Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sédiment (Géologie)'
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Torres, Escamez José. "Analyse détaillée du transfert de sédiment du continent vers le bassin : le quaternaire terminal au large du delta du Rhône (Méditerranée nord-occidentale)." Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2028.
Full textNguyen, Duc Hau. "Interaction fluides-particules solides à l'interface eau-sédiment : Une approche de modélisation diphasique : Une approche de modélisation diphasique." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2085.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of fluid-particle interactions at the sediment-water interface by a two-phase flow modelling approach. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used to analyze numerical data. The developed approach differs from the classical one by resolving the mass and momentum equations and the transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy, separately for each phase. Transfer terms of momentum and turbulent kinetic energy between phases take into account fluid-particle interactions. Two problems in which an interface between the clear water and the very dense mixture (water and sediment) are considered: the dredged-sediment releases in the seawater and the instability at the interface between the clear water and the heavy suspension (mixture of water and sediment like mud) (Kelvin-Helmholtz instability). The two-phase flow modelling reproduces quantitatively the main processes involved in sediment transport of non-cohesive particles in very dense suspensions. Especially, the numerical results confirm the existence of a horizontal velocity lag between the fluid and particles. The flow within this structure is successfully captured by a few POD eigenfunctions
Belbahri, Smai͏̈n. "Relation eau - sédiment en épuration par lagunage naturel : étude de laboratoire applicable en climat méditerranéen." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20219.
Full textBourezgui, Yassine. "Contribution à la caractérisation de la composante organique d'un sédiment urbain (cas du Bras mort de la Deûle)." Paris 12, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA120025.
Full textVan, Lan Anh. "Modélisation du transport de sédiments mixtes sable-vase et application à la morphodynamique de l'estuaire de la Gironde (France)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1165/document.
Full textThis study attempts to model sediment transport rates and the resulting bed evolution in a complex estuarine environment: the Gironde estuary, characterized by a high hetereogeneity in the sediment bed composition, with the presence of both cohesive and non-cohesive sediments and sand/mud mixtures. Our main objective is to extend an existing 2D morphodynamic model developped by Huybrechts et al (2012b) for non-cohesive sediments, to account for the presence of mud and to draw some preliminary step for a fully mixte sediment morphodynamic model. Our framework is the finite element Telemac system (release 6.1), where the two-dimensional (depth averaged) approach has been selected for large scale and medium term simulations.The first part of this work is devoted to the understanding of sedimentation-consolidation processes for pure mud, combining laboratory experiments and 1D vertical models. Cohesive processes are then integrated in the 2D (depth-averaged) large scale morphodynamic model of the Gironde estuary developed by Huybrechts et al. (2012b). Erosion/deposition experiments were performed at the RWTH laboratory (University of Aachen, Germany) to calibrate the erosion and deposition law parameters. Moreover, the effect of consolidation is taken into account through the implementation of a 1DV Gibson-based sedimentation-consolidation model (Thiebot et al., 2011) using analytical closure equations for permeability and effective stress. Special attention is paid to the initialisation of the bed structure. Comparisons between measurements and model results are achieved on both suspended sediment concentration records and on medium term (5-year) bed evolutions.In the second part, a new 1DV model for the hindered settling of sand-mud mixtures has been developed based on the background of non-cohesive bi-disperse models. The numerical solution has been constructed by considering a high-order of accuracy in space via a Weighted Essentially Non Oscillatory (WENO) reconstruction technique and in time via a local space-time Discontinuous Galerkin (DG).The model is then validated against a large range of experimental data (mono-disperse sand, mud, non-cohesive bi-disperse and non-cohesive/cohesive mixture)
Houssais, Morgane. "Etude expérimentale du transport en rivière par charriage d'un sédiment bimodal : vers un modèle général du transport à plusieurs tailles de grains." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077074.
Full textDespite several decades of investigations, accounting for the effect of the wide range of grain sizes composing the bed of rivers on bedload transport remains a challenging problem. We investigate this problem by studying experimentally the influence of grain size distribution on bedload transport in the simple configuration of a bimodal sediment bed composed of a mixture of 2 populations of quartz grains of sizes Di = 0. 7 ± 0. 1 mm and D2 = 2. 2 ± 0. 4mm, respectively. The experiments are carried out in a tilted rectangular flume inside which the sediment bed is sheared by a steady and spatially uniform turbulent flow. Using a high-speed video imaging System, we focus on the measurement of the two bedload flux components : the average particle velocity and the number of moving particles per unit surface of the bed. These two quantifies are measured separately for each population of grains as a function of the dimensionless shear stress (or Shields number) and the fraction of the bed surface covered with small grains. We show that the average velocity and the surface density of moving particles obey the same equations as those reported by Charru [2006] for a bed of homogeneous grain size. Once in motion, the grains follow therefore similar laws whether the bed is made of uniform sediment or of a bimodal mixture. This suggests that the erosion deposition model established by Lajeunesse et al. [2010] for a bed of uniform sediment can be generalized to the case of a bimodal one. The only difference evidenced by our experiments concerns the critical Shields number for incipient sediment motion. Above a uniform sediment bed, the latter depends on the particle Reynolds number through the Shields curve [Shields, 1936]. In the case of a bimodal bed, our experiments show that the critical Shields numbers of both populations of grains decrease linearly with the fraction of the bed surface covered with small grains. We propose a simple model to account for this observation
Ramdine, Gaëlle. "Contaminations organique et inorganique du sédiment des mangroves côtières de Guadeloupe : biodisponibilité et effets induits sur l'huître de palétuvier (Crassostrea rhizophorae)." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0279.
Full textMangroves are hotspots of primary production which act as buffers between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. They shelter a unique ecosystem, characterised by high biodiversity Ievets. In Guadeloupe island (Lesser Antilles), human activities are concentrated in coastal areas and impact all near shore ecosystems, including mangroves. The thesis seeks to assess the level of organic and inorganic contaminations in three coastal mangroves (Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin, Rivière Salée and Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin) strongly influenced by human activities. To assess metallic long-terrn accumulation and hydrocarbon bioavailability in the mangroves, concentrations of several heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in mangove oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding 1828) soft tissues and in the fine surface sediment fraction «63um). Effects of hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in oysters gills and digestive glands were assessed using: i) biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase assay and TBARS deterrnination), and ii) biomarkers of genotoxicity in a cornet assay. The results validate the use of these biornarkers to monitor genotoxic environmental exposures and investigate pollution-mediated health effects in C. Rhizophorae. A biomonitoring study based on the transplantation of caged oysters was also realised
Delmotte, Sébastien. "Rôle de la bioturbation dans le fonctionnement biogéochimique de l'interface eau-sédiment : modélisation de la diversité des transports biologiques et effets sur la diagenèse précoce des sédiments d'une retenue." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30122.
Full textThis study deals with the role of bioturbation in the early diagenesis of freshwater sediments, particularly the effects of the diversity of the biological transports. To understand the complex interactions between the bio-transports and the reactions of matter transformation, some models of reactive transport were developed including the bio-transport diversity. In a first chapter, cadmium transport by oligochætes tubificids was modelled using an existing dataset. Then, the more complex case of the organic matter mineralization in the Malause reservoir (West South of France) has been addressed. Bioturbation by the natural benthic community was measured. A model of early diagenesis of organic matter was developed including this bioturbation, and particularly the non-local transports. Finally, an extension of bioturbation models is proposed in the last chapter, to account for the effects of the patchiness in the distribution of bioturbators
Nagel, Tim. "Étude numérique des interactions multi-échelles écoulement-sédiment-structure par une approche multiphasique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI050/document.
Full textThe work undertaken in this PhD thesis was to develop and use numerical models to investigate the multi-scale interactions between an offshore wind turbine and the local ocean and sediment dynamics. First, the interactions between the coupled ocean-sediment system and the atmospheric wake generated by an offshore wind turbine are investigated using an idealized two-dimensional model developed during this Phd thesis and written in fortran. The model integrates the shallow water equations for the ocean together with the Exner equation for the sediment bed. In a second part, the 3D scour phenomenon around a vertical cylinder in a steady current is studied using a two-phase flow eulerian-eulerian solver, sedFoam, written within the framework of the numerical toolbox OpenFOAM. The two-phase flow approach accounts for small-scale processes by avoiding the traditional assumptions made for sediment transport modeling, such as a local corre- lation between the sediment flux and the fluid bed shear stress.Regarding the atmospheric wake generated by a turbine, the results shows that its impact on the ocean’s surface can generate vortices. The resulting turbulent ocean dynamics is controlled by the wake parameter S = CdD/H, where D is the wake diameter at the impact location on the ocean surface, Cd is the quadratic friction coefficient between the ocean and the sediment and H is the oceanic layer depth. A turbulence parameterization based on S is proposed, allowing for upscaling simulations in larger scales Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models. It is shown that the ocean dynamics has an effect on the available wind power. The results also show that the instantaneous sediment dynamics is strongly coupled with the ocean one but that the overall seabed elevation variations remain small (a few millimeters/month). The morphodynamic impact of the wake is thus negligible.Concerning the two-phase flow simulation of scour, sedFoam is first validated on 1D and 2D configurations. Then, 3D simulations around a vertical cylindrical pile are presented. At first, a validation of the Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) turbulence model developed in this work is performed on a configuration without sediment. The results show that the vortices structures responsible for scouring, the Horse Shoe Vortex (HSV) and the vortex-shedding in the lee of the cylinder are correctly reproduced. Then, 3D two-phase flow simulations of the scour around a cylindrical pile have been carried out in a live-bed configuration. This work is the first attempt to model 3D scour phenomenon using the two-phase flow approach. Such simulations represent a real challenge in terms of high performance computing. The good agreement between the numerical predictions and the literature experimental results provide the proof of concept that the two-phase flow approach can be used to study complex 3D and unsteady flow configurations. The relationship between the local bed shear stress, the sediment flux and the local sediment bed slope is further investigated. The deviation of the results from a uniform flow configuration is further analyzed to identify the relevant sediment transport mechanisms associated with the HSV, the slope in the scour mark and the vortex-shedding downstream of the cylinder. Finally, the numerical results show a grid sensitivity of the morphological predictions in the lee of the cylinder that are most probably related to small-scale resolved vortical structures. This highlights the need for two-phase flow Large Eddy Simulations on this configuration in the future
Bertin, Delphine. "Transfert des composés perfluorés des sédiments aux invertébrés benthiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10274.
Full textThe accumulation of persistent compounds in biota creates environmental, health and regulatory concerns. Among these substances, the poly-fluorinated compounds (PFASs) represents a case of interest due to their specific physicochemical properties. So the PFAs behavior in the environment is difficult to predict as the existing tools are not suitable. Athough it is recognized that these compounds are persistent and accumulate in biota, many knowledge gaps remain, including the mechanisms of sediment-biota transfer and the factors that control them. This thesis examines the role of sediment in the accumulation process, especially (a) exposure routes of biota, (b) role of biodiversity in the accumulation, by exposing two benthic invertebrates (Chironomus riparius and Gammarus sp.) to natural sediment. The description of PFASs kinetics of accumulation and elimination have showed the biodisponibility of the compounds to organisms. Thus, a bioaccumulation model including the organisms growth and the specificity of the compounds was used to estimate the accumulation and depuration rate constants (ku and ke). A conceptual representation of compounds transfer allowed us to understand the major routes for organisms contamination. Moreover, the interspecific variability has been assessed by comparing the PFASs bioaccumulation and transfer pathways for both invertebrates. This thesis have helped to open up many issues, and especially the influence of both biofilm and organism bioturbation onPFASs bioaccumulation. Moreover some new perspectives on the study of biomagnification were opened
Faure, Antoine. "Capacité d'un sédiment à se substituer à la fraction argileuse de la matière première de l'industrie des liants hydrauliques." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0079/document.
Full textHydroelectric dams, as well as waterways and marine harbours, can be subject to solid particles accumulation. Although sediment is mainly managed within the watercourse by a transfer into the downstream river bed, technical or environmental reasons might imply an on-land management in the future. Albeit sediments should be considered as waste according to regulations, dredged materials appear as valuable and renewable resources. In a circular economy approach, some industrial sectors could beneficially reuse fine-grained dam sediment as alternative raw materials, including hydraulic binders industry. Then, two ways of reusing are considered in this PhD thesis with on one hand, a valorization as raw material in the clinker meal and, on the other hand, as pozzolanic substitute to clinker in blended cements.Studying 8 different sediments that were sampled on the French territory, the approach aims to encompass various contexts and define some typologies. The materials are characterized in detail on physico-chemical and mineralogical aspects. These preliminary characterisations are necessary in order to test both the beneficial reuse opportunities and check the suitability of dredged sediments.The beneficial reuse of sediment in the clinker raw meal as replacement of traditional clay resources is experimented at the lab scale. Clinkers that maximize the fine-grained sediment content, between 25 and 35 % according to the sediment, are synthetized. These clinkers exhibit some special microstructural features that can be corrected by a clay addition as a third compound. Thus, it is shown that any sediment can be reused in the raw meal and that clinker characteristics can be anticipated and adjusted. As a demonstration, a CEM I 52.5 N cement was obtained incorporating 11.4 % of sediment in the raw meal.Concerning pozzolanic reactivity development, physical and mineralogical sediment characteristics are followed according to the calcination temperature. In parallel, pozzolanic reactivity is assessed with both chemical and physical tests, with a partial substitution of Portland cement by calcined sediments in cement pastes, in order to determine an optimum calcination temperature. Kaolinite contents around 10 % for some of the studied samples lead to a moderate to high pozzolanic reactivity, that can be comparable to fly ash. However, for all the sediments that contain calcite and only illite and chlorite clays, activation is low or null
Lallier, Florent. "Corrélation stratigraphique stochastique de puits." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0414/document.
Full textStratigraphic correlation consists in linking boundaries of correlative units between wells or outcrops over a given study area, and is therefore one of the first steps of the characterization of the subsurface geometry, supporting geostatistical modeling of static reservoir properties. However, this early step is subject to uncertainties, since stratigraphic well correlation is constrained only by sparse observations (wells and outcrops), low resolution information coming from geophysics, regional knowledge and geological concepts. The Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm serves as a base for the development of a generic method stochastically performing stratigraphic correlation between units identified on available wells. The proposed method relies on the definition of correlation rules that are applied using the available data and some regional knowledge, according to the way stratigraphic units are defined. An application to the Cretaceous southern Provence carbonate basin has been performed using correlation rules based on paleo-angles and the theoretical architecture of the depositional environment. The computation of vertical proportions of facies on numerous models generated from the stochastic correlations of sequence stratigraphic units indicates that the uncertainties on the stratigraphic correlation impact the compartmentalization of the modeled reservoirs. The impact of stratigraphic correlation uncertainties on fluid flow behavior is assessed through the example of the Malampaya diagenetic carbonate reservoir. Diagenetic units are correlated on the basis of their wireline log signature and diagenetic types. Different models are generated from the stochastic well correlations, and the corresponding water saturation profiles are computed. They show different displacement patterns, indicating a stratigraphic control of the dynamic property, which contrasts with the synthetic seismic model constructed from the corresponding geomodel. Magnetostratigraphic correlation is another way to study sedimentary basin deposition and deformation history. Adapting the DTW algorithm to magnetostratigraphic data, we generate dating models of Himalayan deposits, for which conflicting interpretations are proposed in the literature. This allows managing the associated accumulation rates uncertainties
Colas, Fanny. "Outils de diagnose structurelle et fonctionnelle pour la bioévaluation de la qualité des sédiments associés à la présence de barrages. Approche intégrée de la population au processus écosystémique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0386/document.
Full textSediment evaluation and monitoring is an essential part of ecosystem monitoring since sediments represent an important component of aquatic habitats and are also a potential source of contamination. Current methodologies of their ecotoxic risk assessment do not encompass ecosystemic responses and do not take into account multiple abiotic and biotic stressors. Run-of-river reservoirs entrap a large amount of sediments and constitute an opportunity to develop original risk assessment methodologies that integrate biological responses in situ and their potential effects for river ecosystem functioning. Six run-of-river reservoirs were selected to study the effects of sediment contamination at several spatial and biological scales, thanks to structural and functional approaches. Our results evidenced a selection in faunistic assemblages in response to contamination, associated with low taxonomic and functional diversity. Our results also evidenced sublethal responses, with niches shifts of invertebrate population and modification of biotic interactions. Sediment contamination has also impacted metabolic functional diversity of bacterial communities and fungal richness and biomass. These biocenotic alterations have resulted in disturbances in ecosystemic processes such as leaf breakdown and benthic flux at the water-sediment interface. Ecosystems downstream dams were also impacted, through resuspension of contaminated sediments, alteration of water quality and cascading effects related to structural and functional responses of reservoirs communities. Our findings evidenced challenges of the sediment quality preservation and the need to develop risk assessment methodologies based on the vulnerability at each biological scale in order to understand and elucidate ecological status and trajectories of aquatic ecosystems
Galy, Albert. "Étude géochimique de l'érosion actuelle de la chaîne himalayenne." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_GALY_A.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this study was to give some new constrains on the Himalayan erosion, using the geochernistry of dissolved and particulate matter carried by Himalayan rivers. The main results are : - The supended load is not representative of the total erosion load. For the Ganges-Brahmaputra (G-B), it represents less than 50% of the total particulate discharge. The total erosion in the G-B is therefore 2. 4 ± 0. 5 109 ton/yr. - The location of intense erosion corresponds to the location of heavy rain in the range or at the G-B scale. The erosion rate are 3. 4 ± 0. 7 mm/yr. For the Brahmaputra Himalaya and 2. 3 ± 0. 6 for the Ganges Himalaya while the run off of these 2 domains are 2. 1 and 1. 2 m/yr. , respectively. In central Nepal, erosion rates follow the climatic contrast between the south and the North flank of the range : the erosion of the South flank of the high range is more than 6 times higher than that of the North flank. - The highest erosion rate is located just above the crustal ramp of the main Himalayan thrust, bellow the heaviest rain and on glaciated terranes. Tectonic convergence and the geometry of the crustal thrust focus the vertical uplift in the narrow zone of the south flank of the high range, where the erosion is twice more important than everywhere else. - The Himalayan erosion is buffered by physical processes. For the G-B, more than 55% of the eroded carbonate are carried by the particulate phase and no more than 1. 3% of the eroded silicate have been dissolved. - The high erosion rate acts as a restriction of the weathering. In the south flank of the high range, where the erosion rate is the highest, the weathering of rocks is the lowest. This result implies that there is not a general and positive relationship between tectonic and weathering. This link is even more complex for the whole orogenie process since the weathering of highly divided material in the foreland basin has to be taken into account. - The alkalinity flux corresponding to silicate weathering is 2. 7 1011 mol/yr. Corresponding to 2. 3% of the global flux. The budget of the weathering implies a dominant contribution of the carbonate dissolution to the riverine chemistry and that weathered silicate are mostly sodic. The long term atmospheric co2 consumption by silicate weathering has been estimated to be 6. 4 10¹⁰ mol/yr. For the whole G-B. - 14 Eq% of the alkalinity corresponds to an abiotic alteration. The main is the sulfide oxidation that produces around 70% of the dissolved sulfate load of the G-B. Some metamorphic C02 degassing, along Tibetan graben account for less than 1% of the who le alkalinity, but is loc ally significant. - Dissolved Sr budget and silicate alkalinity budget are uncoupled. An incongruent dissolution of carbonate in the Tibetan part of the range is the main source of dissolved Sr while the small weathering of old crustal terranes (> 2Ga) on the south flank acts as a ⁸⁷Sr spike for the Himalayan rivers. The G-B (6. 5 108 mol/yr. Of dissolved Sr with ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr- 0. 730) plays a key role of the Sr oceanic budget but has a few impact on the alkalinity. - The global impact on the carbon cycle by the Himalayan erosion lies in its ability to preserve and bury organic carbon. This burial is one order of magnitude higher than the long term atmospheric CO₂ consumption by silicate weathering and represents 5% of the global C burial. This enhanced C removal from the ocean-atmosphere reservoir by the erosion of the Himalaya could be sufficient to destabilize the global carbon cycle
Ghazoui, Zakaria. "Late Quaternary Seismicity and Climate in the Western Nepal : Himalaya." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU026/document.
Full textThe Himalayan collision, in which India underthrusts below Tibet, regularly produces major destructive earthquakes in Nepal and its neighboring countries, most of which are fatal to nearby communities. As a wall dividing the Indian plains and the Tibetan plateau, the Himalaya also significantly modifies the atmospheric circulation, affecting both the local and global climate. This thesis explores the poorly known Quaternary history and evolution of Himalayan climate and seismicity, more particularly in the least populated and most remote region of Western Nepal. In terms of climate and environmental change, one of the least understood aspects of Himalayan history during the late Quaternary is the extension of glaciers and their impacts on landscape evolution. Based on field observations, cosmogenic nuclide dating (10Be) and satellite observations, we estimated the maximum extent of glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum, which supports the hypothesis of a relatively large glacier cover, but not of an extended ice cap, at the scale of Western Nepal. In terms of seismology, the social, economic and political implications of the occurrence of an earthquake of higher magnitude than the recent earthquake of 2015, whose epicenter is located near the city of Gorkha, is a major concern and largely motivates this thesis. The last major earthquake of magnitude greater than 8 (Mb) took place on 6 June 1505 and had a profound impact on the Nepalese population and the surrounding area. In Western Nepal the 1505 event was the last earthquake that ruptured the Main Frontal Thrust according to historical archives and paleoseismological studies, which gave rise to the concept of a seismic gap in western Nepal and adjacent areas in northern India. With this in mind, this thesis addresses two major issues on the Himalayan seismic behavior: on the first hand is the hypothesis of a seismic gap in the central Himalaya and on the second the temporal distribution of earthquakes during the late Quaternary. For this purpose, a new research approach independent of paleoseismic trenches was applied in the Himalaya. By using lakes as paleoseismometers, we were able to refine the temporal resolution and identify earthquakes that had not yet been documented in the accessible databases on a 700-year scale. Our results from Lake Rara highlight significant previously-unknown earthquakes (Mw>6.5) and they reveal that Western Nepal is seismically as active as central Nepal. Furthermore, they call into question the hypothesis of a seismic gap in the central Himalaya. Based on a longer sediment core from the same lake, we studied the temporal distribution of earthquakes over a period of 6000 years, which has highlighted the random nature of the occurrence of earthquakes, constituting a paradigm shift where the notion of seismic cycle is still prevalent. The random nature of the occurrence of earthquakes both on short (instrumental) and Quaternary time scales disproves the hypothesis of the seismic gap in the central Himalaya and underlines the permanent risk for the million people of concern. The final part of this thesis addresses the possible global relationship between seismic rate fluctuations and climate change during the Holocene. Our results show that the global seismicity clustered over 7000 years and appears to be synchronous with the sum of glacial advances through the Mid and Late Holocene
Quilfen, Victor. "Dynamique de plages sableuses enclavées à la pointe Bretagne." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1146/document.
Full textIn this thesis, waves and neap-spring tide action on sandy embayed beaches constrained by rocky headlands is studied. A complementary approach combining numerical modeling and in situ measurements is used. Two deterministic model based on major physical processes (hydrodynamics, hydro-sedimentary and morphodynamics) present in the coastal zone and averaged over the water height (2DH) have been selected. XBeach (Roelvink et al., 2009) employs a finite difference scheme and incorporates some specific processes such as a roller, wave groups and the associated bound long wave and a undertow. TELEMAC (Hervouet, 2007) is a finite element scheme. Nearby sandy embayed beaches of La Palue and Lostmarc'h (Crozon Peninsula, Finistère) have been chosen for their complex bathymetry (rip channels, tombolo) and geometry (headlands, small island). One year of in situ measurements (topographical surveys, ADV velocimeters) between septembre 2014 and september 2015 has been undertaken, with different waves and tide climates.Firstly, the overall dynamics of embayed beaches built schematically in the form of a rectangular indentation has been caught. Especially, subtidal sandbar formation under the influence of waves, neap-spring tide and rocky headlands has been studied through several sets of numerical simulations.Secondly, hydrodynamic modelling on the embayed beaches of La Palue and Lostmarc'h has been made with the aim of study influence of waves characteristics (height, period and direction) and indentation's ones (headlands length, spacing between headlands, headlands inclination) on the prediction of currents. A simulation using finite element scheme (TELEMAC) has been achieved and compared to those using finite difference scheme (XBeach). XBeach currents predictions at two locations on the beaches of La Palue and Lostmarc'h over the period from the 21st January 2015 to the 23rd January 2015 have been compared to in situ measurements to validate the model. Whereupon, a numerical hydro-sedimentary simulation (using XBeach) over a full lunation from the 1st September 2015 to the 29th September 2015 has been undertaken on these two beaches, with the aim of study the intensity and direction of sediment flux (instantaneous and residual) for various waves and tide climates and for different morphological areas. This work has helped to highlight the dynamics features of embayed beaches compared to open beaches ones, such as headland sand bypassing, but also similarities. Moreover, XBeach morphodynamics predictions have been compared to in situ measurements for different model setup.Thirdly, after an in-depth statistical analysis of wave climates over a 7 year period offshore of La Palue and Lostmarc'h beaches, the morphodynamic impact of extreme storm waves (ten-yearly and fifty-yearly) combined to a sea level rise induced by climatic change on a cross-shore bottom profile south of La Palue has been estimated through a numerical study (using XBeach)
Lepage, Hugo. "Traçage de la dispersion des sédiments contaminés dans les bassins versants côtiers de Fukushima." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112183/document.
Full textLarge quantities of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere by the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) after the earthquake-triggered tsunami devastated the eastern coast of Japan on March 11, 2011. Many of these radionuclides (20%) were deposited on soils of the Fukushima Prefecture. This PhD thesis develops original fingerprinting methods to track the dispersion of contaminated particles following this accident. The study focuses on 3 coastal catchments north of the FDNPP (Mano — 175km², Niida — 270km² and Ota — 75km²) draining heavily contaminated areas of the radioactive plume. The Fukushima Prefecture is characterized by an erosive climate, with the occurrence of spring floods and summer typhoons. To study the dispersion of the radioactive contamination, soil samples and sediment drape deposits were collected during 6 sampling campaigns (every six months between November 2011 and May 2014; i.e., after the major flood events). Each sample was analyzed by gamma spectrometry to determine radionuclide activities, and several soil and sediment samples were also analyzed by neutron activation analysis to determine their geochemistry. First, the analysis of 137Cs activity in 10 soil cores collected in paddy fields confirmed the limited migration of radiocesium with depth in the soils of the coastal catchments. More than 90% of the contamination was still concentrated in the uppermost 2cm of the soils by November 2013. Particles contaminated were therefore available for mobilization and transport downstream by processes that govern soil erosion. Second, metastable silver-110 (110mAg) was detected in most of the samples collected between November 2011 and November 2012, and our investigation showed that this radionuclide has a similar behavior as 137Cs in soil and sediment. Consequently, we used 110mAg to track the dispersion of the contamination as the 110mAg/137Cs activity ratio in soils of the Niida catchment showed significant differences between upstream and downstream locations. The use of a binary mixing model allowed the identification of a seasonal cycle of erosion and dispersion of particles. However, as 110mAg has a short half-life (250 days), it rapidly decayed and could not be detected anymore by May 2013. To overcome its disappearance, the contribution of soils located on the mountainous plateaus to the sediment transiting the river in the coastal plains was quantified based on their 137Cs signature. Binary mixing models were used, based on the distributions of 137Cs in mountainous areas (> 20 kBq/m²) and in coastal plains (< 20 kBq/m²). The results demonstrated that the contribution of the mountainous area varied in the different catchments. In the Niida catchment where no dam has been built, the mountainous area supplies more sediment to the river (≈46%) than in the Mano catchment that has a dam (≈20%). These results show the impact of dams generating a sediment disconnectivity. Finally, the soil map of the region was used in order to identify the soil types that may supply sediment to the rivers. The main soil types (Andosols, Cambisols and Fluvisols) were characterized by their geochemical composition, and Sc and Yb were identified as the most discriminant elements. The distributions of these elements in the three sources were used in a mixing model. Results show that Fluvisols are the main source supplying >70% of sediment to the rivers in both catchments. This soil type is mainly found in paddy fields, which confirms the enhanced erodibility of these cultivated areas. In the future, the dataset compiled could be used to improve soil erosion model operating at the catchment scale. Moreover, the impact of the ongoing decontamination works on the dispersion of contaminated sediments should be investigated
Rapin, Anne. "Mobilité du phosphore sédimentaire en contexte de retenues de barrage hydroélectrique." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0097.
Full textInternal sedimentary phosphorus (P) load cause delay time in eutrophication recovery, especially in dam-reservoir systems where P stock are important. Then, the study of sedimentary P mobility in dam-reservoirs allow to better explain P geochemistry in this context and further to adapt management restauration policies. This study highlights the impact of three cascade dams (Age Complex, Creuse, France) on the distribution of sedimentary P along a fluvial continuum. In the impoundments studied, TP levels averaged 1.59 ± 0.51 mgP /g DW and increased towards dams. This contrast with the low and constant concentrations observed in the fluvial parts. In reservoirs, chemical fractionation showed that more than 50% of the extracted P was associated with the ascorbate fraction. The association of P to amorphous Fe oxi-hydroxides in the fine particles accumulated closed to the dam is the major factor explaining the longitudinal variations of the TP contents. In addition, the high levels of P associated with these redox-sensitive phases and the development of a hypoxic hypolimnion in studied reservoirs reveal the high potential for sediment P mobilization. Moreover, in aerobic conditions, a risk of mobilization resulting from an equilibrium concentration between solute and solid fraction exists. The determination of the EPC0 threshold value underlined the spatial evolution of the sink / source role of the sediment with respect to the P, between the reservoirs of the same complex. Finally, the study of sedimentary P mobility in the laboratory, following two successive aerobic and anaerobic cycles, showed that redox potential oscillation observed in the reservoirs, favors the mobilization of the sedimentary P. The geochemistry of iron and the quality of dissolved organic matter appear to be involved in the mobility of P
Chauchat, Julien. "Contribution à la modélisation diphasique du transport sédimentaire en milieux côtiers et estuariens." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00173387.
Full textEn terme de résultats, nous montrons que l'approche développée est capable de reproduire quantitativement les principaux processus mis en jeu dans le transport sédimentaire de particules non cohésives : la sédimentation et la dispersion turbulente des particules en milieu dilué. Le modèle développé confirme l'existence d'une différence de vitesse horizontale entre les particules et l'eau. Il simule les effets de dispersion des particules par le mouvement turbulent du fluide et l'atténuation de l'énergie cinétique turbulente du fluide due à la présence des particules. Une autre originalité de ce travail est de proposer un modèle diphasique à surface libre, bidimensionnel vertical, pour la simulation du transport sédimentaire. Nous avons identifié des lacunes entre les théories et les expériences notamment pour la simulation de la turbulence en écoulement dense. Nous proposons des solutions pour améliorer la simulation du comportement de matériaux cohésifs. Une tentative de simulation hydrosédimentaire sur l'estuaire de la Seine est présentée. Le phénomène de bouchon vaseux est qualitativement reproduit par le modèle sans qu'aucune loi d'érosion ou de dépôt ne soit imposée.
Blouin, Arthur. "Génération de boue à partir de sédiments stratifiés dans un contexte de volcanisme de boue : le rôle du gaz." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3040.
Full textThis manuscript assesses the role of gas in the mud generation processes by focusing on a dense and multidisciplinary dataset of the active Absheron mud volcano (AMV), South Caspian Basin. The study is divided in three main parts: definition of the mud source; analysis of the hydro-mechanical behavior of compacted sediments after gas exsolution; numerical modeling of the AMV formation.First, I identified the source of the AMV as being the Anhydritic Surakhany Fm. (ASF): seismic geomorphology evidences a depletion zone below the AMV and samples from surface mudflows indicate a Pliocene age and the same mineralogy as the ASF. The ASF is composed of interstratified anhydritic beds and low-density overpressured and undercompacted clay-rich layers. The mud source seems located in an interval presenting intrinsic favorable properties to remobilization and at the convergence of overpressure build-up and gas accumulation.I then tested the impact of gas exsolution on the hydro-mechanical properties of compacted sediments through a novel consolidation apparatus. Results show that sediments are damaged by gas exsolution and do not recover completely after reloading. Gas exsolution leading to a degree of gas saturation higher than 38% generates a critical behavior interpreted as the result of mud generation.I finally integrated multidisciplinary data and results in simple numerical models to confront the hypothesis on the AMV formation with the geological conditions. A 2D diffusion model confirms that the association of lateral pressure transmission and vertical gas migration along faults leads to mud generation. Fluid mechanics equations show that mud is then able to rise up to the seafloor by density-inversion. Accounting for fracture propagation and dynamic viscosity may improve and accelerate the mud remobilization process. I tested several working hypotheses through this modeling and went from a purely conceptual formation model for the AMV to a semi-quantitative one.This study identified key parameters for mud volcano formation that are believed to be common to most of these structures and allowed developing a modeling approach that may be adapted and improved to describe mud volcanoes formation in other geological contexts
Poitevin, Antonine. "Caractérisation multi-échelles des phases porteuses des polluants métalliques Zn et Pb dans un sédiment mis en dépôt : de l'analyse de terrain au rayonnement synchrotron." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840257.
Full textVennin, Arnaud. "Etude de l'interface eau-sédiment dans les géosystèmes estuariens : approche couplée biogéochimie et modélisation par l'évaluation des flux de nutriments (C,N,P)." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR023/document.
Full textThe Seine estuary is a macrotidal geosystem with a strong hydrodynamism linked to the combination of fluvial and tidal currents. These phenomena cause erosion and sediment deposition on the intertidal mudflats. Within the mudflats, the water-sediment interface is an important area because it is there that nutrient exchanges (C, N, P) take place between the sediment and the water column. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of hydrodynamic, physical and thermal forcing on nutrient fluxes at this interface using a dual experimental field and modelling approach. For this purpose, a mudflat situated at the mouth of the river and an upstream mudflat of the estuary are sampled during the months of March-April 2017. Passive samplers and continuous measuring instruments are implanted in the sediment. The resulting data are then integrated into diffusion and advection models to estimate the relative contribution of water diffusion and movement in nutrient fluxes.The experimental results show differences in the hydrodynamic functioning of the two mudflats due to their different location in the estuary. They also highlight the heterogeneity of the sediments of the two mudflats from the hydrodynamic, physical and biogeochemical points of view. Finally, they allow us to understand the dynamics of sediment temperature in relation to the diurnal cycle and the tide. The modelling part of this study is divided into two distinct parts: the study of diffusion and advection at the water-sediment interface. The diffusion is studied in a horizontal and vertical direction. The main factor of diffusion dynamics is temperature, which is modulated by several parameters. The potential diffusion fluxes are also calculated for the two mudflats. The study of advection within the sediment is performed using two models: the VFLUX model and the 1DTempPro model. Interstitial water flow velocities are a function of the phase-diphase shift of the diurnal cycle with that of the tide. These results highlight the predominant role of advection compared to diffusion in the dynamics of nutrient flows and allow to propose a conceptual model of heat exchange and advection-diffusion within intertidal mudflats
Dang, Tuan Anh. "Valorisation des sédiments marins bretons comme matériaux de construction." Rennes, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAR0016.
Full textThe SEDIVAL project deals with the Brittany marine sediment and particularly the sediments from the Lyvet trap built on the Rance and the Mont Saint Michel Bay. It aims to develop a new beneficial reuse of dredged sediments as a construction material and particularly as new binders which can be exploited industrially. The sediments were treated at 650°C and 850°C. The treated sediments are added to Portland cement in order to develop new composite binders. The results showed that the sediments treated at 650°C could be used up to 35% for the class of 42. 5, while the sediments treated at 850°C only verified the class of 32. 5. Experiments of 150 days of curing showed the mechanical strength increases significantly beyond the 28th day. In terms of permeability, the new binders did not affect the intrinsic permeability of the mortar. The durability of mortars was also studied; the sediment treated at 650°C provided the mortar with better durability than one treated at 850°C. Finally, the studied sediments present a real potential of beneficial reuse that might be confirmed by experiments on concrete samples
Pannetier, William. "Enregistrement de l'eustatisme dans les sédiments quaternaires du bassin des Loyauté (Nouvelle-Calédonie, sud-ouest Pacifique)." Lyon 1, 1990. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01699845/document.
Full textNOETINGER, BENOIT. "Sedimentation et transport de particules dans un fluide visqueux." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066377.
Full textKhodashenas, Saeed Reza. "Modification de la topographie d'une rivière due au transport de sédiments." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECDL0029.
Full textDutra, Maia Poliana. "Le rôle des échanges entre le fleuve Amazone et la plaine d'inondation dans les processus de transport, de spéciation et de piégeage du mercure." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30266.
Full textOne of the major environmental problem in the Amazon basin is the risk of mercury (Hg) contamination in aquatic environments and in riparian populations. The organic form of this element, the monomethylmercury (MMHg), shows a high toxicity and can reach elevated levels in fish due to the bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes in the food web. High rate of Hg methylation were measured particularly in floodplain lakes and in dam reservoirs. Even if in the Amazon basin floodplains occupy ~5% of the watershed area, they are still poorly studied. In the present work, we study the role of the water exchanges between the Amazon River and the floodplain lakes in the transfer, transport, partition and storage of mercury. Our study area is the "várzea do Curuai ", located along the Amazon River, 900 km upstream from the mouth. Most of the studied floodplain lakes, in particular all the white water lakes, receives water and sediment from the mainstream, whereas the black water lakes are more influenced by runoff and groundwater inputs. This work shows that the cycle and the distribution of the Hg species in the "várzea do Curuai " are more controlled by the hydrological dynamics of the Amazon R. And the local watershed. In the floodplain lakes, the MMHg and total Hg are mainly transported in the particulate phase, especially during the rising water stage when the river is flooding the lakes. During the water and sediment transfer in floodplain lakes, different Hg speciation processes occur, such as: i) the coagulation or flocculation of inorganic mercury with organo-mineral complexes that limits the amount of mercury available for bacterial methylation; effectively, we don't observe any MMHg enrichment between the Amazon River and the white water lakes, ii) a probably photo-reduction of Hg2+ in Hg° and its volatilisation in the atmosphere, inducing a depletion of dissolved Hg in the surface waters, iii) the re-suspension process of bottom sediments by the wind action and by bioturbation, enriching the water column in particulate Hg associated with oxy-hydroxides of Fe and Mn, iv) the Hg methylation and desorption of particulate MMHg but only in the black water lakes that are characterized by the reductive conditions. .
Kervella, Stéphane. "Dynamique des sédiments fins et mixtes des zones intertidales de la baie de Marennes-Oléron : caractérisation des sédiments, processus hydro-sédimentaires et modélisation appliquée." La Rochelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LAROS286.
Full textThis thesis aims at increasing the general knowledge on sediment dynamics of intertidal flats in the Marennes-Oléron bay, according to physical, biological and anthropogenic factors. The conducted research is compound of three complementary studies : (1) a study of sediment behaviour through applied rheophysics on intertidal superficial sediments ; (2) a hydro-sedimentary study based on identification of the forcing action (physical, biological or anthropogenic) on the intertidal flat stability over several time scales (from the event to several months) ; (3) a specific application of the model SiAM-2DH to the Marennes-Oléron bay. The surface sediments shows a mechanical behaviour that mainly depends on the fine fraction for a composition that contains up to 60% of sandy material, where grains play an inclusive role in the mixture. The total shear strength of sediment could be defined from the combination of granular and fine fractions. Moreover, the sedimentary maps of intertidal areas, established from the sedimentary study, show high seasonal variability of the areas. Waves appear to have a great influence on the resuspension of surface sediment throughout the bay. The maximum turbidity expulsion of the Charente estuary highly influences the sedimentation rate in the Brouage mudflat. Seagrass meadows play an important role on the temporary sediment storage in summer, on top of the westen intertidal flats. Model simulations using realistic forcing (wind, tide, Charente flows, oyster occurence) show that oysters have a very local impact on sedimentation. These results allow the description of the changes (erosion/deposition) occuring on the intertidal flat of the bay
Bombardier, Manon. "Développement d'outils écotoxicologiques pour l'évaluation de sédiments." Metz, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2007/Bombardier.Manon.SMZ0743.pdf.
Full textThe development of bioassays for the assessment of the toxic potential of contaminated sediments is in constant evolution. These bioassays are generally used in the context of a battery. However, very few tools exist for the integration of their results for the comparison of sites and the priorization of sediment management actions. It is in this context that this thesis has been prepared. The SED-TOX index of ecotoxic hazard has been developed and validated. To achieve this, we identified the bioassays that would serve as the basis for the development of the Index. It was important that this battery covers a variety of sediment phases (e. G. , interstitial water, organic extract, solid-humid phase, and whole sediment), trophic levels (e. G. , bacteria, algae, microinvertebrates), toxicity types (i. E. , acute and chronic) and levels (i. E. , lethal, sublethal) to maximize its sensibility, potential for discrimination and ecological relevance. It was also critical that the Index be applicable to a wide variety of sediment type, whether they originate from marine or freshwater ecosystems. During the bioassay selection process, we noted that, in spite of the large number of tests that can be performed on aqueous sediment extracts (e. G. , interstitial water, elutriates, organic extracts), their adequacy for a routine application on organic extracts has not yet been clearly demonstrated. Hence, we have elaborated a protocol for the organic extraction, concentration, and fractionation or sediments, which has been coupled to three genotoxicity assays (SOS ChromotestMC, Mutatox and fluctuation test) in order to propose an effective method for the evaluation of the effects associated with organic contaminants on DNA of exposed organisms. This work has demonstrated that, when applied to sediments taken at various stations along a gradient of organic contamination, the SOS ChromotestMC conducted on the F2 fraction (i. E. , containing molecules whose weight varies between 250-800 atomic mass units) was the most sensitive and discriminatory of the three tests examined. The Index was applied to a series of marine samples and to two distinct series of freshwater samples, to examine the following three aspects : Its flexibility: is the Index applicable to diverse types of sediments and to different bioanalytical batteries ? Its discrimination potential: does the Index allow one to distinguish between polluted sites and those that are relatively uncontaminated ? Its predictive potential: how does the Index compare with measures of benthic community perturbations?his work has shown that : a. The Index is applicable to a variety of sediments (i. E. , freshwater and marine) and to different test batteries; b. The Index can reveal significative differences between the toxic potential of sediments whose contamination levels vary, that it can be used to derive toxicity levels that will assist in sorting sediment samples according to their hazard potential for aquatic organisms ; the SED-TOX results correlate with indices that are used to gauge the quality of benthos. The identification of significant correlations between the SED-TOX index and indices of benthic quality suggest that the Index can be used for predicting degraded sediment quality in the field. These results also suggest that relatively simple laboratory tests using a variety of effect endpoints can provide information that, when coupled with species and community attributes, has direct relevance to the assessment of ecological hazards by anthropogenic stressors
Coulon, Fanny. "Contribution à l’étude des sédiments marins lors d'opérations de dragage portuaire : re-sédimentation et mobilisation de la pollution organique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20056/document.
Full textIn the framework of Port-Camargue dredge (ECODREDGE-MED project), the main objective was to study the dredged sediment re-sedimentation and matter transfers (particular and molecular matter). An experimental characterization approach was realized in order to study these phenomena working at different scales : macroscopic (sedimentation mechanisms), mesoscopic (particular matter mobilization) and molecular (sorption phenomena). These research works focused on study of five sediments and their granular fractions. A dispersion granular method was developed and highlighted the importance to verify dispersion quality of processes concerning study of granular fractions. Morpho-granular approach used in theses works permitted to highlight cohesive aspect of sediments and to identify different agglomerate types. This approach was also used to propose a classification method of sediments, based on limon/sand ratio determination by laser granulometry.Secondly, re-sedimentation behavior was investigated studying physico-chemical stability of particles in the water column with a suspension analyszer (Turbiscan MA2000). The results contributed knowledge on sedimentation mechanisms and parameter (limon/sand ratio, salinity and volume fraction) influence. With the use of TOC analyze (Total Organic Carbone), matter transfers were identified in water column, via interparticular phenomena (agglomeration/dispersion) and sorption phenomena (adsorption/désorption)
Ternat, Fabien. "Erosion des sédiments cohésifs en autoconsolidation." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22009.pdf.
Full textPollutants and suspended matters of a river can accumulate into the sedimentary column. Once deposited, they are submitted to autoconsolidation processes, ageing and burying, leading to an increase of their erosion resistance. Pollutant fluxes can be related to sedimentary fluxes, determined by threshold laws. In this work, an erosion threshold model is suggested by introducing a cohesion force into the usual force balance. A model of cohesion is developed on the basis of interactions between argileous cohesive particles (clays), particularly the Van der Waals force, whose parameterization is ensured by means of granulometry and porosity. Artificial erosion experiments were performed in a recirculating erosion flume with natural cored sediments where critical shear stress measurements were performed. Other analyses provided granulometry and porosity. The results obtained constitute a good database for the literature. The model is then applied to the experimental conditions and gives good agreement with measurements. An example of the taking into account of autoconsolidation processes is finally suggested, before ending on a Mohr like diagram dedicated to soft cohesive sediment erosion
Pierson-Wickmann, Anne-Catherine. "Le cycle de l'osmium et du rhénium pendant l'érosion himalayenne." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2000_PIERSON-WICKMANN_A.pdf.
Full textThis study allowed determination of the Os isotopic compositions of the three major Himalayan formations (TSS, HHC, LH), based on both source rocks and river sediments, which represent the erosional products of Himalayan erosion. The High Himalayan formations (TSS+HHC) have ¹⁸⁷0s/¹⁸⁸0s ratios (0. 9 to 1. 6) similar to that of average continental crust. In contras t, the LH includes very radiogenic Os isotopic ratios, found in black shales and some carbonates. River sediments are mixtures of three components: High Himalayan silicates, LH black shales and LH carbonates. Sediments from the Brahmaputra are less radiogenic than those from the Ganga, due to either the addition of an ophiolitic fraction or the absence of detrital carbonates in, the sediments. The origin of the radiogenic Os isotopic compositions in LH carbonates is related to Himalayan metamorphism which mobilized Re and radiogenic Os from black shales and redistributed it in carbonates. Alteration at low temperature was studied in soil profiles. The concentrations of Re and Os, as well as the Os isotopic ratios, do not vary with depth. Nevertheless, an important loss of Re and Os occurs during the earlier stages of alteration, during the passage from source rock to saprolith. Sediments from the Bengal Fan show that Himalayan erosion is the major source of detritic material, especially in the active fan. In the rest of the Bay of Bengal, the Himalayan source may be masked by secondary sources, such as the erosion of the Indo-Burman range or the Sri Lanka. There is no evidence for significant loss of Os during sediment transport or after deposition in the Fan. This implies that the contribution of Himalayan erosion to seawater is limited to that carried in dissolved form, which is not nearly sufficient to explain the increase of the ¹⁸⁷0s/¹⁸⁸0s seawater ratio during the past 16 Ma
Pellenard, Pierre. "Message terrigène et influences volcaniques au Callovien-Oxfordien dans les bassins de Paris et du Sud-Est de la France." Lille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIL10021.
Full textIls traduisent des modifications paléogéographiques importantes en relation avec les variations eustatiques qui favorisent des connexions entre bassins adjacents. En revanche, le bassin Subalpin, soumis à une subsidence importante, une tectonique synsédimentaire active et des manifestations halocinétiques enregistre peu de variations de la fraction terrigène. Une diagenèse d'enfouissement thermique pourrait être en partie responsable de la relative homogénéisation des assemblages argileux. Une connexion entre le Bassin de Paris et le bassin du Sud-Est a pu exister au Callovien supérieur par l'intermédiaire du sillon Seine-Loire, favorisant l'apport de smectites. L'examen détaillé des coupes et forages a permis d'identidier cinq horizons de bentonites. L'un d'eux bien développé dans les forages de l'ANDRA a pu être retrouvé à l'affleurement dans l'Est du Bassin de Paris. La corrélation est assurée par les données litho et biostratigraphiques et grâce aux caractéristiques géochimiques. Dans le Sud-Est de la France, l'un des cinq horizons de bentonite identifié dans les Terres Noires correspond très probablement à celui du Bassin de Paris compte tenu de sa signature géochimique. Ce dépôt probablement lié à un évènement volcanique paroxysmal correspond à l'expression sédimentaire d'un volcanisme alcalin intraplaque différencié, vraissemblablement localisé en Mer du Nord
Fall, N'Deye Magatte. "Traitement des sédiments fluviaux en vue d'utilisation dans le génie civil." Rennes, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAR0039.
Full textChatelier lock and the energy tidal have favored the sediments accumulation in Rance estuary. Acheiving a pit below Chatelier lock, permitted a better sediments management. After 4 years of operation, the trap has reached its fill (63000 m3 must be dredged). Sediments chemical analysis permit to assess the environment potential impact. Sediments are organic silt. Their use in landfills require a low hydraulic conductivity (k<1. 10-9m/s). Intake Kaolin clay and hydraulic binders treatment are required. Lime or cement CEM 1 52,5 addition changes their physical behavour. Kaolin decreases the permeability by a factor of 10. A reliable and non-destructive measurement of horizontal linear shrinkage is developed to evaluate the deformability and shrinkage limit of treated sediment. In this study, different treatment are proposed for sediments use
Van, Metre Peter. "Contamination métallique et organique des sédiments lacustres aux Etats-Unis : Evolution spatio-temporelle, processus de transport, et identification des sources." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES026.
Full textThe understanding of water-quality trends contributes to our knowledge of the links between human activities and environmental quality and is necessary for the evaluation of regulatory actions designed to improve water quality. This research evaluated trends in metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) for the United States using sediments cores from 42 lakes. The metals (pb, Cr, Cd) and HOCs (DDT, PCBs) for wich emissions have decreased since the 1970s showed mostly decreasing trends in concentrations. However, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased rapidly in urban watersheds. In more focused studies, selected sediment cores were evaluated to gain insight into transport processes and fate of contaminants. Urban sources of PAHs were quantified using simulated runoff. The result indicate that parking lot “sealcoat”, a product widely used to coat parking lots, is a major source of PAHs
Moguedet, Gérard. "Les relations entre le fleuve Congo et la sédimentation récente sur la marge continentale entre l'embouchure et le sud du Gabon : étude hydrologique, sédimentologique et géochimique." Angers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1990ANGE0002.
Full textGarrigues, Philippe. "Origine et évolution de séries de composés aromatiques dans l'environnement sédimentaire." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10632.
Full textVicaire, Olivier. "Dynamique hydro-sédimentaire en Mer du Nord méridionale : du Cap Blanc-Nez à la frontière belge." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10168.
Full textColin, David. "Valorisation de sédiments fins de dragage en technique routière." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN2038.
Full textLo, Khalidou. "Étude géologique des gisements de phosphate de Bofal et de Loubboira (Mauritanie meridionale)." Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4099.
Full textNord, Guillaume. "Modélisation à base physique des processus de l'érosion hydrique à l'échelle de la parcelle." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00111955.
Full textNguyen, Ngoc diep. "Characterization and contribution of colloidal fraction in the mobility and bioavailability of sedimentary phosphorus." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/9f8fcb76-5d28-468c-8289-23bd366f1bb7/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0078.pdf.
Full textThe mobilization of phosphorus (P) from sediment is a persistent internal nutrient source sustaining eutrophication, especially in reservoir. Current knowledge about sedimentary P release does not consider colloidal form, although it is well-known for its efficiency as P-carrier, its high mobility and potentially bioavailability. This thesis provides new constraints to place sedimentary colloids and sedimentary colloidal P into light concerning their important stock and release potential in the reservoir. Colloids are shown to be an intrinsic component of reservoir sediment, and their recovery under sediment resuspension indicated the contribution of water mobilizable colloids up to 2.3 % of the sediment mass in Champsanglard dam reservoir (Creuse, France). The amount of P associated with colloids was up to 6 % of total sedimentary P and 80 % of water-mobilizable P. After the application of different protocols for colloid extraction, separation and for sediment storage, a framework for selecting appropriated method for colloid recovering from a sediment is proposed. The recommendation for colloid recovery is to work with wet sediment, avoid using high-power extraction protocol (i.e. sonication), using filtration with pre-separation step instead of successive centrifugation to avoid under or overestimation in quantity and quality of recovered colloids. The quantity and quality of sedimentary colloids and associated P varied spatially in the reservoir according to sediment size grain distribution and the influence of flow hydrodynamics, the presence of tributaries and fluctuations in the water-level. The highest content of water mobilizable colloids and especially large colloids (0.2 - 1 μm) were found in lacustrine bottom sediments, downstream of the tributary confluence. Bank sediments impacted by water-level fluctuations released P in bioavailable forms (dissolved P and small/nano P-colloids). Under anoxic condition, the potential of sediment to mobilize colloidal P was significantly higher than truly dissolved P and represented up to 40 % of total sedimentary P. When condition became oxic subsequently, major portion of released P remained in suspension under small/intermediate size (300 kDa - 0.45 μm). In redox changing conditions, the closely linked biogeochemical cycles of iron and organic matter could be the key parameters involved in mobility of colloidal P. This thesis highlights the need to consider colloids and their contribution in the P mobility at the boundary of sediment-water and associated bioavailability to aquatic plankton, particularly in dam reservoir context
Ben, Salem Fida. "Impacts écologiques de la présence de quelques substances prioritaires (pesticides agricoles, hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, polychlorobiphényles, organo-métaux) dans un écosystème littoral anthropisé, le complexe lac Ichkeul- lagune de Bizerte." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3023/document.
Full textThe main objective of this work was to conduct an ecotoxicological study of the complex Ichkeul Lake-Bizerta lagoon. A survey of the most used agricultural pesticides in the watershed of the complex was conducted to determine the most problematic compounds. The survey of pesticides use with farmers, dealers of pesticides and the Regional Commissioner for Agricultural Development Bizerte has helped to identify the most used pesticides in agricultural areas of the watershed of the complex Ichkeul Lake-Bizerta lagoon: iodosulfuron, the mesosulfurone, 2,4D, glyphosate and fenoxaprop as herbicides active materials, tebuconazol epoxiconazol as fungicide active materials and deltamethrin as insecticides. Then, the concentrations of pesticides, PAHs and PCBs were determined in the sediment of the complex. The results showed a contamination of some complex sites. Stations located in the lagoon of Bizerte have a level of PAH in excess of permissible limits. Pesticide concentrations exceed the standards at some sites from the Ichkeul Lake. Finally, the impact of these pollutants on microbial communities and nematode density was determined. CCA combines the results of chemical analyzes and T-RFLP data of bacterial communities shows that the bacterial communities of the lake are influenced by pesticides while those of the lagoon are influenced by PAHs. The distribution of T-RFs showed the presence of specific T-RFs in contaminated sites: the T-RF 114 bp characterizes the most contaminated site in pesticides, microorganisms associated with the T-RF are probably microorganisms resistant to pesticides and capable of degrading this pollutant. The composition of bacterial communities was determined by 454 pyrosequencing of the most representative sites: the least contaminated of the complex, the most contaminated by PAH, the most contaminated by pesticides and a site with multiple PAH-pesticides contamination. The impact of the presence of pesticides on the density of free living marine nematodes was studied. The taxonomic analysis of the pyrosequencing data grouped the sequences into 44 different phyla. In general, Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla with predominance of Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria within the sediments. Besides Proteobacteria, there are a number of sequences affiliated to the following major phyla detected in all four sites: Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Spirochaetes, Acidobacteria. The bacterial communities of the four sites shared 211 common OTUs. The Lake Ichkeul was characterized by 219 specific OTUs and the Bizerta lagoon by 235 OTUs. Site 2, the most contaminated by pesticides has the highest abundance of free living marine nematodes
Labourdette, Richard. "La modélisation sédimentaire 3D : vers l'intégration des hétérogénéités sédimentaires dans les modèles réservoirs." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20199.
Full textThis thesis is presented as a compilation of articles focusing on different sedimentological heterogeneity investigation methods and modelling approaches. It highlights the need for a more efficient and effective integration of sedimentology into reservoir models, thereby optimising reservoir characterisation at different heterogeneity scales. Sedimentological knowledge is continually evolving and depends on advances in outcrop investigation and depositional process comprehension. Despite these technological evolutions, sedimentology is still perceived as too complex, with results which are often difficult to image and transfer into the reservoir characterisation workflow. Proportion cubes are presented as a derivative solution for introducing sedimentological concepts and associated uncertainties, thereby allowing their introduction at reservoir model scale. A selection of the many emergent modelling approaches, using geometrical law-based methods and stratigraphic inversion algorithms are explored. Analysis confirms that these approaches can be considered as complementary rather than in competition. It is therefore necessary to integrate the different models directly within the reservoir characterisation workflows. However, this cannot happen without similar evolution in geostatistical tools. Geostatistical and stochastic modelling have already found their way into several recent scientific endeavours. As stated in this research document, geostatistics provide the potential of a spatial integration of sedimentological heterogeneities into reservoir models. They also allow managing the uncertainties derived from sedimentological models
Rouas, Guy. "Étude et modélisation par éléments finis des processus hydrosédimentaires estuariens." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD884.
Full textAjouyed, Omar. "Adsorption du Cr(VI) par différents minéraux naturels : application au traitement des sédiments portuaires." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4082.
Full textThe fate of dredged sediments is a major problem in some countries, mainly in Morocco, due to significant contamination organic and mineral pollutants. Land disposal dredged sediment must be accompanied treatment to limit the dispersion of pollutants in the environment. This study is carried out to reduce the mobility of heavy metals during storage of dredging contaminated. The first objective is to determine the adsorption mechanisms of Cr (VI) and selects the adsorbent the most efficient. The second objective is the chemical characterization of harbour sediments and to study the feasibility of using a mineral additive as a stabilizer of metals in sediments. Clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) and metal oxy-hydroxides (hematite, goethite and -alumina) are being considered for this study given their natural occurrence in sediments and their high retention capacity. The study of the adsorption of Cr(VI) by these adsorbents shows that the adsorption capacity of this element is important in the case of hematite and kaolinite. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms are employed to understand the nature of adsorption at room temperature. The characteristic parameters for each isotherm have been determined. This showed that the Langmuir and Freundlich models are representative for the metal oxy-hydroxides and the clay minerals, repectively. Batch leaching methods were used to evaluate the effectiveness of hematite and kaolinite, as additives for reducing the mobilization of heavy metals, especially chromium, from contaminated sediments. The results show that the addition of amendments could be a successful and reliable technique for stabilization of chromium and other metals in contaminated sediment
Ghanimi, Saida. "Contribution à l'étude morphosédimentaire des "grèzes" lorraines." Nancy 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN21011.
Full textThe “grèzes litées” represent in Lorraine large volumes along the slopes facing toward the East or the North-East, in the "Meuse" "Moselle" valleys. The main outcrops are sites can be found on scarp faces. These deposits are mainly developped at the expense of upper oxfordian microcrystalline limestones or upper bajocian oolithic limestones. This work is a synthetic study of the grèzes in Lorraine. Its aim is mainly to determine and characterize each "grèze" formation and then, to explain its conditions of emplacement. The methodological bases of this study are sedimentology, morphosedimentary and microscopie analyses. The study of the slope deposit quarries of Commercy and Sampigny show that these deposits are contituted of three distinct formations, two of them being clearly identified. The three formations were emplaced during three successive periods of cold and wet climate. The observations made near Traveron, Dornrémy and Tilly cofirm the results obtained in Commercy and Sampigny bring new data about the "formation 1" which is present above Pagny sur Moselle, place of the piracy of the Moselle river, and is nearly lacking downstream. The rain wash remains the main mechanism of emplacement for the Lorraine “grèzes litées” deposits. Owing to the synthesis of data about the whole region, four main "grèze" formations have been identified. These four units are likely to be related to the major modifications in the morphoclimatic conditions during the end of the Saalian and the Weichselian. Compared to other West-European regions during the Pleistocene, it can be stated that the reddish "grèzes" and the pale ones are respectively of saalien and weichselian ages
Recking, Alain. "Etude expérimentale de l'influence du tri granulométrique sur le transport solide par charriage." Villeurbanne, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0113/these.pdf.
Full textThe overall aim of the present research is to understand the effects of grain sorting on bedload. In a first step, experimental results in addition to available data of the literature are used to constitute a data set of 1449 values. This data set permitted to valid friction and transport laws for flows over uniform materials. In a second step, experiments were performed over poorly sorted sediments, and no equilibrium slope was obtained whatever the run and the experiment duration. Instead a periodic pattern fluctuation was observed, affecting the bed slope, the bed load discharge, and the bed state (varying from armour to fine bed). A special bed form resulting from grains sorting, called “bed load sheets” appears to be the keystone of the fluctuating process. The concept of transport rate efficiency is used to demonstrate that grain sorting may control the fluctuation periods and amplitudes by controlling the sand content of the bed load mixture. This hypothesis permits to reproduce the amplitude of mean bed slope fluctuations observed with the long experiments for different slopes and sediment mixtures
Spielmann, Karine. "Modélisation de la dynamique morphologique d'un profil de plage." Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX22036.
Full textBorgniet, Laurent. "Modélisation de la dynamique d'un système sédimentaire : le littoral de Huelva (Andalousie)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10132.
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