Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sédiments marins – Teneur en composés organiques'
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Coulon, Anaïs. "Rôle des sédiments organiques sur le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des bassins d’infiltration d’eaux pluviales." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2012. https://hal-agrocampus-ouest.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01203123.
Full textThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of organic sediment deposits on the hydrodynamic functioning of the Cheviré stormwater retention-infiltration basin (44). Physical and chemical characterization of the sediments, underlying soil of the basin, and sediment organic matters were undertaken. Sediments influence on the soil transfer properties were then evaluated by an experiment at the soil column scale and by a numerical simulation at the basin scale. Organic matters of the Cheviré basin had a small degradation capacity, which explained their large concentrations in sediments. These large levels of organic matters favored a large water retention capacity of sediments but led to a decrease of their infiltration capacity. This decrease may be induced on the one hand by a highly hydrophobic behavior of sediments, especially to anthropogenic organic matters such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and on the other hand, by a closure of sediment macroporosity. Conversely, sediment microporosity became increasingly important and favored water retention. Simulations showed that combined effects of (i) the sediments accumulation at the basin soil surface, (ii) the gradual decrease of sediment porosity, and (iii) the increase of sediment hydrophobicity, explained the decrease of the basin infiltration capacity and the increase of the frequency of overflows in the basin during aging
Tranier, Julie. "Modélisation stratigraphique de la distribution et de la préservation de la matière organique en milieu marin profondCas d'une marge à sédimentation pélagique : système d'upwelling côtier du Benguela (Namibie, Afrique du Sud Ouest)." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13167.
Full textJalaluddin, Noor. "Origine, nature et distribution des hydrocarbures dans des sendiments marins tropicaux (Martinique et Guadeloupe) et équatoriaux (Indonésie)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30042.
Full textCauwet, Gustave. "Dynamique de la matière organique dans les milieux marin et polyhalins : son rôle dans les processus géochimiques aux interfaces." Perpignan, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PERP1066.
Full textPischedda, Laura. "Bioturbation et hétérogénéité de l'oxygène dans les sédiments marins appréendées par une méthode optique de quantification 2D : incidence sur les communautés microbiennes sédimentaires." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009Aix22051.pdf.
Full textThis work concerns the study of oxygen heterogeneity (spatial and temporal variability) in marine sediments induced by benthic macrofaunal bioturbation activity. For that, planar optodes that enable the mapping of two-dimensional (2D) oxygen distribution and dynamics at high resolution were used. First, a heterogeneity index that allows quantifying the spatial variability from 2D oxygen distribution images was developed and successfully tested with organisms presenting different reworking modes. Since we noticed that burrow builder organisms (i. E. Gallery-diffusors) induced higher sediment oxygen heterogeneity, we thus explored it in detail by recording oxygen distribution and dynamics within a burrow structure of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. This study underlined strong variations in oxygen concentration on a short temporal scale (min) within the burrow structure and a strong multiscale spatial variability (cm, mm). A third study showed that the bacterial community of the N. Diversicolor burrow structure exhibited higher biodiversity compared with surrounding sediments. This community was also specific of that environment which is unique, notably in terms of biogeochemical characteristics (e. G. Redox oscillations). Finally, in a last work, we wanted to understand the potential interaction of an inorganic contaminant with bioturbation activity and its influence on oxygen fluxes. For that, we tested the impact of a radioactive heavy metal, the uranium (238U), in a bioturbated environment. Despite reworking activities were reduced, the oxygen diffusive fluxes in contaminated sediments were higher (24%) compared with the non contaminated sediments. This study also reflected the degree of complexity generated by interactions between macrofauna, microfauna and that kind of contaminant. These works corroborated the idea that oxygen distribution heterogeneity is intimately linked to bioturbation which, by acting on the bacterial community structure and activity, indirectly influences organic matter oxidation processes
Pichevin, Laëtitia. "Sédimentation organique profonde sur la marge continentale namibienne (Lüderitz, Atlantique sud-Est) : impacts des variations climatiques sur la paléoproductivité." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12804.
Full textBarnier, Madeleine. "Hydrocarbures et acides gras présents dans les milieux marins "propres" : Méditerranée (site de Port-Cros), région subantarctique (îles Amsterdam et Saint Paul)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30038.
Full textGomez, Hernandez Maria Elena. "Rôle des sédiments dans l'eutrophisation d'une lagune littorale Méditerranéenne (étang du Méjean-Hérault) : échanges du phosphate entre le sédiment et l'eau en fonction des conditions environnementales." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON13520.
Full textBravo, Mercado Manuel. "Spéciation des composés organostanniques dans les sédiments et matériaux biologiques du littoral chilien par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la photométrie de flamme pulsée (GC-PFPD)." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3027.
Full textIn this work the development of an analytic methodology based on "headspace" soild phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC-PFPD) were carried out. It showed to be efficient, fast and simple for the simultaneous determination of eight organotins. The chemometrical optimisation of extraction allowed to reach instrumental limits of detection more lower than 1 ng (Sn) l-1. During the analysis of some Chilean sediments the unknown signal presence on chromatograms were found. The GC-MS use demonstrated that these signals correspond to sulphur compounds. The application of HS-SPME allowed to solve these problems and it appears as a promising alternative thanks to its high sensitivity and selectivity for the organotin determination by GC-PFPD on the complex samples. For the first time, the tin speciation on environmental samples coming from the Chilean coastal sites was determinated. Only butyltins were determinated (MBT, DBT and TBT). Their concentrations are variable and it depends of sampled sites and their proximity with contamination sources. The determination of the total concentrations of metals and metalloids on more contaminated sites allowed to classify the samples in two groups. Besides, factor analysis evidenced relationships between some elements concentrations and organotin compounds. This result suggests a common anthropogenic source for butyltins, arsenic and copper, chemicals species used in antifouling paints
Eljammal, Tamim. "Nature et distribution des hydrocarbures et des acides gras dans des sédiments marins oxydes et réduits." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30034.
Full textMesnage, Valérie. "Contribution à l'étude de la mobilité des formes de phosphate à l'interface eau-sédiment dans les écosystèmes lagunaires." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON13508.
Full textDe, Boni Antonella. "Mise au point de méthodes analytiques pour la détermination des PGE (¨PLATINIUM GROUP ELEMENT ) provenant des émissions automobiles, et leur répartition globale." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10276.
Full textTHE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYT[CAL METHODS FOR THE DETERM[NAT[ON OF THE PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS (PGE) BY [CP-MS WITH SENSITIVITY ENHANCING SAMPLE INTRODUCT[ON SYSTEMS COUPLED WITH MATR[X SEPARATION OR PRE¬CONCENTRAT[ON METHODS [S REPORTED. THE METHODS WERE USED TO ANALYSE SEDIMENTS FROM THE VENETIAN LAGOON AND SAMPLES TAKEN FROM THE EXHAUST OF A DIESEL POWERED VEHICLE. MOREOVER, ALUMINA M[CROCOLUMNS HAVE BEEN EMPLOYED FOR THE PRE-CONCENTRAT[ON OF THE PGE IN SNOW FROM GREENLAND; THIS METHOD [S PROMISING, BUT HAS TO BE FURTHER OPTIMISED. THE RESULTS OBTAINED DEMON STRATE THAT THE VENETIAN LAGOON [S NOT HEAV[LY AFFECTED BY PGE FROM ROAD TRAFF[C, BUT THAT A FURTHER SOURCE OF Pd SEEMS TO BE PRESENT THAT HAS CONTAMINATED THE LAGOON. RESULTS FOR DIESEL CAR EXHAUST SAMPLES SHOW THAT MOST OF THE PGE [S [N THE PART[CULATE PHASE AND HAS A COMPOSITION S[M[LAR TO TH AT OF THE CATALYST. MOREOVER, IT WAS FOUND THAT PARTICULATE FlLTERS FlTTED AFTER THE CAT AL YTIC CONVERTER BLOCK A SIGN[FICANT PART OF THESE EMISSIONS
Lerat, Yannick. "Cycles annuels de la matière organique et des éléments nutritfs dans les sédiments d'un écosystème côtier (baie de Morlaix, France) : interactions avec le compartiment pélagique." Brest, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BRES2004.
Full textMerhaby, Dima. "Caractérisation de la pollution organique et inorganique dans les sédiments portuaires du Liban." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10144/document.
Full textLebanon coastal zone (LCZ) which extends over 220 km along the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is a typical case of most coastal areas of the developing countries in the Mediterranean region, where the combination of a wide range of anthropogenic activities are contributing to water pollution and environmental degradation, by the direct and indirect release of a large number of pollutants into the sea via atmospheric and river inputs. Amongst the numerous environmental concerns we are facing, the marine environment is one of the top priorities that must be addressed. Due to its ecological importance, the evaluation of coastal sediment quality constitutes an important area of research to give a clear picture of water pollution status. Much attention was paid of some priority pollutants such as persistent organic pollutant (POPs) and heavy metals as known to be toxic, persistent and bio-accumulative, carcinogenic and mutagenic. There is an urgent need to survey the levels of these pollutants in sediments due to the great lack of information in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea in general and particularly in Lebanese coastal zone which render our study very important and useful regionally and locally by local authority and policy makers during coastal zone management. The semi-enclosed basins such as ports and bays are very vulnerable ecosystem where build-up greatly amount of these pollutants in sediments. This why we focus on our studies of the assessment of ports sediment quality of some possible hotspots where the re-suspension and oxidation of anoxic sediment occur frequently. A special attention was taken to Tripoli harbour which is the second Port of Lebanon due to its location near some reserved island. The pollution levels of LCZ by these pollutants are assigned as moderate to high. An emergency proposal plan was prepared for Tripoli Harbour, this will assists harbour authority to response for all fire and oil spill accidents as a first step for a durable development inside this promising harbor
Chaumery, Christian. "Répartition des éléments nutritifs sur le plateau continental armoricain et en mer d'Iroise en relation avec le régime hydrique de la Loire : Assimilation Régénération. Facteurs limitant la production phytoplanctonique." Brest, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BRES2020.
Full textThe spreading of low-saline nutrient-rich waters of the Loire estuary as tidally-regulated meanders injects nutrients over a major part of the Armorican continental shelf region in winter. The nutrients thus brought in are consumed in spring as the river plume spreads over the shelf. The magnitude of the flux of nutrients transported by the Loire in the south Brittany sector varies according to the intensity of river discharge and the timing of the peak discharge(s). Addition of nutrients with high flows in spring alleviates nutrient limitation and enhances primary production. When the spring river discharge is strong and occurs over a long period, the Loire waters could be distinctly differentiated from surrounding Iroise Sea waters. The Loire waters circumnavigate the Ouessant Island by the west and penetrate into the western English Channel. A study of the distribution nutrients on the Armorican continental shelf also enables identification of various sectors subjected to nutrient addition with freshwaters: Loire, Gironde, and Vilaine. Using nutrients as tracers of the circulation of the Loire waters on the Armorican continental shelf, the average velocity of displacement of the Loire plume from its estuary to Ouessant island has been estimate at 5 cm. S-1. Assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus by the phytoplankton occurs in a ratio close to that of the Redfield ratio (N/P=16). Ratios of assimilation of nitrogen and silicon decrease with time indicating the increasing importance of regenerated production. In the cold deep water of the South Brittany, regeneration of nutrients begins in the southeastern part. Regeneration of silicon begfins as early as April and is twice faster than that of nitrate
Aycard, Mylène. "Géochimie des sédiments du bassin de Cariaco (Venezuela) dans le contexte de la dernière transition glaciaire-interglaciaire : processus de sédimentation et préservation de la matière organique." Lille 1, 2004. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2004/50376-2004-Aycard.pdf.
Full textLe résultat majeur obtenu est que dans le site exceptionnel du bassin de Cariaco la matière organique se révèle être un marqueur paléoclimatique d'aussi grande qualité que les isotopes stables de l'oxygène. Une étude géochimique détaillée de la matière organique de cinq échantillons révèle l'origine essentiellement phytoplanctonique de la matière organique, ainsi qu'une faible contribution d'origine bactérienne, alors que la matière organique dérivée de végétaux supérieurs est négligeable. Un examen détaillé de la matière organique, par une étude spectroscopique, puis pyrolytique, a permis de montrer que le proto-kérogène, ou matière organique insoluble non hydrolysable, est essentiellement constitué de géomacromolécules, ou mélanoi͏̈dines, formée par une réaction de condensation de matériel dérivé de protéines et de polysaccharides dégradés associées à des lipides fonctionnalisés. Des thermochemolyses TMAH ont également permis de montrer que des protéines avaient été préservées par encapsulation dans la fraction de la matière organique la plus réfractaire. Enfin, le processus de sulfuration naturelle est d'ampleur très modérée, et ce malgré des conditions de sédimentation a priori favorables, i. E. Présence d'une anoxie de la colonne d'eau et intense sulfato-réduction
Cependant, la proportion de composés organo-soufrés tend à augmenter avec le temps. Ainsi, il apparaît que le processus de sulfuration naturelle se produit sur un intervalle de temps long, à l'inverse de la dégradation-recondensation qui paraît finie même pour l'échantillon le plus récent (ca. 800 ans). Une étude détaillée des composés organo-soufrés a permis d'approcher la cinétique de ces processus, et révèle que les polysaccharides incorporent le soufre plus rapidement que les lipides. En effet, la matière organique sulfurée identifiée dans l'échantillon le plus récent est essentiellement dérivée de carbohydrates. En revanche, la proportion de lipides sulfurés dans les proto-kérogènes tend à augmenter dans les échantillons les plus anciens traduisant une meilleure résistance des lipides à la reminéralisation par rapport aux carbohydrates. La combinaison d'une étude géochimique globale des sédiments bruts, couplée à l'étude géochimique moléculaire approfondie de la matière organique permet de proposer un modèle de dépôt de la matière organique dans un cadre climatique parfaitement contraint
Rauch, Mathieu. "Processus de minéralisation benthique au sein des systèmes sédimentaires intertidaux de Manche orientale." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Rauch.pdf.
Full textAchard, Romain. "Dynamique des contaminants inorganiques dans les sédiments de dragage : rôle spécifique de la matière organique naturelle." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874422.
Full textAmine, Helmieh. "Évaluation de l'exposition liée à la présence de contaminants organiques dans les zones de transition en Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13521.
Full textMany organic pollutants issued from different sources are present into freshwater and coastal waters. Since these lipophilic contaminants are present at trace levels in water, accumulator compartments such as sediments can be used to assess their concentration in aquatic systems. The objective of the thesis was to assess the exposure in coastal areas to the various families of organic contaminants namely "emerging pollutants" including UV filters, alkylphenols, alkylphenol polyethoxylates, and "persistent pollutants" including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and water. A major research effort has been given to the investigation spatial and temporal dynamics of the selected pollutants in sediment, allowing the acquisition of a first set of national data (Lebanese).Three rivers and their coastal environment in the eastern Mediterranean have been taken as a case study in addition to the small coastal city that was selected to complete the study in the coastal environment. A first overview of the levels of these hydrophobic contaminants in coastal areas receiving typical eastern Mediterranean inputs is thus provided. The results of chemical analyzes have clearly shown the impact of discharges of untreated effluents into coastal areas via inputs from rivers and direct discharges along the coast, without recreational activities (for UV filters) and industrial effluents discharges (for alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyethoxylates). Transition zones may act like a source of contamination of the three rivers coastal environment in the absence of marine inputs. Elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in sediments in coastal environments. This contamination has persisted for years after the oil spill that has invaded the Mediterranean coast in 2006. Our overall results indicate that concentrations in sediments of the three studied rivers and the coastline can be classified among the highest levels detected in the Mediterranean basin and may induce toxic effects in aquatic biota.This work may be of paramount importance for the East-Mediterranean region, and particularly for Lebanon, a country which, despite being a signatory to the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea and is, subsequently involved in monitoring the quality of its marine environment, suffers far different types of discharges of untreated effluent along its coast in the absence of wastewater treatment plants
Torelli, Martina. "Modelling Microbial Methane Processes in Marine Environments : from Source to Seep. Insights from Basin Analysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS270.pdf.
Full textMarine sediments in continental margins are known to be enriched in Sedimentary Organic Matter (SOM) which can yield methane by microbial activity. Previous results collected in the framework of the PAMELA research project allowed to identify several seepages of microbial methane offshore Aquitaine (Bay of Biscay) and along the Mozambique and Madagascar continental margins. In order to better understand the impact of the Organic Matter (OM) on such fluid systems, we (1) characterized the OM, and (2) proposed a new modelling approach to predict methane cycle at the basin scale from its generation to migration and release. The OM in the Mozambique Channel shows heterogeneities at large scale in quality and quantity between the Mozambique and the Madagascar margins. We concluded that isotopic signature variations can be the result of different transport and preservation conditions between the two sites. A new modelling approach was applied to the Bay of Biscay biogenic fluid system. It consists of a basin modelling workflow of microbial gas generation and migration process at the basin scale and accounts for OM biodegradation processes and the main biogenic gas sink. The results allowed us to propose a reference scenario for microbial gas production in offshore Aquitaine that is compared with measured data from in situ bubbling sites and acoustic water column signatures. The biogenic system appears to be sourced by biogenic gas system found in the Plio-Pleistocene sediments that is still active, with a mean flow rate estimated between 0.87 and 1.48 Tcf/My
Noureddin, Seïf. "Contribution à l'étude de la matière organique dans le milieu marin côtier : Classe des substances humiques." Brest, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BRES2014.
Full textRekik, Boubaker. "Propriétés géotechniques des sédiments de dragage traités au ciment." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2062.
Full textThe management of dredged sediments is an important issue for the authorities concerned by dredging operations. Dredged sediments are widely submerged in the sea or deposited in landfills. In this research, we examine the valorisation of treated sediment in geotechnical applications. The study focuses on geotechnical properties of a sediment before and after cement treatment with contents less or equal to 10 %. Results confirmed an enhancement of geotechnical properties of the treated sediment when cement content increases. Organic matter contents effects on treated and non treated sediment properties were also evaluated. Results shows that at the same water content, decrease in organic matter content induce a significant amelioration in geotechnical properties especially on compressibility behaviour
Durand, Cédric. "Caractérisation physico-chimique des produits de l'assainissement pluvial : origine et devenir des métaux traces et des polluants organiques." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2287.
Full textThe objective of this multidisciplinary work was to characterise the mineral and organic matters in the sediments from storm water drainage systems. Several physical chemical techniques were used to study the mineral fraction of sediments from retention ponds and street sweeping. This study concerned major elements and trace metals. The results show that the sediments are often polluted, with concentrations higher than the reference values for polluted soils. The study of organic matter shows that the lipid fractions are mainly composed of hydrocarbons and PAHs at high concentrations. Humic acids and humine were studied by global techniques and by thermochimiolysis with different alkyl agents. The TMAH technique shows that the studied humic substances contain biopolymers from plant and bacterial origins, as well as ligneous fibres. The use of TEAA allows to show that the released compounds are partly trapped in the humic macromolecular net and are released as soon as this one is altered. The last part of the work was devoted to trace metal mobility in the different organic fractions and using the BCR sequential extraction scheme. The mobility sequence of trace metals appears to be : Cr £ Ni < Pb £ Cu < Zn £ Cd. These results could be used as a basis for recommendations to local governments in order to improve the management of sediments from storm water drainage systems
Msokar, Sawsan. "Étude de la matière organique dans deux écosystèmes estuariens : Les estuaires de la Seine et de l'Authie." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-61-62.pdf.
Full textDauchy, Xavier. "Spéciation des butylétains dans les sédiments marins par couplage chromatographie en phase liquide - plasma à couplage inductif/spectrométrie de masse (HPLC-ICP-MS)." Pau, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PAUU3003.
Full textLagauzère, Sandra. "Influence de la bioturbation des macro-invertébrés benthiques sur le comportement biogéochimique de l'uranium au sein des sédiments d'eau douce." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22059.pdf.
Full textIn freshwater ecosystems, sediments act as an accumulation compartment for metallic pollutants as uranium. Secondary, there can also represent endogenous sources of contamination by resuspension (e. G. Flood, bioturbation) or changes of metal speciation that acts upon their bioavailability. Indeed, metallic compounds can be transformed in more or less toxic or inert compounds through physico-chemical (e. G. PH, redox conditions, ionic force) and microbiological variations. These conditions are themselves under the effects of benthic macro-invertebrate activities via bioturbation processes. The main objective of this PhD was to determinate the influence of two benthic macroinvertebrate species (Chironomus riparius and Tubifex tubifex) on the distribution and the transfers of uranium within freshwater sediments. To reach this goal, laboratory experiments were performed in order to (i) assess the effects of uranium on benthic macroinvertebrates, more particularly on their bioturbation activity, (ii) determine the influence of these organisms on uranium behaviour through high resolution physico-chemical measurements (e. G. Oxygen optodes, DET gel probes), and (iii) estimate the consequences of these interactions on pelagic organisms via genotoxicity measurements (micronuclei assay and molecular biomarkers analysis on Xenopus laevis). The results demonstrate that bioturbation intensity of macroinvertebrates can be affected in uranium-contaminated sediments, but the two species studied in this work show a relative tolerance. For high uranium concentrations (>100 times the geochemical background level), corresponding however to realistic concentrations in highly contaminated sites, T. Tubifex worms are able to maintain a sufficient bioturbation activity that induces a high remobilization of uranium initially associated with sediments to the overlying water (factor 2 to 10). That represents therefore a potential risk for the remaining aquatic biocenosis. However, by testing this assumption on X. Laevis, it was surprisingly noticed that the worms’ behaviour can be modified in presence of this organism in the water column. The effect of bioturbation on uranium release from the sediments was thus altered conducing to lower uranium concentrations in the water column. Nevertheless, sediment-associated uranium, without the effect of bioturbation, induces negative effects on this pelagic organism. Finally, this PhD work illustrates the interactions that can exist between aquatic organisms, sediment biogeochemistry and a metallic pollutant as uranium. The novel results obtained permit to view more precisely the consequences of uranium pollution in aquatic environment. More globally, this work will contribute to a better assessment of ecological risks in polluted aquatic ecosystems
Hebting, Yanek. "Elucidation de mécanismes de réduction de la matière organique sédimentaire : Nouveaux aspects de la chimie des sulfures." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13140.
Full textAzoury, Sabine. "Étude de la contamination de la côte libanaise par les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs) et les éléments traces métalliques (ETMs) : archives sédimentaires et biomonitoring suite à une marée noire." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14755/document.
Full textThis research project aims at the study of the contamination of the Lebanese coast by PAHs, DDE, Hg and Pb. The research work is divided into two distinct parts concerning two environmental compartments (sedimentary and biological) and it addresses different questions and approaches. In the first part, the study of a dated sediment core raised from the continental shelf in southern Lebanese coast allowed reconstructing the contamination history in the Levantine basin. The contaminants’ analysis as well as 210Pb and 137Cs datation allowed obtaining a reliable record of mercury, lead and PAHs sedimentary deposition in the Lebanese continental margin in the Levantine basin. Although concentrations and fluxes are relatively low, a two-phase increase of concentration is found using C1 core sedimentary profiles. Coal was identified as the main source of Pb, Hg and PAHs in the Levantine basin between the mid 19th and the mid 20th century. Ratios of Pb stable isotopes and PAH diagnostic ratios support this assumption. The studied sedimentary archives provide also information on the deposition of contaminants on a global scale possibly related to atmospheric emissions mainly from Central and Eastern Europe. In the second part of the thesis, the study of contamination by PAHs of the Lebanese coast was undertaken following an oil spill in the south of Lebanon, which occurred after the bombardment by the Israeli military of the electric power plant in Jiyeh in 2006. We have set-up a biomonitoring program with an invasive mussel specie Brachidontes variabilis over a three-year study. Results indicate a progressive decrease of PAH concentrations in the intertidal ecosystem of the Lebanese coast. Contamination of the subtidal zone in 2007 by Jiyeh fuel oil was significantly lower. However, Jiyeh fuel oil signature was still detectable in mussel tissues even three years after the oil spill. Contamination was found to be particularly persistent in some of the highly oiled sites. It appears that pre-spill state was still not reached even three years following the oil spill. Detailed investigation of spatio-temporal changes of intertidal mussels contamination by PAH is also presented in this part of the thesis
Strechie-Sliwinski, Claudia. "Enregistrement sédimentaire des changements environnementaux récents dans la zone Nord-Ouest de la Mer Noire." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112178.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to investigate the processes and the recent environmental changes stored in the sediments from the North-Western part of the Black Sea in the last 30,000 years. We used sedimentary cores extracted from water depths ranging from 55 to 2100 m. In order to obtain information about the depositional environment and the chronology of the events, we used different methods: clay mineralogy analysis, sedimentology, environmental magnetism, organic matter characteristics and AMS radiocarbon chronology. Radiocarbon dating of the organic matter and fossil shells was used to obtain a precise chronology of the past events. It was difficult to correct the 14C data, because of the differences between the ages of organic matter and shells that varied significantly from one sample to another. This difficulty comes from the fact that the Black Sea basin contained in some periods oxygenated fresh water and in some periods stratified salty water. The correlation between the 14C data and the carbonate content allowed us to set up a chronology of the sediments. The clay mineralogy pointed out that the sediments containing smectite were carried into the basin mainly from the North and not from the South of the drainage basin, as previous studies indicated. The environmental magnetism study helped us to determine the significant variations in the oxygenation of the sediment and of the water column (i. E. , changes between oxygenated and anoxic conditions). The magnetism study together with the organic matter characteristics also indicates changes in the salinity of the water. Our study reveals the environmental changes that have occurred during the last 30,000 years
Pailler, Delphine. "Paléoproductivité océanique au cours des derniers cycles glaciaires : implications climatiques et préservation de la matière organique." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30012.
Full textOrganic carbon, carbonate and alkenones (special biomolecules produced by the coccolithophorids algae) contents of sediment cores from the Iberian margin provide a semi-quantitative estimate for marine productivity during the last 140 000 years. During glacialperiods and terminations, increased productivity and colder alkenone-estimates of sea surface temperature suggest an intensification of the coastal upwelling. Following the changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation in the North Atlantic, the upwelling is weaker during interglacial periods. During the last glaciation, these changes are frequently interrupted by brief, cold and poorly productive events probably related to the Heinrich events, the coldest periods of the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles and the most extensive glacial conditions. Close to the Maldives, in the eastern part of the equatorial Arabian Sea, the concentrations of marine organic matter and redox sensitive trace elements (uranium, cadmium, molybdenum) display simultaneous increases every 23 000 years, during low summer insolation of the northern hemisphere. .
Picon, Philippe. "Diagénèse précoce de la matière organique à l'interface eau-sédiment dans un environnement de marge continentale." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30044.
Full textIncubations of radioactive tracers and measurements of Sediment Community Oxygen Consumption (SCOC) were performed on the Gulf of Lions and Balearic continental margins (N-W Mediterranean Sea) by the use of autonomous benthic chambers, SCOC, measured along a coast-slope transecl in the Gulf of Lions is characterized by spatial and temporal variations which reflect the benthic response to organic matter (OM) inputs to the seafloor. The SCOC values presented in this study range from 0. 6 mmol 02 m- 2j-1 in the deep stations of the continental slope to 48. 1 mmol 02 m-2j-1 in the coastal area. Mineralization rates were calculated from SCOC indicating that a high percentage of the organic carbon (OC) which reaches the bottom is remineralized at the sediment-water interface: approximately 50% on the slope and 70% on the continental shelf. .
El-Osmani, Racha. "Étude de la contamination des eaux et des sédiments par les pesticides." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10165/document.
Full textSince the explosion of the chemical industry in the twentieth century and the use of synthetic products, increasing amounts of chemicals, have continued to be released into the environment. However, in recent decades, there has been a growing concern about the fate of these chemicals that threaten water resources. Increased knowledge on the analytical performance and toxicological data on active products has led authorities in industrialized and developing countries to impose various restrictions. Monitoring of contaminants in aquatic environments has been put in place to achieve good ecological state of the environment. Among the most dangerous and the most commonly detected in aquatic organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, their derivatives and pesticides. These contaminants present in trace amounts in aquatic environments. Analyzes require appropriate analytical methods to be both specific and sensitive. The objective of this thesis is to develop analytical methods for the extraction of several families of organic contaminants (pesticides, hydrocarbons ...) in water and sediment. A mathematical model Umetrics was used to study the influence of each interest parameter. Compared to conventional methods, this model reduces the number of experiments, and have very good yields. The optimized methods were then applied to study the natural environment in France and Lebanon
Deborde, Jonathan. "Processus biogéochimiques des zones intertidales des systèmes lagunaires : le Bassin d'Arcachon (SW, France)." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13479.
Full textKadlecova, Milada. "Contamination mercurique des sédiments et cours d'eau du nord de la France et de la République Tchèque." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10148/document.
Full textMercury (Hg) is naturally occurring toxic element; however global mercury emissions are dominated by anthropogenic sources. The global cycle of mercury has seen an increase in mercury deposition, especially in aquatic ecosystems, since the beginning of the industrial revolution. First part of the thesis summarizes the source of mercury, its properties and toxicity from the general point of view, but also the current state of knowledge on the biogeochemical cycle of mercury and in particular behaviour of mercury inside the sediments of the aquatic environment and factors influencing its transformation into methylated form. The sediment in aquatic systems may acts as the ultimate sink, where mercury in its various complexes is deposited. The mercury in sediments can then be converted to its more toxic organic form, methylmercury (MeHg), by the transformation processes controlled by various physical, chemical and biological factors. More over remobilization of mercury species from sediments is possible due to diffusion and resuspension and so sediments may act as potential source of mercury for aquatic biota. Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications can then continue up the food chain where humans, among other animals, consume the organic mercury. It is clear that determination of total mercury is not sufficient to understand its fate in the environment; determination of MeHg provides very useful additional information. The sensitive and precise analytical method for MeHg determination is necessary. The methodological part of the thesis deal with the methods for determination of mercury species in sediments. The method for methylmercury determination in sediments using automated Headspace sampler equipped with Trap and coupled with Gas Chromatography and Atomic Fluorescence Detector was developed and is define. The special attention is also given to the necessity of clean sampling procedures and the proper storage and pre-treatment of the samples and the field study of Hg distribution in sediments. The mercury contamination of sediments from the South Moravia and Northern France are compared. The mercury species and other elements (Fe, Mn, S) were analysed in sediments and/or pore water and/or surface water collected from the sampling sites in the Deûle and Lys River (France) and Jihlava and Morava River (Czech Republic). In order to better assess the mercury contamination of aquatic ecosystem, the pore water concentration could be evaluated to understand the availability of mercury from sediment. The use of diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) technique is applied to measure pore water mercury concentration in river sediments. Different resins gels for mercury determination are used: Spheron-Thiol, Duolite GT-73 and TiO2. River Deûle act as a sink for enormous anthropogenic Hg from the industrial activities and is considered as a potential significant source of methylmercury to the surrounding environment. The last part of thesis deals with the application of well-established isotope experiments to study methylation/demethylation processes in sediments of Deûle River. For this purpose, species-specific isotopically enriched tracers in the form of inorganic mercury IHg (199Hg) and MeHg (201MeHg) have been added to the sediment slurries. Mercury labelled species were used as the tracers to follow their chemical fate and calculate the extent of the transformation reaction yield occurring during the 24 hours experiment. This experiment methodology is refined by applying advanced matrix algebra to resolve the contributions of several different enriched stable isotope species specific tracers to the isotope pattern found, making the calculation of methylation/demethylation rates possible
Romero, Sarmiento Maria Fernanda. "Contribution of molecular biomarkers to the knowledge of terrestrial plants development during the Palaeozoic." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10041/document.
Full textThe aliphatic and aromatic biomarker content from terrestrial and marine sediments of Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous age have been related to their palynomorph assemblages (e.g. acritarchs, prasinophytes, chitinozoans, cryptospores, trilete spores and megaspores) in order to contribute to the knowledge of land plant evolution during the Palaeozoic. This investigation is therefore focused on the land-derived biomarkers and their attributions to specific kind of plants. The biomarker record of middle Silurian – lower Devonian sediments from southern Tunisia, Ghadamis Basin (Gondwana) reveals the presence of retene, cadalene, kaurane, norabietane, tetrahydroretene, C19 isohexylalkylnaphthalene and simonellite. The early Palaeozoic bryophytes and tracheophytes (e.g. Cooksonia, lycophytes and zosterophylls) may therefore be considered as potential precursors for retene and its related molecular compounds in sediments of Middle Silurian to Early Devonian age. In contrast, the Early Carboniferous flora formed by arborescent lycopods, sphenopsids and pteridosperms have been suggested here as apossible terrestrial source for phyllocladane, abietane, ent-beyerane, bisnorsimonellite, diaromatic totarane, diaromatic sempervirane and 2-methylretene in the Lower Carboniferous (Viséan) coal deposits at Dunbar (East Lothian, Scotland). Among the other biomarkers detected in our samples, ionene, alkyldibenzofurans, perylene and combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicate pollen, lichens, fungi and vegetation fire contributions, respectively. Most of the biomarkers identified here had been so far generally associated to conifers, though conifers only evolved during Late Carboniferous. Thesecompounds therefore are also characteristic of early land plants
Higueras, Marina. "Impact of eastern storm on the transfert of particulate organic matter in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean sea)." Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1240.
Full textRivers represent the primary pathway for particulate organic matter (POM) transport from continent to the continental shelf and are capable of discharging significant amounts of this organic matter during the occurrence of short but violent flash flood events, commonly associated with eastern storms. Terrestrial matter delivered by rivers during flash flood events is stored into continental shelf. Then, hydrodynamic conditions occurring at the shelf are capable of transferring this matter to the deep sea along submarine canyons. This study has allowed to simultaneously assess the variations of the quantity and origin of the POM in several rivers discharging into the NW Mediterranean Sea during a flash flood event, in the settling particles of two sediment traps deployed into the southern flank of the Cap de Creus canyon; and in the surficial sediments along 4 transects perpendicular to the continental shelf during March 2011. The obtained results will help us to understand land-sea exchanges
Louriño, Cabana Beatriz. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans deux systèmes aquatiques soumis à des activités minières et métallurgiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10033/document.
Full textTrace-metals behaviour had been studied in two different aquatic systems contaminated by mining and metallurgical activities. The first study site is situated in two Norwegian rivers (Raubekken and Vorma). Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in both rivers were measured by voltammetry by means of an automatic monitoring system developed by the NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology). The most significant result of this study was the daily variability of these three metals in Vorma, with noticeable shifts of metal-content maxima detected. The second study site is situated in Deûle river, close to the ancient smelter Metaleurop. Although suspended particles and sediments were strongly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd, the global quality of the filtered water was found to be good. As for the water-sediment interface, the oxidation of biodegradable organic matter and the reduction of iron and manganese oxides result in an important release of trace metals in interstitial waters from surface sediments. Nevertheless, measured and calculated diffusive and benthic fluxes of trace metals from the sediment to the water column were weak with respect to daily metal-concentrations variations in the water column. During monitoring campaigns in winter, it was shown that an increase of dissolved zinc occurred in the water column a few hours after sediment resuspension events, whereas in spring this phenomenon is more dependent upon temperature variations between day and night and phytoplankton activity as key parameters of daily cycles
Daye, Mirna. "Etude de la contamination par le mercure dans les milieux aquatiques : devenir et comportement biogéochimique, mise au point de méthodes d’analyse de trace du mercure." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10074/document.
Full textMercury is a very particular element conferred by its high density and vapor pressure. It is a ubiquitous element in the environment and considered as global pollutant. Mercury is among the most hazardous environmental pollutants, given by its organic form, methylmercury (MeHg or CH3Hg). In natural waters, mercury is present at very low concentrations. For this reason, most analytical techniques do not achieve accurate direct measurement of Hg which necessitates preconcentration to meet their limit of detection. The first part of this study focuses on the development of analytical methods for the measurement of mercury by solid phase extraction. Two analytical methods have been developed; one based on the anion exchange mechanism using ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) and the other one based on the solid phase extraction of mercury using 5-phenylazo-8- hydroxyquinoline and detection by CV-AFS (Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy). Part of this work also includes the distribution and biogeochemical behavior of mercury in rivers of the Deûle and Lys (Northern France). The results have showed high concentrations of total mercury (HgT) in the Deûle contaminated by a former smelter "Metaleurop". The concentrations of HgT measured in the Lys are much lower. Although Deûle sediments are highly burdened with HgT as compared to Lys sediments, much higher percentage of methylmercury is found in Lys River. Suspended particles are the major Hg carrier phase and transporters of Hg pollution from Deûle to Lys River