Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sediment export'

A Baía da Guanabara vem sofrendo alterações na sua bacia de drenagem desde o início do século XIX que resultaram em acentuada degradação ambiental. O presente trabalho discute a influência da implantação de um Terminal Aquaviário de Gás Natural Liquefeito (GNL) na Baía, e suas possíveis influências nos processos de sedimentação local e/ou re-disponibilização de sedimentos de fundo, e possíveis contaminantes associados. Os resultados dos modelos matemáticos mostram que as maiores velocidades das plumas termicas que atingem o fundo são em média 0,46 m3/s para as simulações de verão e 0,47 m3/s para as simulações de inverno, sendo que são necessários pelo menos de 0,50 m3/s para uma corrente erodir o fundo, porem velocidades na faixa de 20 a 50 m3/s são suficientes para causar erosão de sedimentos finos inconsolidados. Sendo assim, a influência das plumas térmicas geradas no processo de re-gaseificação do GNL é de pequena magnitude, e suas correntes só conseguem exportar estes sedimentos para distancias inferiores a 1000 m. Em relação a re-disponibilização de contaminantes associados aos sedimentos de fundo se mostrou pouco provável, dado o fato da qualidade dos sedimentos apresentarem, diferente da água, baixa concentração de contaminantes e da baixa competência de erosão, que eles tenham competência para erodir sedimentos consolidados.<br>Since the beginning of the XIX century, interventions on the Guanabara\'s Bay drainage basin result in severe environmental degradation. This work aimed to analyze the implementation of an Aquaviary Terminal of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), and its putative consequences on the local sedimentation processes, and the availability and possible associated contaminants of the bottom sediments. According to the mathematical models developed, the means of the greatest speeds of the thermal plumes that reach the bottom are 0.46m3/s for the summer simulations and 0.47m3/s for the winter. However, for a current to be able to erode the bottom it must be of at least 50m3/s. Currents with speeds ranging from 20 to 50m3/s are sufficient only to cause the erosion of fine and non-consolidated sediment. Therefore, the thermal plumes generated in the process of re-gasification of the LNG are of little magnitude, and will not be able to export these sediments to any distance greater than 1000 meters. The re-availability of the contaminants associated with the bottom sediments is not likely, once these sediments, differently from the water, showed little concentration of contaminants. In addition, with the low erosion capacity of the currents generated, the consolidated sediments are not likely to be eroded.

L'érosion des sols est pourtant connue comme l'un des problèmes environnementaux les plus préoccupants au monde. L'érosion des sols est particulièrement et de plus en plus entraînée par les activités anthropiques dans le cadre du changement climatique. En RDP lao, un pays tropical, l'érosion des sols est due de manière significative à une gestion inappropriée des terres sur les terrains en pente. Le Houay Pano, un bassin versant cultivé du nord de la RDP lao, est exposé à l'érosion des sols, en particulier après la conversion de la culture itinérante en plantation de teck. La mauvaise gestion des terres en défrichant le sous couvert végétal sous la plantation de teck est considérée comme une cause sous-jacente du coefficient de ruissellement (Rc) plus élevé et de l'érosion des sols. Certaines mesures d'atténuation telles que le sous couvert végétal et la végétation rivulaire sont suggérées pour atténuer l'érosion des sols. Cependant, la mesure d'atténuation de l'érosion des sols et l'effet de la gestion de l'utilisation des terres sur le ruissellement de surface (SR) et la perte en sols/rendement de sédiments (Sl) à plusieurs échelles dans la plantation de teck ne sont pas entièrement évalués. Dans ce contexte, nous émettons l'hypothèse que le sous couvert végétal et l'herbe rivulaire atténuent l'érosion du sol dans la plantation d'arbres à teck et que les plantations d'arbres à teck ont ??des impacts sur SR et Sl entraînés par des processus dominants (l'érosion en nappe, l'érosion linéaire et le dépôt de sédiment) sur diverses échelles spatiales. Par conséquent, les objectifs fixés pour ce travail sont : (1) d'évaluer l'effet de la gestion du sous couvert végétal sur le ruissellement de surface et la perte en sols dans la plantation de teck à l'échelle de la micro-parcelle ; (2) d'évaluer la capacité des zones tampons d'herbes rivulaires à atténuer SR et Sl, et d'évaluer leur efficacité de piégeage de l'eau et des sédiments dans les plantations de teck sans sous couvert végétal à l'échelle du versant ; et (3) d'évaluer l'effet de la plantation de teck sur SR et Sl à diverses échelles spatiales (échelles de micro-parcelle, de versant incluant micro-bassin versant, et de bassin versant) dans un bassin versant tropical montagneux à utilisations mixtes de terre. Dans cette étude, le village de Ban Kokngew et le bassin versant d'Houay Pano ont été sélectionnés comme zones d'étude expérimentale pendant la saison des pluies. Des micro-parcelles, des pièges Gerlach et des déversoirs ont été utilisés pour estimer SR et Sl à chaque échelle. Nous avons suivi le modèle TEST développé pour l'érosion en nappe, qui nécessite quelques paramètres, pour évaluer Sl sur la micro-parcelle et le mettre en hautes échelles spatiales pour prédire Sl à l'échelle du versant et du bassin versant. Dans une étude réalisée en 2017 dans les plantations de teck de Ban Kokngew à l'échelle micro-parcelle, nous avons montré que Rc et Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectivement) sous teck avec sous couvert végétal étaient inférieurs à ceux sous teck sans sous couvert végétal (60 % et 5455 Mg·km-2, respectivement). Par conséquent, l'atténuation de l'érosion des sols par le maintien du sous couvert végétal sous la plantation de teck réduit Sl de 14 fois. [...]<br>Soil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall &lt; 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value &lt; 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]