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1
Edgett, Kenneth S., and Ranjan Sarkar. "Recognition of Sedimentary Rock Occurrences in Satellite and Aerial Images of Other Worlds—Insights from Mars." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214296.
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Sedimentary rocks provide records of past surface and subsurface processes and environments. The first step in the study of the sedimentary rock record of another world is to learn to recognize their occurrences in images from instruments aboard orbiting, flyby, or aerial platforms. For two decades, Mars has been known to have sedimentary rocks; however, planet-wide identification is incomplete. Global coverage at 0.25–6 m/pixel, and observations from the Curiosity rover in Gale crater, expand the ability to recognize Martian sedimentary rocks. No longer limited to cases that are light-toned, lightly cratered, and stratified—or mimic original depositional setting (e.g., lithified deltas)—Martian sedimentary rocks include dark-toned examples, as well as rocks that are erosion-resistant enough to retain small craters as well as do lava flows. Breakdown of conglomerates, breccias, and even some mudstones, can produce a pebbly regolith that imparts a “smooth” appearance in satellite and aerial images. Context is important; sedimentary rocks remain challenging to distinguish from primary igneous rocks in some cases. Detection of ultramafic, mafic, or andesitic compositions do not dictate that a rock is igneous, and clast genesis should be considered separately from the depositional record. Mars likely has much more sedimentary rock than previously recognized.
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Pathan, Shafi Muhammad, Muhammad Burhan Memon, Zuhaib Ahmed Shaikh, and Saleem Raza Chalgri. "CORRELATION OF UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH WITH BRAZILIAN TENSILE STRENGTH AND INDEX PROPERTIES FOR SOFT SEDIMENTARY ROCKS." Journal of Mountain Area Research 8 (May 1, 2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.53874/jmar.v8i0.153.
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Sedimentary Rocks composing the Thar Lignite basin Pakistan are of clastic origin. These rocks have comparatively low uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) values, and hence recognized as ‘soft sedimentary rocks’ in this study. UCS is a fundamental property of rocks, used by mine design engineers in designing the surface and underground excavations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between UCS with Brazilian tensile strength (BTS), and index properties of soft sedimentary rock formations at Thar Lignite basin. Various correlations between mechanical and physical properties of rocks have been developed previously. However, no significant correlation has been developed on UCS with BTS and index properties for soft sedimentary rocks. Numerous Rock samples from Two complete geotechnical drillholes at Block-IX Thar Coalfield were selected. Standard test procedures were implemented to determine the UCS, indirect Tensile and index properties such as point load strength, and shore Scleroscope hardness. The correlations between rock properties were established using simple and multiple regression techniques, and empirical equations were obtained. These equations can be used to predict the UCS and tensile strength of soft sedimentary rocks by performing simple index tests; which are quick, economical, and easier to be performed on the site.
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Huang, Lina. "Discussion and application of ball mill in preparation of particle size samples of fine grained sedimentary rocks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2499, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2499/1/012008.
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Abstract The grain size of clastic rocks is one of the most important structural characteristics of clastic sediments, which can directly reflect the hydrodynamic conditions of ancient sedimentary period. The preparation of conventional clastic rock particle size samples is usually done by hand wet grinding with a grinding hammer by experienced experimenter. For the fine-grained sedimentary rocks, the conventional method for preparing grain size samples has the disadvantages of long time and low efficiency. This paper introduces a method of preparing grain size samples of fine grained sedimentary rocks by separating rock particles with ball mill. By carrying out the experiments of separating rock particles by ball mill, the influence of different sample quality and ball mill parameters on the particle size and particle size distribution of fine grained sedimentary rock in the process of rock particle fragmentation by ball mill was discussed. The conditions for separating particles of fine grained sedimentary rocks by ball mill are determined as follows: sample mass is 0.14 g ~ 0.20 g, ball mill frequency is 10 Hz, ball milling time is 3 min, the efficiency of particle size sample preparation is greatly improved. The final particle suspension samples were tested by laser particle size analyzer, and the particle size distribution characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks were given, which provides a basis for the study of lithology classification, lithofacies characteristics and hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneity, and plays an important role in the exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas.
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Dimalanta, Carla, and Graciano Yumul Jr. "UNDERSTANDING ARC-CONTINENT COLLISION AND CRUSTAL GROWTH: GEOCHEMISTRY OF PHILIPPINE SEDIMENTARY ROCK SEQUENCES." ASEAN Engineering Journal 2, no. 2 (December 6, 2013): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v2.15374.
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This work synthesizes the results of studies utilizing whole rock sedimentary geochemistry of samples collected from different tectonic settings. Major, trace and rare earth element diagrams effectively discriminate the nature of the source rocks and tectonic setting of the sedimentary rocks. The continental character of Palawan, Buruanga and Mindoro are affirmed by their geochemical components which point to felsic and quartzose recycled source rocks in a continental setting. The Antique samples, when plotted on the various diagrams, are shown to have contributions from both mafic and felsic sources. This indicates their deposition in an overlap basin which marks province linking resulting from the collision of the two blocks – Palawan Microcontinental Block and Philippine Mobile Belt. In stark contrast, the sedimentary rocks from Baguio (Klondyke, Amlang and Cataguintingan) have geochemical signatures consistent with their derivation from mafic igneous rocks in an oceanic island arc setting. The variety of diagrams used in this study illustrates their effectiveness in characterizing the provenance and tectonic setting of sedimentary rocks. These results underscore the value of using whole rock sedimentary geochemistry in deciphering the evolution of the Philippine island arc system.
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Lyu, Qiqi, Shunshe Luo, Yulong Guan, Jinhua Fu, Xiaobing Niu, Liming Xu, Shengbin Feng, and Shixiang Li. "A new method of lithologic identification and distribution characteristics of fine - grained sediments: A case study in southwest of Ordos Basin, China." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0002.
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Abstract Lithologic identification is critical for studying fine - grained sediments, which further elucidates sedimentary environment, and formation. The oil - bearing Chang 7 Section of the Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin contains thick dark mudstone with a wide distribution, interbedded by siltstone and fine sandstone. The lacustrine fine - grained sedimentary rocks constitute the chief source rock of the Yanchang Formation. On the grounds of fine core description, thin rock slice identification and X - ray diffraction analysis, we proposed a new method based on conventional logging data. This method is using density (DEN) and natural gamma (GR) logging curve intersection and multivariate linear regression analysis of logging curve value and measured mineral content value which is carried out by SPSS software to identify the lithology and the vertical distribution characteristics of fine - grained sedimentary rock of Chang 7 formation in the study area. This method is mainly suitable for lithologic identification of fine - grained sedimentary rocks in lake basin. It not only quantitatively analyses the contents of main minerals and organic matter in fine - grained sedimentary rocks, but also greatly improved the accuracy and universality of using conventional logging data to identify the lithology of fine - grained sedimentary rocks, which provides a reference for the exploration of tight oil.
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Zhao, Ranlei, Xiao Xu, Wentao Ma, Cunlei Li, Qiushi Zhang, and Qingyou Yue. "Reservoir Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Sedimentary Pyroclastic Rocks in Deep-Buried Basins: A Case Study of Yingtai Fault Depression, Southern Songliao Basin." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 6594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186594.
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In this article, based on core description, thin section, scanning electron microscope (SEM), well logging and reservoir physical properties, the reservoir controlling factors of sedimentary pyroclastic rocks in deep-buried basins are assessed via the relation between reservoirs and defining factors, including lithological characteristics, sedimentary microfacies and diagenesis. In addition, the contributing factors of anomalously high-porosity and high-permeability zone are analyzed. The lithological characteristics and diagenesis of the sedimentary pyroclastic rocks are closely related to reservoirs. The reservoir porosity–permeability of sedimentary pyroclastic rocks with large volcanic clastic particles is better than in those with small volcanic clastic particles. Sedimentary pyroclastic rocks with high content of unstable clastic particles, such as feldspar and rock debris, are easier to form the high-quality reservoirs than those with high content of quartz. The dissolution is the most important and direct reason to form the anomalously high-porosity and high-permeability zones of the sedimentary pyroclastic rocks in deep-buried basins. It is concluded that the size and composition of the clastic particles in the sedimentary pyroclastic rocks are the internal-controlling factors of the effective reservoirs, while the diagenetic fluid and the burial process are the external-controlling factors which form the effective reservoirs.
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Zhang, Bin, Zhiwei Zeng, Hongtao Zhu, Xianghua Yang, and Linan Pang. "Lithofacies and Depositional Models of the Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks of the Albian–Turonian Stage in the Rio Muni Basin, West Africa." Minerals 13, no. 11 (October 30, 2023): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13111388.
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The Rio Muni Basin is a hotspot for deep-water oil exploration in West Africa. The discovery of thirteen oil and gas fields, including Ceiba, Akom 1, and Oveng, proves the basin’s excellent exploration prospects, but only limited research has thus far been carried out there. The recent new drilling indicates that there are organic matter-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the Albian and Cenomanian–Turonian stages of the Cretaceous strata. However, the depositional models of organic-rich, fine-grained sedimentary rocks are not clear. The main objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to identify the lithofacies characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the Albian–Turonian stages of the Rio Muni Basin; and (2) to establish a depositional model for organic-rich fine-grained sediments. In this study, the mineralogical characteristics of Albian–Turonian fine-grained were determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thin section analysis. In addition, the integration of mineralogical features with the total organic carbon (TOC) content allows for the recognition of three distinct lithofacies: (1) siliceous-clayey rock, (2) terrigenous clastic mixed fine-grained rock, and (3) lime-mixed fine-grained rock. Based on the evolutionary history of the passive continental margin basins in West Africa and the lithofacies characteristics, the deposition mode of organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the Albian–Turonian stages was reconstructed by combining geochemical features with the characteristics of framboidal pyrite. The depositional models for the Albian stage are “continental margin–restricted sea–marine algae–source rocks” with the development of organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks. The depositional models for the Cenomanian–Turonian stage are “continental margin–semiopen sea–mixed-source rocks”. The Albian and Cenomanian–Turonian organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks represent two different deposition modes with restricted sea and semiopen sea conditions. The sedimentary characteristics in the study area during the two periods were both inherited and notably different.
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DA SILVA, JOSÉ LUIZ SILVÉRIO, and EGYDIO MENEGOTTO. "Aspectos Geoquímicos de Silicificações em Rochas Sedimentares no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." Pesquisas em Geociências 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19543.
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Some exposures of silicified sedimentary rocks and duricrusts occur in the central Depressão Periférica along the edge of the Paraná Basin in Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern part of Brazil. These silicified materials were firstly studied in the petrographic aspects by Silvério da Silva & Menegotto (2002). This paper presents geochemical results of the analysis on samples of sedimentary rocks and silica duricrusts collected in two profiles (Santa Maria and Cachoeira do Sul). The relationships between the sedimentary rocks and the duricrusts, as well their probable provenance and genesis, are discussed. Silicification occurs as lenses, concretions, nodules and pedotubules, in the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of these profiles. Micro quartz predominates and forms the most part of the matrix. Fibrous chalcedony and mega quartz were present in minor amounts filling vughs. Three types of silicification were recognized: silcretes (SiO2>87%), silica rich concretions (SiO2 from 76.10 % to 86.76% SiO2) and sedimentary rocks with few silica cement. Gresen′s mass balance is presented to point out the gain of SiO2. The silica source is related to weathering processes of the minerals of the sedimentary rock and added to the groundwater.
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LINDSTRÖM, SOFIE. "Palynology of Permian shale, clay and sandstone clasts from the Basen till in northern Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land." Antarctic Science 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2005): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002476.
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The palynological content of randomly collected sedimentary rock clasts from the till on the south-east slope of the Basen nunatak in northern Vestfjella in western Dronning Maud Land indicate that these sedimentary rocks were derived from strata of Middle Permian age. The palynological content and preservation is similar to palynofloras described from the sedimentary rocks that crop out at the Fossilryggen nunatak to the south-east, therefore, it seems likely that the Fossilryggen area represents the source of the sedimentary rock samples in the Basen till. This is further supported by known ice flow directions obtained from striations and clast fabric measurements in the area.
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Bilić, Šime, and Vesnica Garašić. "PETROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FROM THE ST. BARBARA ORE MINE IN RUDE NEAR SAMOBOR." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 1 (2021): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.1.10.
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In the scope of this research, the petrographic and geochemical analyses of clastic sedimentary rocks from the St. Barbara, copper and iron ore mine in Rude near Samobor, have been made, aiming to classify and determine the provenance and environment of formation of clastic sedimentary rocks, as well as the influence of hydrothermal fluids on their properties. Eight samples were collected in total from different locations in the mine. Six of those samples have been studied in detail. The results showed structural and geochemical variability and uneven hydrothermal alteration intensity in the samples. Based on petrographic analyses, three rocks are classified as sublithoarenite, quartz arenite and quartz greywacke. Three of the samples are classified as ore breccia, ore sandstone, and ore silt-sandstone due to the pronounced hydrothermal alterations and ore mineralisation. Comprehensively, petrographic and geochemical analyses indicate that the source rocks of the investigated clastic sedimentary rocks were felsic (La/Sc = 0.9-6.2; Th/Sc = 1.3-2.4), most probably sedimentary, possibly resedimented rocks. The extent of source rock weathering was very high (Chemical Index of Alteration CIA = 52.1 - 81.3 %) and the geotectonic position of the sedimentary basin was very likely to be at the passive continental margin.
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Pujar, Anant G., A. Sreenivasa, and Ajaykumar N. Asode. "Petrography and Provenance Study of South-Central Part of Kaladgi Basin, Belgaum, Karnataka, India." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss1.2020.421.
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The area under investigation covers the south-central part of Kaladgi series comprising of sedimentary rocks, mainly quartzarenites. From the geological point of view the study area comprises southcentral part of Kaladgi basin covering around 54 km2 which encompasses rocky hills of moderate height, showing three types of facies i.e., argillaceous, arenaceous and rudaceous. Among these three, arenaceous facies is more prominent in the area. These sedimentary rocks rest unconformably over gneisses. Detailed study of the rocks exposed are done by studying the petrological aspects of the rock samples which were subjected to microscopic studies, bifurcating different minerals and counting each parameter of the minerals which is plotted in the QFR ternary diagram and further illustrating the tectonic provenance of the area. Present work mainly focuses on the studies related to petrological, diagenesis and provenance of the study area where the rocks exposed in the vicinity are quartz arenites indicating that these sediments were deposited in a riverine condition.
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Pujar, Anant G., A. Sreenivasa, and Ajaykumar N. Asode. "Petrography and Provenance Study of South-Central Part of Kaladgi Basin, Belgaum, Karnataka, India." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ojs.v11i1.421.
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The area under investigation covers the south-central part of Kaladgi series comprising of sedimentary rocks, mainly quartzarenites. From the geological point of view the study area comprises southcentral part of Kaladgi basin covering around 54 km2 which encompasses rocky hills of moderate height, showing three types of facies i.e., argillaceous, arenaceous and rudaceous. Among these three, arenaceous facies is more prominent in the area. These sedimentary rocks rest unconformably over gneisses. Detailed study of the rocks exposed are done by studying the petrological aspects of the rock samples which were subjected to microscopic studies, bifurcating different minerals and counting each parameter of the minerals which is plotted in the QFR ternary diagram and further illustrating the tectonic provenance of the area. Present work mainly focuses on the studies related to petrological, diagenesis and provenance of the study area where the rocks exposed in the vicinity are quartz arenites indicating that these sediments were deposited in a riverine condition.
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Hu, Zeng, Fang, Qi, Yin, Chen, Li, and Zhu. "Geochemical Study of Detrital Apatite in Sediment from the Southern Okinawa Trough: New Insights into Sediment Provenance." Minerals 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100619.
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Detrital apatite is a promising accessory mineral for reliable fingerprinting of the protolith composition of detrital sediment. Here, we present the geochemical compositions of detrital apatites from four sections of a high-resolution (~140 cm/kyr) sedimentary archive from the southern Okinawa Trough (SOT) for constraining sediment source rock types and establishing changes in provenance. A series of diagrams based on the geochemical data show that apatites in Section 1 derived mainly from mafic/intermediate rocks, while apatites in the three younger sections largely originated from mafic/intermediate rocks and acid rocks. Further, the four sections included a few contributions of apatites from alkaline rocks and metamorphic rocks. Through a comprehensive analysis of controlling factors and regional stratigraphy in the study area, we concluded that sediments in the SOT are the weathering/erosion products of sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks in the western and northeastern Taiwan Island, with ultimate sources containing a wide variety of rock types. The sediment from rivers in eastern Taiwan did not significantly contribute to deposition in the SOT. Apatites in Sections 2–4 showed strong geochemical similarity but differed from those in Section 1, indicating that the types of weathered/eroded sedimentary rocks in the weathering profile of river drainage basins of Taiwan Island changed in Section 2 (2010–1940 cal. yr BP) and have remained stable since then.
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Ariansyah, Muhammad Resky, Muhammad Fawzy Ismullah Massinai, and Muhammad Altin Massinai. "Rock Types Classification and Distribution on Anabanua Village, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi." Jurnal Geomine 8, no. 1 (June 27, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33536/jg.v8i1.530.
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Anabanua Village, Barru Regency is one of the areas in South Sulawesi that has quite unique geological conditions. This condition inseparably comes from the complicated geological process that took place during the formation of the island, Sulawesi. In Anabanua Village, there are many types of rocks such as sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks. This paper aims to map and classify the types of rock by taking samples on different places in the research area. Then we observe the samples physical properties. The results showed, from taking 10 rock samples in different places, they have various characteristics. 8 of them were sedimentary rocks, they are Limestone Quartz, Limestone Sand, Shale, Sandstone, Coal, Limestone Bioturbation, Breccia, and Chert Stone. The other 2 samples were metamorphic rocks, they are Greenschist and Quartzite.
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Sang, Pham Nhu, Nguyen Tien Dung, Phan Thi Thanh Hien, and Vo Thi Cong Chinh. "The degree of chemical weathering in the Ba River basin, South Central Vietnam: Major-element geochemistry investigations of morden river sediments and sedimentary rocks." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(1).09.
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Major-element geochemistry of Miocene sedimentary rock and modern river sediment samples in the Ba River basin, South Central Vietnam are utilized to assess the degree of chemical weathering in the Miocene and the present time. Sediment samples were analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer show that Miocene sedimentary rocks contain higher SiO2 and K2O, but lower Fe2O3, TiO2, MgO, Na2O, MnO, CaO, P2O5 than modern river sediment. Major-element geochemistry indicates that Miocene sedimentary rocks and modern river sediment are characterized by stronger depliption of Ca, Na and Mg than K and Si during the chemical weathering in this river basin. The similar relative depleption of Na, Ca, Mg, Si and K between modern river sediments and sedimentary rocks indicate not much deffirent the intensity of chemical weathering in the Miocene and the present time. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) alter from 69 to 93 in Miocene sedimentary rocks (average 74) and from 69 to 78 (average 77) in morden river sediments, indicating moderate chemical weathering in the Ba River basin in the Miocene and the present time.
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Liu, Chao, Hai Tao Xue, Shuang Wang, and Yu Jiao Sun. "Study on Law of Structural Evolution and Sedimentary Evolution for North Uskyurt Basin." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.302.
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North Uskyurt Basin, located on Turan Plain, northwestern Central Asian, is continental polycyclic cratonic. The structural evolution of the basin underwent six phases: basement formulation, passive edge, rifting, post-rifting, compression, early Neogene depression. Regional structural evolution takes control of complicated transition of North Uskyurt sedimentary structure. In general, basin sedimentary environment underwent basement (granite, metamorphic rocks) passive edge, late Devonian epoch carboniferous period (marine facies) rifting, late Permian epoch-triassic period (continental facies) post-rifting, Jurassic period-Cretaceous period (Marine-continental Transition Facies, marine facies) compression, late Eocene-Miocene epoch (marine-continental facies coexistence) Neogene depression, Pliocene-Holocene (continental facies). Consequently, sedimentary formation in which various sedimentary environment, such as marine facies, continental facies, are coexisted with various rock types, such as clastic rocks, carbonate rocks, is generated.
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Read, D., D. C. Cooper, and J. M. McArthur. "The composition and distribution of nodular monazite in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of Great Britain." Mineralogical Magazine 51, no. 360 (June 1987): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.360.09.
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AbstractMillimetric, ellipsoidal monazite nodules found within Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks in Wales, south-west England and Brittany are characterised by a pronounced zonation of light and heavy REE, an inclusion fabric of low-grade metamorphic minerals indistinguishable from the host rock and a low Th content. They are interpreted as the product of in situ recrystallization of detrital monazites derived from pegmatitic or granitic source rocks and are potentially useful as indicators of Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rock provenance.
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Farida, Meutia, Moh Junaedy Burhan, Hamid Umar, A. M. Imran, Nur Ikhwana, and Asmita Ahmad. "Sandstone Provenance of Walanae Formation as a Parent Rock in Bulukumpa area, Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi." Jurnal Ecosolum 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ecosolum.v12i2.31432.
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The Walanae Formation has a wide distribution in the southern arm of Sulawesi, this rock formation was deposited during the formation of the basin due to the Walanae strike-slip fault. The Walanae Formation in the study area comprises sedimentary rocks and pyroclastic rocks, which give different soil characteristics. This study aims to determine the types of sandstones, rocks of origin, and provenance of sandstones in the study area by using spot sampling at representative stations and petrographic analysis. The sandstones of the study area are divided into two groups based on Folk (1974), namely arkose lithic and feldspathic litharenite. Based on the type of quartz, rock fragments, and associated minerals, the origin of the sandstones in the study area are plutonic igneous rocks, volcanic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks. The results show that the types of provenance sandstones in the study area are magmatic arc and recycled orogenic.
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Rasbury, E. Troy, and Jennifer M. Cole. "Directly Dating Sedimentary Rocks." Paleontological Society Papers 12 (October 2006): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001364.
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This contribution seeks to provide a summary of radiometric dating techniques that are currently applicable to Phanerozoic sedimentary deposits and therefore relevant to paleontologists. First we overview the assumptions necessary for radiometric dating and introduce isochrons and concordia diagrams as methods for calculating ages and evaluating isotope systematics. We then focus on the four most promising systems: U-Pb dating of carbonates, Re-Os dating of black shales, and U-Pb and Lu-Hf dating of phosphates. We review expected geochemical behavior of daughter and parent isotopes in the context of both marine and terrestrial depositional environments. A critical evaluation of previously published ages and potential directions for future work are provided.
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Marica, F., U. Mayer, B. Balcom, and T. Al. "Diffusivity in sedimentary rocks." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 25, no. 4 (May 2007): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2007.01.074.
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Yang, Yepeng, Zaixing Jiang, Jianguo Zhang, Zongxuan Zhang, and Chun Yang. "Control Effect of Deposition Processes on Shale Lithofacies and Reservoirs Characteristics in the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es4s), Dongying Depression, China." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052200.
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The lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the upper interval of the fourth member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es4s) in the Dongying Depression are important shale oil exploration targets in Bohai Bay Basin. They are widely distributed and rich in organic matter. In this study, samples were observed under the optical microscope and FESEM, combined with geochemical test and physical property analysis to study the sedimentary characteristics and reservoir characteristics of them. Nine lithofacies are recognized based on the mineral composition, the content of organic matter and the beddings. The middle-high organic laminated calcareous fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF1) and the middle-high organic laminated mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF2) resulted from seasonal sediment variations and settled by suspension in the deep lake. The middle-high organic flaggy mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF3), the middle-high organic flaggy calcareous fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF4), the middle-high organic massive calcareous fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF5) and the middle organic massive mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF6) were formed by redeposition. The low organic massive argillaceous fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF7), the low organic massive felsic fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF8) and the low organic massive mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks (LF9) are affected by the terrigenous input events. The pore structures vary in different beddings which are influenced by the kinds and arrangement of minerals and particles. In the laminated lithofacies, the ink-bottle-shaped pores are dominant. In the flaggy and massive lithofacies, the ink-bottle-shaped pores and the slit-shaped pores coexist. LF1 and LF2 are the best target for shale oil exploration and the LF3, LF4, LF5 and LF6 are the second. The deposition processes control the lithofacies and reservoir characteristics of the fined-grained sedimentary rocks.
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Singtuen, Vimoltip, Burapha Phajuy, Apussorn Anumart, Punya Charusiri, Natnicha Chawthai, and Heiner Heggemann. "Geochemistry and provenance of Mesozoic sandstones in Khon Kaen Geopark: Implication for tectonics of the western Khorat Plateau of Thailand." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 26, 2023): e0284974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284974.
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Khon Kaen Geopark, representing an area of dinosaur fossil diversity, was selected for investigations to reveal the origin and tectonic setting of the Khorat Group. The area occupied by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of four formal formations of the Khorat Group, namely the Phra Wihan Formation (PWF), Sao Khua Formation (SKF), Phu Phan Formation (PPF), and Khok Kruat Formation (KKF). A field investigation and macroscopic observations suggested that the immature sedimentary rocks of the study area are mainly clast-supported, pebbly sandstone and siltstone with few calcretes. The 50 rock samples that were selected for petrographical and geochemical investigations revealed that the sandstones of the PWF and PPF are quartz arenite and sublitharenite, with some subarkose, whereas those of the SKF are mainly subarkose and sublitharenite. In addition, the KKF dominantly presents sublitharenite with pebbles and calcretes. Mesozoic sandstones contain quartz, feldspars, various types of rock fragments, and accessory minerals (biotite, muscovite, zircon, and tourmaline), with siliceous, ferrous, and calcareous cement. Petrographic (Q–F–L) and geochemical (major and trace element) data suggested that the sources of sediments are mostly quartzose sedimentary rocks and some felsic-intermediate igneous rocks. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns indicated that the origins of the studied sandstones are quartzose sedimentary rocks deposited in a passive continental margin or an upper continental crust. Geochemical traits of the sedimentary successions demonstrated that the provenance of the Khorat Basin prior to reworking by fluvial processes was situated in the passive continental margin or recycled orogen of the paleo-volcanic arc during the Mesozoic period.
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Takagi, T., S. M. Koh, M. S. Song, M. Itoh, and K. Mogi. "Geology and properties of the Kawasaki and Dobuyama bentonite deposits of Zao region in northeastern Japan." Clay Minerals 40, no. 3 (September 2005): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855054030177.
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AbstractThe Kawasaki and Dobuyama bentonite deposits in northeastern Japan show contrasting properties even though they are only 5 km apart in a sequence of Neogene sedimentary and pyroclastic rocks. The Kawasaki deposit consists of stratiform bentonite layers up to >50 m thick, and its wall rocks are unaltered shallow marine sedimentary rocks. In contrast, the Dobuyama deposit consists of a funnel-shaped ore body 200 m across, and its wall rocks are hydrothermally altered terrestrial rhyolitic pyroclastic rocks. The Kawasaki and Dobuyama bentonites mainly consist of Na-Ca smectite and Ca smectite, respectively, with subordinate opal-CT, quartz and zeolite. The geological occurrences of the deposits and wall-rock properties suggest that the Kawasaki and Dobuyama deposits were probably formed by diagenesis and low-temperature hydrothermal alteration, respectively. The difference in exchangeable cation ratios of the smectite between the two deposits is attributable to the difference in their sedimentary environments and/or burial depth.
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Artemenko, G. V., L. V. Shumlyanskyy, D. Chew, F. Drakou, and O. M. Dudik. "THE AGE OF SEDIMENTARY-VOLCANOGENIC ROCKS OF THE CHORTOMLYK IRON DEPOSIT, THE MIDDLE DNIPRO DOMAIN OF THE UKRAINIAN SHIELD." Mineralogical Journal 46, no. 2 (2024): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mineraljournal.46.02.074.
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The greenstone belts in the Middle Dnipro Domain of the Ukrainian Shield comprise sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks of the Konka and Bilozerka Groups separated by a unconformity. The Konka Group is composed mainly of volcanic rocks varying in composition from ultrabasic to felsic composition with subordinate sedimentary rocks, while the Bilozerka Group is composed of sedimentary rocks with a small amount of felsic volcanic rocks. Three associations of ferruginous-siliceous rocks have been identified in the greenstone rocks of the Middle Dnipro Domain. These are the ferruginous-siliceous-mafic and ferruginous-siliceous-keratophyre (schist-jaspilite-tholeiite) associations in the Konka Group and the transitional ferruginous-siliceous-shale to ferruginous-siliceous-keratophyre association in the Bilozerka Group, which many researchers compare with the ferruginous-siliceous formations of Kryvyi Rih Group. The rocks of the early ferruginous-siliceous-mafic association (Konka Group) are found among the volcanogenic rocks with a komatiite-tholeiitic association. These rocks are intruded by 3.08-3.0 Ga-old plagioclase granites of the Sura Complex. In the younger ferruginous-siliceous-keratophyre (schist-jaspilite-tholeiite) association (Bilozerka Group), ferruginous-siliceous deposits are interlayered with sedimentary and tuffaceous rocks and reach a thickness of up to 350 m. The Chortomlyk iron ore deposit, which is located in the Chortomlyk Greenstone Belt, is confined to this rock association. The ages of the iron-bearing rocks has not been constrained to date. We dated 60 detrital zircon grains from quartz-amphibole schists sampled at a section of sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks of the Chortomlyk deposit. Fifty-three analyzed crystals yielded an age of 3.08-3.12 Ga; six crystals were dated at 3.08-3.06 Ga, and one crystal at 3.18 Ga. They all have low U contents (1.4-20 ppm), while the Th/U ratio falls in the range of 0.3-0.9, indicating a likely magmatic origin. Sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks of the Chortomlyk iron ore deposit could been formed on a marine shelf near uplifted highs of plagioclase granites of the Sura Complex (dated at 3.08-3.06 Ga), or near volcanoes of the same age. Thus, the sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks of the Chortomlyk iron deposit are younger than the rocks of the Konka Group. Similar detrital zircon ages were previously obtained from the ferruginous-siliceous association of the Bilozerka Group in the Bilozerka Greenstone Belt (3.05 Ga) and the Vysokopillya Greenstone Belt (3.06 Ga). Thus, the ferruginous-siliceous-mafic association formed before the plagioclase granites of the Sura Complex, while the ferruginous-siliceous-keratophyre (schist-jaspilite-tholeiite) association was formed after the emplacement of the plagioclase granites.
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KHALIFA-ZADEH, CH M., Z. JA EFENDIYEVA, N. G. VALIEV, and S. YA HAMASHAYEVA-MURADOVA. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CATAGENESIS IN SCREEN CLAY ROCKS IN AINCIENT TRIAS-PALEOZOIC AND YOUNG LOWER PLIRCENE DEPOSITS OF SOUTH MANGISHLAK AND WESTERN BOART OF SOTHIN CASPIAN DEPRESSION." News of the Tula state university. Sciences of Earth 3, no. 1 (2023): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46689/2218-5194-2023-3-1-33-49.
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The event of catagenesisi in stratisfere is plays main role in alteration and formation of sedimentary rocks and sedimentary useful minerals. The first of all under subsidence sedimentary fasins and sedimentary rocks lost petrophysics puculdrity under oction of thermobar-ic factors. Rockformation minerals as quartz feldshpats an carbonate take plays is erosive and distructive and in same time in contrary direction is condacts transformation terrigenous and carbonate minerals to new minerals. Under catagenesis in the intensive catagenic processes determine role plays primery composition of sedimentary rocks and duration stay it’s in the zone of catagenesis. Authors of the article in order proves action to time of staying sedimentary rocks to catagenetic processes conducted in concrete factice materials specially investigation, which disclosed scole alterations of sedimentary rocks in stratisfere. For standing task has been used comparative analysis of catagenesis the example of permo-triassic rocks of Southn Manqishlak and fraqmental lastern precaucasus and Pliocene deposits of western boart of South Caspian...
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Bérubé, Charles L., Gema R. Olivo, Michel Chouteau, and Stéphane Perrouty. "Mineralogical and textural controls on spectral induced polarization signatures of the Canadian Malartic gold deposit: Applications to mineral exploration." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): B135—B151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0404.1.
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Applications of the spectral induced polarization (SIP) method to mineral exploration are limited by our knowledge of the relationships among rock texture, mineral composition, and electrical properties. Laboratory SIP responses were measured on rock samples from the Canadian Malartic gold deposit. Field SIP responses were also measured at the outcrop scale, along a profile that intersects a well-studied mineralized zone. The mineralogy and the texture of sedimentary rocks from this deposit were quantitatively determined with mineral liberation analysis. A systematic decrease (Pearson [Formula: see text]) in total chargeability with increasing fraction of the sulfide mineral interfaces associated with feldspar minerals (namely, K-feldspar and albite) was observed. On the other hand, total chargeability increased with the fraction of sulfide mineral interfaces associated with carbonates and micas (Pearson [Formula: see text]). At Canadian Malartic, proximal alteration in the mineralized zones is marked by rocks that lack a foliation plane and that were subjected to pervasive K-feldspar, albite, and pyrite alteration. In contrast, distal alteration in sedimentary rocks is marked by biotite, albite, carbonate, and pyrite that are oriented along the regional [Formula: see text] foliation. In the least-altered (LA) sedimentary rocks, quartz and biotite are associated with pyrrhotite and ilmenite as the main sulfide and oxide mineral phases, respectively. SIP measurements conducted at district and outcrop scales and along a drill core indicated that proximally altered sedimentary rocks were characterized by low total chargeability values ([Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] in the laboratory and [Formula: see text] in the field). In contrast, the LA sedimentary rocks were characterized by total chargeability values up to [Formula: see text] in the laboratory and [Formula: see text] in the field. We conclude that mineralized zones associated with this type of ore deposit are characterized by low chargeability anomalies.
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Raven, K. G., K. S. Novakowski, R. M. Yager, and R. J. Heystee. "Supernormal fluid pressures in sedimentary rocks of southern Ontario – western New York State." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-009.
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Fluid pressures up to 1.7 times greater than hydrostatic have been measured in argillaceous Paleozoic rocks of low permeability in southern Ontario and western New York State. These supernormal formation fluid pressures were measured at depths of 50–310 m using submersible pressure transducers with straddle packers and multiple-packer casings isolating the test intervals. Measurements were obtained over periods of 7–46 months following casing installations. The pressure measurements from 11 monitoring wells are compiled and supporting hydrogeologic data for 5 selected wells are used as examples to illustrate the occurrence of supernormal fluid pressures in the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian sedimentary sequence of southern Ontario and western New York State. Possible explanations for the occurrence of supernormal fluid pressures in sedimentary rock are evaluated considering the available geologic and hydrogeologic information obtained from the monitoring wells. Based on this review, it is hypothesized that gas migration and accumulation from deeper distant sources via permeable vertical pathways is the most plausible explanation for the observed fluid pressures, although secondary contributions from local neotectonic activity are also possible. The implications of such supernormal fluid pressures on regional groundwater flow in sedimentary rocks and related activities such as waste disposal in sedimentary rock are briefly discussed. Key words : supernormal fluid pressure, sedimentary rocks, gas migration.
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TROLL, VALENTIN R., JANE P. CHADWICK, ROBERT M. ELLAM, SUSAN Mc DONNELL, C. HENRY EMELEUS, and IAN G. MEIGHAN. "Sr and Nd isotope evidence for successive crustal contamination of Slieve Gullion ring-dyke magmas, Co. Armagh, Ireland." Geological Magazine 142, no. 6 (November 2005): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756805001068.
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The Palaeogene Slieve Gullion Igneous Centre in southern Armagh, Northern Ireland, consists of a layered central intrusive complex surrounded by a prominent and slightly older ring-dyke that intrudes both Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks and the Caledonian Newry Granodiorite pluton (452 Ma). The ring-dyke comprises two major rock types: porphyritic felsite and porphyritic granophyre. We analysed both ring-dyke lithologies, both types of country rock, and a local Palaeogene basalt dyke sample for Sr and Nd isotopes. Trace element and whole rock data for this suite suggest that there are two distinct groups of both felsite and granophyre: one Si-rich and one Si-poor, most likely representing two magmas from a zoned chamber and their mushy chamber wall equivalents (McDonnell et al. 2004). Isotope data show the low-Si rocks to be higher in radiogenic Sr than the high-Si rocks, which is inconsistent with a simple AFC-scenario of increasing sediment assimilation with higher degrees of differentiation. However, using MORB-type basalt as a starting composition, the low-Si ring-dyke rocks can be modelled through AFC with Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rock as the contaminant. The decreasing 87Sr/86Sr trend from low-Si to high-Si dyke rocks, in turn, represents a second stage of contamination. Selective assimilation of the most fusible portions of Newry Granodiorite, which is lower in radiogenic Sr than the local sedimentary rocks, appears to be the most plausible solution. The Sr and Nd data are consistent with (a) at least a two-stage contamination history during upper crustal residence and storage, whereby fractionating magmas of basaltic and intermediate composition are contaminated by local sedimentary rocks, giving rise to rhyolite magmas that experience additional shallow contamination by Newry Granodiorite, and (b) a zoned rhyolite magma chamber where high-Si magma is stored in the upper part of the chamber where crystallization and crustal contamination are most extensive.
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Otavio, Jonatas Malaquias, Osvaldo Girão, Tiago Fernando de Holanda, and Wenderson Sávyo Aguiar Da Silva. "FORMAÇÃO E DIAGÊNESE DE ARENITOS DE PRAIA: Uma Revisão Conceitual." CLIO – Arqueológica 32, no. 3 (September 5, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20891/clio.v32n3p88-106.
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Os arenitos de praia, ou beachrocks, são sedimentos que sofreram um processo de litificação e são encontrados paralelamente à linha de costa na zona intermaré, apresentando uma forma alongada, estreita e cimentados por carbonato de cálcio. O processo de diagênese consiste na formação da rocha sedimentar propriamente dita a partir da compactação, dissolução, cimentação e recristalização. O estudo da formação e diagênese do arenito de praia são relevantes pois possibilita o entendimento de como as rochas sedimentares detríticas são geradas, além de reconhecer como a variação do nível do mar se comportou durante o Holoceno, permitindo a gênese destas feições que se constituem em relevantes elementos de resguardo das linhas de costas em ambientes majoritariamente tropicais. FORMATION AND DIAGENÈSE IN BEACHROCKS:A Conceptual Review ABSTRACTThe beach sandstones, or beachrocks, are sediments that underwent a lithification process and are found parallel to the coastline in the intertidal zone, presenting an elongated, narrow shape and cemented by calcium carbonate. The process of diagenesis consists on the formation of the sedimentary rock itself, following deposition, compaction, dissolution, cementation and recrystallization. The study of the formation and diagenesis of beach sandstone is relevant since it permits the understanding of how clastic sedimentary rocks are formed, besides with recognizing how sea level variation behaved during the Holocene, thus allowing the genesis of these features that constitute relevant elements of shelter along coastlines in most tropical environments. Keywords: Beachrocks, sedimentary rock, cementation.
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Guo, Hao, Juye Shi, Shaopeng Fu, Zitong Liu, Linhong Cai, and Siyuan Yin. "Lithofacies Characteristics of Continental Lacustrine Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks and Their Coupling Relationship with Sedimentary Environments: Insights from the Shahejie Formation, Dongying Sag." Minerals 14, no. 5 (April 30, 2024): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14050479.
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Lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the Dongying Sag of the Bohai Bay Basin in China exhibit significant potential for hydrocarbon exploration. This study investigates the lithofacies types and sedimentary evolution of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation’s lower third member (Es3l) and upper fourth member (Es4u), integrating petrological and geochemical analyses to explore the relationship between lithofacies characteristics and sedimentary environments. The results show that the fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the study area can be classified into 18 lithofacies, with seven principal ones, including organic-rich laminated carbonate fine-grained mixed sedimentary rock lithofacies and organic-rich laminated limestone lithofacies. In conjunction with analyses of vertical changes in geochemical proxies such as paleoclimate (e.g., CIA, Na/Al), paleoproductivity (e.g., Ba), paleosalinity (e.g., Sr/Ba), paleo-redox conditions (e.g., V/Sc, V/V + Ni), and terrigenous detrital influx (e.g., Al, Ti), five stages are delineated from bottom to top. These stages demonstrate a general transition from an arid to humid paleoclimate, a steady increase in paleoproductivity, a gradual decrease in paleosalinity, an overall reducing water body environment, and an increasing trend of terrestrial detrital input. This study demonstrates that the abundance of organic matter is primarily influenced by paleoproductivity and paleo-redox conditions. The variations in rock components are predominantly influenced by paleoclimate, and sedimentary structures are affected by the depth of the lake basin. Special depositional events, such as storm events in Stage II, have significantly impacted the abundance of organic matter, rock components, and sedimentary structures by disturbing the water column and disrupting the reducing conditions at the lake bottom. The present study offers crucial insights into the genesis mechanisms of continental lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks, facilitates the prediction of lithofacies distribution, and advances the exploration of China’s shale oil resources in lacustrine environments.
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Bucholz, Claire E., and Christopher J. Spencer. "Strongly Peraluminous Granites across the Archean–Proterozoic Transition." Journal of Petrology 60, no. 7 (June 7, 2019): 1299–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egz033.
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Abstract Strongly peraluminous granites (SPGs) form through the partial melting of metasedimentary rocks and therefore represent archives of the influence of assimilation of sedimentary rocks on the petrology and chemistry of igneous rocks. With the aim of understanding how variations in sedimentary rock characteristics across the Archean–Proterozoic transition might have influenced the igneous rock record, we compiled and compared whole-rock chemistry, mineral chemistry, and isotope data from Archean and Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic SPGs. This time period was chosen as the Archean–Proterozoic transition broadly coincides with the stabilization of continents, the rise of subaerial weathering, and the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), all of which left an imprint on the sedimentary rock record. Our compilation of SPGs is founded on a detailed literature review of the regional geology, geochronology, and inferred origins of the SPGs, which suggest derivation from metasedimentary source material. Although Archean and Proterozoic SPGs are similar in terms of mineralogy or major-element composition owing to their compositions as near-minimum melts in the peraluminous haplogranite system, we discuss several features of their mineral and whole-rock chemistry. First, we review a previous analysis of Archean and Proterozoic SPGs biotite and whole-rock compositions indicating that Archean SPGs, on average, are more reduced than Proterozoic SPGs. This observation suggests that Proterozoic SPGs were derived from metasedimentary sources that on average had more oxidized bulk redox states relative to their Archean counterparts, which could reflect an increase in atmospheric O2 levels and more oxidized sedimentary source rocks after the GOE. Second, based on an analysis of Al2O3/TiO2 whole-rock ratios and zircon saturation temperatures, we conclude that Archean and Proterozoic SPGs formed through partial melting of metasedimentary rocks over a similar range of melting temperatures, with both ‘high-’ and ‘low-’temperature SPGs being observed across all ages. This observation suggests that the thermo-tectonic processes resulting in the heating and melting of metasedimentary rocks (e.g. crustal thickening or underplating of mafic magmas) occurred during generation of both the Archean and Proterozoic SPGs. Third, bulk-rock CaO/Na2O, Rb/Sr, and Rb/Ba ratios indicate that Archean and Proterozoic SPGs were derived from partial melting of both clay-rich (i.e. pelites) and clay-poor (i.e. greywackes) source regions that are locality specific, but not defined by age. This observation, although based on a relatively limited dataset, indicates that the source regions of Archean and Proterozoic SPGs were similar in terms of sediment maturity (i.e. clay component). Last, existing oxygen isotope data for quartz, zircon, and whole-rocks from Proterozoic SPGs show higher values than those of Archean SPGs, suggesting that bulk sedimentary 18O/16O ratios increased across the Archean–Proterozoic boundary. The existing geochemical datasets for Archean and Proterozoic SPGs, however, are limited in size and further work on these rocks is required. Future work must include detailed field studies, petrology, geochronology, and constraints on sedimentary source ages to fully interpret the chemistry of this uniquely useful suite of granites.
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SAEIN, ALI FARZIPOUR, and ZAHRA TAJMIR RIAHI. "Controls on fracture distribution in Cretaceous sedimentary rocks from the Isfahan region, Iran." Geological Magazine 156, no. 06 (May 25, 2017): 1092–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000346.
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AbstractIn this study, relationships between fracture patterns, lithology, thickness, diagenetic processes and grain size are evaluated within Cretaceous sediments in two sections of Dizlu and Kolah Ghazi of Isfahan. This study area was selected based on its outcrops of different rock units and its well-developed tectonic fractures. The fracture patterns within stratigraphic units of these sections are studied using geometrical and statistical analyses. This study finds that variable fracture spacing and fracture spacing ratios can be affected by lithology, thickness, grain size of sediments and diagenetic processes. A study of fracture stratigraphy based on fracture pattern evaluation within different cropped-out sedimentary rocks can be used to improve understanding of the same types of sedimentary rock units below the surface or throughout other sedimentary basins. Consequently, this could improve information regarding storage and fluid flow pattern throughout sedimentary rocks in different regions, even for subsurface purposes.
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Muhammad, W. N., N. I. Setiawan, S. Husein, and M. Nukman. "A preliminary study of geology and skarn of Cemorosewu Area, Bayat, Central Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 851, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/851/1/012045.
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Abstract We present the first finding of skarn rocks in Cemorosewu area of East Jiwo Hill, Bayat, Central Java, Indonesia. The geological conditions of this area which related to the appearance of the skarn is also reported. The methods used in this research are DEM acquisition using drone to generate basemap for geological mapping and thin section petrographic analyses. The geological map shows that Cemorosewu area consists of metamorphic rocks (mica phyllite, graphite phyllite, with quartzite and marble lenses), sedimentary rocks (carbonate breccia and siltstone), and igneous rock (microdiorite). Based on the field observation and geological map, the regional metamorphic rocks are the oldest units in this area followed by sedimentary rocks and igneous rock which intruded both rocks. Skarn rocks were cropped out as a boulder along the Kluwihan creek with the maximum size of 8 m in length. The skarn consists of garnet, clinopyroxene, zoisite, actinolite, and minor quartz. Metasiltstone and skarn rock are suggested formed by contact metamorphism of microdiorite intrusion. The marble, which lenses within the phyllites, is suggested to be the protolith of the skarn formation in this area.
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Li, Yuezhe, Jie Yin, and Zhenqi Wang. "Lithofacies Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks in the Lower First Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Northern Lixian Slope of Raoyang Sag, China." Minerals 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111414.
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In order to further explore the potential of unconventional oil and gas in the northern Lixian Slope of Raoyang Sag, the lithofacies types and their controlling factors of the lower first member of the Shahejie Formation (Es1L) in the Xiliu area were analyzed through the comprehensive application of core log studies, micro-sections and their magnified analyses, mineral suits recognitions with XRD, and major and organic geochemistry. The results show that the lacustrine sedimentary rocks of Es1L in the Xiliu area comprise five lithofacies types: medium organic silty mixed fine-grained rock, medium organic massive clay rock, high organic shale calcareous mixed fine-grained rock, high organic matter shale calcareous clay rock, and high organic matter shale limestone. The vertical variation of the characteristic element reflects that the deposition in Es1L has different stages; that is, the bottom of Es1L is formed with low source influence, high water salinity, and strong reduction conditions, while the upper fine-grained rocks are formed in a sedimentary environment with high source influence, low water salinity, and weak reduction conditions. The change of the sedimentary environment controls the development of lithofacies and the occurrence of organic matter. These results advocate for the basic research of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the faulted lacustrine basin aid for further unconventional oil and gas exploration.
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Li, Qiang. "Geochemistry and Diagenetic Pattern of Ore-Bearing Rocks about Two Types of Gold Deposit in Fengxian-Taibai Basin, South Qinling." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.240.
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Baguamiao and Shuangwang gold deposit are two important gold types in Fengxian-Taibai basin. The gold deposits are all located at the bottom of the Upper-Devonian Xing-hongpu Formation. However the ore-bearing rocks are different between them. The ore-bearing rock of Baguamiao gold deposit is ankerite rocks, which is concordant with the strata by bedded or stratoid and assume rhythmic layering form. The ore-bearing rock of Shuangwang gold deposit is albite breccias, which are mostly lens-shaped. The data of petrochemistry show that both of them are poor in Fe2O3 and K2O, which are different from normal sedimentary rocks. The elements contents of Cu, Pb and Zn are close to Clarke value. But the content of dispersed element Ge is rich in rocks, which reflect hydrothermal sedimentary origin. The characteristic of REE are different between them. The REE contents of ankerite rocks are low and elements of Ce and Eu are positive anomaly. The REE contents of albite breccias are close to regional strata and elements of Ce and Eu are middle negative. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns are also alike. It’s shown that the diagenetic fluid are high-density which been mixed by sea water slightly. So the ankerite rocks hold the REE characteristic of thermal fluid. The diagenetic fluid of albite breccias are low-density thermal fluid which been mixed by sea water intensively. It has same REE characteristic to normal sedimentary rocks.
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Stoupakova, Antonina V., Nataliya I. Korobova, Alina V. Mordasova, Roman S. Sautkin, Ekaterina D. Sivkova, Maria A. Bolshakova, Mikhail E. Voronin, et al. "Depositional environments as a framework for genetic classification of the basic criteria of petroleum potential." Georesursy 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2023.2.6.
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Most classifications of reservoirs, seals and source rocks based on the ability of the rock to generate, accumulate and preserve hydrocarbons, and the genesis of rocks is not always taken into account. The article presents a ranking scheme for continental, coastal-marine and marine sedimentation environments that determine the genesis and properties of the basic criteria of petroleum potential – source rocks, reservoirs, seals and pinch-out traps. Rocks, which can consider as source rock, reservoirs and seals are formed in each depositional environment. However, their structure, mineral composition and distribution area will differ from each other depending on the sedimentary environment and conditions. A combination of elements of the hydrocarbon system formed, corresponding to the sedimentation environment and are characteristic for basins of various types. Continental environments are favorable for the formation of reservoirs and local seals, while the accumulation of source rocks limited by lacustrine, floodplain, and swamp facies. The coastal-marine environment is favorable for the formation of all the basic criteria of petroleum potential, and the transgressive-regressive cyclicity determines the interbedding of source rocks, reservoirs and seals in the section. The marine depositional environments are most favorable for the formation of regional seals and source rocks, including high-carbon formations. The proposed ranking scheme of sedimentary environments and the basic criteria of petroleum potential genetically related to them is applicable in system analysis and selection for analogues of petroleum system elements in sedimentary complexes formed in similar depositional environments.
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Blake, David, Valerie Tu, Thomas Bristow, Elizabeth Rampe, David Vaniman, Steve Chipera, Philippe Sarrazin, et al. "The Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X-ray Diffractometer on the MSL Curiosity Rover: A Decade of Mineralogy from Gale Crater, Mars." Minerals 14, no. 6 (May 29, 2024): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14060568.
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For more than a decade, the CheMin X-ray diffraction instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, has been returning definitive and quantitative mineralogical and mineral–chemistry data from ~3.5-billion-year-old (Ga) sediments in Gale crater, Mars. To date, 40 drilled rock samples and three scooped soil samples have been analyzed during the rover’s 30+ km transit. These samples document the mineralogy of over 800 m of flat-lying fluvial, lacustrine, and aeolian sedimentary rocks that comprise the lower strata of the central mound of Gale crater (Aeolis Mons, informally known as Mt. Sharp) and the surrounding plains (Aeolis Palus, informally known as the Bradbury Rise). The principal mineralogy of the sedimentary rocks is of basaltic composition, with evidence of post-depositional diagenetic overprinting. The rocks in many cases preserve much of their primary mineralogy and sedimentary features, suggesting that they were never strongly heated or deformed. Using aeolian soil composition as a proxy for the composition of the deposited and lithified sediment, it appears that, in many cases, the diagenetic changes observed are principally isochemical. Exceptions to this trend include secondary nodules, calcium sulfate veining, and rare Si-rich alteration halos. A surprising and yet poorly understood observation is that nearly all of the ~3.5 Ga sedimentary rocks analyzed to date contain 15–70 wt.% of X-ray amorphous material. Overall, this >800 m section of sedimentary rock explored in lower Mt. Sharp documents a perennial shallow lake environment grading upward into alternating lacustrine/fluvial and aeolian environments, many of which would have been habitable to microbial life.
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Yan, Fuyong, De-Hua Han, Tongcheng Han, and Xue-Lian Chen. "Comparison of seismic anisotropy of sedimentary strata at low- and high-frequency limits." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): MR1—MR10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0677.1.
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The layer-induced seismic anisotropy of sedimentary strata is frequency-dependent. At the low-frequency limit, the effective anisotropic properties of the layered media can be estimated by the Backus averaging model. At the high-frequency limit, the apparent anisotropic properties of the layered media can be estimated by ray theory. First, we build a database of laboratory ultrasonic measurement on sedimentary rocks from the literature. The database includes ultrasonic velocity measurements on sandstones and carbonate rocks, and velocity-anisotropy measurements on shales. Then, we simulate the sedimentary strata by randomly selecting a certain number of rock samples and using their laboratory measurement results to parameterize each layer. For each realization of the sedimentary strata, we estimate the effective and apparent seismic anisotropy parameters using the Backus average and ray theory, respectively. We find that, relative to Backus averaging, ray theory usually underestimates the Thomsen parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and overestimates [Formula: see text]. For an effective layered medium consisting of isotropic sedimentary rocks, the differences are significant. These differences decrease when shales with intrinsic seismic anisotropy are included. For the same sedimentary strata, the seismic wave should perceive stronger seismic anisotropy than the ultrasonic wave.
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Bock, B., S. M. McLennan, and G. N. Hanson. "The Taconian orogeny in southern New England: Nd-isotope evidence against addition of juvenile components." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 1612–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-122.
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Nd-isotope data for pre-Taconian (meta)sedimentary and igneous rocks, syn-Taconian (meta)sedimentary rocks, and Late Ordovician–Silurian plutonic rocks indicate that the Ordovician Taconian orogeny did not add significant amounts of juvenile crust to the Laurentian margin in southern New England. Nd-isotope compositions of Grenvillian crust and Late Proterozoic to Early Cambrian rift sediments range from εNd of −3.1 to −6.6 at 450 Ma. Sedimentary rocks deposited during the Cambrian and the early Middle Ordovician, which represent the drift stage of Laurentia, and earliest Taconian sedimentary rocks show more negative εNd(450 Ma), with a range from −11.7 to −13.3. Sedimentary rocks deposited in response to the Taconian orogeny have uniform εNd(450 Ma) values of about −8. Middle to Late Ordovician and Permian plutonic rocks from southwestern Connecticut have εNd(450 Ma) values of −2 to −5, which indicates that these rocks contain older crustal components. Rocks with juvenile Nd characteristics are the early Paleozoic Maltby Lake Volcanics (εNd(450 Ma) +8) from southwestern Connecticut, and Middle Ordovician igneous samples from the Hawley Formation (εNd(450 Ma) +6 to −0.6) in Massachusetts.
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Ansdell, Kevin M., Karen A. Connors, Richard A. Stern, and Stephen B. Lucas. "Coeval sedimentation, magmatism, and fold-thrust belt development in the Trans-Hudson Orogen: geochronological evidence from the Wekusko Lake area, Manitoba, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e98-082.
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Lithological and structural mapping in the east Wekusko Lake area of the Flin Flon Belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen, suggested an intimate relationship between magmatism, fluvial sedimentation, and initiation of fold and thrust belt deformation. Conventional U-Pb geochronology of volcanic rocks in fault-bounded assemblages provides a minimum age of 1876 ± 2 Ma for McCafferty Liftover back-arc basalts, and ages of between 1833 and 1836 Ma for the Herb Lake volcanic rocks. A rhyolite which unconformably overlies Western Missi Group fluvial sedimentary rocks has complex zircon systematics. This rock may be as old as about 1856 Ma or as young as 1830 Ma. The sedimentary rocks overlying this rhyolite are locally intercalated with 1834 Ma felsic volcanic rocks, and yield sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb and Pb-evaporation detrital zircon ages ranging from 1834 to 2004 Ma. The Eastern Missi Group is cut by an 1826 ± 4 Ma felsic dyke, and contains 1832-1911 Ma detrital zircons. The dominant source for detritus in the Missi Group was the Flin Flon accretionary collage and associated successor arc rocks. The fluvial sedimentary rocks and the Herb Lake volcanic rocks were essentially coeval, and were then incorporated into a southwest-directed fold and thrust belt which was initiated at about 1840 Ma and active until at least peak regional metamorphism.
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Abdulsalam, N. N., and O. Ologe. "Measurement of Magnetic Susceptibility on Some Rock Samples in Parts of Kuje Area, Abuja-Nigeria." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1 (March 13, 2019): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.49.
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Magnetic Susceptibility values are important in interpreting regional magnetic anomalies and in crustal modeling. In this study, Magnetic Susceptibility has been measured on rock samples from the sedimentary succession of Kuje Area in FCT. Variation of susceptibility for the different samples has been analyzed and confirm in the study. According to the measured susceptibility values based on the selected samples, the minimum susceptibility value for sedimentary rocks was found to be 0 which was the minimum value obtained for Dolomite and the maximum susceptibility value for sedimentary rocks was found to be 1480cgs which was the maximum value obtained for shales. For metamorphic rock, the minimum susceptibility value was found to be 25cgs which was the minimum value obtained for schists and its maximum susceptibility value was found to be 3,000cgs which was the maximum value obtained for slate. Finally, the minimum susceptibility value for igneous rocks was found to be 20cgs which was the minimum value obtained for rhyolite and its maximum susceptibility value was 14500cgs which was the maximum value obtained for basalts
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Alviyanda, Alviyanda, and Candra Sadaperarih Sipayung. "Studi Batuan Asal (Provenance) Batupasir Formasi Simpangaur Daerah Way Krui, Lampung." Journal of Science and Applicative Technology 7, no. 1 (May 6, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35472/jsat.v7i1.1086.
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Bengkulu basin is the one of fore arc basin which formed in Sumatra island. The basin formation is inseparable from tectonic activity of the Sumatra Island from the Pre-Tertiary era to present day. The relationship between tectonic activities and the basin filling can be identified by conducting a provenance study on the sedimentary rocks. The Simpangaur Formation is a Tertiary sedimentary rock that has filled the Bengkulu Basin in the southern Sumatra. The aim of this research is determining the provenance of Simpangaur Formation existed in Way Krui area, Lampung, and its tectonic environment. The observations of thin section were carried out on eleven sedimentary rock samples obtained from field. The provenance of these rocks is analyzed by quantifying the mineral composition microscopically. The result analysis show that the grains originated from a magmatic arc environment, specifically the transitional arc and undissected arc. Based on the presence of polycrystalline quartz in eleven rock samples, it is interpreted as originating from the Orogen Arc. In addition, it is also interpreted that the provenance for sandstone samples of the Simpangaur Formation are plutonic and metamorphic rocks in a semi-arid climate, based on ancient climate.
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Glushkova, V. E., I. S. Peretyazhko, E. A. Savina, and Е. А. Khromova. "Major Rock-Forming Minerals of Paralava in Mongolian Combustion Metamorphic Complexes." Zapiski RMO (Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society) CLII, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869605523040056.
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Paralavas of combustion metamorphic complexes in Mongolia were formed in high-temperature conditions from carbonate-terrigenous rocks of sedimentary formations due to to multistage spontaneous underground coal fires. Melilite-nepheline paralavas contain phenocrysts of Fe-rich åkermanite-alumoåkermanite, clinopyroxene of the diopside–hedenbergite series containing up to 49 mol. % of kushiorite end-member, and basic plagioclase. Enstatite-ferrosilite is the rock-forming mineral in paralavas of the plagioclase-pyroxene ± ± indialite composition. Paralavas often contain xenoliths of thermally altered sedimentary rocks. Mineral associations in remnant xenoliths of marly limestone are composed of gehlenite, minerals of the monticellite–kirschsteinite series, perovskite, Al-rich clinopyroxene, spinel, and other minerals. They were formed both at the stage of the high-temperature metamorphism of sedimentary protolite, preceding the melting of carbonate-silicate rocks, and as a result of the reactionary interaction between xenoliths and pyrogenic silicate melts of different composition.
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Marinos, P. V., and G. Tsiambaos. "STRENGTH AND DEFORMABILITY OF SPECIFIC SEDIMENTARY AND OPHIOLITHIC ROCKS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 3 (January 24, 2017): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11302.
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The paper deals with the evaluation of strength and deformability of sedimentary rocks and ophiolites based on the processing of laboratory testing results. Characteristic values and their typical range for the parameters σci, Ei , as well as the Modulus Ratio (MR) are presented. These parameters are significant for the estimation of the strength and deformability of the rock mass since σci is basic component for the solution of Hoek-Brown failure criterion and Ei and MR are important components of the latest rock mass deformability expression (Hoek-Diedrichs, 2006). The recent site investigation and laboratory work undergone for the design of numerous tunnels in the Greek territory provided very good and sufficient data, derived from a specifically established database, for the estimation of strength and deformability of specific rocks. These rocks are sandstones and siltstones of flysch and molassic formations, as well as limestones and ophiolites.
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Malin, M. C. "Sedimentary Rocks of Early Mars." Science 290, no. 5498 (December 8, 2000): 1927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5498.1927.
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Baranov, V. A., V. A. Kirichenko, and Y. V. Antipovich. "Geological processes in sedimentary rocks." Geo-Technical mechanics, no. 139 (2018): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotm2018.02.179.
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Fielding, C. R. "Sedimentary Rocks in the Field." Sedimentary Geology 109, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(96)00039-5.
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Narr, W., and J. Suppe. "Joint spacing in sedimentary rocks." Journal of Structural Geology 13, no. 9 (1991): 1037–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90055-n.
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McBride, Earle F. "Petrology of the sedimentary rocks." Geomorphology 4, no. 2 (June 1991): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555x(91)90027-8.
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Lesmes, David P., and Frank Dale Morgan. "Dielectric spectroscopy of sedimentary rocks." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106, B7 (July 10, 2001): 13329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900402.
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