model are proposed. After studying the phenomena related to smoke flows in a single room, the smoke flows in a multi-compartment configuration, consisting of two rooms connected by a stairwell, are experimentally studied at the laboratory scale
Cueff, Guillaume. "Développement d'un modèle thermomécanique du comportement sous agressions thermiques de matériaux cellulosiques : application à l'étude de résistance au feu de panneaux de bloc-porte en aggloméré de bois." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0360/document.
Full textIn the context of fire safety, industrial products used in the building constructionmarket have to satisfy to standard fire resistance tests. In particular, a temperature criterionmust be satisfied on the unexposed side of the product and attention should be given to thedeformation of the product during fire. These tests are restrictive and costly for manufacturerswhich can slow down their R&D program. In this context, a research program was initiatedby the company EFECTIS France in collaboration with the laboratory I2M from theUniversity of Bordeaux whose main objective is to develop a numerical thermomechanicalmodel for simulating a fire resistance test (virtual furnace) on a fire door composed of woodand wood-based materials (particles and fibres boards). Thermomechanical model takes intoaccount the variation of thermal and mechanical properties as a function of vaporization andpyrolysis reactions. Energy impacts of those reactions are also included in the model. Thenumerical model involves experimental data to complete material properties needed for itsutilisation. To achieve this, different experimental programs were carried out, in particularmeasurements using digital image correlation. Based on simulated temperature field andestimation of the global bending of the fire door, the model allows evaluating fireperformances of the product
Lahaye, Sébastien. "Comprendre les grands feux de forêt pour lutter en sécurité." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP042/document.
Full textDespite the large expenditure that is dedicated to forest fire suppression in Euro-Mediterranean countries, Australia and North-America, firefighters still face large and severe fire events which eventually entrap them. Investigation of Fire Services’ internal reports addresses here the weather and terrain leading to these dangerous fires. In France, strong wind is the main driver of the largest fires and of the fires that entrap firefighters. However, high temperature is also a key contributor as it influences violent fires with high rates of surface spread. In Australia, a lot of firefighters’ entrapments are due to shifts in wind direction, but others are associated to strong winds in rugged terrain. Whatever the regional specificities, more than 100 firefighters’ entrapments across the world were investigated to find the contribution of dynamic fire behaviors in these entrapments. The results return three different types of fires. During topography-influenced fires, in mountainous area, almost all the entrapments happen on slopes steeper than 20°, prone to flame attachment. During wind-driven fires, leeward slopes prone to vorticity-driven lateral fire spread are the most prominent configurations associated with entrapments. Finally, during convective fires, which are the most violent, entrapments can happen far away from any dangerous configuration. Firefighters should adjust their training courses and promote fire behavior analysts (FBAN) capabilities to benefit from the results of this work and improve their safety. FBAN may consider feedbacks from previous fires to suggest the most efficient and secure firefighting strategies and locations
Guibaud, Augustin. "Flame spread in microgravity environment : influence of ambient flow conditions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS129.
Full textFlame spread and smoke emission are two primary threats in spacecraft environment, and soot radiations play a major role in both. In this context, the first objective of this PhD is to develop an optical diagnostic to probe soot particles in the axisymmetric laminar spreading flame. None of the existing techniques is able to probe the densely sooted flames expected in microgravity, while accommodating space station material constraints. A new methodology extending a laser-based diagnostic to broadband optics is thus developed to provide soot volume fraction and temperature mappings, which are required to detail soot-related radiative losses in the flame. Radiative losses in turn give access to radiative feedback to the fuel surface. This methodology is successfully assessed at normal gravity, before being implemented in parabolic flight. Numerical investigations are conjointly carried out to highlight the robustness of the measurements, and to investigate potential errors linked to the radiative model adopted. Results from parabolic flight campaigns show that flame spread rate mainly is a function of oxygen content, while smoke emission is affected by oxygen content and pressure. Focusing on the evolution of soot radiative properties with pressure, flame radiative losses are found to increase with pressure, reducing temperature at the trailing edge until soot oxidation reactions are frozen. Measured smoke point temperature and radiative properties are consistent with observations at Earth gravity. At any pressure, a stable portion of the soot-related radiative losses is fed back to the wire surface, and compensates part of the fuel surface radiative losses
Sauvagnargues, Sophie. "Contribution à la mise en oeuvre d'un système d'information géographique appliqué à la Sécurié Civile pour la prévention et la lutte contre les feux de fôrets." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11030.
Full textAlouache, Lylia. "Protocoles de Routage SDN, Multi-critères et Sécurisés Dans un Environnement IoV Collaboratif." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG1041.
Full textNowadays, Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Internet of Things (IoT) have encouraged the generalization of the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) to the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), where vehicles evolve from passive actors of transportation to smart entities with new perception and communication capabilities. Vehicles become active members of a smart city, they provide an omnipresent connectivity, a wide range of applications and services relating to road safety, intelligent transport and the comfort of users. In addition, the large amount of data generated by IoV applications is a major challenge in their management, storage, and manipulation. These services depend greatly on the vehicles in question, which act as transmitters, relays, and receivers. Vehicles carry out their own communications but serve simultaneously as information relays for communication between other vehicles as well. Consequently, reliable dissemination process and connectivity are required. However, the dynamic nature of the IoV entities, the disturbances related to the mobile network as well as the security challenges lead to frequent link failure. In fact, some vehicles
Blanchard, Elizabeth. "Modélisation de l'interaction entre un brouillard d'eau et un foyer en tunnel." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10103/document.
Full textThis work deals with the study of the phenomena involved when a water mist is sprayed in a tunnel fire environment. It relies on an extensive use of numerical simulations using the CFD code "Fire Dynamics Simulator". The first chapter of this thesis provides an overview of the tunnel fire characteristics and the phenomena involved when the water mist is sprayed. A bibliographical review on the research on tunnel fires with or without any mitigation system is conducted, allowing to outline the reason and the context for this research. In the second and third chapters, the computational tool undergoes testing. It is verified and validated based on comparison with analytical solutions and experimental cases of increasing complexity: from the laboratory scale for assessing one particular part of the water spray model (chapter 2) up to the tunnel scale (chapter 3). For the last case, the code validation makes use of the results of a reduced scale (1/3rd) tunnel fire test campaign conducted between 2005 and 2008. Once the validation is achieved, the computational tool is used intensively in the third chapter in order to improve the understanding of the interaction phenomena between water mist, tunnel longitudinal ventilation and fire. In particular, the water mist influence on the tunnel air flow is studied, the water mist heat contribution is quantified and the heat transfered to the droplets is identified. Furthermore, the CFD code is used to assess the impact of the longitudinal air velocity, the heat release rate and the water droplet size on the water mist efficiency. The last chapter illustrates how a CFD code can be used on a given situation, here a compartment fire test campaign, in order to foresee the interaction between the water mist, the smoke layer and the smoke extraction
Moretti, Basiliu. "Modélisation du comportement des feux de forêt pour des outils d’aide à la décision." Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0007/document.
Full textModeling the spread of forest fires is a complex affair which can be examined in different ways (physical, semi-physical, empirical). Numerous simulators exist, each one bearing its own particularities, benefits and weak points. The work which has led to the writing of this thesis aims at improving the simplified physical model of fire propagation (Balbi et al, 2007), as well as at laying down the first foundation stones of what will favor an evolution towards a fire behavioral pattern. This study is based upon three main themes :• Modeling the spread of a surface fire with the main engine the radiative heat transfer. This modeling leads to achieve improvements in the formulation of its speed on flat ground, without wind. It finally led to the characterization of two criteria of extinction with characterization of critical values of two parameters (leaf area index and the water content of the fuel).• Quantification of the energy radiating from the flame front. This quantification was performed assuming the solid flame model. This approach has led to obtaining an analytical relationship for the evaluation of Admissible Safety Distance (ASD) in a very short time. • Sensitivity analysis of the different results attained in order to confirm them as a whole and identify the relative influence of various parameters
Fayad, Jacky. "Études numériques des feux extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CORT0015.
Full textExtreme fires are characterized by their high intensity and rate of spread, which overwhelm firefighting resources. These phenomena result in increased damage, civilian and operational fatalities and disruption to ecosystems, human life and the economy. There are several types of extreme fires, including high-intensity fires, which are the main subject of this thesis. This type of fire presents a real risk, given the increase in its frequency and scale throughout the world. Consequently, it is very useful to assess the conditions of propagation that can trigger a high- intensity fire in order to be able to anticipate these phenomena. In addition, studying the behavior of a high-intensity fire (rate of spread, intensity and impact) can provide information to operational staff during the firefighting phase. The main aim of this thesis is to study the propagation of high-intensity fires by means of experimental fires carried out on a field scale on Corsican shrub species named 'Genista salzmannii'. These experiments were carried out during two periods (winter and autumn), in two different regions: North-West and South-West of Corsica, using an experimental protocol and technologies that make it possible to assess the dynamic and impact of these fires. Following the experiments, numerical studies were carried out using fully physical fire models based on a multiphase formulation, FireStar2D and 3D, in order to test the relevance of these propagation models in predicting the behavior of these experimental fires. The different numerical results obtained for the three terrain configurations chosen were in agreement with the experimental results. This shows that these models can be used to study other configurations without necessarily having to resort to experiments. The fire campaigns carried out were representative of high-intensity fires that occurred despite marginal propagation conditions related to low wind speeds, high fuel moisture content and relative air humidity. These experiments can also provide detailed observations, as well as input data that can be used in modelling, given that carrying out such experiments is not easy and is always subject to difficulties and constraints. The second part of the research focused on a numerical study of a "critical case" of a high- intensity fire. This fire was studied using several empirical approaches, fully physical models found in the literature, in particular FireStar2D and 3D and the simplified physical Balbi model. Several parameters were evaluated using the different approaches, including the rate of spread, the intensity of the flame front, the geometry of the front and of the flame (length and tilting). The main aim of this study was to assess not only the behavior but also the impact of this high-intensity fire on two different targets: the human body and a four level building. This made it possible to establish correlations between the total heat fluxes received by the targets as a function of their position in front of the fire. The aim was to assess the safety distance around wildland urban interfaces by considering the maximum tolerable value of thermal heat flux that can be received by the target without causing damage. The safety distances assessed using this methodology, for a firefighter and a building, are less than 50 meters. This confirms, for this configuration, the effectiveness of the value of the safety distance around buildings, set by operational experts and assumed to be equal to a minimum of 50 m in France
Gallego, Jean-Louis. "Nouvelles approches pour la commande des carrefours." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ESAE0029.
Full textMuralidhara, Anitha. "Physico-chemical safety issues pertaining to biosourced furanics valorization with a focus on humins as biomass resource." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2508.
Full textThe present research work was integrated as part of the EU-funded project named HUGS (HUmins as Green and Sustainable precursors for eco-friendly building blocks and materials), involving 5 main partners (Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques - France, Avantium - the Netherlands, Institut de Chimie de Nice - France, Universidad De Cordoba- Spain and Leibniz - Institut Fur Katalyse Ev An Der Universitat Rostock- Germany). The project is essentially supported through five European Industrial Doctorate fellowships put in place when the HUGS-MSCA-ITN-2015 program was launched in 2016. The primary objective of the HUGS project was to explore several valorization pathways of so-called “humins” in order to add value and create better business cases. Humins (and similarly lignins) are the side products that may become low-cost feedstock resulting from a number of future biorefineries and sugar conversion processes. Humins are complex residues resulting from the Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration and condensation of sugars, having furan-rings in their polymeric structures. The work presented in this specific part of the HUGS project is essentially focusing on safety-related topics of all components and subsequent applications related to sugar dehydration technology. Priority actions were devoted to a first insight on the characterization of physicochemical safety profiles of the side-product humins and main (parent) furanic products. Some members of this large family of compounds (e.g. RMF and FDCA) have high volume potential which results in opening new doors towards the development of furanbased building blocks and a bio-based economy. Humins are residues or side products which can be burnt for energy. However, its safe and sustainable use in high-value applications could also become a key milestone in the so-called circular economy. In practice, the work has been developed in two main locations: primarily at the INERIS lab, located in Verneuil-en-Halatte and at Avantium, located in Amsterdam. Nearly all experimental research after the production of the components at Avantium was performed at INERIS. This involved the evaluation of physicochemical hazards of both humins (crude industrial humins and humin foams obtained by thermal curing) and a series of furanic compounds. Avantium is involved in the commercialization of humins, furanics and furanic polymers/materials as novel chemicals and materials. The work has encompassed: An extensive bibliographical review of humins, furanics, and their related products (polymers, composites) resulted in the following main conclusions o A lack of physicochemical safety-oriented studies for many furanic compounds and for humins was observed as these products are still in the early stage of development and only a few may be commercialized in the next 5 years.o Despite the limited availability of safety-related data, more studies on toxicity aspects have been conducted for a selected number of furanics than physicochemical safety-related aspects. o A few furanic family members that have been evaluated as biofuel components were found to have given better emphasis on addressing some physicochemical safety attributes. o Every modification of the process for acid-catalyzed sugar dehydration (such as solvent, temperature, residence time and sugar concentration) will result in different humins, which would certainly demand further characterization and safety profiling of the resulting humins. • Analytical development integrating the first examination of flash point distribution versus the Net Heating Values, and analysis of total heats of combustion of furanic compounds. • Design and development of experimental plan addressing the safety-related key parameters such as thermal stability, self-heating risks, fire-risk-assessment and flammability limits depending on the need for specific tests and availability of the test samples
Lacroix, Jean. "Conception d'un outil didactique pour la professionnalisation des formateurs en sécurité incendie." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16473.
Full textOucherfi, Myriam. "Contribution à l’étude de la ventilation transversale lors d’un incendie en tunnel routier." Thesis, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10037/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to present simple criteria to evaluate the performances of a transverse ventilation system. Efficiency and yield have been defined, based on the flux of density deficit createdby the fire. After a preliminary study of numerical models, the influence of different parameters on those criteria has been investigated. First, the study focused on the simplified case of a single damper. We showed that the air flow speed in the tunnel is the more important parameter. On the contrary, the shape of the damper has little influence on the efficency, except in unusual cases (slit on the whole width of the tunnel). Then, the study of a longer portion of the tunnel confirmed the prominence of the limitation of air flow speed. Comparison with a case with fewer dampers but the same total extraction section showed that this sensibility to air flow speed tends to disappear for larger dampers, but that the efficiency is lowered. Finally the study of the influence of heavy-goods-vehicules obstructing the tunnel reports better results, due to the fact that big objects tend to confine smokes