Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sédiments lacustre'
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Ogier, Sylvie. "Diagenèse précoce en domaine lacustre." Orléans, 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002273.
Full textLécrivain, Nathalie. "Étude de la contamination et de l'écotoxicité associée des sédiments de surface en zone littorale lacustre." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSET001/document.
Full textThe littoral zone of lakes is of great ecological importance and yet receives a large array of contaminants from the watershed. This pollution is mainly trapped by the surface sediment, but its bioavailability may be allowed by physico-chemical and biological reactions in this zone of high environmental fluctuations. This work aims at improving knowledge about the behavior of sediment-borne contaminants (trace metals, PAHs and PCBs) in the lake littoral zone by using two large perialpine lakes; Lake Bourget and Lake Annecy. More precisely, our goals were to (1) characterize the littoral contamination and the influence of local sources in this contamination, (2) assess the ecotoxicity of the sediment-borne contamination and the main changes in its mobility and bioavailability under abiotic changes in the littoral zone, such as those related to water-level fluctuations in lakes. The contamination of the sediments and native organisms exhibited a significant spatial heterogeneity along the lake littoral, in both intensity and profile’s composition. The involvement of local sources of contamination (e.g. stormwater runoff) as drivers of this spatial heterogeneity has been highlighted. The ecotoxicity of littoral sediments was assessed through the responses of enzymatic biomarkers (AChE and GST), physiological traits (e.g. ingestion rates in D. magna) and life-history traits (e.g. growth, reproduction and survival rates). Our results also underscored a significant spatial heterogeneity of the littoral sediment ecotoxicity. A greater focus on the bioavailability of trace metals at the sediment-water-biota interfaces showed that bioavailability depends on the metal, the exposed biota (benthic vs pelagic) and fluctuate under water-level fluctuations. Drought and re-immersion of surface sediments were followed with a reduction of the bioavailable fractions of the trace metals. However, decreases in the water-level led to increase suspended sediments in the water column, which may exert an ecotoxicological risk for the littoral biota. Our results underline how complex the littoral contamination and bioavailability are and promote ecotoxicological approaches in the assessment of the ecological status of large lakes
Kebi-Tsoumou, Sage Paterne Chandrich. "La phase d’hyperextension (Sag) du rift de l’Océan Atlantique sud au Congo : milieux de dépôt, provenance des sédiments et paléoreliefs." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B056/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis was to study the South Atlantic rift system in Congo by focusing on (1) the dynamic of the upstream paleoreliefs (rift shoulders), (2) the stratigraphic architecture and (3) sediment routing of the pre to syn-rift sedimentary infilling. Detailed field mapping allows to characterize the geometry of the incised valleys, sedimentary environments of thier sediment infilling and to discuss the geodynamic implications of these incised valleys in terms of rift dynamic and control of sedimentary systems. These incised valleys were cut through the Precambrian Mayombe basement by alluvial processes shaping pediments during the stretching period of the rift and filled with middle Aptian siliciclastic sediments of the Chéla formation. The sediment filling consists of flood-generated sublacustrine gravity flow deposits interbedded with organic-rich lacustrine shales, overlying unconformably the basement. These deposits are organized into an overall transgressive depositional sequence, characterized by stacked of elementary fining upward facies sequences. Detailled facies analysis of cores permits to determine the sedimentary environments of the Pointe-Noire, Pointe-Indienne and Chéla Formation, developed during the hyper-extended (sag) rift phase. The middle Barremian Pointe-Noire Formation consists of organic-rich shale-prone deep-lacustrine fan facies intertonguing locally with shallow-water platform carbonate facies and gravity-flow resedimented carbonate facies of the Toca Member that were deposited in an anoxic deep-lake. The Late Barremian–early Aptian Pointe-Indienne Formation is characterized by facies heterogeneity. This Formation consists of sand-rich sublacustrine-fan gravity facies of Mengo member overlain by storm influenced mixed siliciclastic-carbonate ramp facies (Argiles vertes Member) passing upward to deltaic facies of Tchibota member. The middle Aptian Chéla Formation represents a widespread transgressive unit, characterized by lateral and vertical changes in facies and a variety of depositional environnements. It is made up of interbedded coarse-grained alluvial bedload facies and sub-lacustrine gravity facies at the base, overlain by lacustrine-marine mixed bay facies passing upward to sabkha facies, which in turn are capped by evaporites of the Loémé Formation. The sebkha facies records the late middle Aptian marine transgression on the Congo basin prior to the deposition of Upper Aptian evaporites of Loémé Formation. Well-log stratigraphic correlations permit subdivision of the middle Barremian to middle Aptian syn-hyper-extended rift-related deposits into three major depositional sequences that display retrogradation, progradation, and retrogradation stacking pattern, respectively. Detrital zircon and apatite provenance analyses provide a better understanding of sediment routing systems of the pre to syn-rift infilling, and paleorelief and tectonic evolutions during the Early Cretaceous times. The results show changes in sediment provenances and two different source areas. The Berriasian-Valanginian Pre-rift sediments of the Vandji Formation were derived from multiple and relatively distant source areas, located either in the South America and southern of Africa plate, thus supporting the existence of large intracratonic basin prior to the rifting, fed by prominent large-scale drainage system. located toward the southwest. In contrast to the Pre-rift sediments, the Barremian syn-stretched rift sediments of the Djeno Formation and the Aptian syn- hyper-extended rift sediments of the Chela Formation were derived from adjacent Precambrian Mayombe belt that underwent phases of tectonic uplift during the rifting. Consequently, this implies an abrupt change in sediment provenance and relief between the pre-rift phase and the Syn-rift phase and indicate the persistence of local sources, i.e. from rift shoulders, from the stretching rift phase to the hyper-extended (sag) rift phase
Manalt, Frédéric. "Enregistrement lacustre de la dernière déglaciation dans les Alpes nord-occidentales : Le remplissage sédimentaire du lac d'Annecy (Haute-Savoie)." Chambéry, 1998. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715689.
Full textFolcher, Nicolas. "Contrôles géodynamiques et climatiques du système fluvio-lacustre de Nouvelle-Calédonie, conséquences sur les gisements de nickel latériques." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0004/document.
Full textThe Fluvio-lacustrine Formation located in the southern part of the 'Grande-Terre' is confined to small intramontaneous basins which possess a complex geometry. This formation with a maximal thickness of 70m has a distinctive feature which is that it reworks weathering products formed upon peridotites and gabbros (iron-rich laterites, kaolinitic clays).Unlike its name suggests, most of the sedimentary infill occurs in fluvial conditions and often starts with a very coarse torrential conglomerate. The only known occurrences of lacustrine sediments are restricted to actual lakes and dolines. Due to the lobbed shape of some basins and the numerous dolines developed upon the infill, these basins were previously interpreted as 'poljes' resulting from the coalescence of dolines (Trescases, 1975). However, the ante fluvio-lacustrine sediments topography revealed by drillings highlight old valley established by a hydrographic network similar to the actual network, controlled by straight faults. ln most basins (Pernod, Netcha, Plaine des Lacs, K04), sediments from the Fluvio-lacustrine Formation lay directly on in situ weathering formation, which means they have not been much eroded, unlike the north-western part of the island. The lack of well-defined outlets imply a partially endoreic evolution of these basins. Concerning the Rivière des Pirogues basin and the Yaté basin, sediments are limited to the north east by the uplifted block of Unia-Goro which played the role of a dam allowing the accumulation of sediments. Sediments from the Fluvio-lacustrine Formation are constrained by Koum-Yaté-Goro and Koum-Col de Plum fault zone and located at the vertical of a positive gravimetric anomaly. The later, interpreted as a thickening of the Peridotite Nappe could aIso result from a crustal thinning which caused an ascent of the mantle below. Topographic depression created by this process could have favour the accumulation and later preservation of sediments
OGIER, SYLVIE. "Diagenèse précoce en domaine lacustre : étude des composés minéraux et organiques des sédiments récents du lac d'Aydat (Puy de Dôme, France)." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002273.
Full textChassiot, Léo. "Forçages naturels et anthropiques sur la sédimentation holocène en domaine lacustre : application aux lacs d’Auvergne et aux réservoirs des bassins versants de la Loire et d’Adour Garonne." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2056/document.
Full textIn order to assess the consequences of global warming, lacustrine systems are well-indicated to infer past natural (climate and tectonic) and anthropogenic interactions over long time scales. Targeting a poorly documented area, the Auvergne region and the Loire and Adour-Garonne watersheds, this work clarifies relationships between sedimentary dynamics and natural and anthropogenic forcings during the Holocene with a regional multi-sites comparison including natural lakes and reservoirs. Through multi-proxies analyses performed within the lake - catchment continuum, results highlight: (1) sedimentary events related to various forms of natural hazards (earthquakes, debris flow and limnic eruptions) and (2) a background sedimentation related to Holocene climatic fluctuations and human activities during the Late Holocene. For the last 700 years, the reconstruction of soil erosion rates underlines a large disparity between studied sites, mainly connected to site effects and the intensity of human impact at local scale. The limnogeologic study of reservoirs shows similar sedimentary processes than in natural lakes, but highlights a wide range of sedimentary architectures related to the impoundment geometry and the reservoir management
Noël, Hervé. "Caractérisation et calibration des flux organiques sédimentaires dérivant du bassin versant et de la production aquatique (Annecy, Le Petit Lac). Rôles respectifs de l'Homme et du Climat sur l'évolution des flux organiques au cours des 6000 dernières années." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001635.
Full textd'Annecy a été réalisé sur une carotte sédimentaire recouvrant les 6000 dernières années, en combinant deux
méthodes analytiques : l'une pétrographique (palynofaciès) et l'autre géochimique (pyrolyse Rock Eval). La
calibration des marqueurs organiques a été effectuée en caractérisant les différents types de matière organique
(MO) sur leurs sites de production (colonne d'eau, substrats géologiques et pédologiques du bassin versant).
L'évolution des marqueurs organiques a permis de montrer que l'on pouvait scinder les derniers 6000
ans en deux périodes durant lesquelles l'Homme a influé ou non sur les apports sédimentaires organiques.
- Du Néolithique final jusqu'au milieu du Moyen-âge, l'action de l'Homme sur le couvert végétal - déforestations
et mises en culture – n'a pas de conséquence directe sur les variations des flux sédimentaires organiques que l'on
estime directement dépendantes des fluctuations climatiques.
- A partir de 1100 cal. AD, période correspondant à l'implantation monastique dans les Alpes, on observe une
augmentation des flux sédimentaires allochtones, qui passent du simple au quadruple et qui coïncident avec une
phase intense de déforestation et de mise en culture C'est également le cas des flux de MO d'origine lacustre
soulignant ainsi l'impact de l'Homme sur le niveau trophique du lac.
Bien que l'impact de l'Homme soit important à partir de 1100 cal. AD, les flux organiques entre 1100
cal. AD et aujourd'hui varient également en fonction des variations climatiques du Petit Age Glaciaire. C'est en
particulier le cas des flux de MO lacustre, sensibles aux variations de température et/ou à la luminosité. Les
minima de production lacustre coïncident précisément avec les minima d'activité solaire (Wolf, Maunder, Dalton
et Spörer). Les mêmes concordances entre production lacustre et activité solaire sont observées de 3800 cal. BC
à 1100 cal. AD.
Barroux, Gwénaël. "Etude biogéochimique d'un système lacustre de la plaine d'inondation amazonienneCas de la varzea de Curuai (Para, Brésil)." Toulouse 3, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00086496.
Full textThe Amazon Rivers catchments area is composed of 5% area of floodplain. The question is “how does this area impact the biogeochemistry of the Amazon main stem?”. In the present study we tried to overview many aspects of floodplain chemical operation through the observation of the “Lago Grande de Curuaí” floodplain. We carried a particular interest on the water dissolved phase chemistry (<0. 22µm) and its relationship with the behaviour of maturating bed load sediment and the occurrence of phytoplanktonic productivity climax. We also proposed a quantification of elemental fluxes and stocks in the vegetation reservoir, which are comparable to those of the Amazon River. Thanks to a hydrological computation of the floodplain, we are able to give detailed sources participation, fluxes and stocks of dissolved element in the floodplain at the internal scale and the whole system scale. This computation model allows us to present some clues of the recycling of element through the vegetation and through physic-chemical processes that occurs mainly on redox sensitive element (Mn, Fe). Amazonian floodplains appear to be an important sink of metals such as Mn and Fe but are essentially transit places for the majority of elements. So the Amazonian floodplains present an “in time” impact on the Amazon River as its essentially collect element from the Amazon during rising water stage and deliver it during falling water stage with a percentage of fluxes that might reach significant level. So they are important actors of the temporal distribution of dissolved element in the Amazon River and might be considered in any element transfer model from land to the oceans
Chapron, Emmanuel. "Contrôles climatique et sismo-tectonique de la sédimentation lacustre dans l'Avant Pays Alpin (Lac du Bourget) durant le quaternaire récent." Phd thesis, Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-285.pdf.
Full textRodier, Claude. "Biomarqueurs lipidiques de 16 sédiments lacustres européens." Mulhouse, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MULH0550.
Full textLavrieux, Marlène. "Biomarqueurs moléculaires d'occupation des sols, du sol au sédiment : exemple du bassin-versant et du lac d'Aydat (Puy-de-Dôme)." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672307.
Full textRibes, Charlotte. "Interaction entre la tectonique salifère et la sédimentation dans des mini-bassins : Exemple de l’Oligo-Miocène du bassin de Sivas, Turquie." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3034/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to investigate the development of a salt-related mini-basin province, based on spatial and temporal changes in the facies assemblages, stratigraphic architecture and thicknesses, as well as stratal structures related to salt movement. The study area is the Sivas Basin, located in the Central Anatolian Plateau of Turkey, which is a foreland basin that records the formation during the Oligo-Miocene of numerous secondary mini-basins on top of an allochthonous evaporite canopy. Through detailed mapping of the Sivas mini-basin province, we provide a new and comprehensive description of the stratigraphic vertical succession including:• the Karayün Fm (Mid to upper Oligocene), comprising playa-lake, fluvial braided and fluvio-lacustrine deposits, and interpreted as a large distributive fluvial system;• the Karacaören Fm (Up. Oligocene to Low. Miocene), comprising two main sub-environments: mixed deltaic and carbonate ramp, alternating with coastal plain and restricted lagoon;• the Benlikaya Fm (Miocene), comprising alluvial fan, fluvial braided and playa-lake deposits interpreted also as a large distributive fluvial system;Within neighbouring minibasins and despite a similar vertical stratigraphic succession, variations are observed in stratigraphic units of equivalent age within and between minibasins. At the first order, we have defined three factors that dictate the pattern of mini-basin filling:• salt-induced accommodation producing local faciologic and stratigraphic thickness changes, and halokinetic structures along mini-basin borders. At larger scale, salt structures result in a compartmentalization of facies between basins.• The sediment supply rate, which affects facies assemblage and stratigraphic architecture.• Tectonically driven regional accommodation attributed to the foreland flexure, inducing the deposition of relatively isopachous series draping and finally obscuring the salt topography.In addition, these three factors are largely influenced by shortening during the evolution of the Sivas fold-and-thrust-belt
Bouton, Anthony. "Facteurs de contrôle extrinsèques des dépôts microbiens récents en domaine de transition continental-marin." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS012/document.
Full textLithified microbial deposits, considered as microbialites, are organosedimentary structures observed since 3.5 billion years. Understanding the mechanisms and environmental conditions leading to their formation may provide valuable information about the origin of life on Earth. Our interest on this research topic has increased owing to the economic implications of these deposits, especially concerning the hydrocarbons. The reconstruction of the environments associated with microbial structures remains uncertain in the fossil record, especially between marine and continental domains. These two contrasting environments were studied through two modern examples: (1) a marine-fed lagoon area in Cayo Coco (Cuba), and the continental lake of the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA) in order to identify diagnostic criteria allowing to distinguish both environments in the fossil record.Microbialite result from mineralization and lithification of microbial mats under the influence of metabolic chemical reactions (intrinsic) related to the activity of the microbial biomass and environmental (extrinsic) conditions. The objective of this PhD is to replace microbial deposits, at different scales, in their context of formation to highlight the significance of extrinsic parameters on: (1) the mineralization processes and the formation of microbialites, (2) the morphologies of observed microbial structures, (3) their spatial distribution, and (4) the relationship between microbial mats and microbialite and their environment
Damnati, Brahim. "Sédimentologie et géochimie de séquences lacustres du pléistocène superieur et de l'holocène en région intertropicale (lac Magadi et Green Crater lake, Kenya) : implications paléoclimatiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22006.
Full textWilliamson, David. "Propriétés magnétiques de séquences sédimentaires de Méditérranée et d'Afrique intertropicale : implications environnementales et géomagnétiques pour la période 30-0 Ka B.P." Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX22021.
Full textBichet, Vincent. "Impact des contraintes environnementales sur la production sédimentaire d'un bassin versant jurassien au cours du postglaciaire. Le système limnologique de Chaillexon (Doubs - France)." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376301.
Full textLachance, Christina. "Sources de sédiments dans un réservoir d'eau potable par la technique de traçage de sédiments." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27681.
Full textLa Ville de Victoriaville fait face à des problèmes d’ensablement du réservoir Beaudet, source d’eau potable pour la moitié de ses habitants. En collaboration avec Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada ainsi qu’avec l’University of Manitoba, une étude de traçage des sédiments a été mise sur pied afin d’évaluer la contribution de différentes sources de sédiments à la problématique. En comparant les propriétés physiques et géochimiques des particules, la technique de traçage permet d’estimer la contribution des sources de sédiments, soit les sols forestiers, les sols agricoles et les berges de rivière dans le bassin versant de la rivière Bulstrode, à la charge sédimentaire en suspension. L’analyse spatiale de la taille des particules indique que les sédiments des sources et en suspension sont de plus en plus fins en allant de l’amont vers l’aval du bassin versant. L’analyse temporelle de la taille des particules montre, quant à elle, que le transport des sédiments varie en fonction des saisons étudiées, soit le printemps et l’automne. L’empreinte des sédiments nécessaire à l’estimation de la contribution des différentes sources est composée du radionucléide 137on et des coefficients de couleur x, y, X, Y, Z, L, b, v, c, h, R, G et B. Aucun élément géochimique n’a été retenu dans la suite finale des traceurs. La modélisation par la méthode de Monte Carlo par chaînes de Markov réalisée à partir de ces traceurs indique que la source majeure des sédiments en suspension passe des sols forestiers à l’amont du bassin versant aux berges de rivière à l’embouchure de la rivière Bulstrode. À cet endroit, les berges de rivière contribuent à entre 75.7 et 86.9 % de la charge sédimentaire échantillonnée et représentent donc la source principale de sédiments dans la problématique d’ensablement du réservoir Beaudet. Des mesures de contrôle de l’apport de sédiments au cours d’eau sont cependant recommandées pour l’ensemble du bassin versant, en fonction des sources prédominantes dans chaque secteur étudié.
The city of Victoriaville faces sedimentation problems in Beaudet reservoir, the drinking water source for half of town’s population. A sediment fingerprinting study has been launched in collaboration with Agriculture and AgriFood Canada and University of Manitoba. Comparing the particles’ physical and geochemical properties, a fingerprinting technique can estimate the contribution of each sediment source - forested fields, agricultural fields and streambanks - in Bulstrode river watershed case, to the suspended sediment load. Particle size spatial analysis indicates that source particles and suspended sediment become finer moving downstream in the watershed. Particle size temporal analysis indicates that sediment transport changes according to the season, here spring and fall. The sediment fingerprint used to estimate the source contributions comprises radionuclide 137Cs and color coefficients x, y, X, Y, Z, L, b, v, c, h, R, G and B. No geochemical element has been kept in the final sediment fingerprint. MonteCarlo Markov chain modeling based on that fingerprint shows that the major sediment source is forested soils in the upstream part of the watershed and switches to river banks at the Bulstrode river outlet. At that location, streambanks represents 75.7 to 86.9 % of the sampled suspended load and are therefore the main sediment source in the sedimentation problems occurring at the Beaudet reservoir. Sediment control practices are however recommended to be implemented all across the watershed, based on the major sources identified at each site.
Stetten, Lucie. "Spéciation et mobilité de l'uranium dans des sols et des sédiments lacustres en aval d'anciens sites miniers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS249.
Full textUranium scavenging in soils and sediments located downstream from former U mines is expected to naturally limit uranium dispersion in downstream waterways. However, uranium mobility in such contaminated sites may depend on the identity of U traps as well as the geochemical conditions. The aim of this thesis was to improve our knowledge on the geochemical behavior and the mobility of uranium in U contaminated lacustrine sediments and wetland soils, whose reducing conditions is expected to mitigate uranium mobility because U(IV) species are less soluble than U(VI) ones. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyzes combined with geochemical analyzes were carried out. In U contaminated lake sediments, we show that indirect reduction of U(VI) by Fe(II) associated to clay minerals may be a major diagenetic process responsible for the scavenging of uranium. For organic-rich weltand soils, we show a sharp uranium redox boundary mainly controlled by the water-table. For both sites, U(IV) mononuclear species and U(IV)-phosphate minerals were identified as the major species controlling uranium solubility, while uraninite is virtually absent. For the highly U-contaminated wetland soil, we suggest a major uranium redistribution via the oxidative dissolution of U(IV)-minerals followed by U(VI) organic matter complexation. Soil incubation experiments have confirmed these redistribution mechanisms and suggest different geochemical behaviors for lermontovite (U(PO4)(OH)•H2O) and ningyoite (CaU(PO4)2•2H2O). These experiments also highlight the role of organic matter in the control of uranium mobility, favoring the remobilization of U(IV) organic complexes under reducing conditions. Altogether, our results call for the need to consider both non-uraninite U(IV) minerals and mononuclear U(IV) complexes in such anoxic environments as major species controlling uranium solubility
Elsgaard, Lars. "Le cycle du soufre et bactéries sulfato-réductrices dans les sédiments hydrothermaux, marins et lacustres." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066822.
Full textThevenon, Florian. "Les résidus carbonés de feux dans les sédiments lacustres et océaniques intertropicaux : implications méthodologiques, climatiques et anthropiques." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008908.
Full textBajolle, Lisa. "Reconstitution des paléotempératures holocènes de la forêt boréale coniférienne de l'ouest du Québec basée sur une approche multi-indicateurs." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG026/document.
Full textA future warmer global climate with more severe annual drought has been predicted, especially for the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Such an environmental change would be marked by higher frequencies and intensities of natural disturbances, which could threaten the integrity of some boreal forest ecosystems. One of the foreseeable consequences would be a significant increase in the occurrence of wildfires, which is already the major disruptive element of these ecosystems. The future of boreal ecosystems thus raises many questions and uncertainties, highlighting the need for a good characterization of spatio-temporal climate changes and its consequences on these ecosystems.In order to maintain these forest landscapes within the limits of their natural variability, the Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec (MFFP) proposes, in a context of sustainable ecosystem management, to establish a registry of reference states. In this perspective, the research objective of this thesis was to produce the most possible robust reconstructions of Holocene temperatures within the spruce-moss forest of western Québec. The research focused on a multi-indicator approach including Chironomidae and pollen deposited in the sediments of two selected lakes.The results highlight the relevance of Chironomidae head capsules to reconstruct at high temporal resolution the August Holocene temperatures from Lac Aurélie using two Transfer Functions (TF). The East Canadian TF was more in agreement with the regional signal than the Canadian TF. In addition, chironomid assemblages from Lac Lili gave an overestimated paleotemperature reconstruction due to the specific shallowness of this lake. Finally, the combined quantitative reconstruction (Chironomidae and pollen) of the August palaeotemperatures suggested three distinct periods: (i) 8500-4500 years BP, identified as the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) during which the August temperatures are warmer than modern temperatures; (ii) 4500-1000 cal BP, marked by the beginning of the cold Neoglacial period, where the temperatures oscillate around the current values and (iii) the last 1000 cal BP, characterized by a general decrease of the temperatures. Several short climatic events were also identified for each period: (i) the 8200 cal BP cold event; (ii) the 4200 cal BP warm event; (iii) the Roman Warm Period (RWP, 1900-1700 cal BP); (iv) the Dark Age Cold Period (DACP, 1700-1500 cal BP); (v) Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, 1100 cal BP) and (vi) the Little Ice Age (LIA, 500-250 cal BP). A series of cold events is also observed around 5900, 4300, 2800 and 400 cal BP, probably corresponding to the "Bond" events. The observed duration and amplitude of climate events are consistent with regional, North American records, and more widely those of the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, the synthesis highlighting climate-vegetation-fire relationships confirms the influence of climatic instability on changes in fire regimes mainly driven by seasonal variations in rainfall and frequency of drought events. However, our paleotemperatures combined reconstitution indicated that large fires coincide with the occasional event of 4200 cal BP and those occurring from 2000 cal BP onwards (RWP, DACP, MCA and LIA). Summer temperatures combined with other climatic variables (summer drought, summer insolation, and annual precipitation) play an important role in the variation of the fire regime in western Québec
Carrillo, Perera Eduardo. "L'enregistrement sédimentaire de la sismicité récente le long de la frontière sud-occidentale de la Plaque Caraïbe (Faille de Bocono) : modalités et chronologie : Contribution à l’estimation de l’aléa sismique régional." Chambéry, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CHAMS028.
Full textWithin mountain chains -where active tectonics has produced and upholds active relieves - seismicity represents a major natural hazard; furthermore, earthquake consequences lay be amplified by gravity phenomena (landslides, rock avalanches). This activity is generally associated to major faults, acting at various depths, and sometimes lacking any morphological evidence (as blind thrusts). The analysis of their activity -and the associated seismic hazards assessment -need the most precise knowledge of the geographical and chronological distribution of major earthquakes. In order to reinforce these data, the historical seismicity chronicles must be completed and reinforced by sedimentary archives which permit to reconstruct long duration archives (several thousands of years; Pleistocene, Holocene). For this purpose, intra-mountain lakes represent precious records. In the Merida Andes, in north-western South-America, the Bocono Fault is a major structure associated to the southern frontier of the Caribbean Plate. With a 6 mm/yr mean right-lateral displacement, the Bocono Fault offsets the morainic complexes built during the Last Glacial Maximum (20 000 yr BP) situated in the central part of the Merida Andes at aItitudes greater than 2800 m. Numerous moraine-dammed small lakes developed; among them, the Los Zerpa (paleo)lake and the Mucubaji lake have been elected for our investigation. The main objective was to establish a regional paleoseismic chronology through identifying and dating the impact of major shocks on the sedimentary processes and on the geometry and structure of lacustrine fills. As these sediments are also and basically depending in environmental condition -and especially climatic evolution -we attempted to disentangle these two components of the sedimentary "signal". The comparison of our results with other regional paleoseismological informations (trenches, seismo-tectonics) allow to complete the paleoseismic chronicle for the late Pleistocene-Holocene for the central part of the Merida Andes. The disturbances displayed by he different analyzed sites -and inferred as co-seismic- point to the occurrence of five major regional earthquakes: between 15400 and 16400, between 13500 and 14500, between 9010 and 9550, between 7400 and 7830. Between 640 and 740, cal yr BP
Van, Metre Peter. "Contamination métallique et organique des sédiments lacustres aux Etats-Unis : Evolution spatio-temporelle, processus de transport, et identification des sources." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES026.
Full textThe understanding of water-quality trends contributes to our knowledge of the links between human activities and environmental quality and is necessary for the evaluation of regulatory actions designed to improve water quality. This research evaluated trends in metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) for the United States using sediments cores from 42 lakes. The metals (pb, Cr, Cd) and HOCs (DDT, PCBs) for wich emissions have decreased since the 1970s showed mostly decreasing trends in concentrations. However, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased rapidly in urban watersheds. In more focused studies, selected sediment cores were evaluated to gain insight into transport processes and fate of contaminants. Urban sources of PAHs were quantified using simulated runoff. The result indicate that parking lot “sealcoat”, a product widely used to coat parking lots, is a major source of PAHs
Giguet-Covex, Charline. "Contribution des sédiments laminés lacustres à l'étude des changements environnementaux Holocène : approche couplée sédimentologique/géochimique à haute résolution : application à deux lacs nord-alpins." Chambéry, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553247.
Full textThe high resolution study of laminated sediments from Lake Anterne (2063 m asl) and Lake Bourget (231. 5 m asl), both located in northern French Alps, led us to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes induced both by climate changes and human activities. Sedimentological and geochemical analyses of Lake Anterne sediments allowed highlighting the past evolution of soil cover. During the early Holocene (9950-5450 cal. BP), a gradual evolution was recorded: establishment of vegetation and soil with pedogenesis processes (decarbonation and acidification), and then stabilization of the catchment linked to a well-developed vegetation cover. We evidenced anoxic conditions at the bottom of the lake during this period of stabilization. We interpret it as a consequence of slope stabilisation by a dense vegetation cover. A regressive story of soils, accompanied by a significant enhancement of erosion processes , began at ca. 5450 cal. B P. Due to a climate reversal towards colder conditions. This regressive story was reinforced by anthropogenic impacts (deforestation, pastoral activity) during the Bronze Age (around 3400 cal. BP), the end of Iron Age-beginning of the Roman period (2400 cal. BP-150 AD) and the lower middle age (1000-1200 AD). The record from Lake Le Bourget covering 120 years was used to reconstruct the evolution of the trophic level and the oxygenation at the bottom of the lake, in relation with human activities (sewer waters, agricultural activities) and the hydroclimatic variability. The comparison between trophic level indicators and River Rhône detrital inputs highlighted the opposed effects of Rhône floods on lake water quality (nutrient but also oxygen supply)
Aebischer, Stephane. "Le cycle géochimique des métaux de surface en période d'exploitation minière : Étude isotopique des sédiments lacustres de Schefferville." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30149/30149.pdf.
Full textAebischer, Stéphane. "Le cycle géochimique des métaux de surface en période d'exploitation minière : étude isotopique des sédiments lacustres de Schefferville." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24363.
Full textTrottier, Annie-Pier. "Géomorphologie et stratigraphie Quaternaire de systèmes de fjords-lacustres du Québec-Labrador." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66568.
Full textSediments contained in fjords have a high potential to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes since these glacial valleys located at the interface of continent and ocean are generally characterized by high sedimentation rates. Fjords are long narrow valleys that were deeply incised during successive glaciations and interglacial periods. They typically contain glacial deposits and landforms that inform on past variations of ice margins. Fjords can also exist in lacustrine environments, such as in alpine area or formerly glaciated regions, where the glacio-isostatic rebound combined with the postglacial marine regression isolated the fjord from the sea. Many fjord-lakes are found in Québec and Labrador, but the evolution of these lacustrine basins since deglaciation is poorly documented, as many worldwide analogues of these type of lakes are still glaciated today, or are located in alpine regions where no marine transgression ever occurred. Hydroacoustic technologies such as multibeam bathymetry and sub-bottom profiles allow visualizing at a high resolution the morpho-stratigraphy of subaquatic basins in order to interpret the major events that modeled their basins and lead to a better understanding of their past and modern sedimentary dynamics. Using such an approach in fjord-lakes located at key locations would also allow refining history of last glaciation in areas where only few paleoenvironmental studies exist. This thesis reports and describes multibeam bathymetry data and sub-bottom profiles collected in eight fjord-lakes of Québec (lakes Mékinac, Jacques-Cartier, Pohénégamook, Témiscouata, Pentecôte, Walker & Pasteur) and Labrador (Grand Lake), as well as Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of their valleys and surrounding areas. The analysis that combine geomorphology and sismostratigraphy allow: 1) reconstructing the sequence of deglaciation in Mauricie (Southern Québec) and eastern Labrador; 2) refining the location of the Mars-Batiscan morainic belt as well as the transgression limit of the deglacial Champlain Sea on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River; 3) a better understanding of the dynamics of ice retreat in the fjords of Mékinac and Grand during climatic cold episodes (Younger Dryas and 8.2 ka BP event, respectively); and 4) establishing a model of morpho-stratigraphic evolution for fjord-lakes of Québec-Labrador, from deglaciation to the postglacial period.
Bennani, Alaa. "Fractionnement des substances humiques par isoélectrofocalisation : purification des fractions, application à divers composés naturels et artificiels." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT006G.
Full textKossoni, Alice. "Processus sédimentaire du lac Ossa (Dizangué, sud-ouest Cameroun) et évolution paléoclimatique holocène." Perpignan, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PERP0483.
Full textSedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical analysis of 135 superficials deposits and 5 sediment cores collected from Lake Ossa which is located in western Cameroon forest allows the characterization of present-day and Holocene sedimentary process of that lake. Holocene climatic evolution of the lake area have been reconstructed from sedimentation, diatoms and pollen data, and shows 3 successive stages : from 9000 to 5300 yr BP, a very humid period with high lake level and maximal extension of the forest ; from 5300 to 1000 yr BP, a weakly humid to arid period with low lake level and degraded forest, and from 1000 yr BP to present-day, a humid period with the increase of lake level and forest expansion
Denis, Marie-Pier. "Expansion des arbustes et pollen : étude palynologique des sédiments lacustres récents de la région de la rivière Boniface, Nunavik." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29964/29964.pdf.
Full textGibert-Brunet, Élisabeth. "Géochimie et paléohydrologie des bassins lacustres du Nord-Ouest saharien : programme Palhydaf, site 2." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112311.
Full textGagnon-Poiré, Antoine. "Sédimentation tardi-quaternaire glaciaire à postglaciaire dans trois fjords lacustres adjacents du sud-est du Bouclier canadien." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27400.
Full textDes données bathymétriques à haute résolution acquises à l'aide d’un sonar multifaisceaux et d’un interféromètre ont permis de cartographier pour la première fois la géomorphologie subaquatique des lacs Pentecôte, Walker et Pasteur, trois fjords lacustres profonds et rapprochés sur la Côte-Nord (Est du Canada). Ces anciens bassins sédimentaires glaciomarins ont été isolés par le relèvement glacio-isostatique pour évoluer en lacs profonds et allongés aux versants abrupts. Leur position géographique clé et leurs caractéristiques limnogéologiques typiques des fjords présentent un potentiel exceptionnel pour des reconstitutions paléoenvironnementales à haute résolution sur une longue période de temps. Une modélisation du potentiel hydraulique suggère que le Lac Walker a probablement existé en tant que lac sous-glaciaire sous l’Inlandsis laurentidien pendant le Dernier Maximum Glaciaire, suggérant que des sédiments pourraient avoir échappé à l'érosion glaciaire et contenir des paléo-enregistrements de la et/ou des dernière(s) glaciation(s). Ces lacs, localisés à proximité des systèmes morainiques du Dryas récent et inondés lors de la transgression marine postglaciaire de la Mer de Goldthwait, ont préservé des archives sédimentaires laminées jusqu'à aujourd'hui, enregistrant les changements paléoenvironnementaux produits depuis la dernière déglaciation. Les profils acoustiques de sous-surfaces acquis à l'aide d'un Chirp bi-fréquences (3.5. et 12 kHz), ainsi que les carottes de sédiment ont révélé la présence de quatre unités sédimentaires. Le soubassement acoustique (U1), c.-à-d. le socle rocheux et/ou les sédiments de contact glaciaire, révèle la présence de vallées rocheuses en forme de V au fond des lacs qui ont possiblement échappé à l’érosion glaciaire. Les moraines observées dans les lacs et à l’embouchure de leur vallée structurale indiquent une déglaciation rapide ponctuée par de courtes stabilisations glaciaires. Au cours de la déglaciation et à la suite de leur isolation, les lacs ont été remplis par d’épais sédiments rythmiquement laminés de silts et d’argile (U2) déposés pendant l’épisode marin et/ou glaciolacustre, qui ont été perturbés par des mouvements de masse durant la déglaciation. Des datations AMS 14C révèlent que la déglaciation des bassins versants des lacs Pentecôte et Walker et le développement des conditions para- et postglaciaires sont survenus vers < 7995 à 8160 et < 7845-7950 cal BP respectivement. Le développement des longues plaines deltaïques à la tête des lacs au cours de l'Holocène, a généré une source constante de sédiments fluviatiles (U3) et la formation de structures sous-marines en forme de croissant sur la pente subaquatique des deltas. La partie supérieure (c.-à-d. ~ 4 à ~ 6,5 m) de la séquence sédimentaire des lacs révèle un enregistrement continu des conditions para- et postglaciaires (U4) qui contiennent des sédiments rythmiquement laminés (possiblement des varves) et une série de couches déposées rapidement. Ces sédiments riches en matières organiques montrent que de faibles taux de sédimentation ont prévalu dans les lacs depuis la déglaciation de leur bassin versant et qu’ils ont diminué au cours de l'Holocène.
High-resolution bathymetric data acquired using a multibeam echosounder and an interferometric side-scan sonar allowed mapping for the first time the sublacustrine geomorphology of the lakes Pentecôte, Walker and Pasteur, three deep adjacent fjord-lakes of the Québec North Shore (eastern Canada). These formerly glaciomarine sedimentary basins have been glacio-isostatically uplifted to form deep steep-sided elongated lakes. The key geographical position and their limnogeological characteristics typical of fjords show exceptional potential for paleoenvironmental reconstructions at high resolution on a long period of time. A hydraulic potential modelling suggest that the Lake Walker probably existed as a subglacial lake beneath the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the LGM suggesting that sediments could have escaped glacial erosion and may contain paleo-records of the last glaciation(s). These lakes, located near Younger Dryas morainic systems, were flooded during the Goldthwait Sea postglacial marine transgression and have preserved laminated sediment archives until today which contain sedimentary archives that recorded paleo-environmental changes that have occurred since the last deglaciation. Acoustic sub-bottom profiles acquired using a bi-frequency Chirp echosounder (3.5 & 12 kHz), together with cm-short and m-long sediment core data, reveal the presence of four sedimentary units. The acoustic basement (U1), related to the structural bedrock and/or the ice-contact sediments of the Laurentide Ice-Sheet reveal the presence of V-shaped bedrock valleys at the bottom of the lakes that possibly escaped glacial erosion. Moraines observed at the bottom of the lake and in their structural valleys indicate an overall fast deglaciation punctuated by short-term ice margin stabilizations. Following ice-retreat and their isolation, the fjord-lakes were filled by thick sequence of rhythmically laminated silts and clays (U2) deposited during marine and/or glaciolacustrine settings which were disturbed by mass-movements during the deglaciation. AMS 14C dating reveal that the deglaciation of the lakes Pentecôte and Walker watersheds and the development of para- and postglacial conditions occurred at < 7995 – 8160 and < 7845–7950 cal BP respectively. The development of the long lake-head river delta plain during the Holocene, generated a constant source of fluvial sediments supply (U3) and the formation of crescentic and creeping bedforms on the sublacustrine deltas slope. Lakes reveal in the upper (i. e., ~4 to ~6.5 m of their sediment infill a continuous para- to postglacial sediment record (U4) that contain laminated sediment (possibly varves) and a series of rapidly deposited layers. These organic-rich sediments show that low rates of sediment accumulation have prevailed in the lakes since the deglaciation of their watershed and have decreased during the Holocene.
Belbahri, Smai͏̈n. "Relation eau - sédiment en épuration par lagunage naturel : étude de laboratoire applicable en climat méditerranéen." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20219.
Full textLeclerc, Émilie. "Mobilité de l'arsenic dans les sédiments de lacs subarctiques contaminés par l'activité minière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68417.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to quantify the diagenesis of arsenic (As) in the sediments, using them as environmental archives and identify the key reactions of As. Eight lakes have been visited in June 2018 and May 2019, along an 80 km transect northwest from the gold mine Giant, near Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories, Canada to collect surface water, sediment cores and porewater. These samples have been analyzed to obtain the dissolved and solid concentration of organic carbon, As, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and aluminium (Al) and anions (nitrate, sulfate, sulfide and chloride). As concentrations in porewater were interpreted using inverse diagenetic modeling and thermodynamics calculations. The history of the fluxes of solid As deposited at the bottom of the lakes was calculated after correction for the influence of diagenesis. Diffusive fluxes of As at the sediment-water interface in response to contamination from mining activity were calculated for the two years of sampling. The results show that diagenesis is greater in lakes with lower sedimentation rates. After correction, the data indicates that the maximum As fluxes coincide with the period of mine activity. Nonetheless, lakes near the mine are still influenced by large inputs of dissolved As from their watersheds, and show high diffusive fluxes of As to the water column. Thermodynamic calculations of speciation and saturation index suggest that the mobility of Asis related to that of iron oxides and sulfur. Amorphous iron sulfide forms in the sediment and As coprecipitates or adsorbs to this mineral phase. Finally, the timing of the melting of the ice cover, which allows the arrival of oxygen, seems to determine the mobility of As in the spring. In the context of climate change shortening the duration of ice cover, an in-depth study of the effect of ice cover on redox conditions is desirable.
De, Wever Alexis. "Étude de la biominéralisation de carbonates intracellulaires et de silicates de magnésium hydratés dans des environnements lacustres alcalins." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS480.pdf.
Full textStromatolites are laminated organo-sedimentary rocks composed of Ca and/or Mg carbonates but also Mg-silicates in some cases. The processes involved in their formation are still poorly understood. The main goal of this thesis was to better understand the geochemical and geomicrobiological processes that favor the formation or dissolution of carbonates and Mg-silicates in Mexican alkaline lacustrine environments. Two main axes have been developed. The first axis focused on the study of 52 cyanobacterial strains, some forming ACC intracellular, others not forming ACC. The strains were analyzed for their ability to incorporate Ca. The impact of alkaline earth elements on the growth of some of the strains was determined. In this study we have shown that ACC+ cyanobacterial strains incorporate more Ca than others and they store this Ca strongly in ACC and in polyP. In addition, we determined that ACC+ strains need more Ca for their growth and some of them are capable to substitute Ca by Sr and Ba for this purpose. We propose that ACC inclusions 1) can serve as ballasts, 2) can buffer intracellular pH and balance the formation of HCO3 conversion hydroxide to CO2 during carbon fixation and 3) available inorganic carbon storage for carbon dioxide. In addition, polyP could be involved in Ca storage. More broadly, ACC+ cyanobacteria have contributed to the dissolution of calcium carbonate and by extension stromatolites. The second axis focused on the study of Mg-silicate formation in sediments and mesocosms of 3 Mexican alkaline lakes but also in laboratory experiments. Mineralogical and chemical analyzes of magnesium silicates have been coupled with geochemical characterization of the solutions. The study of sediments showed the formation of an Al-low and an Al-rich stevensite-like phase and of ferrous or non-ferrous saponite-like. Several interpretations have been proposed regarding their formation: 1) dissolution of hydromagnesite and biogenic silica frustules, 2) it is inherited from the water column, 3) it is related to the alteration of feldspaths within sediments and 4) biomineralization in the water column. It has also been shown that a cyanobacterial strain was able to induce precipitation of magnesium silicates in an unbuffered medium. Mg-silicate formation in mesocosms from alkaline lakes is thought to be directly related to the mineralogical composition of microbialites, and possibly diatoms that allow Si to be introduced into the solution and locally into the biofilm and is biologically influenced by microbial community EPS
Mokeddem, Zohra. "Enregistrements des variations climatiques et reconstitution des paléoenvironnements depuis le Dernier Maximum Glaciaire dans le Loch Sunart (Nord-Ouest Ecosse)." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2035.
Full textFjords or Lochs on the northwest coast of Scotland contain an important sedimentary sequence that records climatic variations since the Last Glacial Maximum. Very high-resolution sub-bottom seismic profiles were obtained from four Scottish Lochs Sunart, Creran, Spelve and Buie. Four acoustic facies were recognised and interpreted in terms of glacial dynamic. The seismic profiles revealed igneous and metamorphic basement covered by a 20 to 60 m thick sediment sequence accumulated since 17 000 yr BP. This sequence has been correlated to analyses obtained from the long Calypso core MD04-2833 acquired in Loch Sunart. These analyses allowed us to recognise the environmental changes and cooling events well described in the North Atlantic. Grain-size data indicate changes in the deep-water speed associated with global shift in the thermohaline circulation. Pollen analysis, have yielded information on the Holocene warming and significant cooling events during this period. Marine benthic foraminifera have also allowed recognition of climatic variations during the Holocene as they record changes in the water temperatures related to the cooling events. Moreover, it is possible to discriminate local water temperature decreases due to ice-melting processes. Thus, two meltwater pulses can be discerned, which respectively correspond to the mwp-Ia and mwp-Ib. Seismic data combined with foraminiferal, pollen and grain-size analyses are able to give an accurate and continuous record of palaeoenvironment and climate shift since the Last Glacial Maximum to present day
M'Voubou, Makaya. "Les paléoenvironnements sédimentaires fini-holocènes des trois lacs du Gabon (Kamalété, Nguène et Maridor) : études sédimentologique et biogéochimique." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0578.
Full textThe study of deposits of three lakes of Gabon revealed: At Kamalété two episodes were recovered: from 1410 to 520 BP, one observes the end of forest deterioration that central Africa knew between 2500-2000 BP. This episode is marked by a low lake level and a landscape slightly forester. Then, from 520 BP until today a wetter episode is characterized by a high lake level and a landscape increasingly forest. At Nguène, one notes three episodes. From 4110 to 2540 BP, a wet phase is characterized by a primary forest and a marshy environment receiving irregular fluxes from Abanga river. From 2540 to 1950 BP, forest deterioration is marked by an opening of the landscape and a marshy environment where sandy fluxes of Abanga river gradually disappeared. Lastly, from 1950 BP until today, one observes a new wet phase marked by a high lake level, a permanent communication between the lake and Abanga river and by a late forest renewal which took place only as from 990 BP. At Maridor, one notes three episodes. Former to 3795 BP, an immersion of the site would indicate a wet phase characterized by a marshy environment. During the second episode an emergence is due to a climate slightly wet around 3795 BP, it shows a podzolisation of the deposits. Lastly, the third episode of installation of the lake goes from ca. 3500 BP until today. It reveals three sub-episodes of which first going from 3500 to 2190 BP shows the forest deterioration that central Africa knew between 2500-2000 BP. This sub-episode is marked by a gradual opening of the landscape
Dubreuilh, Jacques. "Synthèse paléogéographique et structurale des dépôts fluviatiles tertiaires du nord du Bassin d'Aquitaine : passage aux formations palustres, lacustres et marines." Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30207.
Full textGuillemot, Typhaine. "Réponses sédimentaires et moléculaires des remplissages lacustres groenlandais aux changements climatiques holocènes et à l'évolution des pratiques agropastorales." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA2034/document.
Full textIn the current context of global change, understanding the interactions between Human/Environment/Climate is necessary to develop adaptive strategies and preserve ecosystems. A retrospective approach is therefore realized in three lacustrine cores to reconstruct the paleo-environmental history during the last five millennia. Lake Igaliku (N61°00’22’’, W45°26’28’’), located at 2km from the medieval episcopal cathedral in the historical farming center, has a sedimentation mainly driven by anthropogenic activities. A complete molecular inventory has been made on this sequence to characterize past agropastoral dynamics and their impacts on south Greenlandic ecosystems. The identified fecal biomarkers revealed two agropastoral phases, during the Norse settlement and recently, separated by the Little Ice Age (LIA) and mainly characterized by sheep breeding. Vegetation molecular biomarkers (n-alkanes, triterpenyl acetates) and palynological data showed a reduction of trees and shrubs cover during these two periods especially. Erosion biomarkers (TTHCs) and sedimentological data identified only one drastic erosion in the 1980s synchronous with the mechanized creation of fodder parcels. Moreover, an eutrophication of the lake waters was recorded with short chain length n-alkanes and mesotrophic diatoms. Lake Qallimiut (N60°43’27’’, W45°23’12’’) and Little Kangerluluup (N60°38’32’’, W45°38’11’’), less impacted by anthropogenic activities, are fed by major streams influenced by hydrological variations. Their sedimentation is therefore mainly driven by climate changes. To improve the temporal and spatial resolution of climate changes during the Holocene, a multi-proxy sedimentological study was made on these two sites. Petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses have identified flood events especially occurring during cooler and wetter periods such as the Middle to Late Holocene transition (ca. 2500 BC), the Sub-boreal/Sub-atlantic transition (ca. 700 BC) and the LIA (between ca. AD 1300 et ca. AD 1900). These climate pejorations have impacted local human societies. For example, during the LIA, a maximum of flood events and drop of temperatures are recorded, partly responsible of the Norse demise
Mourier, Brice. "Contribution de l'approche sédimentologique à la reconstitution de l'histoire des sols : Définition des traceurs pédologiques et application sur des sédiments lacustres de montagne." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00367597v2.
Full textSoil is a natural body occurring at the interface between the lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. As a result, the physical and chemical properties of soils evolve with time, and the reconstruction of their history represents a key to understand past environmental changes. Palaeolimnological techniques such as sediment geochemistry can be used to investigate changes in vegetation history by providing information about catchment soil development. However, due to the lack of conservative pedosignatures, there have been few attempts to reconstruct soil changes from the paleorecord. The main objective of the present work is to reconstruct the soil and environmental history from lake sediments of two small lake basins of the Maurienne Valley in the French Alps. Two main issues arise in using the sedimentary approach : I) the geochemical differentiation of different soil processes and soil types, which controls the identification of tracers; ii) the conservative behaviour of these tracers during sediment mobilisation, transport and accumulation in aquatic systems. In a first step, podzolization and chemical weathering processes were assessed on present day soils using a broad geochemical approach. Normalized REE patterns provide a precise tracer of the degree of weathering of materials whereas the proportions of organic-bound Al and Fe provide a sediment tracer to reconstruct the intensity and degree of podzolisation. Then, the same tracers were assessed on the two investigated lake sediment sequences (Loup and Thyl lakes). Evidence of changes is preserved in both sediment records which render possible the reconstruction of aspects of soil genesis from lake sediments. The resulting proxy records, spanning ca. 4 500 yr at the Thyl lake and ca. 13500 yr at the Loup lake, indicate that progressive and regressive pedogenesis occurred after deglaciation. Loup environment and soil history is characterised by a progressive and stable evolution leading to present day old growing forests and Podzol soil type. On the other hand, Thyl record is much contrasted : the progressive setting of the mixed cembra pine ecosystem associated with podzolisation process is followed by abrupt and rapid secondary processes that could result from drastic transformation of the plant cover with changes in fire regimes
Walter-Simonnet, Anne-Véronique. "Impacts sédimentaires de la présence humaine et des variations climatiques. Exemples d'enregistrements lacustres, fluviatiles et estuariens." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Franche-Comté, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00403128.
Full textLe Quaternaire est caractérisé par une oscillation rapide du climat entre des périodes glaciaires et interglaciaires. Depuis peu, l'étude des variations naturelles du climat, particulièrement celui de la période interglaciaire dans laquelle nous vivons, l'Holocène, a connu un regain d'intérêt avec la mise en évidence d'un réchauffement global de la planète dont l'origine est, au moins en partie, anthropique. Afin de pouvoir cerner et modéliser l'impact réel de l'Homme sur le climat, il est indispensable de connaître avec précision les paramètres forçant les variations climatiques naturelles et les effets de ces variations sur l'environnement, et en particulier les enregistrements sédimentaires puisque ceux-ci sont utilisés dans les reconstructions climatiques puis les modélisations du climat. Les bassins versants, de tailles variées, et l'échelle de temps étudiés permettent de suivre à très court, court et moyen terme uniquement l'effet du climat puis la mise en place de la pression anthropique et son impact dans différents contextes sédimentaires.
Les lochs, lacs et tourbières sont des sites dans lesquels les enregistrements sédimentaires sont généralement continus depuis le dernier maximum glaciaire (environ 20 000 ans) et souvent caractérisés par une résolution très fine. En revanche, les enregistrements sédimentaires en domaine alluvial et estuarien sont très réduits et fragmentés, mais non dénués d'intérêt. Il s'agit donc nécessairement de conduire une approche pluridisciplinaire. Au sein de cette thématique globale, mes activités de recherche sont centrées sur une approche minéralogique, granulométrique et géochimique de l'impact des variations climatiques et des phases d'anthropisation sur les sédiments. La question de la datation des sédiments est alors cruciale pour corréler entre eux des événements d'impact régional. C'est là qu'intervient la mise en évidence et la caractérisation de niveaux de téphras dont la dispersion régionale est instantanée à l'échelle des temps géologiques.
Massa, Charly. "Variabilité climatique holocène et impacts anthropiques historiques en zone subarctique : étude multiparamètre de la séquence sédimentaire du lac d'Igaliku (Groenland)." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1008/document.
Full textThe medieval Norse colonization of Greenland (986-1450 AD) and the subsequent reestablishment of agriculture in south Greenland, aided by recent climate warming, constitute a conceptual model that is particularly well adapted to understanding the relations between a community and its environment. In this perspective, a multi-parameter sedimentological study was undertaken on the sedimentary sequence of Lake Igaliku (N61°00’22”, W45°26’28”), situated in the heart of the medieval and current agricultural sector. The 4 m long sequence, covering the entire Holocene evolution of the lake (~10 000 years), was studied at high temporal resolution. The analyses included the physico-chemical characterization of the sediments (density, magnetic susceptibility, XRF, X-ray imaging, grain size, carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur content, ICP-AES, δ13C and δ15N isotopic ratios) as well as the biological components of the sediment (pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, diatoms). 28 radiocarbon dates as well as 210Pb and 137Cs measurements created a precise temporal framework with which to reconstruct the postglacial evolution of the lake and its catchment in terms of isostatic constraints, climatic forcing and anthropogenic impacts. The first phase of basin evolution is primarily controlled by isostasy, with the rapid transition from glaciomarine conditions to a freshwater lake as the basin emerged from the fjord 9500 yr BP. Afterwards, the sedimentary sequence records the paleoclimatic evolution of the region. Paleolimnological and terrestrial proxies suggest an early warm phase likely interrupted by a cold, windy, dry period between 8600 yr BP and 8100 yr BP. A second dry, windy period between 5300 yr BP and 4800 yr BP predated the transition to neoglacial cooling, which is characterised at Igaliku by a switch to humid and perhaps cooler conditions after 4800 BP, and which caused a major shift in both aquatic and terrestrial ecology. Approximately 1000 AD, after the arrival of Norse settlers, the lacustrine system became anthropogenically dominated. Land clearing and domestic herbivores introduction in the lake catchment doubled the rate of soil erosion (from 4 mm century-1 to 8 mm century-1 by 1200 AD) and caused a major modification of the organic carbon influx. On the other hand, diatom assemblages demonstrate that the lake ecology was not strongly impacted by medieval agriculture at this site. After 1325 AD, until the end of the Norse tenure in the mid-15th century, terrestrial vegetation showed signs of rebound and soil erosion decreased. This agricultural diminishment, probably in relation to the beginning of the Little Ice Age, is consistent with an important change in subsistence patterns evidenced by archaeology in this region. The reestablishment of agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century marks the reinvigoration of erosional processes that are similar in intensity to that of the Norse settlement. On the other hand, the intensification and modernization of farming practices during the 1980s is responsible for marked soil erosion (21 mm century-1) and a shift in lake ecology (eutrophication) that is unprecedented in the 9500 yr history of the lake. The combined effects of agriculture and climate warming already underway (initiated in the 1920s at Igaliku) will have large environmental consequences for the future of this region
Lignier, Vincent. "Les sédiments lacustres et l'enregistrement de la paléosismicité : étude comparative de différents cas dans le Quaternaire des Alpes Nord-Occidentales et du Tien-Shan Kyrghyze." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811857.
Full textRezzoug, Samya. "Utilisation d'isotopes naturels dans les familles de ²³⁸U et de ²³²Th pour une étude environnementale : impact des retombées atmosphériques du ¹³⁷37Cs dans des sols forestiers et des sédiments lacustres : application à l'étude d'une zone alpine (Boréon, Mercantour, S. E. France)." Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE4060.
Full textLake sediment samples and forest soils were collected in the Mercantour massif. The uranium and thorium, vertical distributions in soils show that leaching occurred at several levels as well as precipitations from surface and/or sub-surface runoff waters. The application of Latham and Schwarcz’s equation (1987) and Moreira-Nordeman’s model (1980) confirmed thorium leaching in sub-surface soils. The 137Cs fallout in 1986, after the Chernobyl power plant accident, was evaluated by comparison with the unsupported 210Pb behaviour. The 137 Cs high activities in the soil upper layers 17 years after the Chernobyl accident as well as the activities in upper latke sediments suggest that the residence time of 137Cs in the drainage basins is long. In all the lake core, organic matter (O. M. ) profiles display a concentration break with the higher concentrations in the upper part. This break is also observed practically in the all studied radionuclides profiles, with higher or lower activities according to the radionuclides and sites. Lake emptying and scraping realized in 1991-92 are responsible for this pattern. The lower part of some sediment cores is probably constitute by underlying soil, because the O. M. Concentrations in the deep layers are similar as those of soils, and the 137Cs and 210Pb activities are negligible. During the lake emptying the correspondent sedimentary level was probably removed. The 137Cs present in the deeper layers can result from either nuclear tests (1960-63), or infiltrations from the upper layers, essentially contaminated by the Chernobyl 137Cs
Djellouli-Yvetot, Ahlam. "Modélisation et classification de signatures acoustiques. Application à l'identification de la nature sédimentaire des fonds lacustres par échosondage." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30170.
Full textLegrand, Benjamin. "Caractérisation des proliférations nostocaléennes anciennes et futures via les akinètes présents dans les sédiments." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC109/document.
Full textAkinetes are resistant cells produced by cyanocteria of the Nostocales Order. Originating from the differentiation of vegetative cells, Akinetes are able to persist in surface sediment duringg winter and then germinate in spring to recolonize the water column. Monitoring on pelagic and benthic populations performed during two years in lake Aydat has shown that the akinetes present in surface sediments are representative of diversity and abundances of past nostocalean proliferations. Akinetes capacity to persist in sediment at large time scales has allowed to highlight cyanobacterial presence since several thousand years. Recurrences of akinetes in sediment from 6 700 years to present day presume that the trophic level stayed high through the history of this lake. In parallel, the toxic potential of akinetes, studied with the detection of anaC and mcyA genes, has shown the co-occurrence of anatoxin-a and microcystins the since first cyanobacterial blooms, 6 700 years ago and the recurrence of anaC associated to Dolichospermum macrosporum since at least the last 30 years. On the other hand, high differences of intact akinete percentages have been observed depending on the species, with mean values of 5 and 60 % for D. macrosporum and D. flos-aquae (the two dominant species) respectively. This varibiliy may be the reflect of ecologic interactions which occurred in the water column and may be due to different ecological strategies. Moreover, ability and time of germination seem to be dependent, which may allow to extend the window of recruitment depending on environmental conditions. Despite a high loss of viability over time, some akinetes buried since 1 800 years in sediments have shown their ability to germinate, confirming the importance of these resistant cells in the long scale perpetuation of nostocalean blooms
Triboulet, Bruno. "Influence de l'accumulation et de l'évolution des sédiments sur le fonctionnement d'un lagunage naturel." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20236.
Full textNagy, Attila László. "Comportement géochimique des éléments traces dans le système aquatique rivière Zala - réservoir Kis-Balaton - lac Balaton (Hongrie)." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20079.
Full textArnaud, Fabien. "Signatures climatiques et anthropiques dans les sédiments holocènes des lacs du Bourget et d'Anterne (Nord-Ouest des Alpes) : paléohydrologie et contamination au plomb." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-345-346.pdf.
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