Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sédiments (géologie) – Teneur en polluants'
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Durand, Cédric. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des produits de l'assainissement pluvial : origine et devenir des métaux traces et des polluants organiques." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2287.
Full textThe objective of this multidisciplinary work was to characterise the mineral and organic matters in the sediments from storm water drainage systems. Several physical chemical techniques were used to study the mineral fraction of sediments from retention ponds and street sweeping. This study concerned major elements and trace metals. The results show that the sediments are often polluted, with concentrations higher than the reference values for polluted soils. The study of organic matter shows that the lipid fractions are mainly composed of hydrocarbons and PAHs at high concentrations. Humic acids and humine were studied by global techniques and by thermochimiolysis with different alkyl agents. The TMAH technique shows that the studied humic substances contain biopolymers from plant and bacterial origins, as well as ligneous fibres. The use of TEAA allows to show that the released compounds are partly trapped in the humic macromolecular net and are released as soon as this one is altered. The last part of the work was devoted to trace metal mobility in the different organic fractions and using the BCR sequential extraction scheme. The mobility sequence of trace metals appears to be : Cr £ Ni < Pb £ Cu < Zn £ Cd. These results could be used as a basis for recommendations to local governments in order to improve the management of sediments from storm water drainage systems
Vrel, Anne. "Reconstitution de l’historique des apports en radionucléides et contaminants métalliques à l’estuaire fluvial de la Seine par l’analyse de leur enregistrement sédimentaire." Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2060.
Full textThe Seine estuary is the outlet of a highly anthropogenized catchment area. Marginal areas of the river have trapped fine-grained sediment particles which a number of contaminants are bound to; they give access to the sedimentary records of the past decades. Corings were carried out in three areas: the Seine River, the upper Seine estuary, and at the river mouth. After dating, these cores have led to reconstruct the history of the inputs particulate elements in each of these areas. The comparison of the time series of elemental concentrations between (i) suspended matter during the last decades and (ii) dated sediments along the cores shows that the latter are representative of the former. Particulate fluxes of 55 stable elements and 18 radionuclides were estimated, from 1960 to 2002. Comparison of data acquired in the Seine River and in the upper estuary led to distinguish and quantify the intra-estuarine sources of contaminants that are dominated by phosphogypsum discharges during the 1970s in the Rouen harbour area (upper estuary). The intensity of tidal pumping up to the upper estuary was quantified using transuranics activity ratios. Based on the atmospheric 137Cs activities over the last decades and core derived 137Cs activities, a transfer model from the watershed to the river, based on a solid wash-off transfer function by runoff and erosion, is then proposed
Lions, Julie. "Etude hydrogéochimique de la mobilité de polluants inorganiques dans des sédiments de curage mis en dépôt : expérimentations, suivi in situ et modélisations." Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1263.
Full textCaplat, Christelle. "Caractérisation géochimique de sédiments fins du littoral du Calvados (Baie de Seine) : comparaison de matériaux portuaires contaminés à des matériaux non contaminés de la baie des Veys." Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN2033.
Full textPoitevin, Antonine. "Caractérisation multi-échelles des phases porteuses des polluants métalliques Zn et Pb dans un sédiment mis en dépôt : de l'analyse de terrain au rayonnement synchrotron." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840257.
Full textRaymond, Sébastien. "Incertitudes des flux transportés par les rivières (Matière en suspension, nutriments, sels dissous) Vers un système expert d'optimisation des méthodes de calcul." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00714017.
Full textVan, Metre Peter. "Contamination métallique et organique des sédiments lacustres aux Etats-Unis : Evolution spatio-temporelle, processus de transport, et identification des sources." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES026.
Full textThe understanding of water-quality trends contributes to our knowledge of the links between human activities and environmental quality and is necessary for the evaluation of regulatory actions designed to improve water quality. This research evaluated trends in metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) for the United States using sediments cores from 42 lakes. The metals (pb, Cr, Cd) and HOCs (DDT, PCBs) for wich emissions have decreased since the 1970s showed mostly decreasing trends in concentrations. However, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased rapidly in urban watersheds. In more focused studies, selected sediment cores were evaluated to gain insight into transport processes and fate of contaminants. Urban sources of PAHs were quantified using simulated runoff. The result indicate that parking lot “sealcoat”, a product widely used to coat parking lots, is a major source of PAHs
Marot, Franck. "Caractérisation et traitement de sédiments de dragage contenant des polluants métalliques." Le Havre, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LEHA0009.
Full textSterckeman, Thibault. "Caractérisation du fond géochimique en éléments en traces dans les sols issus de roches sédimentaires du Nord de la France." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL022N.
Full textSurface and deeper horizons developed in 22 parent materials were sampledin the agricultural and forest soils of Northern France. Total contents of 18 trace elements and two major elements (AI, Fe) were determined in 758 horizon samples, together with the pedological characteristics. Ln the deep horizons, the positive linear correlations of the less mobile trace elements (Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, ln, Ni, Pb, Sn, TI, V, Zn) contents with lutum(particles < 2μm), AI and Fe contents suggest that trace elements are closely associated to alumino-silicates and iron oxi-hydroxides of the finest solid phase. These correlations are close and are common to the deeper horizons of ail the parent materials, whatever their age and type. The processes of the sedimentary rock genesis, including ancient pedogenesis, did not cause any major segregation of the less mobile elements. The mobile elements (As, Cd, Hg, Mn, Mo, Sb Se) show less close relationship with the minerai phase, except Cd and As which seem particularly associated to Mn and Fe respectively. Mercury, Mn and Se show strong links with the organic matter in the deep horizons. Soit parent materials often show an enrichment with the mobile elements. Most of the calcareous rocks are enriched with Cd. Enrichments with ail trace elements, except with Co, Cr and Ni, were found in the surface horizons
Tranier, Julie. "Modélisation stratigraphique de la distribution et de la préservation de la matière organique en milieu marin profondCas d'une marge à sédimentation pélagique : système d'upwelling côtier du Benguela (Namibie, Afrique du Sud Ouest)." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13167.
Full textAuvray, Isabelle. "Biodégradabilité - stabilité des matières organiques des sédiments de rivières : caractérisation et dynamique des fractions extractibles et des nutriments et polluants associés." Nancy 1, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2007_0135_AUVRAY.pdf.
Full textRiver sediments of Moselle catchment area (Moselle, Madon and Fensch) have been studied to improve the knowledge about this compartment of major interest for environmental questions (drinking water, transfer of pollutants and nutriments. . . ). The studies were focused on organic matter which represents a major reactive pool. The characterization of 15 sediments by measurements of abiotic parameters (physical, chemical and physico-chemical) allows proposing a first typology related to human activities. Some sedimentation sites were defined, accumulating fine particles rich in organic matter and associated to anthropic modifications of the river bed (dam, channel, pollution). By studying the organic matter biodegradation, criteria of bioavailability could be defined on one hand, and evolution of extractable fraction of organic matter based on their physico-chemical properties (water soluble, lipidic, acid soluble, alkaline soluble) was assessed on the other hand in two selected sediments, polluted and unpolluted. Depending on the type of sediment and the conditions of incubation (aerobic vs. Anaerobic), models of evolution of the organic fractions are observed either qualitatively and quantitatively. Specific or not microbial communities were numbered from field and laboratory experiments in relation with the presence of two model substrates: cellulose and phenanthrene
Claon, Jean Stéphane. "Exposition au mercure, à l'arsenic et au sélénium de l'écosystème et des populations riveraines de la lagune Aby (Côte d'Ivoire - Ghana) : recherche de bioindicateurs." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON13505.
Full textAbi, Ghanem Carine. ""Spéciation" des trois éléments trace mercure, plomb et cadmium dans les sédiments marins des zones côtières libanaises." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.paristech.org/5015/01/Thèse_Carine_Abi_Ghanem.pdf.
Full textMartin, Vanessa. "Acoustique des sédiments : développement d'un système de mesure en laboratoire et analyse des réponses d'un sol argileux de très forte teneur en eau." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2033.
Full textThe aim of this PhD work is to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between the acoustic and physical properties of natural satured sediments. In the framework of applied research in the environmental management of dams, and more specifically for monitoring sediment stocks in dam reservoirs, this study focuses on clay sediments, and their acoustic properties for frequencies within the kHz-range. We adopt an original experimental approach to measure the acoustic properties of the sediments through which compressional wave propagate. We designed an ad hoc laboratory laboratory set-up (waveguide) to measure the acoustic properties of viscous fluid media, in order to meet the specific requirements of the study. First, the measurements are analysed in a direct manner, in the time domain. Second, the identification problem is addressed and solved in the frequency domain, with the help of appropriate inverse methods (minimization of a cost function and perturbation method). The laboratory measurements, carried out on clay, highlight the influence of particle concentration on sound speed. We were also able to observe and characterize the visco-elastic behaviour of the clay, in particular the sound speed dispersion (the higher the frequency, the greater the speed) and attenuation
Nguyêñ, Văn Trị. "Etude des relations entre l'altération et la couleur des sédiments à travers deux exemples : la molasse rouge oligocène de Barles et les sables éocènes du Royans (Alpes françaises)." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10019.
Full textFerrand, Jean-Luc. "Etude isotopique du cycle géochimique du plomb anthropique et naturel en milieux marin et côtier." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30027.
Full textChaillou, Gwénaëlle. "La dynamique biogéochimique des espèces rédox dans les sédiments modernes du Golfe de Gascogne." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12733.
Full textBenthic biogeochemical processes change the chemistry and the mineralogy of the first centimetres below the water/sediment interface. These processes are linked to the mineralisation of organic matter, which fall on the sea floor. They control the benthic behaviour of redox species, OM or pollutantsThe objectives of this study is to clarify the dynamic of the diagenetic redox species in the modern sediments of the Bay of Biscay (Aquitan margin and Capbreton canyon), and to calibrate geochemical proxies used to interpret redox properties of marine environment in the past. Vertical distribution of major redox compounds has been analysed in pore waters (O2, NO3-, NH4+, Mn2+, Fe2+, SO42-) and in solid fraction (Mn-oxihydroxides, -carbonate, amorphous Fe-oxides, total sulfur and both organic and inorganic carbon) in order to study and quantify depth sequences of diagenetic reactions (nature and prevailing processes, fluxes, seasonal variations). The classical sequence of redox zones has been observed, but several secondary diagenetic reactions occur, and create alternative metabolic pathways. These processes involve mainly benthic cycle of nitrogen species and metals (Fe and Mn) and could produce oxidised compounds in anoxic horizon (example of anoxic NO3--production). The recent deposition of turbidites in the Capbreton canyon allowed to study the non steady-state diagenetic processes. The vertical distribution of trace metals (U, Mo, Cd, As, and REE) is related to the presence of major diagenetic phases, such as sulfides and reactive metal-oxides (Mn- and Fe-oxides). Although their diagenetic behaviour is controlled by redox conditions, their use as markers of past surficial redox conditions needs further investigations
Vallée, Karine. "Le nickel dans les eaux alimentaires : application à des champs captants du bassin Artois-Picardie." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-385.pdf.
Full textDemesmay-Guilhin, Claire. "Spéciation de l'arsenic par couplages chromatographie en phase liquide et méthodes spectrales d'analyse élémentaire spécifiques : application à des sols et sédiments." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10270.
Full textLemée, Frédéric. "Traitement par alcali-activation de sédiments fins marins, non contaminés et à faible teneur en eau : mise au point d’un procédé de stabilisation." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2051.
Full text40 million tons of industrial waste and 50 million cubic meters of waste sediments are produced every year in France. Since July 2002, the industrialists and communities have to reduct impact of these wastes and to propose new ways to reuse their by-products. In this manuscript, the authors discuss about the recovery of three by-products together : sediments from Mont-Saint Michel, fly ash and alkaline solutions. No other binder is added : the alkaline solutions are used like an activator in order to induce the pozzolanic character of the sediments and the fly ash, it is the alkali-activated process. The first part concerns the characterization of the sediments of the Mont-Saint-Michel. After physical, chemical and mineral analysis, two different kinds of sediments, one looking like a tiny sand and an other looking like a mud, are identified. The second part deals with the use of alcali-activated process to stabilize the sediments from Mont-Saint-Michel. This study shows the interest of the use of fly ash and recommends an alkalinity between 2 and 5M in order to optimize the pozzolanicity. With these experimental conditions, the treated materials show physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics which are enough to use in road work. Test of durability justifies the process of treatment and fixes recommendations for achievements
Ettajani, Hanane. "Transfert des éléments traces essentiels ou toxiques dans une chaîne trophique à mollusques." Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR4007.
Full textMerhaby, Dima. "Caractérisation de la pollution organique et inorganique dans les sédiments portuaires du Liban." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10144/document.
Full textLebanon coastal zone (LCZ) which extends over 220 km along the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is a typical case of most coastal areas of the developing countries in the Mediterranean region, where the combination of a wide range of anthropogenic activities are contributing to water pollution and environmental degradation, by the direct and indirect release of a large number of pollutants into the sea via atmospheric and river inputs. Amongst the numerous environmental concerns we are facing, the marine environment is one of the top priorities that must be addressed. Due to its ecological importance, the evaluation of coastal sediment quality constitutes an important area of research to give a clear picture of water pollution status. Much attention was paid of some priority pollutants such as persistent organic pollutant (POPs) and heavy metals as known to be toxic, persistent and bio-accumulative, carcinogenic and mutagenic. There is an urgent need to survey the levels of these pollutants in sediments due to the great lack of information in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea in general and particularly in Lebanese coastal zone which render our study very important and useful regionally and locally by local authority and policy makers during coastal zone management. The semi-enclosed basins such as ports and bays are very vulnerable ecosystem where build-up greatly amount of these pollutants in sediments. This why we focus on our studies of the assessment of ports sediment quality of some possible hotspots where the re-suspension and oxidation of anoxic sediment occur frequently. A special attention was taken to Tripoli harbour which is the second Port of Lebanon due to its location near some reserved island. The pollution levels of LCZ by these pollutants are assigned as moderate to high. An emergency proposal plan was prepared for Tripoli Harbour, this will assists harbour authority to response for all fire and oil spill accidents as a first step for a durable development inside this promising harbor
Hebting, Yanek. "Elucidation de mécanismes de réduction de la matière organique sédimentaire : Nouveaux aspects de la chimie des sulfures." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13140.
Full textRamdine, Gaëlle. "Contaminations organique et inorganique du sédiment des mangroves côtières de Guadeloupe : biodisponibilité et effets induits sur l'huître de palétuvier (Crassostrea rhizophorae)." Antilles-Guyane, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AGUY0279.
Full textMangroves are hotspots of primary production which act as buffers between terrestrial and marine ecosystems. They shelter a unique ecosystem, characterised by high biodiversity Ievets. In Guadeloupe island (Lesser Antilles), human activities are concentrated in coastal areas and impact all near shore ecosystems, including mangroves. The thesis seeks to assess the level of organic and inorganic contaminations in three coastal mangroves (Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin, Rivière Salée and Petit Cul-de-Sac Marin) strongly influenced by human activities. To assess metallic long-terrn accumulation and hydrocarbon bioavailability in the mangroves, concentrations of several heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) and of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in mangove oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae, Guilding 1828) soft tissues and in the fine surface sediment fraction «63um). Effects of hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in oysters gills and digestive glands were assessed using: i) biomarkers of oxidative stress (catalase assay and TBARS deterrnination), and ii) biomarkers of genotoxicity in a cornet assay. The results validate the use of these biornarkers to monitor genotoxic environmental exposures and investigate pollution-mediated health effects in C. Rhizophorae. A biomonitoring study based on the transplantation of caged oysters was also realised
Gout, Bertrand. "Influence des apports terrigènes dans les écosystèmes lagonaires de Mayotte et de Nouvelle-Calédonie (Province Indopacifique) : impact sur les peuplements benthiques." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20021.
Full textLeclerc, Émilie. "Mobilité de l'arsenic dans les sédiments de lacs subarctiques contaminés par l'activité minière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68417.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to quantify the diagenesis of arsenic (As) in the sediments, using them as environmental archives and identify the key reactions of As. Eight lakes have been visited in June 2018 and May 2019, along an 80 km transect northwest from the gold mine Giant, near Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories, Canada to collect surface water, sediment cores and porewater. These samples have been analyzed to obtain the dissolved and solid concentration of organic carbon, As, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al) and anions (nitrate, sulfate, sulfide and chloride). As concentrations in porewater were interpreted using inverse diagenetic modeling and thermodynamics calculations. The history of the fluxes of solid As deposited at the bottom of the lakes was calculated after correction for the influence of diagenesis. Diffusive fluxes of As at the sediment-water interface in response to contamination from mining activity were calculated for the two years of sampling. The results show that diagenesis is greater in lakes with lower sedimentation rates. After correction, the data indicates that the maximum As fluxes coincide with the period of mine activity. Nonetheless, lakes near the mine are still influenced by large inputs of dissolved As from their watersheds, and show high diffusive fluxes of As to the water column. Thermodynamic calculations of speciation and saturation index suggest that the mobility of Asis related to that of iron oxides and sulfur. Amorphous iron sulfide forms in the sediment and As coprecipitates or adsorbs to this mineral phase. Finally, the timing of the melting of the ice cover, which allows the arrival of oxygen, seems to determine the mobility of As in the spring. In the context of climate change shortening the duration of ice cover, an in-depth study of the effect of ice cover on redox conditions is desirable.
Romont, Robin. "Caractérisation multiparamétrique de la qualité des sédiments et description des communautés macrozoobenthiques associées des ports de Dunkerque Ouest et Boulogne-sur-Mer et des estuaires de l'Aa et de la Canche (région Nord/Pas-de-Calais, France)." Lille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIL10099.
Full textGounou, Catherine. "Mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments : couplage et comparaison des approches chimique et microbiologique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0074/document.
Full textAntropic activities lead to the metallic contamination of river sediments. Most of trace metals are sorbed on sediments but a part of them can be released into aquatic environment when environmental conditions are modified. This is often due by the autochthonous microbial activity. Microbial activites and their consequences on the mobility of metals have been widely studied in soils. Metals are released through direct or indirect microbial mechanisms. Such studies in the case of sediments are very seldom. However, it can be usefull to understand the microbial mechanisms of metal release in sediments, and particularly for a good management of dredged sediments. In this environmental framework, the aim of this research work was to understand and to evaluate the role of the microbial and chemical mechanisms in the release of metals from river sediments in anaerobic conditions. Firstly, sediments from the Marne and Seine rivers were incubated in anaerobic conditions. A high solubilisation of iron and manganese occurred associated to the solubilisation of trace metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb). Meanwhile, organic acids were produced and the medium was acidified. Thus fermentation was supposed to be the main process of microbial metabolism. Furthermore these observations led us to suppose the presence of iron-reducing bacteria. In a second step, the extent of the iron-reducing activity was studied. The main iron-reducing bacteria identified in the Marne sediments belonged to the species Clostridium butyricum and Paenibacillus polymyxa. The use of a geochemical model revealed that fermentation and reduction of iron(III) were the main metabolic pathways. Finally direct (enzymatic reduction) and indirect (complexation with organic acids, acidification) impacts of iron-reducing bacteria on the release of metals were compared. Acidification and organic acids had a weak impact on metal solubility in the range of studied pH (between 6,5 and 5). Enzymatic reduction is the main mechanisms of metal release in anaerobic conditions. Indeed the metallic concentrations can be 40 times higher in the presence of iron-reducing bacteria
Msokar, Sawsan. "Étude de la matière organique dans deux écosystèmes estuariens : Les estuaires de la Seine et de l'Authie." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-61-62.pdf.
Full textNguyen, Van Xuan. "Evaluation de l’exposition des populations aux polluants dans des néosols issus de sédiments de curage : effet du vieillissement sur la disponibilité environnementale et la bioaccessibilité orale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R076.
Full textThe maintenance of waterways, made necessary to ensure fluvial navigation and limit flooding, generates considerable amounts of sediments, sometimes highly contaminated, particularly in formerly industrialized and heavily populated regions. Considered as waste from a regulatory point of view and given their contamination, these sediments are stored in management sites. 183 sites have been identified in the North of France. After dewatering of sediments put on land, spontaneous vegetation develops on these deposits, which are subjected to pedogenetic processes. Over time, these sites may be of interest to the public in a region lacking green space. This raises questions about the environmental and health risks posed by metal pollutants in these sites. For population, the main route of exposure is through the ingestion of sediment particles. In this work, the environmental and toxicological availabilities of Cd, Pb and Zn were studied at different spatial and temporal scales by using chemical extractions. These investigations were carried out on 12 sites representative in terms of their spatial distribution and the age of the deposits. They were supplemented by mesocosms and laboratory simulation to experiment under semi-controlled conditions and to evaluate the behaviour of pollutants in the foreseeable future. The results showed a high variability in the physicochemical parameters of the soils and significant differences in the availability of the metals studied, whatever the spatial scale considered. Over time, sediment oxidation causes an increase in the mobility of metals and therefore in the hazards they present, which should be included in the risk assessment carried out prior to dredging operations
Bally, Gabriel. "Contribution à l'étude de la dynamique d'échange du phosphore dans les sédiments d'une vasière intertidale de l'estuaire de Seine." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES041.
Full textThis study deals with the phosphorus biogeochemical cycle in the sediments of a Seine estuary intertidal mudflat. It relies on two complementary approaches including a field survey and laboratory's experiments. The intertidal areas, preferential places for fine materials accumulation, allow the trapping of organic and mineral particles. Thus, the main aim of this work is to study the role of this mudflat in term of source and/or sink of nutrients and dissolved organic carbon. The seasonnal survey of porewater chemistry, with the peeper's technic, conducted in the Seine-Aval II program (the "DyVa" project), allows to propose a conceptual model of organic matter degradation, which appears to be forced by the hydrodynamic and more particularly by the erosional/depositional cycles. The dissolved fluxes at the mudflat interface are negligible regarding on which are calculated dowstream (Poses). On the other hand, the particulate fluxes are significant; the mudflat acts as a source in winter and spring, and as a sink in summer. The laboratory's experiments of the phosphorus desorption kinetics show that the release of this nutrient is forced by a fast and a slow kinetic linked with the exchangeable phosphorus concept. Moreover, the distribution coefficient (KD) comparison shows a similar behavior between the intertidal sediments and the suspended particulate matter in term of phosphorus dynamic. These results show the importance of this intertidal mudflat in the dynamic at the Seine mouth: in winter, during the erosive stage, it generates phosphorus particulate fluxes; while, in summer, during a deposit enriched in organic matter, the mudflat generates dissolved nutrient fluxes. In one hand, this work highlights the power of an interdisciplinary approach in studying this environnement. In the other hand, it highlights the necessity to link the intertidal mudflats to the numerical models of sedimentological and geochemical processi in order to increase the understanding of nutrient cycle in the Seine estuary
Vaute, Laurent. "Contribution à l'étude du transport des contaminants dans les aquifères karstiques." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20103.
Full textEl-Mufleh, Amelène. "Répartition des micropolluants métalliques et organiques au sein de la matrice solides des sédiments issus de l'assainissement des eaux pluviales urbaines : comparaisons et critiques de méthodes de fractionnement." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDN0008.
Full textTo manage urban runoff, retention/infiltration ponds have frequently been implemented for several decades. Sediments that accumulate by settling at the bottom of the basins should be removed to maintain or restore the good functioning of these structures. However, these sediments are often highly contaminated by organic micropollutants (hydrocarbon) and trace metals. Pollutant distribution in the sediment solid phases is crucial with regards to: i) their potential transfer and bioavailability, ii) the treatment and the reuse of these sediments. The objective of this study is to determine the distribution of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAHs and trace metals) in the solid matrix of three sediments from urban runoff retention/infiltration basins. Six methods of fractionation and chemical extractions coupled to chemical analysis and microanalysis of the solid have been carried out in this study. The results show that PAHs and trace metals are mostly contained in aggregates composed of mineral and organic phases. After disaggregation, it appears that these pollutants were mostly associated to fine particles (<63 µm), PAHs are only associated with organic matter, while trace metals are adsorbed on clays, metal oxides, carbonates and organic matter. A critical analysis of these methods and improvements are proposed for application to other sediments or contaminated soil with high levels of aggregation
El-Osmani, Racha. "Étude de la contamination des eaux et des sédiments par les pesticides." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10165/document.
Full textSince the explosion of the chemical industry in the twentieth century and the use of synthetic products, increasing amounts of chemicals, have continued to be released into the environment. However, in recent decades, there has been a growing concern about the fate of these chemicals that threaten water resources. Increased knowledge on the analytical performance and toxicological data on active products has led authorities in industrialized and developing countries to impose various restrictions. Monitoring of contaminants in aquatic environments has been put in place to achieve good ecological state of the environment. Among the most dangerous and the most commonly detected in aquatic organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, their derivatives and pesticides. These contaminants present in trace amounts in aquatic environments. Analyzes require appropriate analytical methods to be both specific and sensitive. The objective of this thesis is to develop analytical methods for the extraction of several families of organic contaminants (pesticides, hydrocarbons ...) in water and sediment. A mathematical model Umetrics was used to study the influence of each interest parameter. Compared to conventional methods, this model reduces the number of experiments, and have very good yields. The optimized methods were then applied to study the natural environment in France and Lebanon
Triboulet, Bruno. "Influence de l'accumulation et de l'évolution des sédiments sur le fonctionnement d'un lagunage naturel." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20236.
Full textBouchez, Julien. "Relations entre dynamique sédimentaire et altération dans les grandes fleuves : exemple de l'Amazone." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077055.
Full textRivers transport the residual products of continental weathering, that display a large range of grain size, mineralogical and chemical compositions. These grains are sorted within the river channel during transport to the ocean. The Amazon Basin main tributaries have been sampled along depth-profiles, at various lateral positions. In the dissolved phase, lateral heterogeneities of major species and strontium isotopic composition, along with constraints on turbulent mixing, I suggest that most large rivers are not well-mixed regarding their different tributaries. At ail sites, suspended matter concentration significantly increases with depth. Chemical and isotopic compositions of suspended matter also vary I greatly with depth. A new classification of chemical elements, following their behaviour with respect to sorting and I weathering, is proposed. Comparison of the chemical composition, along the whole grain size range, ofr Amazon sediments between the outlet of the Andes and the river mouths, suggests relatively low weathering intensities during transfer of sediments through the floodplain. Finally, using organic carbon content and 14C activity measurements, we I demonstrate that fossil organic carbon oxidation during transfer through the floodplain results in a significant input of 1 CO2 in the atmosphere, nearly countering silicate weathering at the basin scale
Garcia, Esteves Javier. "Géochimie d'un fleuve côtier méditerranéen : la Têt en Roussillon : Origines et transferts de matières dissoutes et particulaires de la source jusqu'à la mer." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0672.
Full textThe purpose of this work was the study of the chemical and mineralogical composition in the dissolved and particulate matter of the river Têt (Pyrénées-Orientales) in order to identify the major sources of these materials, and to propose detailed budgets with respect to their fluxes to the Mediterranean Sea. The main objective was to develop a geochemical and hydrosedimentological model that is able to distinguish between the part of the materials that come from natural sources, and the part that is released or retained by human activities. The scientific approach was constructed on a weekly survey during one hydrological year (2000-2001), from the headwaters down to the river mouth. The overall observations allowed the identification of five major sources that contributed to the material fluxes: rainfall, road salting, agriculture, urban waters and chemical rock weathering. For each source, the respective contributions were quantified. The particulate matter fluxes were determined by etablishing empirical models between the suspended matter concentrations and runoff, which also allowed a prediction of the carbon fluxes. All particulate matter fluxes were affected by the existence of a major reservoir lake and their retention rates in this lake could be estimated. The distinction between the natural and anthropogenic matter fluxes finally also allowed the proposition of a model about the functioning of a natural erosion that takes into account the spatial variability of the chemical and mechanical erosion in the basin, and that also distinguishes the contributions of silicate and carbonate weathering in the overall release of alkalinity to the river
Estèbe, Alexandrine. "Impact de l'agglomération parisienne et de ses rejets de temps de pluie sur les concentrations en métaux des matières en suspension et des sédiments en Seine en période estivale." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120072.
Full textCharriau, Adeline. "Étude de la contamination organique et métallique associée aux sédiments du district hydrographique international de l'Escaut." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10042/document.
Full textOrganic and metallic contaminants released by past and present human activities are widespread in the environment and in particular in river sediments, where these compounds tend to accumulate. Contaminated sediments, that represent a potential threat toward aquatic organisms, can also go against the efforts made with the implementation of the water framework directive of the European Union in order to preserve water quality. This research has been mainly carried out in the framework of the INTERREG III - STARDUST research program and focused on the area of the International Hydrographic District of the Scheldt, that encloses parts of Belgium, Netherlands and north of France. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and n-alkanes contamination levels and sources have been determined in sediments from the following rivers and canals: Espierre, Scheldt, Lys, Canche and Yser. The pyrolytic origin of the PAH contamination is predominant while n-alkanes originate from various biogenic and petrogenic sources. Sediment quality guidelines have demonstrated that sediments from the Espierre canal are associated to a higher threat for aquatic organisms. Trace metal speciation, that greatly influences the biodisponibility of these contaminants, has been estimated using thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Results notably indicate a strong association of copper and zinc with organic matter
Noël, Vincent. "Spéciation et dynamique du fer et du nickel dans les sédiments de mangrove situés en aval de massifs ultrabasiques (Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066580/document.
Full textMangrove forests are the dominant intertidal ecosystem of tropical coastlines. In New Caledonia, mangroves act as a buffer zone between Ni open-cast mines and a lagoon registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Across the intertidal zone, mangroves are composed of three main stands; with from the seaward side to the landward side: Rhizophora spp., Avicennia marina, salt-flat. This botanical gradient relies on the duration of tidal immersion, which imposes sedimentary gradients of water content, salinity, oxygenation, and organic content.The objective of this PhD thesis was to improve our understanding of the biogeochemistry of iron and nickel in mangrove sediments and to characterize the role of edaphic parameters on trace metals dynamic. Particular emphasis was focused on the mineralogical (bio)transformation of Fe and Ni bearing phases and on crystal chemistry. Both XANES and EXAFS data showed that Fe and Ni speciation strongly followed the redox boundaries marking the intertidal and depth zonations. Fe(III)-bearing goethite and phyllosilicates, herited from lateritic outcrops, were the major Fe and Ni hosts in the upper mangrove sediments. These mineral species were fully preserved at depth in the dry and oxic salt flat area. By contrast, beneath the vegetated Rhizophora and Avicennia stands, goethite rapidly disappeared with depth. In these anoxic horizons, sulfate reduction occurred, and pyrite and organic complexes became the dominant Ni-species. At the limit between oxic and anoxic layers, intense re-oxidation of aqueous Fe(II) and Fe-sulfides led to the formation of ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite and likely goethite. The relative proportion of the newly formed poorly ordered iron-oxyhydroxides was found to be higher in the Rhizophora mangrove stand. Moreover Ni incorporation in pyrite was less developed beneath Rhizophora stand. Such lateral evolution of Ni speciation may be related to reoxidation of Ni-bearing pyrites in the Rhizophora stand, which is subjected to periodic alternation of reducing and oxidizing events due to daily tidal fluctuations. The latter may be a major cause for continuous Fe reduction-oxidation cycles in the vegetated mangrove stands, and could significantly affect iron and nickel mass balances in mangroves. Indeed, Ni was found to be immobile in the salt flat, to accumulate beneath Avicennia and to be partially leached beneath Rhizophora. Eventually, Fe and Ni behavior in mangrove sediments currently oxidizing in response to isolation from the sea, was studied. In the layer of the oxidation front, really high concentrations of dissolved Ni were measured, while Ni concentrations in the solid phase were 4 times lower than in the pyritized horizon, and 2.5 times lower than in the upper sediment. These results suggest that mangrove sediment oxidation was a cause of Ni loss. This PhD thesis allows a better assesment of the mineralogical processes that lead to the fixation or the release of trace metals by mangroves, and is thus useful for the management of mangroves that are situated downstream lateritic watershed
Miralles, Jérôme. "Etude couplée des radionucléides isotopes stables du plomb en Méditerranée occidentale." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30008.
Full textThe aim of this work is to identified an environmental deposit able to have stored the atmospheric signal over large time-scale leaning our investigations on lead stable isotopes (206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) and radionuclide (210Pb, 137Cs, 239Pu, 240Pu) analysis. Owing to prior studies on anthropogenic lead sources, emission intensity and sedimentary accumulation, we choose to investigate the marine sediments of the Western Mediterranean. In the Gulf of Lions, the sedimentary accumulation is 101±17 [micro]g. Cm-2 high in good agreement with the atmospheric inventory estimate we made from saltmarshes of Camargue (105±11 g. Cm-2). The reconstructed lead accumulation through a modelling step coupling 210Pb and stable isotopes corroborates the regional anthropogenic emissions (Ferrand, 1996). Briefly, in this context of the marine sediments are a relevant proxy to study past lead atmospheric concentration over the last hundred years. In the Alboran Sea, the study area is less constrained and more complex in terms of climatic meteorological and hydrological conditions. The sedimentary inventory is of 153±47 [micro]g. Cm-2, 1,5 higher than in the margin sediments of the Gulf of Lions. The analysis of aerosols, sediments and settling particles evidences a continuity between the atmospheric signal and the sedimentary record. In spite of this encouraging results, the knowledge of the Alboran system is still too restricted in order to unambiguously conclude on accuracy of deep marine sediments of this area to study past atmospheric fallouts
Sukkampatti, Palanisamy Saravanan. "Empreinte géochimique urbaine dans la mégapôle de Chennai sur les sédiments de rivière : gradient amont-aval, sources et résilience." Thesis, Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR4016.
Full textIn this study, an attempt is made to ascertain the present pollution status of Adyar and Cooum River, which are the two important rivers among the six main waterways in the Chennai Megacity, Tamil Nadu, India and greatly influenced by urbanisation in the past three decades. This study is designed 3 main objectives (i) Geochemical footprint of megacity onto river sediments (ii) Endocrine disruptor occurrence: Preliminary study for PAHs, PBDEs, PCBs and Phthalates (iii) Influence of 2015 monsoon hazard onto trace element pollution level of 2 main rivers
Blouin, Arthur. "Génération de boue à partir de sédiments stratifiés dans un contexte de volcanisme de boue : le rôle du gaz." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3040.
Full textThis manuscript assesses the role of gas in the mud generation processes by focusing on a dense and multidisciplinary dataset of the active Absheron mud volcano (AMV), South Caspian Basin. The study is divided in three main parts: definition of the mud source; analysis of the hydro-mechanical behavior of compacted sediments after gas exsolution; numerical modeling of the AMV formation.First, I identified the source of the AMV as being the Anhydritic Surakhany Fm. (ASF): seismic geomorphology evidences a depletion zone below the AMV and samples from surface mudflows indicate a Pliocene age and the same mineralogy as the ASF. The ASF is composed of interstratified anhydritic beds and low-density overpressured and undercompacted clay-rich layers. The mud source seems located in an interval presenting intrinsic favorable properties to remobilization and at the convergence of overpressure build-up and gas accumulation.I then tested the impact of gas exsolution on the hydro-mechanical properties of compacted sediments through a novel consolidation apparatus. Results show that sediments are damaged by gas exsolution and do not recover completely after reloading. Gas exsolution leading to a degree of gas saturation higher than 38% generates a critical behavior interpreted as the result of mud generation.I finally integrated multidisciplinary data and results in simple numerical models to confront the hypothesis on the AMV formation with the geological conditions. A 2D diffusion model confirms that the association of lateral pressure transmission and vertical gas migration along faults leads to mud generation. Fluid mechanics equations show that mud is then able to rise up to the seafloor by density-inversion. Accounting for fracture propagation and dynamic viscosity may improve and accelerate the mud remobilization process. I tested several working hypotheses through this modeling and went from a purely conceptual formation model for the AMV to a semi-quantitative one.This study identified key parameters for mud volcano formation that are believed to be common to most of these structures and allowed developing a modeling approach that may be adapted and improved to describe mud volcanoes formation in other geological contexts
Salvarredy, Aranguren Matías Miguel. "Contamination en métaux lourds des eaux de surface et des sédiments du Val de Milluni (Andes Boliviennes) par des déchets miniers : approches géochimique, minéralogique et hydrochimiques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/456/.
Full textHeavy metal contamination has been investigated in the Milluni valley (Bolivia, high plateau, 4800 m asl) combining geochemical, mineralogical and hydrochemical approaches. For each metal, the mineral source was determined, as well as the geochemical process leading to the weathering of primary minerals into tertiary minerals. The knowledge of the ongoing geochemical processes and of the hydrochemical budgets allowed to determining the origin, the transport pathways and the control parameters of the metals in this environment. Finally, the cores in lake sediments and in peat-bogs of the valley allowed assessing the historical behaviour of heavy metal contamination, especially during the last century
Laffont, Laure. "Fractionnement des isotopes stables de mercure dans un écosystème tropical en Amazonie bolivienne et dans les cheveux de populations humaines exposées." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/854/.
Full textSamples of sediments, rocks, fish and human hair from the Bolivian Amazon basin, where gold-mining is active for decades, have been analysed by MC-ICPMS to study the stable isotopes fractionations of Hg. Evidence of mass-dependent (MDF) and mass-independent (MIF) fractionation have been observed in hair and fish samples. MIF is induced by photochemical reactions of Hg(II) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) in surface waters and MDF is observed only during the MMHg bioaccumulation process in organisms. Isotopic balance of Hg is improved thanks to sediments and rocks data showing a weak input of mercury by chemical weathering but significant atmospheric depositions of Hg(0) on soils. These first results obtained in hair and at a regional scale confirm that the stable isotopes of Hg constitute a powerful tool to trace biogeochemical processes and to evaluate mercury sources in living organisms
Orani, Anna Maria. "Développements analytiques pour la détermination des concentrations et de l’origine des contaminants inorganiques dans des environnements marins." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4112/document.
Full textTrace elements (TE) naturally occur in the environment but their inputs have been increasing by anthropogenic activities in the last decades, causing environmental concerns, particularly in coastal ecosystems. TE are toxic and the need of reliable methods for their determination in environmental samples is undeniable. The first part of this PhD was focused on the development and full validation of methods for the analysis of TE in sediments and marine organisms by Solid Sampling High Resolution Continuum Source Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (SSHR-CS-AAS). Second, environmental studies based on these and others methodologies were then performed. A first monitoring survey was performed on sediments (surface and core samples) collected along the Namibian coast. This thesis provides the first baseline of TE contents and historical record of pollution in the area. Significant Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn enrichments were highlighted around the most populated areas, providing a needed baseline for present and future evaluation of the Namibian marine environment. Pb pollutions and their sources were also tracked through the use of Pb isotope ratios. A second monitoring survey was performed on different marine sponges and sediments collected in the French Mediterranean and in the Irish coasts. This work showed that sponges accumulate more TE than sediments in different extents according to species. Arsenic speciation analysis was performed in sponges by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ICP-MS. This special focus on arsenic highlighted the great bioaccumulation of this metalloid in sponges and its biotransformation from inorganic forms to less toxic organic forms
Higueras, Marina. "Impact of eastern storm on the transfert of particulate organic matter in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean sea)." Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1240.
Full textRivers represent the primary pathway for particulate organic matter (POM) transport from continent to the continental shelf and are capable of discharging significant amounts of this organic matter during the occurrence of short but violent flash flood events, commonly associated with eastern storms. Terrestrial matter delivered by rivers during flash flood events is stored into continental shelf. Then, hydrodynamic conditions occurring at the shelf are capable of transferring this matter to the deep sea along submarine canyons. This study has allowed to simultaneously assess the variations of the quantity and origin of the POM in several rivers discharging into the NW Mediterranean Sea during a flash flood event, in the settling particles of two sediment traps deployed into the southern flank of the Cap de Creus canyon; and in the surficial sediments along 4 transects perpendicular to the continental shelf during March 2011. The obtained results will help us to understand land-sea exchanges
Pelleter, Anne-Aziliz. "Cycle géodynamique du soufre : le rôle des sédiments subduits." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2060/document.
Full textThe main issue of this study is to constrain the fate of subducted sediments variably enriched in sulphur for P-T (pressure – temperature) relevant for the slab at sub-arc depth. Using piston-cylinder apparatus, we performed melting and crystallisation experiments (3 GPa; 650 – 1000°C; ƒO2 ~ NNO) on natural, trace elementundoped and volatile-rich sediments (pelite and marlstone). Experiments were conducted with variable water (5 to 10 wt% H2Oin) and sulphur (0, 1 and 2 wt% Sin) contents. Silicate melts produced by the fluid-present melting of pelite range from trondhjemitic to granitic compositions, are broadly peraluminous and coexist with garnet + kyanite ± phengite ± quartz + rutile. Those produced by the fluid-present melting of marlstone are sodic (granodioritic composition), metaluminous to slightly peraluminous and coexist with garnet ± epidote ± clinopyroxene ± kyanite ± quartz + rutile. Sulphur addition at ƒO2 ~ NNO leads to sulphide precipitation. Thus, iron (Fe2+) contents decrease (Mg# increase) in the system and this strongly impacts phase relationships: garnet, epidote and phengite are consumed in favour of pyroxens, biotite and amphibole. Trace-element distribution between silicate melt and starting bulk for S-doped systems is largely impacted (e.g. rare earth elements fractionation). On the basis of data obtained in mantle xenoliths(Grenada, Lesser Antilles) and from geochemical modelisations, we are suggesting that a contribution in the mantle wedge of 1 to 3 % of trondhjemitic/granitic melts derived from pelitic sediments (≤ 1 wt% Sin) mayaccount for the composition of basalts in the southern part of Lesser Antilles (Grenada and Grenadines)
Bentahila, Yasmine. "Sédimentation autour de Taiwan de 35000 ans à l'actuel : variations des sources (isotopes du Pb-Sr-Zn) et des conditions environnementales (isotopes du Cu-Zn)." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00103456.
Full textA l'échelle des derniers 35ka, d'importantes variations isotopiques en Sr-Pb (terrigène) et en Cu-Zn (carbonate) sont enregistrées dans les échantillons du forage ODP 1202D (Bassin d'Okinawa). Les isotopes du Sr et du Pb mettent en évidence une augmentation des apports lœssiques durant la période du Younger Dryas : cette augmentation est reliée à une intensification de la mousson d'hiver, engendrant des vents plus forts provenant du continent asiatique. Parallèlement, les fractionnements isotopiques importants du Cu et du Zn enregistrés depuis 6.9ka seraient liés à l'incorporation préférentielle des isotopes légers par l'activité biologique dans la zone euphotique. Ainsi, les faibles fractionnements isotopiques mesurés dans les échantillons du Younger Dryas seraient dus à un mélange entre les eaux de surfaces et les eaux plus profondes du fait de l'intensification des vents, provoquant ainsi une homogénéisation isotopique.
Folcher, Nicolas. "Contrôles géodynamiques et climatiques du système fluvio-lacustre de Nouvelle-Calédonie, conséquences sur les gisements de nickel latériques." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0004/document.
Full textThe Fluvio-lacustrine Formation located in the southern part of the 'Grande-Terre' is confined to small intramontaneous basins which possess a complex geometry. This formation with a maximal thickness of 70m has a distinctive feature which is that it reworks weathering products formed upon peridotites and gabbros (iron-rich laterites, kaolinitic clays).Unlike its name suggests, most of the sedimentary infill occurs in fluvial conditions and often starts with a very coarse torrential conglomerate. The only known occurrences of lacustrine sediments are restricted to actual lakes and dolines. Due to the lobbed shape of some basins and the numerous dolines developed upon the infill, these basins were previously interpreted as 'poljes' resulting from the coalescence of dolines (Trescases, 1975). However, the ante fluvio-lacustrine sediments topography revealed by drillings highlight old valley established by a hydrographic network similar to the actual network, controlled by straight faults. ln most basins (Pernod, Netcha, Plaine des Lacs, K04), sediments from the Fluvio-lacustrine Formation lay directly on in situ weathering formation, which means they have not been much eroded, unlike the north-western part of the island. The lack of well-defined outlets imply a partially endoreic evolution of these basins. Concerning the Rivière des Pirogues basin and the Yaté basin, sediments are limited to the north east by the uplifted block of Unia-Goro which played the role of a dam allowing the accumulation of sediments. Sediments from the Fluvio-lacustrine Formation are constrained by Koum-Yaté-Goro and Koum-Col de Plum fault zone and located at the vertical of a positive gravimetric anomaly. The later, interpreted as a thickening of the Peridotite Nappe could aIso result from a crustal thinning which caused an ascent of the mantle below. Topographic depression created by this process could have favour the accumulation and later preservation of sediments