Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sedimenty'

The dissertation deals with clogging of reservoirs and ponds by redundant sediments which penetrate water system by erosion. It describes methods of extracting pond sediments. It contains measurement of dewatering of sediments on hydrocyclone and design of laboratory hydrocyclone and filter unit. In the conclusion there is design of technology of dewatering sediments which were extracted by wet method by drainage excavator. Numerical simulation of flowing in hydrocyclones is simulated in the CFX programme and dewatering technology is simulated in the CHEMCAD programme.

Sediments and sewage sludges are part of the environment. Sewage sludges are formed in wastewater treatment plants as solid residues after water purification, therefore they have antropogenic origine. Although the sediment are formed by natural processes, humans also contribute to their formation. Sediments and sewage sludges can be a reservoir of a number of contaminants, due to their properties. Utilisation of sediments and sewage sludges as material for recultivation or a natural fertilizer is currently supported. But after application to the land, contaminants can be released to the environment. The consideration of ecotoxicological effects of sediments and sewage sludges is very important. Sediments and sewage sludges were ecotoxicologicaly evaluated by bioassays with water leacheate and by whole sediment bioassays. Daphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Sinapis alba and Lemna minor were used to perform tests with water leacheate. Heterocypris incongruens, Lactuca sativa and Eisenia fetida were used to perform whole sediment tests.

Sediments of lotic and lentic water can be a reservoir of a number of contaminants, which can enter the aquatic ecosystem either due to the controlled discharge of waste water or leakage of various accidents or technological devices. Sediments can hereby affect not only the aquatic ecosystem, but also the terrestrial system in the case that they will be used as fertilizer or as a material for the recultivation. For this reason it is important to consider their potential ecotoxicity. Sediments were subjected to ecotoxicological bioassays and their potential ecotoxicity was assessed. The phytotoxicity assays on terrestrial plants Sinapis alba, Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa were used and the effects of aqueous extracts of sediments on the inhibition of growth their root were evaluated and the value of IC50 was determined. For the ecotoxicological assessment of sediments and determination of IC50 value also Lemna minor as a representative of aquatic plants was selected. For more objective assessment of the sediment ecotoxicity aquatic invertebrates as Artemia salina and Daphnia magna were selected and the value of LC50 or EC50 was determined.

This diploma thesis focuses on an issue concerning an excavated sediment application on an arable soil and its impact on the soil quality based on a particular case of a deposition of the sediment from the dam Luhačovice on an adjacent agricultural area. The theoretical part of this thesis is focused on a soil and sediment characteristics and functions, contained risk elements, sampling methods, determination possibilities of particular risk elements and a description of conditions which emerged from a need for the deposition of sediment obtained during scavenging of the dam Luhačovice. In the experimental part was described the process of sampling, samples processing and determining of concentration values for chosen risk elements (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb) using flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry methods. This part also contains an evaluation of obtained results and a validation of an approval for the sediment deposition.

Os sedimentos marinhos são receptores finais de vários compostos da coluna de água, possuindo uma participação ativa nos ciclos biogeoquímicos. Comunidades microbianas possuem um papel crucial nestes ciclos, sendo responsáveis por grande parte da remineralização da matéria orgânica em sedimentos superficiais. Foram realizados dois experimentos com simulações de processos oceanográficos em microcosmos: Enriquecimento Orgânico, testando a diferença entre a chegada de fitoflagelados e diatomáceas no sedimento e Ressuspensão, simulando a passagem de frente fria. Foram analisados os compostos referentes à qualidade e quantidade da matéria orgânica sedimentar, assim como o fluxo de nutrientes da interface água-sedimento. No Experimento Enriquecimento, as diferentes algas causaram respostas distintas nos processos de degradação da matéria orgânica, aumentando a qualidade e o metabolismo das comunidades presentes, além de modificar os fluxos de nutrientes, sendo notada uma resposta mais rápida nos mecanismos de degradação devido à adição do fitoflagelados. No Experimento Ressuspensão, o distúrbio físico ocasionou uma resposta imediata e significativa na liberação dos nutrientes do sedimento para a interface água-sedimento e alterações nas concentrações de ácidos graxos, principalmente nos dois primeiros dias após a simulação. Logo, os diferentes eventos oceanográficos simulados comprovaram sua influência frente aos processos biogeoquímicos, principalmente na disponibilidade de ácidos graxos e na liberação de nutrientes para a água sobrejacente
Marine sediments are the final receivers of many organic compounds from the water column, playing an important role in biogeochemical cycles. Microbial communities are important to these cycles as they remineralize organic matter within surface sediments. Microcosm experiments were conducted to simulate two important oceanographic processes: Organic Enrichment, to test differences between sinking patterns of phytoflagellates and diatoms and Resuspension, simulating the passage of a cold front. The quality and amount of the organic matter was assessed, as well as the nutrient flow between the sediment-water interface. In the Enrichment Experiment, distinctive responses in the degradation processes were noted between treatments where the addition of phytoflagellates increased the quality of the organic matter, caused faster metabolism communities present in the sediment, and modify the patterns of nutrient flux rates. In the Resuspension Experiment, the physical disturbance caused an immediate and significant release of nutrients from the sediment to the sediment-water interface and changed the in the concentrations of fatty acid content most notably during two days after the resuspension event. Thus, the different simulated oceanographic events influenced biogeochemical processes, particularly in the availability of fatty acids and the release of nutrients to the overlying water

This paper deals with the monitoring of water contamination and sediments in the area of Olší - Drahonín. Firstly, the water contamination released into the river Hadůvka is evaluated. Secondly, the sediments in the river are monitored and the surface water flow is evaluated. Finally, the water treatment technology and sampling is described. A description of the separation methods and choice of standard methods is outlined.

The doctoral thesis deals with usage of gel techniques for in situ measurement of bioavailable metals in soils and sediments. The DGT technique was applied to soil samples from the localities of Zlín, Tuřany and Chrlice for estimation of bioavailable metals in soils. These soils were amended by sewage sludges in years 1980-1987. The experiment using diffusive gels with different pore size, APA and RG gels, has shown that the DGT can be used for assessment of trace metal soil complexes - small inorganic and larger organic. The results obtained by DGT measurements were approximately up to two orders of magnitude lower than metal concentrations obtained by leaching with sodium nitrate. The leaching with sodium nitrate does not provide true reflection of metal availability to plant root system and soil microorganisms and the DGT technique seems to be a better predictor of metal bioavailability. Only small differences between undisturbed and homogenized soil samples were found out by application of DGT to soil samples from localities of Veverská Bítýška and Ostrovačice. The undisturbed soil is not homogenous and the DGT unit gives information only about the part of the soil which is in direct contact with the unit. The procedure with soil slurry can be recommended for the characterization of large soil areas and estimation of bioavailable metals in soils. Gel techniques were also used for the study of processes occuring in sediments. Mercury species and other metals were analysed in surface water, pore water and sediments collected from two sampling sites in the Dele River in northern France. This river had been polluted during the last century by the activity of Métaleurop factory, which dealt with metal ore treatment. The application of DGT technique using two specific ion-exchange resins, Chelex-100 and Duolite GT-73, provided assessment of mercury in sediment pore water. DGT and DET techniques together with centrifugation provided also high resolution depth profiles of Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd in pore water. It is not possible to determine which sampling site was more contaminated. Only small differences in mercury species and metal content were observed between sampling sites. The Dele River can be classified as contaminated river according to total mercury content in sediments and as slightly contaminated river from the point of view of methylmercury content. Correlations between mercury species and sulphide content confirm that total mercury and sulphide content count among factors influencing the mercury release to pore water and controlling processes of methylation and demethylation. Only low toxicity of sediment slurries was found out by the bioluminiscence test with Vibrio fischeri. The results of doctoral thesis demonstrate gel techniques as a very good tool in environmental analysis.

This diploma thesis deals with the retrieval of the content of tin in environmental media, the circulation in them and possibilities of the determination of tin in the environment. Summarizes available information on the properties of tin and its compounds, the occurrence and circulation of tin in environmental and determination of tin in environmental media, attention is paid to the determination of total tin content using method of ET-AAS. The experimental part is focused on optimization methods of determination for the ET AAS and selection of a suitable extraction procedure for determination of total tin content in soils and sediments. The best procedure for the determination of tin in the ET-AAS was applied to samples of soil, sediment and water. As the optimum matrix modifier was chosen the solution of Pd (NO3)2 in 5% ascorbic acid, the optimum pyrolysis temperature was 1400 °C and atomization temperature 2400 ° C. Neither of extraction procedures examined were found to be an appropriate procedure for the determination of tin in environmental samples and further work is necessary to optimize the method of separation.

Diploma thesis is oriented on the question of the fate and occurence of mercury and its derivatives in water ecosystems. At first, deep literature review will be worked out. At second, the optimal analytical procedure for the determination of mercury alkylderivatives in water ecosystem compartments will be proposed and verified. At third, real samples from selected water ecosystems will be taken and analyzed.

The dissertation focuses on topic of using risk elements contamination as a stratigraphic marker in palaeoenvironmental research. The contamination is not studied only as itself, but is viewed as a way to analyse and interpret the sedimentary record of historical events. The contamination carries the information about its original place, its original activity, about development of the landscape. The Kutná Hora region (central Bohemia; 49°57'0.170"N, 15°15'59.877"E) is a region of important historic mining and smelting activity. The mining started in 13th century and lasted until half of 16th century. Then only sporadic attempts of renewal were made. Spatially limited mining was renewed in second half of the 20th century. Therefore, it is highly probable to find here the contaminants in the role of stratigraphic markers. In the research were used mainly As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, V and Zn as these are the most analysed in contamination studies performed in the region. The aims of the dissertation were to answer these questions: To characterize the contamination - Are some risk elements typical for the contamination originating from the mining and smelting? - If so, is their environmental (spatial, sedimentary) manifestation diversified? - Is possible diversity spatially related to particular landscape features or areas? - Is possible diversity connected to particular activities? To use the answers in analysis of particular sites - Is it possible to use the risk elements contamination as stratigraphic marker in fluvial sediments? - How is the interpretation of particular site influenced by the whole context of regional contamination? The core of the research is the metaanalysis of contamination data coming from region (the data obtained by our research and also from other studies). The results have brought not only basic characteristics of contamination, mainly concentrations. The crucial result was the structure of studied elemental complex. Only As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are connected to contamination originating in mining and smelting. Other elements - their concentrations and spatial distributions - are uninfluenced by mining and smelting activities. More, the information about connection of As and Cd to mining and Cu, Pb and Zn to smelting was revealed. Both groups recorded with different spatial distributions. Also comparison of results by different approaches has shown that some statistical processing (clr-transformation) of such dataset was much better for interpretation than analyses of only concentrations values. We studied also the area of confluence of two rivers - Klejnárka (main river draining contaminated region), which is tributary to Labe (Elbe) river. The contamination is still recognizable here, but the diversity between contamination elements is not. The confluence of rivers strongly dilutes the contaminated material. The concentrations decrease. Also here clr-transformation of data enabled to analyse structures of contaminants spatial distribution unrecognizable by concentrations values. We performed also two vertical profiles analyses. It was shown, that it is highly risky to interpret data of such origin without the complex information about regional contamination context. It was revealed by contextual interpretation of data from one of the profiles, that there is a mixing of geochemical data coming from different statistical populations. The contamination works there as only one of the factors influencing sedimentary record. The site is therefore suitable for statistical testing of two populations mixing, outliers` detection and the like.

Aquesta tesi estudia la dinàmica hidro-sedimentària de rius mediterranis, tant ‘naturals’ com regulats per preses. Amb aquest objectiu, s’ha realizat un estudi a escala multi-temporal i multi-espacial, que inclou treball de camp en trams de riu representatius, l’anàlisi de dades a nivell de conca, i experiments en canals de laboratori. L’alteració hidrològica aigües avall dels embassaments s’ha observat a diferents escales temporals, afectant notablement la magnitud i freqüència de les crescudes. A nivell sedimentari, s’observa un dèficit de sediments, fet que facilita l’establiment de biofilm i que, a la vegada, afavoreix l’estabilització del llit del riu. A més, l’emmagatzematge temporal de sediments a la llera modula el balanç i regula l’entrada de sediments en embassaments. La tesi mostra els efectes d’un conjunt d’activitats antròpiques en procesos fluvials i com això altera les interaccions bio-físiques del riu, i posa èmfasi en la necessitat d’una gestió contínua per la preservació dels ecosistemes fluvials.
Esta tesis estudia la dinámica hidro-sedimentaria de ríos mediterráneos, tanto ‘naturales’ como regulados por presas. Con este objetivo, se ha realizado un estudio a escala multi-temporal y multi-espacial, que incluye trabajo de campo en tramos de río representativos, análisis de datos a nivel de cuenca, y experimentos en canales de laboratorio. La alteración hidrológica aguas abajo de los embalses se ha observado a diferentes escalas temporales, afectando notablemente la magnitud y frecuencia de las crecidas. A nivel sedimentario, se observa un déficit de sedimentos, lo que facilita el establecimiento de biofilm y, a la vez, favorece la estabilización del lecho del río. Además, el almacenamiento temporal de sedimentos en el lecho modula el balance y regula la entrada de sedimentos en embalses. La tesis muestra los efectos de un conjunto de actividades antrópicas en procesos fluviales y en la alteración en las interacciones bio-físicas del río, y enfatiza la necesidad de una gestión continua para la preservación de los ecosistemas fluviales.
This PhD thesis studies hydro-sedimentary dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, both in ‘natural’ and in dammed rivers. For this purpose, a multi-temporal and spatial research was carried out, including field measurements in representative river reaches, data analysis at the basin scale, and experiments in artificial streams. The hydrological alteration downstream from dams was documented at different temporal scales, notably affecting the magnitude and frequency of floods. Regarding sediments, a severe deficit was observed below dams, a fact that facilitates the establishment of biofilm which, in turn, favours river bed stabilisation. Moreover, the study shows how in-channel storage influences the river sediment budget and regulates sediment input in reservoirs. The thesis examines the effects of a suit of human activities on fluvial processes and how this alter rivers’ bio-physical interactions, and emphasises the need of continuous monitoring of all these processes to achieve a sound management of fluvial ecosystems.

GONÇALVES, Jeamylle Nilin. Avaliação da qualidade do sedimento do estuário do rio Ceará. 2008. 93 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2008
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The evaluation of sediment quality has been seen as a consistent and necessary extension of assessment programmes for water resources. Sediments are the most concerning of the compartments due characteristics that favour the deposition and accumulation of contaminants. Previous studies showed that the estuary of Ceará River is suffering contamination by industrial and domestic effluents, and that toxicity was observed in embryos of sea urchin exposed to water of the estuary. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the environmental quality of sediment samples from the estuary of Ceará River, through sediment characterization, quantification of metals and bioassays in several compartments of the sediment. Three Campaigns were conducted (Oct/06, Jan/07 and May/07) at four stations along the estuary. As reference, sediments of the estuaries of Malcozinhado and Pacoti rivers were sampled. Analysis of granulometry, carbonate, organic matter and of the metals Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr served to characterize the stations. Toxicity of the whole sediment was evaluated in bioassays with the amphipod Tiburonella viscana and the copepod Nitokra sp.; whilst embryos of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus were used in tests at the interface sediment/water and with aqueous elutriates. The characterization of the toxicity of elutriates was accomplished through chemical and physical manipulation for the Evaluation and Identification of Toxicity (TIE). We observed a gradient on percentages of mud, organic matter and metals with values decreasing toward the mouth. In general, the samples from the estuary of Ceará River were toxic on all routes of exposure. The test with amphipods showed good reproducibility, whilst the reproduction of copepods showed large variations in the control, amongst the campaigns. Toxicity was high for both tests with sea urchin embryos. Ammonia seems to have contributed to the toxicity observed in samples of elutriate, however, manipulation of addition of EDTA, Sodium thiosulfate, aeration, filtration and the macroalgae Ulva sp. reduced the toxicity. This suggests that apart from ammonia, other factors such as metals, and oxidizable volatile and particulated compounds contribute to the toxicity. Linear correlation and principal components analysis between abiotic parameters, metals and toxicity demonstrated that the parameters investigated do not fully explain the toxicity observed in this study. Despite the values of metals found in the Ceará River were low relative to other impacted estuaries, high levels of toxicity were identified in samples of sediment from the region
A avaliação da qualidade do sedimento tem sido vista como a extensão coerente e necessária de programas de avaliação dos recursos aquáticos. Os sedimentos apresentam-se como o mais preocupante dos compartimentos devido às características que favorecem a deposição e acúmulo de contaminantes. Estudos anteriores mostraram que o estuário do rio Ceará vem sofrendo contaminação por efluentes industriais e domésticos e que foi observada toxicidade a embriões de ouriço do mar expostos as águas do estuário. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade ambiental de amostras de sedimento do estuário do Rio Ceará, através de análises sedimentológicas, quantificação de metais e através de bioensaios em vários compartimentos do sedimento. Foram realizadas três Campanhas (Out/06, Jan/07 e Mai/07) em quatros estações ao longo do estuário. Como local de referência foram amostrados sedimentos dos estuários dos rios Malcozinhado e Pacoti. Análises de granulometria, carbonatos, matéria orgânica e ainda a análise de Zn, Cu, Pb e Cr serviram para caracterizar as estações. A toxicidade do sedimento integral foi avaliada em bioensaios com o anfípodo Tiburonella viscana e o copépodo Nitokra sp.; enquanto que embriões do ouriço do mar Lytechinus variegatus foram utilizados em testes na interface sedimento/água e com elutriatos. A caracterização da toxicidade de elutriatos foi realizada através de manipulações físicas e químicas para Avaliação e Identificação de Toxicidade (AIT). Foi observado um gradiente em relação às porcentagens de finos, matéria orgânica e metais com valores decrescendo na direção da foz. De forma geral, as amostras coletadas no estuário do rio Ceará foram tóxicas em todas as rotas de exposição. O teste com anfípodos mostrou boa reprodutibilidade, enquanto que a reprodução de copépodos teve grandes variações no controle, entre as Campanhas. Para ambos os testes com embriões de ouriço do mar, a toxicidade foi elevada. A amônia parece ter contribuído para toxicidade observada em amostras de elutriato, contudo manipulações de adição de EDTA, Tiossulfato de sódio, aeração, filtração e Ulva sp. reduziram a toxicidade das amostras sugerindo que além da amônia, metais, compostos oxidáveis, voláteis e particulados contribuam para a toxicidade. A correlação linear e a análise dos componentes principais entre os parâmetros abióticos, metais e toxicidade demonstraram que os parâmetros pesquisados não explicam totalmente a toxicidade observada nesse estudo. E apesar dos valores de metais encontrados no rio Ceará serem baixos em relação a outros estuários impactados, níveis elevados de toxicidade foram identificados em amostras de sedimento da região.

The aim is to assess the chemical status of a water course Chvalka in Prague before/after rain events and the effect of discharge from the Pražský okruh (Východní spojka) using laboratory analysis of water and sediment. From the results we can say that the creek Chvalka is heavily polluted by human activities before mouthing of discharge from Eastern clutch. These runoffs (except Cl) have on the physico-chemical indicators of water quality of the creek little or no influence. In contrast to the heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cr and Zn), the highest concentrations were measured just at the locations affected by runoffs from Východní spojka. Sampling and laboratory analysis of sediments were for small changes in concentration overtime and time demands made only once. Because of little data to comparison can pronounce that runoff from Východní spojka have an impact on increased concentrations of Zn and maybe even Ni.

A erosão do solo tem sido extensamente estudada dentro do ponto de vista agrícola, pois está relacionada a sérias perdas em termos de produtividade das mais variadas culturas e conseqüentemente, é causa de prejuízos econômicos. Recentemente tem-se dado atenção especial aos problemas ambientais relacionados à erosão, transporte e deposição de sedimentos, já que são, provavelmente, os mais significativos de todos os poluentes em termos de sua concentração na água e dos seus impactos e efeitos no transporte de substâncias químicas, entre elas o nitrogênio aplicado na forma de fertilizantes. O foco central do presente trabalho foi a investigação dos padrões de transporte de sedimentos por erosão hídrica e suas influências na transferência de nitrogênio aos cursos d\'água. A fonte de nitrogênio avaliada foi o sulfato de amônio aplicado superficialmente como fertilizante em um latossolo vermelho amarelo, em diferentes preparos do solo, sem cobertura vegetal e sob chuva simulada em diferentes intensidades. Os resultados permitiram identificar a fração argilosa dos sedimentos erodidos transportados em suspensão na água da enxurrada como a principal via de transporte/transferência de nitrogênio proveniente do fertilizante. Este processo de transferência deu-se mais intensamente nas primeiras chuvas. Constatou-se que os valores de perdas de solo e água não influenciam a capacidade de transporte de nitrogênio entre a área de cultivo e os cursos d\'água. O preparo do solo influenciou as concentrações de nitrogênio transportadas pela enxurrada. As concentrações de nitrogênio nos sedimentos são altas mesmo com baixo volume e intensidade de chuva.
Soil erosion has been extensively studied from the agricultural point of view, because it is related with serious damages in terms of a huge variety of plantations productivity and its consequent economic detriments. Currently, special attention is given to the environmental problems caused by erosion processes and the transport and deposition of the sediments, since they are, probably, the most significant pollutants in terms of its concentration in the water and its impacts and effects in the chemical substances transport, such as nitrogen which is applied in the form of fertilizer. The central focus of the present work was the research of the standards sediment transport origined by the water erosion and their influences in the transference of nitrogen to the water bodies. The evaluated nitrogen source was the ammonium sulphate applied superficially as a fertilizer in a latossolo vermelho amarelo soil, under different soil tillage systems, without vegetal covering and under different intensities of simulated rain. The results allowed to identified that the argillaceous fraction of the eroded sediments carried in the runoff suspension was the main way of the nitrogen transport/transference derived from the fertilizer. This transference process was more intensely observed in the first rains. It was evidenced too, that the losses values of soil and water did not influence the nitrogen transport capacity between the planted areas and the water bodies. Aditionally, soil tillage influenced in nitrogen concentrations carried by the runoff. The nitrogen concentrations in the sediments were high, in spite of the low volumes and low intensities of the rain.

The issue of phosphorus in sediments of small watercourses and phosphorus forms are often out of interest, unlike phosphorus and its forms in sediments of water reservoirs. The thesis is focused on the development and evaluation of methods for the determination of total phosphorus by modifying commonly used methods and evaluation of methods for the determination of selected forms of phosphorus in small watercourses sediments. Over 1,152 analyses of sediment samples collected in four seasons and four locations and in three paralell determinations were done. The total phosphorus in the sediments was assessed by four methods, further 7 other forms of phosphorus were evaluated by one to three methods, according to different forms of phosphorus. The data file was subjected to statistical analysis. The aim of statistical analysis was to evaluate phosphorus concentrations, depending on the used method. Additional aim of statistical analysis was to observe dependencies of phosphorus concentrations on metals and identify the impact of periods and locations on the concentration of phosphorus.

O presente estudo visou investigar os efeitos da ressuspensão do sedimento e enriquecimento orgânico por diferentes microalgas na estrutura das comunidades microbianas do sedimento. Para tanto dois experimentos laboratoriais separados foram realizados (Nov-Dez/2009 e Abr-Maio/2011) com o intuito de simular as condições de ressuspensão e pulsos de produtividade primária observadas em campo e assim observar como a comunidade microbiana do sedimento é influenciada por esses eventos. Ambos os experimentos foram mantidos por um total de 30 dias após o tratamento, durante os quais amostras para análises sedimentares, densidade de procariotos e composição da comunidade bacteriana foram tomadas em seis períodos diferentes. A camada superficial do sedimento foi estudada mais detalhadamente e mostrou que tanto a chegada de material algal quanto a ressuspensão são responsáveis por mudanças significativas na densidade, metabolismo e composição da comunidade bacteriana do sedimento. Ainda, a chegada de diferentes tipos de algas ao sedimento (fitoflagelados e diatomáceas) levou a diferentes repostas tanto na densidade quanto na diversidade dos micro-organismos sedimentares. A estrutura vertical dos micro-organismos na coluna sedimentar também foi estudada. A chegada de material algal no sedimento não levou a grandes mudanças na estrutura da comunidade mais profundas da coluna sedimentar. A estabilidade criada pelo ambiente experimental parece ter levado a um aumento tanto da densidade quanto da diversidade microbiana na camada intermediária do sedimento, em ambos os tratamentos e no controle. Já a ressuspensão parece influenciar de forma mais efetiva a distribuição dos micro-organismos na coluna sedimentar, devido a mistura da coluna sedimentar e mudanças nas condições redox das camadas sedimentares. Concluindo, tanto a chegada de alimento no sedimento, como eventos de ressuspensão são responsáveis por mudanças significativas na comunidade microbiana dos sedimentos costeiros.
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sediment resuspension and organic enrichment by different microalgae on the sedimentary microbial community structure. We run two separate laboratory experiments (Nov-Dec/2009 and Apr-May/2011) to simulate resuspension conditions and pulses of primary productivity observed in the field, and analyze how these events affect the microbial community. Both experiments were maintained for a total of 30 days following treatment when samples were taken for sedimentary analysis, prokaryotic density and bacterial community analyses at six different sampling times. The sediment surface layer was studied in more detail, and showed that both the input of algal material and resuspension are responsible for significant changes in density, metabolism and bacterial community composition. Also, the arrival of different types of algae to the sediment (phytoflagellates and diatoms) led to different responses in both density and diversity of sedimentary microorganisms. The vertical structure of microorganisms in the sediment column was also studied. The arrival of algal material in the sediment did not show important changes in community structure of the deeper sedimentary layers. The stability created by the experimental environment seems to increase both the density and diversity of microbes in the middle layer of sediment in both treatments and control. On the other hand resuspension seems to influence more effectively the distribution of microorganisms in the sedimentary column due to sediment mixing and changes in redox conditions of different layers. In conclusion, both the arrival of food on the sediment and resuspension events is responsible for important changes in the coastal sediment microbial communities.

This volume comprises ninety-one contributions to the Sediment 2011 conference of the Central European section of the Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM-CES) and the Geologische Vereinigung (GV) at the University of Leipzig held in June 2011. The central theme of this meeting was “Sediments: Archives of the Earth System” in order to bring together young and established researchers from all fields of soft-rock geology and beyond to shape a stimulating interdisciplinary program on the role of sediments in understanding the System Earth and the evolution of paleoenvironments and climate through time.

O presente estudo de proveniência sedimentar baseia-se na geocronologia U-Pb em zircão da areia de praia (Areias Brancas, Aberta Nova e São Torpes) e, das rochas que constituem as arribas adjacentes, junto ao Cabo de Sines (grauvaques do Grupo do Flysch do Baixo Alentejo, areias da Bacia de Alvalade e sienitos do Maciço de Sines). As populações de zircão detrítico dos grauvaques carbónicos amostrados neste estudo distribuem-se principalmente pelo Neoproterozoico (ca. 844-548 Ma), derivando de fontes localizadas no bloco continental de Gondwana (Zona de Ossa-Morena). O restante flysch inclui outras fontes que podem ser atribuídas à Laurússia e a um suposto arco insular devónico; estas fontes estão relacionadas com a formação do supercontinente Pangeia (Orogenia Varisca). As idades dos zircões ígneos dos sienitos do Maciço de Sines (ca. 87-74 Ma) indicam a presença de três episódios de cristalização durante ca. 13 Ma no Cretácico Superior e as idades obtidas indicam que este Maciço é contemporâneo do magmatismo alcalino intraplaca representado pelo Maciço de Sintra. Nas areias das arribas plio-pleistocénicas da Bacia de Alvalade predominam zircões paleozoicos (ca. 541-277 Ma); são provenientes de fontes localizadas a norte (soco pré-Mesozoico da Zona Centro-Ibérica e do Eocénico-Miocénico da Bacia do Baixo Tejo), a leste (zonas de Ossa- Morena e Sul Portuguesa) e a oeste (Zona Sul Portuguesa, Triásico da Bacia do Alentejo e Maciço de Sines). Estas fontes foram expostas em resultado do rejuvenescimento do relevo por efeito da tectónica Alpina. A areia holocénica de praia, amostrada a norte do Cabo de Sines, é caracterizada pela predominância de zircões paleozoicos tal como acontece na areia plio-pleistocénica das arribas adjacentes. Na areia holocénica de praia colhida a sul do Cabo de Sines predominam os zircões cretácicos (ca. 95-73 Ma) provenientes do Maciço de Sines; esta diferenciação de fontes está relacionada com a dinâmica litoral atual; ABSTRACT: This sedimentary provenance study is based on U-Pb geochronology of zircon extracted from beach sand (Areias Brancas, Aberta Nova and São Torpes) and sea cliffs rocks around Sines Cape (Baixo Alentejo Flysch Group greywacke, Alvalade Basin sands and Sines Massif syenites). The populations of detrital zircon from the Carboniferous greywackes (this study) are mainly distributed over the interval ca. 844-548 Ma (Neoproterozoic); they derived from sources located in Gondwana (Ossa-Morena Zone). The rest of the flysch deposits include other sources that can be attributed to Laurussia and to a supposed Devonian island arc. These sources are related to the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea (Variscan Orogeny). The ages of igneous zircons from Sines syenites (ca. 87-74 Ma) reveal three crystallization episodes during a period of ca. 13 Ma in the Upper Cretaceous; the ages obtained indicate that the Sines Massif is coeval with the Sintra Massif representing a major event of intra-plate alkaline magmatism in Iberia. Paleozoic detrital zircons (ca. 541-277 Ma) are dominant on the Plio-Pleistocene sands (Alvalade Basin) forming the sea cliffs; they derived from sources located in the north (the pre- Mesozoic basement of the Central-Iberian Zone and the Eocene-Miocene of the Lower Tagus Basin), east (areas of Ossa-Morena and South Portuguese zones) and west (South Portuguese Zone, Triassic Alentejo Basin and Sines Massif). These sources were exposed as a result of landscape rejuvenation during Alpine tectonics. The population of detrital zircons from the Holocene beach sand sampled north of the Sines Cape is dominated by Paleozoic grains as in Plio-Pleistocene sand forming the adjacent sea- cliffs. In the beach sand sampled south of the Sines Cape, Cretaceous zircons are dominant (ca. 95-73 Ma) and probably derived from the Sines Massif; this variation in sources is related to modern littoral dynamics.

The study examines sediments of the Productive Series from the western South Caspian Basin. The main goal of this work is to reconstract provenance of the sediments and its relation to the climatic variability during the deposition of the Productive Series. The Productive Series is divided into a lower and upper division. The Russian Platform was the main sediment source area for the Lower Division. Three different sediment source areas were determined for the Upper Division: the Russian Platform was sediment source area for the Absheron Peninsula; the Greater Caucasus was the main sediment source area for the South Absheron Offshore Zone and the Lesser Caucasus was the main sediment source area for the Baku Archipelago. The sediments of the Lower Division have variable smectite and illite concentrations which indicate climate change between humid and arid conditions in the Russian Platform. The Upper Division of the Productive Series from the Absheron Peninsula is characterised by high amounts of illite. It suggests physical weathering under arid climatic condition on the Russian Platform at the time of deposition. Variation of the smectite and illite assemblages of the Upper Division from the South Absheron Offshore Zone probably indicate that the climate alternated between humid and arid conditions in the Greater Caucasus. The low amount of the TOC ratios in the Productive Series are associated with arid climatic condition in the Russian Platform and the Greater Caucasus. The much higher TOC/TN ratios (>35) indicate that sediments of the Productive Series were impacted by oil. However the low TOC/TN ratios (<12) in some intervals of the Productive Series suggest an aquatic source for an organic matter.

O conhecimento dos processos que envolvem o transporte, deposição e suspensão de sedimentos em rios é de vital importância na conservação, desenvolvimento e utilização dos recursos hídricos e do meio ambiente. Entretanto, no Brasil, que possui como base energética a hidroeletricidade, não se tem dado a devida atenção no que se refere à sedimentação em virtude da dificuldade na aquisição desses dados e custos envolvidos. Sendo assim esta pesquisa teve como objetivo definir as necessidades relativas à precisão, facilidade, custo e freqüência de aquisição dos dados referentes ao aporte de sedimentos em rios, identificando as tecnologias atuais e as tecnologias promissoras que estarão disponíveis em curto prazo para satisfazer essas necessidades.
The knowledge of the processes involving the transport, deposition and suspension of sediment in rivers is of vital importance in the conservation, development and utilization of water resources and the environment. Meanwhile, in Brazil, which has based the hydropower energy, has not given proper consideration with regard to sedimentation due to the difficulty in acquiring such data and costs involved. So this research aimed to define the needs on the accuracy, ease, cost and frequency of data acquisition for the supply of sediment in rivers, identifying current technologies and promising technologies that will be available on short notice to meet those needs.

Diploma thesis is focused on understanding problematic of sedimentation in reservoirs with relation on flood episodes. For creating numerical model was necessary to ensure data about morphology of the river, granular composition of the riverbed and hydrology data. In thesis is written how were obtained these documentations, description of creating numerical model in program HEC – RAS 5.0.7. and results of done simulations of real flood episodes, which took place in years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2013. Output is evaluation each flood episode, description of grain class curves and evaluation of yearly flow before change of riverbed due to transport of sediments and after change of morphology of riverbed.

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O Estado da Bahia possui a linha de costa mais extensa do Brasil, com mais de 1.000 km de extensão, apresentando uma vasta diversidade de ambientes costeiros. A zona costeira baiana pode ser subdivida em quatro compartimentos principais, de acordo com suas características fisiográficas: Costa do Litoral Norte, Costa dos Riftes Mesozoicos, Costa Deltaica do Jequitinhonha e Pardo e Costa Faminta do Sul da Bahia. Tais características são resultado da interação entre a herança geológica, variações do nível do mar, clima e suprimento de sedimentos. Destacam-se dentre as inúmeras feições presentes nesta costa, o delta do rio Jequitinhonha e as planícies quaternárias, onde se observa o acúmulo de vastos depósitos arenosos. Com o objetivo de compreender ainda mais sobre a gênese e a dinâmica dessas feições, os estudos relacionados ao suprimento de sedimentos revelam-se como importante elemento de investigação. Neste trabalho, buscou-se, a partir da modelagem da produção de sedimentos para todas as bacias hidrográficas (BHs) que deságuam na costa do Estado da Bahia, avaliar a contribuição do aporte de sedimentos fluviais na construção das planícies quaternárias e, com isso, apresentar um dado quantitativo inédito que contribua para a corroboração dos modelos propostos de caracterização da zona costeira da Bahia, bem como, colaborar para a melhor compreensão a cerca da evolução e dinâmica desses ambientes. A produção de sedimento foi calculada utilizando-se a Equação Universal de Perda de Solos – EUPS, a partir dos planos de informações, tais como, precipitação, propriedades dos solos, fatores topográficos e uso do solo. A equação foi calibrada com os dados de medição de sedimento em suspensão, obtidos em dez estações sedimentométricas mais próximas das desembocaduras de cada uma das sub-bacias em estudo, a partir das quais foi calculada a descarga sólida total aplicando-se o método de Colby. O resultado da EUPS foi comparado à descarga sólida total calculada, obtendo-se a taxa de transferência de sedimentos, considerando somente a carga de leito. O valor do aporte fluvial acumulado durante o Holoceno foi comparado com as áreas de depósito de sedimentos arenosos holocênicos. A produção de sedimento total anual, estimada pela perda de solo laminar, foi de 945 x 106 toneladas por ano, para uma área de 332.230 km2. A média anual da descarga sólida total para toda a área estudada (BHs que deságuam na costa da Bahia) foi de 23 x 106 toneladas de sedimentos por ano. Após o cálculo do SDR e considerando somente a carga fluvial de fundo, o aporte que permaneceria depositado nas áreas das planícies holocênicas foi de 7 x 106 toneladas multiplicada por 8 mil anos (representativo do acúmulo sedimentar pós estabilização do nível do mar), resultando num depósito de 63 x 109 toneladas para toda a costa, sendo 85% desses, provenientes dos rios da costa deltaica. O resultado total do balanço sedimentar entre os depósitos fluviais e os depósitos holocênicos foram equivalentes em ordem de grandeza corroborando o papel dos rios na formação da planície costeira.
ABSTRACT - The State of Bahia has the most extensive line of coast of Brazil, being over a 1.000 km in length, featuring a wide diversity of coastal environments. Its coastal zone can be subdivided into four main compartments, according to its physiographic characteristics: Northern Littoral Coast, Mesozoic Riftes Coast of, Deltaic Coast of the Jequitinhonha River, and Sediment Starved Southern Coast. These characteristics are the result of interactions between the geological heritage, sea level variations, climate and sediment supply. Standing out among the many features present on this coast are the Jequitinhonha River Delta and the quaternary plains, where the accumulation of vast sandy deposits can be observed. In order to understand more about the genesis and the dynamics of these features, studies related to sediment supply are revealed as an important research element. This work sought to, using the modeling of sediment yield for all river basins (BHs) discharging on the State of Bahia coast, evaluate the contribution of river sediments in the construction of the quaternary plains and, therefore, present an unprecedented quantitative data which contributes to the corroboration of the proposed models for characterization of Bahia’s coastal zone, as well as collaborate to better understand the evolution and dynamics of these environments. Sediment yield was calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE, from the information plans, such as precipitation, soil properties, topographic factors and soil use. The equation was calibrated with the suspended sediment measurement data obtained in ten sedimentometric stations close to the mouth of each of the sub-basins under study, from which the total solid discharge was calculated by applying the Colby method. The EUPS result was compared to the total solid discharge calculated, obtaining the sediment delivery ratio (SDR), considering only the load bed. The value of the fluvial contribution accumulated during the Holocene was compared with the Holocene sandy sediment deposition areas. The total annual sediment production, which was estimated by the loss of laminar soil, was 945 x 106 tons per year, for an area of 332,230 km2. The annual average of the total solid discharge for the entire studied area (BHs that discharge on the coast of Bahia) was 23 x 106 tons of sediment per year. After SDR calculation and considering only the river bottom load, the contribution that would remain deposited in the Holocene plains areas was 7 x 106 tons multiplied by 8 thousand years (representing the sedimentary accumulation after sea level stabilization), resulting in a deposit 63 x 109 tons for all the coast, 85% of which are from the rivers of the deltaic coast. The results of both the fluvial input estimates and holocene deposits have shown a consistency with the physiography of the coastal compartments that were analyzed, suggesting that in addition to the importance of the fluvial sediment supply, coastal drift along the coastline plays an important role in the dispersion and deposition of these sediments.

Derramamentos de petróleo geraram o aumento da atenção de órgãos governamentais e civis quanto a estudos e técnicas para minimizar os danos aos recursos ambientais e socioeconômicos causados por este tipo de acidente. O desenvolvimento de técnicas e os estudos relacionados à prevenção e resposta aos acidentes busca maior eficiência na resposta à contingência e à diminuição dos danos ambientais e socioeconômicos causados na área atingida. A Carta de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo (Carta SAO) é uma importante ferramenta para a diminuição de danos causados ao ambiente, para o planejamento ambiental na prevenção e na reposta a acidentes em locais de armazenamento e transporte de hidrocarbonetos, tais como dutos, ferrovias, rodovias, etc. Na Carta SAO, para áreas de exposição de sedimentos e rochas sedimentares, procura-se quantificar e qualificar uma determinada área que apresente vulnerabilidade e sensibilidade ao óleo, ou seja, estipular a área e as características intrínsecas do terreno que apresenta alguma probabilidade de ser atingido por óleo, considerando também atividades de resposta. As características dos sedimentos existentes em áreas vulneráveis permitem a determinação de sua sensibilidade, assim buscou-se estudar os parâmetros sedimentares mais influentes na determinação da sensibilidade ambiental do terreno, como a granulometria e seleção, os quais influenciam a porosidade e permeabilidade do terreno, e o cruzamento dessas informações com a declividade do terreno. A fim de testar a eficiência desses parâmetros, o estudo foi aplicado na Bacia do Ribeirão Tamanduá, na região de Cravinhos (SP), por ser interceptada pelo Duto OSBRA e a área de exposição dos arenitos da Formação Botucatu.
Oil spills have resulted in increased awareness among government and private agencies regarding studies and techniques to minimize damages caused by this type of accident to environmental and socio-economic resources. The development of techniques and the studies for prevention and response to accidents is intended to achieve greater effectiveness in dealing with this type of contingency and to decrease the environmental and socio-economic damage to the areas affected by oil spills. The Environmental Sensitivity Index Map for Oil Spills (ESI Map) is an important tool that helps to decrease the damage caused to the environment. It is also useful in planning prevention and responding to accidents in storage areas and in transporting hydrocarbons, in ducts, by rail, road, etc. The purpose of the ESI Map is to quantify and qualify certain areas of exposed sediments and sedimentary rocks that are vulnerable or present sensitivity to oil. In other words, stipulate the area and the intrinsic characteristics of the ground that may receive an oil spill, and considering the response actions. The characteristics of existing sediments in vulnerable areas allow the determination of the area\'s sensitivity. As a result, the study focused on the sedimentary parameters with greatest influence in determining the area\'s environmental sensitivity, such as granulometry and grain selection, which have an influence in the ground\'s porosity and permeability, and cross-referencing this information with the declivity of the ground. In order to test the efficiency of these parameters, the study was implemented in the Bacia do Ribeirão do Tamanduá, in the Cravinhos (SP) region, because it intercepts the OSBRA oil pipeline and an area with exposed sandstone from the Botucatu Formation.

Orientador: Giorgio Basilici
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização estratigráfica da bacia Bauru nas proximidades do município de Marília (SP) através da análise das diferentes litofácies e superfícies limitantes de diversas escalas. O trabalho inclui também a análise dos paleossolos como elemento arquitetural, e a geofísica de poços que proporcionaram um maior detalhamento nas análises dos dados de superfície e subsuperfície. Os depósitos na área são interpretados como sucessões de lençóis de areia eólica com forte influência de processos pedogenéticos no topo e depósitos subaquosos na base da sequência. Esta influência ocorre devido a variações no clima. A espessura dos depósitos na área é de aproximadamente 260 metros, como pode ser comprovado pelos dados de perfilagem. As litofácies determinadas para este trabalho foram o arenito com laminação plano paralela, arenito com estruturas de fluxo não canalizado e arenito com estruturas de adesão. Para os paleossolos encontrados foram o Aridisols e o Entisols. Três fases deposicionais são distintas, da base para o topo: 1) A primeira fase deposicional é caracterizada por uma predominância de depósitos eólicos com grande influência do lençol freático aflorante; 2) A segunda fase também predominada por depósitos eólicos, porém mais seca, com pequena influência do lençol e a presença de paleossolos é pequena; 3) A terceira fase, do topo, é caracterizada por uma predominância de processos pedogenéticos ainda de clima árido a semiárido
Abstract: The main objective of this work is the stratigraphic characterization of Bauru basin in the city of Marília (SP) through the analysis of different lithofacies and bounding surfaces of various scales. This work also include an analysis of paleosols as an architectural element, and the analysis of geophysics wells data that provide a better detailed characterization of the surface and subsurface lithology. The deposit on this area is interpreted as eolian sand sheet deposits with strong influence of pedogenetic processes at the top and subaqueous at the bottom of the sequence. This influence occur due to the climate variations. The thickness of the deposit in this area is approximately 260 meters, as proven by the profiling data. The lithofacies determined for this work are: the sandstone with parallel lamination; sandstone with non-channeled flow structures and sandstone with adhesion structures. The palaeosols found was Aridisols and Entisols type. Three deposition phases can be distinguished, from the base to the top: 1) The first phase of the aeolian deposition process is characterized by a predominance of aeolian deposits with highly influence of water table; 2) The second phase is also of aeolian sedimentation but drier than the lower one, it is not so influenced by the water table and that are few paleosols; 3) Third phase, at the top of the deposit, is characterized by pedogenic processes from arid to semiarid climate
Mestrado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Mestre em Geociências

Orientador: Giorgio Basilici
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Os lençóis de areia eólica são sistemas deposicionais constituídos em áreas de morfologia plana ou ligeiramente ondulada. As formas de leito predominantes nos lençóis de areia são as marcas onduladas de vento. Tais formas de leito podem ocorrer em comboios ou compondo zibars. Os zibars são formas de leito similares às dunas. Nos zibars não há geração de estratos de queda. Embora muitos estudos reconheçam sistemas de deposição eólica pré-cambrianos, poucos são direcionados aos lençóis de areia eólica. Igualmente negligenciados são os zibars. A Formação Bandeirinha é a unidade inferior do Supergrupo Espinhaço. Depósitos de arenitos vermelhos intercalados a conglomerados intraformacionais compõem esta unidade. Três elementos arquiteturais foram individualizados: zibars, dunas com faces de deslizamento e canais efêmeros. Os depósitos de zibars são arenitos finos a grossos, moderadamente bem selecionados, constituídos por sets de arenitos com laminações planas e paralelas, de geometria tabular ou em cunha. Os sets ocorrem sobrepostos, separados por superfícies truncadas, e constituem cosets. Os depósitos de dunas com faces de deslizamento são arenitos finos a médios, muito bem selecionados, que ocorrem na forma de corpos de geometria lenticular. Os depósitos de canais efêmeros são constituídos por corpos de conglomerados intraformacionais, clasto-suportados, de base côncava, os quais ocorrem em contato erosivo sobre os estratos de arenitos. As superfícies erosivas, de contato entre arenitos e conglomerados, têm amplitude regional. A Formação Bandeirinha é interpretada como uma sucessão sedimentar formada em um lençol de areia eólica dominado por zibars. A alternância entre depósitos de arenitos eólicos e conglomerados revela variações climáticas de ordem regional, onde a deposição eólica (clima seco) era interrompida por deposição subaquosa (clima mais úmido). Neste lençol de areia, o balanço entre entrada e saída de materiais clásticos foi sempre positivo, a construção eólica foi contínua nos períodos mais secos. A estabilização do sistema foi resultado dos processos de cimentação no substrato. A subsidência tectônica foi o principal mecanismo de preservação do sistema eólico
Abstract: The aeolian sand sheets are depositional systems formed in areas with flat or slightly undulating morphology. The predominant bedforms in sand sheets are climbing wind ripples. These bedforms may occur in convoys or composing zibars. The zibars are similar to dunes, but without avalanching faces. Although many studies recognise aeolian Precambrian systems, few works deal with aeolian sand sheets. Equally neglected are the zibars. The Bandeirinha Formation is the lower unit of the Espinhaço Supergroup. Deposits of red sandstones intercalated with intraformational conglomerates compose this unit. Three architectural elements are recognised: zibars, dunes with slip faces and ephemeral channels. Deposits of zibars are fine to coarse grained sandstones, moderately well sorted, and composed by sets of planar-parallel laminations sandstones, in tabular geometry. The sets are superimposed and occur separated by truncated surfaces that constitute cosets. The dunes with slip face are fine to medium grained, very well sorted, and occur as lenticular bodies. The ephemeral channel deposits consist of intraformational conglomerates, clast-supported, with concave erosive basal surface on the sandstone strata. The erosive surfaces of the conglomerates seem to have a regional extension. The Bandeirinha Formation is interpreted as an aeolian sand sheet dominated by zibars. The transition between aeolian sandstones and conglomerates reveals climate variations of regional range, where aeolian deposition, which corresponds to dry climate phase, was interrupted by subaqueous deposition, in more humid climate. During the sand sheet deposition, the balance between input and output of clastic materials was always positive, the aeolian construction was continuous. The stabilization of the aeolian system was result of cementation processes of shallow depth. The tectonic subsidence was the main mechanism of preservation of the aeolian system
Mestrado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Mestre em Geociências

This work deals with the characteristics of platinum metals and problems related to their toxicity and mobility in the environment, especially in the aquatic environment. These metals are released into the environment due to the use of automotive catalysts. Their function is based on the catalytic properties of platinum metals. Because of the high temperatures, these metals can be oxidized in the catalyst and subsequently emitted together with the combustion products into the surrounding atmosphere. The aim of the thesis is to measure real samples of river sediments of the river Svratka on the territory of the city of Brno and to find the possibility of contamination of the aquatic environment with these metals.

Several sediment characteristics were analyzed to determine their suitability for use as potential normalization factors for the bioavailability of neutral organic compounds sorbed to sediments. Percent organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and particle surface area were measured sediment characteristics that varied sufficiently to encompass the range in observed sediment toxicity. Laboratory sediment toxicity test data using fluoranthene suggest that there is no biologically significant correlation between sediment toxicity and sediment characteristics (organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, particle size distribution, particle surface area). Fluoranthene amended sediments with similar organic carbon contents do not yield similar toxicities due to sorbed fluoranthene and thus do not support the organic carbon normalization approach for evaluating sediment quality or for sediment criteria development.

Bottom water hypoxia and its influence on the environment have been topics of increasing concern for many coastal regions. This research addresses both spatial and temporal variability in sediment biogeochemistry at the southeastern region of Corpus Christi Bay, TX, where seasonal (summer) hypoxia occurs. Traditional techniques for determination of a variety of dissolved and solid components, benthic oxygen demand, and sulfate reduction rates were augmented by measurements using solid state microelectrodes to simultaneously determine concentrations of dissolved O2, Mn2+, Fe2+, and [sigma]H2S in multiple small - interval (1 mm) depth profiles of sediment microcosms. Oxygen concentrations in the overlying water were manipulated in the sediment microcosms and electrode depth profile measurements were made over ~ 500 hours of experimentation. Laboratory and field microelectrode results were in good agreement for both norm - oxic and anoxic time periods. Results indicated that iron (Fe2+) and sulfide ([sigma]H2S) were the redox reactive species in these sediments. During hypoxic conditions an upward migration of dissolved Fe2+and [sigma]H2S through the sediment column and, at times, into the overlying water was observed as the dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased. A corresponding decline in the vertical extent of these redox species occurred when the overlying water was re-oxidized. When both dissolved iron and sulfide coexisted, FeS minerals were formed in the sediment, preventing sulfide diffusion into the overlying water. However, after a long duration of hypoxia (> 200 hours) this buffering capacity was exceeded and both iron and sulfide penetrated into the overlying waters. Results indicated that iron may have a greater influence on hypoxia than sulfide because its concentration in the overlying waters during induced hypoxia was an order of magnitude greater than those of sulfide. Moreover, in the southeastern region of the Bay, where mixing was minimal and the water column was shallow, the sediments alone may have caused the onset of the hypoxic event in a relatively short time period (< 5.5 days). These results demonstrated that in shallow marine environments where seasonal hypoxia occurs, such as Corpus Christi Bay, the associated major changes that take place in the sediment biogeochemistry must be included in benthic - pelagic models for overlying water hypoxia.

L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi doctoral és analitzar la dinàmica hidro-sedimentaria a curt i llarg termini en dues conques de drenatge Mediterrànies sud-pirinaiques, una amb una dinàmica natural i l’altra alterada per embassaments. En el primer cas, l’anàlisi es centra en identificar les principals àrees font de sediments, i determinar els principals cicles de transferència i els mecanismes i processos de mobilització i exportació de la carga sedimentària al llarg de la conca, fent èmfasis en la variabilitat espacial, i inter i intra-anual. La conca d’estudi és la conca de la Ribera Salada (224 km2). La Ribera salada és una conca Mediterrània representativa de les àrees de mitja muntanya del Pirineu (i.e. capçaleres humides en transició cap a les terres baixes més seques). La metodologia integra el mostreig i mesura de la precipitació, de l’escolament i del transport de sediments en suspensió amb un disseny de conques integrades, i l’aplicació de tècniques de teledetecció per a l’estudi de la intensitat i de la distribució espacial i temporal de la precipitació. En conjunt, les dades obtingudes presenten una elevada resolució espacial i temporal durant un període de 5 anys. Els resultats mostren una eficiència baixa en la transferència de sediments en suspensió en comparació als valors observats per a la regió mediterrània, així com un paper moderat de les crescudes en el transport de sediments. La conca consta de dues zones ben diferenciades amb règims hidrològics i sedimentaris contrastats: i) la part alta de la conca és la principal subministradora d’aigua (controlada pel cabal base), mentre que ii) la part baixa de la conca subministra la major part de la càrrega de sediments en suspensió, on la disponibilitat de sediments i la connectivitat entre les fonts de sediment i la xarxa fluvial és superior i condiciona la càrrega sedimentària. L’activitat sedimentaria depèn de la freqüència, la magnitud i la quantitat d’escolament directe de les riuades, així com dels cicles anuals de producció-transferència-sedimentació-esgotament dels sediments. Aquests factors condicionen la variabilitat intra-anual del transport de sediments en suspensió. S’han observat un total de tres períodes ben diferenciats. i) El primer període, durant l’hivern, presenta una baixa activitat sedimentària per l’escassa disponibilitat de sediments. ii) El segon període, a la primavera, el sediment disponible i la connectivitat amb les àrees font és alta (i.e. llera, marges i talussos ben connectats), fet que genera una elevada activitat sedimentària. iii) El tercer període, a l’estiu-principis de tardor, la disponibilitat de sediment és alta i la connectivitat amb les àrees font moderada (i.e. camps de conreu), el que propicia una activitat sedimentaria moderada. En el segon cas, l’estudi es centra en analitzar l'evolució fluvial de la llera del riu durant el període 1956-2008 i la resposta als impactes morfo-sedimentaris degut a la ruptura de la continuïtat de la transferència d’aigua i sediments. L’àrea d’estudi correspon al tram mig del riu Segre (3320 km2) aigües avall de l’embassament de Rialb (on desemboca la Ribera Salada). Es tracta d’un tram de 40 km de longitud amb diferents impactes antròpics (i.e. embassaments, extraccions d’àrids, esculleres i motes), on la carga sedimentària actual, donats aquests impactes, està condicionada, majoritàriament, per les aportacions dels afluents locals com la Ribera Salada. El treball presenta d'una manera seqüencial i integrada diferents mètodes de diagnòstic hidrològic i sedimentari que sovint es troben fragmentats o dispersos. Els resultats evidencien com els embassaments han afectat a la magnitud i freqüència de les avingudes. La retenció de sediments en els embassaments i les nombroses extraccions de sediments han generat un notable desequilibri sedimentari a la llera. La mobilitat de la llera s'ha reduït de manera molt important i la intrusió de la vegetació de ribera fa que la llera d'aigües baixes tendeixi a ocupar pràcticament la totalitat de la llera activa mostrant una alta estabilitat i afavorint la concentració del flux, que a la vegada condiciona processos localitzats d’erosió. Les principals unitats morfo-sedimentàries (barres laterals i centrals) han desaparegut. La integració dels resultats dels dos estudis és rellevant ja que permet avançar en una anàlisi més acurada de sistemes fluvials, i possibilita, encara que només sigui quantitativament i teòricament, establir una relació de continuïtat entre el balanç de sediments dels afluents no regulats (p.ex. la Ribera Salada) amb el curs principal de la conca (el Mig Segre).
El objetivo de esta tesi doctoral es analizar la dinámica hidro-sedimentaría a corto y largo plazo en dos cuencas de drenaje Mediterráneas sur-pirenaicas, una con una dinámica natural y la otra alterada por embalses. En el primer caso, el análisis se centra en identificar las principales áreas fuente de sedimentos, y determinar los principales ciclos de transferencia y los mecanismos y procesos de movilización y exportación de la carga sedimentaria a lo largo de la cuenca, haciendo énfasis en la variabilidad espacial, e inter e intra-anual. La cuenca de estudio es la cuenca de la Ribera Salada (224 km2). La Ribera salada es una cuenca Mediterránea representativa de las áreas de media montaña del Pirineo (i.e. cabeceras húmedas en transición hacia las tierras bajas más secas). La metodología integra el muestreo y medida de la precipitación, de la escorrentía y del transporte de sedimentos en suspensión con un diseño de cuencas integradas, y la aplicación de técnicas de teledetección para el estudio de la intensidad i de la distribución espacial y temporal de la precipitación. En conjunto, los datos obtenidos presentan una elevada resolución espacial y temporal durante un periodo de 5 años. Los resultados muestran una eficiencia baja en la transferencia de sedimentos en suspensión en comparación con los valores observados para la región mediterránea, así como un papel moderado de las crecidas en el transporte de sedimentos. La cuenca consta de dos zonas muy diferenciadas con regímenes hidrológicos y sedimentarios contrastados: i) la parte alta de la cuenca es la principal suministradora de agua (controlada por el caudal base), mientras que ii) la parte baja de la cuenca suministra la mayor parte de la carga de sedimentos en suspensión, donde la disponibilidad de sedimento y la conectividad entre las fuentes de sedimento y la red fluvial es superior i condiciona la carga sedimentaria. La actividad sedimentaría depende de la frecuencia, la magnitud y la cantidad de escorrentía directa de las riadas, así como de los ciclos anuales de producción-transferencia-sedimentación-agotamiento de los sedimentos. Estos factores condicionan la variabilidad intra-anual del transporte de sedimentos en suspensión. Se han observado un total de tres periodos muy diferenciados. i) El primer periodo, durante el invierno, presenta una baja actividad sedimentaria por la escasa disponibilidad de sedimentos. ii) El segundo periodo, en primavera, el sedimento disponible y la conectividad con las áreas fuente es alta (i.e. cauce, orillas y vertientes muy conectadas), hecho que genera una elevada actividad sedimentaria. iii) El tercer periodo, en verano-principios de otoño, la disponibilidad de sedimento es alta y la conectividad con las áreas fuente moderada (y.e. campos de cultivo), el que propicia una actividad sedimentaría moderada. En el segundo caso, el estudio se centra en analizar la evolución fluvial del cauce del río durante el periodo 1956-2008 y la respuesta a los impactos morfo-sedimentarios debido a la ruptura de la continuidad de la transferencia de agua y sedimentos. El área de estudio corresponde al tramo medio del río Segre (3320 km2) aguas abajo del embalse de Rialb (donde desemboca la Ribera Salada). Se trata de un tramo de 40 km de longitud con diferentes impactos antrópicos (i.e. embalses, extracciones de áridos, escolleras y motas), donde la carga sedimentaria actual, dados estos impactos, está condicionada, mayoritariamente, por las aportaciones de los afluentes locales como la Ribera Salada. El trabajo presenta de una manera secuencial e integrada diferentes métodos de diagnóstico hidrológico y sedimentario que a menudo se encuentran fragmentados o dispersos. Los resultados evidencian como los embalses han afectado a la magnitud y frecuencia de las avenidas. La retención de sedimentos en los embalses y las numerosas extracciones de sedimentos han generado un notable desequilibrio sedimentario al cauce. La movilidad del cauce se ha reducido de manera muy importante y la intrusión de la vegetación de ribera hace que el cauce de aguas bajas tienda a ocupar prácticamente la totalidad del cauce activo mostrando una alta estabilidad y favoreciendo la concentración del flujo, que a su vez condiciona procesos localizados de erosión. Las principales unidades morfo-sedimentarias (barras laterales y centrales) han desaparecido. La integración de los resultados de los dos estudios es relevante puesto que permite avanzar en un análisis más preciso de sistemas fluviales, y posibilita, aunque solo sea cuantitativamente y teóricamente, establecer una relación de continuidad entre el balance de sedimentos de los afluentes no regulados (p.ej. la Ribera Salada) con el curso principal de la cuenca (el Mig Segre).
The objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyse the hydro-sedimentary dynamics in both short and long terms in two Mediterranean South-Pyrenean catchments, one with natural dynamics and the other one altered by reservoirs. In the first case, the analysis focuses on identifying the main source areas of sediment and on determining the main cycles of transport inferring on the mechanisms and processes of mobilization and export of sediment along the catchment, with a special emphasis on space and inter- and intra-annual variability. The study catchment is the Ribera Salada (224 km2). The Ribera Salada is a Mediterranean catchment representative of Pyrenean medium-height mountains (i.e. rainy headwaters transitioning to dryer lowlands). The methodology integrates sampling and measuring of rainfall, runoff and suspended sediment transport with a design of nested catchments; and the application of remote sensing techniques to study the intensity and the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall. The data collected have a high spatial and temporal resolution over a period of 5 years. The obtained data show a low efficiency in suspended sediment transfer in comparison to observed values in the Mediterranean region, as well as a moderate role of floods in sediment transport. The catchment has two clearly distinct areas with contrasted hydrological and sedimentary regimes: i) the upper parts of the catchment (highlands) are the main supplier of water (controlled by base flow) whereas ii) the lower parts of the catchment (lowland) supply the majority of the suspended sediment load, where sediment availability and connectivity between sediment sources and the river network is superior and it controls the sediment yield. Sedimentary activity depends on the frequency, magnitude and volume of direct runoff from floods, as well as on the annual cycles of sediment production-transfer-sedimentation-depletion. These factors influence intra-annual variability of suspended sediment transport. Three very contrasted periods have been observed. i) The first period, in winter, shows a low sedimentary activity due to a low availability of sediments. ii) The second period, in spring, sediment availability and its connectivity with source areas is high (i.e. riverbed, banks and slopes well connected), a fact that generates a high sedimentary activity. iii) The third period, in summer-early autumn, sediment availability is high and connectivity with source areas is moderate (i.e. crop fields), which produces a moderate sedimentary activity. In the second case, the study focuses on analysing the fluvial evolution of a channel form during the period 1956-2008 and the morpho-sedimentary impacts caused by the disruption of the continuity of water and sediment transfer. The study area is the middle reach of the Segre River (3320 km2) downstream of the Rialb reservoir (into which the Ribera Salada flows). It is a 40 km reach with a variety of human impacts (i.e. reservoirs, gravel extraction, jetties, levees), where present-day sediment load, due to those impacts, is conditioned, mainly, by the contribution of local tributaries. The study shows in a sequential and integrated manner different methods of hydrological and sedimentary diagnosis that are usually found depicted and dispersed. The results prove that reservoirs have affected the magnitude and frequency of floods. Sediment retention in reservoirs and the abundant sediment extraction have created a notable sedimentary imbalance in the riverbed. Bed mobility has been reduced dramatically and the intrusion of riparian vegetation causes that the low-water channel to tend to occupy virtually the entire active channel, showing a high stability and favouring the concentration of the flow that in turn control localised erosional processes. The main morpho-sedimentary units (lateral and central bars) have disappeared.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 20007.
"December 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-124). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2008]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Sedimentos em suspensão representam um dos principais fatores que afetam a qualidade dos sistemas aquáticos no mundo; influenciam os processos geomórficos de construção da paisagem e podem indicar problemas de erosão e perda de solo na bacia hidrográfica contribuinte. O seu monitoramento espacial e temporal é fundamental nas atividades de gestão ambiental de áreas costeiras. Nesse sentido, a hipótese básica desta pesquisa é que o padrão espacial e temporal de plumas de sedimentos costeiras associado ao regime hidrológico do rio pode ser caracterizado a partir de imagens orbitais de média resolução espacial. Para comprová-la, elegeu-se a foz do rio Paraíba do Sul como área de estudo para definição e teste metodológico, e formulou-se como principal objetivo mapear qualitativamente a pluma costeira deste rio a partir de imagens Landsat 5 e CBERS-2, ao longo do período compreendido entre 1985 e 2007. As datas avaliadas foram criteriosamente definidas através de três estratégias de análise, totalizando cinqüenta imagens. Pesquisa bibliográfica e avaliação da resposta espectral da feição de interesse nas imagens selecionadas consistiram nas etapas principais da definição da metodologia. As plumas foram então identificadas, mapeadas e extraídas; posteriormente, suas características espaciais e temporais foram analisadas por intermédio de sistemas de informação geográfica e avaliadas em conjunto com dados históricos de vazão. Os resultados indicam que a banda do vermelho forneceu uma melhor discriminação interna da pluma, sendo, portanto, utilizada como base para as análises realizadas neste trabalho. Com exceção do procedimento de correção atmosférica, a metodologia proposta consiste na utilização de técnicas simples de processamento digital de imagens, baseadas na integração de técnicas semi-automáticas e de análise visual. A avaliação do padrão dos sedimentos e dos mapas temáticos qualitativos de concentração de sedimentos em suspensão indica a forte diferenciação existente entre cenários representativos de épocas de cheia e seca do rio. Análises espaciais do comportamento da pluma contribuem ainda para um maior conhecimento do espaço geográfico, fornecendo subsídios aos mais variados setores do planejamento e gestão ambiental.
Suspended sediments are a major factor affecting water quality in aquatic ecosystems of the world; they do influence the geomorphological processes of environmental formation and may indicate erosion problems and loss of ground on the contributing watershed. Its spatial and temporal monitoring is fundamental in the activities of the environmental management of the coastal areas. In that direction, the basic hypothesis of this research is that the spatial and temporal pattern of coastal plumes of sediments associated to the hydrological regime of the river may be characterized from orbital images of medium spatial resolution. To prove this, it was elected the mouth of Paraiba do Sul river as study area for defining and testing the methodology, which was formulated as principal purpose to map qualitatively the coastal plumes of this river from the images of Landsat 5 and CBERS-2, from the period between 1985 and 2007. The evaluated dates were defined with criteria through three strategies of analysis, totaling fifty images. Literature review and evaluation of the spectral response of the feature of interest consisted on the main steps of the definition of the methodology. The plumes were so identified, mapped and extracted; afterward, its spatial and temporal characteristics were analyzed by geographical information systems and evaluated together with historical data of river discharge. The results indicate that the red band yielded a better internal discrimination of the plume, being, therefore, used as basis to the analyses realized on this work. With exception of the procedure of atmospheric correction, the methodology proposal consists on the utilization of simple techniques of digital processing of images, based on the integration of semi-automatic and visual analyses techniques. The evaluation of the sediments pattern and qualitative thematic maps of suspended particulate matter indicates the strong differentiation existing between scenarios representing the periods of high and low waters of the river. Spatial analyses of the behavior of the plumes even contribute to a better knowledge of the geographical space, supplying subsidies to the most assorted sectors of environmental planning and management.

Experimentos em mesocosmos, por se tratarem de estudos in-situ, possibilitam extrapolar para o campo, investigações realizadas em menor escala, com maior seguridade. Em fevereiro de 2002, foram instalados às margens da represa do Lobo (22º15\'S e 47º49\'W) nove mesocosmos, construídos com plástico (PVC) em forma de hexágono com 2 metros de altura, com fundo aberto em contato com o sedimento e volume variando entre 4,5 e 5,1 m3, em função da declividade do terreno. De acordo com a resolução 20/86 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, as concentrações máximas permitidas para os metais cobre (0,02 mg/L) e cromo (0,5 mg/L) em corpos d\'água Classe 2 foram adicionadas aos mesocosmos, originando-se triplicatas, adotando-se outros três mesocosmos como controles. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi verificar as possíveis alterações no ambiente sedimento, particularmente o enriquecimento e a indução de toxicidade, em função da adição dos metais mencionados. Para tanto, amostras foram coletadas através de dragas e testemunhos nos tempos 0 dia (antes da contaminação), 10 dias, 20 dias e 30 dias após a contaminação (final do experimento). Em seguida, as amostras foram preparadas e submetidas às análises físicas e químicas, caracterização da macrofauna bentônica e diversos ensaios toxicológicos. A partir dos dados gerados, efetuou-se o estudo integrativo da tríade de qualidade de sedimentos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um discreto aumento na concentração total dos metais cobre e cromo nos sedimentos dos mesocosmos contaminados em comparação aos controles, sendo verificada diminuição na abundância de organismos bentônicos e efeitos tóxicos sobre os organismos-teste submetidos a estes sedimentos. As respostas da tríade foram essenciais para a caracterização da qualidade dos sedimentos dos mesocosmos controle em relação aos dos mesocosmos contaminados.
In-situ mesocosms experiments allow the extrapolation of laboratory data to the field with high reliability. In the present study, nine hexagonal PVC mesocosms with 2 m height and 4.5 to 5.1 m3 volume were installed in contact with the sediment near the Lobo reservoir dam (22º15\'S e 47º49\'W) in february of 2002. In accordance with the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) 20/86 resolution for Class 2 water bodies, the maximum allowed concentrations of copper (0,02 mg/L) and chromium (0,5 mg/L) were added to the mesocosms (triplicate), and three other ones were used as controls. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible changes in the sediment environment, particularly the enrichment and induction of toxicity, by the contamination of these metals. The sediment was sampled by means of Eckman-Birge and core samplers on the 0 (before the contamination), 10th, 20th and 30th days (end of the experiment). Afterwards, physical and chemical analyses, benthic macrofauna characterization and several toxicity assays were conducted with the samples. In order to better evaluate these results, the sediments quality triad was considered. A discrete increase in the total concentration of copper and chromium was observed in the sediments of the contaminated mesocosms when compared to the controls, as well as a reduction in the abundance of benthic organisms and toxic effects over the organisms tested with these sediments. The triad responses were essential for quality characterization of the control mesocosms sediments in comparison with the contaminated ones.

Over the last decades, fast urban sprawl and accelerated land use change have drastically increased the pressure on water resources of the capital Brasília and its surrounding area. The water supply of the metropolitan region of Brasília depends largely on surface water collected in reservoirs. There are increasing concerns regarding water shortages due to sediment aggradations, and of water quality due to geochemical modification of sediments from human activities. The complexity of various socio-environmental problems, such as non-point source pollution, soil erosion or silting of water reservoirs within urban catchments evoked the need for more effective and sustainable strategies to use land and water resources. Accurate identification and management of sediment source areas, however, is hampered by the lack of reliable information on the primary sources of sediment and on sediment geochemistry. The fingerprinting approach and a multivariate mixing model have been proven to be a valuable sediment source tracing technique across the globe and for various environmental settings. A multi-component methodology, including geochemical and geophysical analyses of representative sediment source and alluvial sediment samples, statistical analyses and a multivariate mixing model, was utilized to obtain the impact of different anthropogenic activities on sediment and water quality and to identify the major sources of sediments within the Lago Paranoá catchment. However, sediment source appointment and geochemical signatures of sediments in urbanized tropical regions, such as the Lago Paranoá catchment in the DF, are hampered by severe challenges; (i) the presence of various types of land use and heavy urbanized areas, (ii) large differences between sub-catchments and (iii) model structural failures in representing the sediment source contribution within urban tropical river basins. The present cumulative thesis addresses the challenges in geochemical analyses of different types of source and alluvial sediments, and in sediment source appointment for the Lago Paranoá catchment and it´s five sub-catchments. The aim of the study was to assess the distribution of chemical elements and geochemical/physical properties of potential sediment sources in the Lago Paranoá catchment. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to investigate the influence of different land use types on the geochemistry of sediments. Geochemical fingerprints of anthropogenic activities were developed based on the results of the cluster analysis grouping. The anthropogenic input of land use specific geochemical elements was examined and quantified by the calculation of enrichment factors using the local geological background as reference. The existing findings suggest a strong relationship between land use and quantifiable features of sediment geochemistry, and identified the combined effects of specific anthropogenic activities and metal enrichment in source and alluvial sediments. Through comparison of the geochemical signature of potential sediment sources and alluvial sediments of the Lago Paranoá and sub-catchments, the relative contribution of land use specific sediment sources to the sediment deposition of the main water reservoir were estimated. This assessment indicated that urban land use had the greatest responsibility for recent silting in the Lago Paranoá. In fact, one of the most challenging issues within the scope of IWRM is to quantify the contribution of sediment sources within fast urbanizing, mixed used, tropical catchments. Therefore, statistically verified composite fingerprints and a modified multivariate mixing model have been used to identify the main land use specific sources of sediment deposited in the silting zones of the Lago Paranoá, Central Brazil. Because of the great variability of urban land use types within the Lago Paranoá sub-catchments, the fingerprinting approach was additionally undertaking for the Riacho Fundo sub-catchment. This sediment source tracing technique provides valuable information on the response of the main sediment sources in a fast growing agglomeration with respect to specific land uses and human activities and allowed to examine the uncertainty in model prediction. The main contributions from individual source types (i.e. surface materials from residential areas, constructions sites, road deposited sediment, cultivated areas, pasture, farm tracks, woodland and natural gullies) varied between the whole catchment and the Riacho Fundo sub-catchment, reflecting the different proportions of land uses. The sediments deposited in the silting zones of the Lago Paranoá originate largely from urban sources (85±4%). Areas with (semi-) natural vegetation and natural gullies contribute 10±2% of the sediment yield. Agricultural sites have only a minor sediment contribution of about 5±4 % within the whole catchment. However, there is no mechanism considered to reflect seasonality in the tropics, e.g. phenological change of the vegetation between wet and dry season, or and temporal changes in land use, e.g. construction sites, which influence model estimates. Nevertheless, the study reveals that even 58 % of the land remains in (semi-) natural state, the main sediment source are urban areas. Beside the analyses of sediments, it was found that metal concentrations in surface water of the main tributaries to the Lago Paranoá are generally low, but show seasonal variability. Terrestrial inputs of metals occur during the rainy season and depend largely on the influence of urban land use. The present thesis shows the great influence of anthropogenic activities on sediment generation, and at least to some degree, on sediment associated pollution loads. It depicts region specific challenges, but also provides essential information to guide management responses towards more effective sediment source-reduction strategies
Im Gebiet des Bundesdistrikts Brasilien ist ein erheblicher Druck auf die Wasserressourcen zu beobachten, der vorwiegend durch starkes Bevölkerungswachstum, ungeplante Suburbanisierung und Landnutzungsänderungen innerhalb der letzten Jahrzehnte ausgeübt wird. Die Wasserversorgung der jungen Hauptstadt Brasília und seiner suburbanen Räume wird im Wesentlichen durch in Stauseen gesammeltes Oberflächenwasser gewährleistet. Durch die voranschreitende Ausdehnung von urbanen und landwirtschaftlichen Flächen spielen insbesondere Sedimenteinträge in die Stauanlagen sowie sedimentgebundene Stoffbelastungen durch anthropogene Aktivitäten für die verfügbare Wasserquantität und Wasserqualität eine bedeutende Rolle. Damit verbundene negative Umweltauswirkungen sowie die daraus resultierenden sozioökonomische Konsequenzen erfordern daher dringend wirksame und nachhaltige Strategien im Land-und Wasserressourcenmanagement. Eine deutliche Minimierung der Sedimenteinträge und Stoffbelastungen in das Gewässernetz ist jedoch nur mit Kenntnis der Primärquellen von Sedimenten und der Sedimentgeochemie zu erreichen. Der "Fingerprinting"-Ansatz und der Einsatz eines "Multivariate Mixing-Modell", sind geeignete Werkzeuge um den Einfluss anthropogener Eingriffe in das landschaftsökologische Prozessgefüge der Sedimentgenerierung zu klären. Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation zeigt dies anhand der Anwendung einer Multikomponenten-Methodik. Diese beinhaltet sowohl geochemische und geophysikalische Analysen repräsentativer Sedimentproben der Sedimentquellen und der finalen Senken (Auenbereiche und Bereiche der Zuflüsse zum Lago Paranoá) als auch umfassende statistische Analysen sowie die Anwendung eines modifizierten "Multivariate Mixing-Modells". Der Einsatzder "Fingerprinting" Methodik in urbanen Einzugsgebieten der wechselfeuchten Tropen, wie das des Lago Paranoá in Zentralbrasilien, ist jedoch mit erheblichen Herausforderungen verbunden. Das betrifft insbesondere die Heterogenität der Landnutzungstypen innerhalb einer Landnutzungsklasse (urban, landwirtschaftlich, semi-natürlich) und die Unterschiede der Landnutzungsanteile zwischen den einzelnen Teileinzugsgebieten als auch modelstruktureller Unzulänglichkeiten bei der Sedimentherkunftsberechnung für urbane Einzugsgebiete. Eine Hauptkomponentenanalyse und hierarchische Clusteranalyse wurden verwendet, um den Einfluss der verschiedenen Landnutzungstypen auf der Geochemie der Sedimente zu untersuchen. Geochemische Fingerprints verschiedener anthropogener Aktivitäten wurden auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse der Clusteranalyse ("grouping") entwickelt. Die Berechnung von Anreicherungsfaktoren ("Enrichmentfactors") auf Basis der gemessenen Elementgehalte, mit dem lokalen geologischen Hintergrundwerten als Referenz, ermöglichte die Quantifizierung des Einflusses der verschiedenen Landnutzungen auf die Metalleinträge in die Sedimente. Die vorhandenen Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Landnutzung und quantifizierbarer Merkmale der Sedimentgeochemie existiert. Ein Vergleich der geochemischen Signatur von potentiellen Sedimentquellen und mit jenen der alluvialen Sedimente unterstützt die Hypothese, dass urbane Gebiete einen beachtlichen Beitrag zur Sedimentgenerierung und letztendlich zur Sedimentablagerung in den Auen- und Zuflussbereichen des Lago Paranoá leisten. Da diese relative Betrachtung von Elementzusammensetzungen der Sedimente keine quantitativen Aussagen zur Bedeutung der einzelnen Sedimentquellen zulässt, wurden statistisch verifizierte "composite fingerprints" und ein an urbane Bedingungen modifiziertes multivariate mixing-Modell (Hybrid) entwickelt und angewendet. Die Modellberechnungen erfolgten für das gesamte Einzugsgebiet des Lago Paranoá und separat für das Riacho Fundo Teileinzugsgebiet, welches Die angepassten Modellschätzungen zeigten, dass die in den Verlandungszonen des Lago Paranoá abgelagerten Sedimente weitgehend aus urbane Räumen (85 ± 4%) generiert wurden. Dahingegen stammen nur 10 ± 2% der Sedimente aus Gebieten mit (semi-) natürlicher Vegetation, obwohl 58 % der gesamten Einzugsgebietsfläche des Lago Paranoá stets (semi-) natürliche Verhältnisse aufweist. Landwirtschaftliche Gebiete haben generell nur einen geringen Anteil von etwa 5 ± 4% am Sedimenteintrag. Die Unterschiede in den Sedimentbeträgen sowohl zwischen den verschiedenen Sedimentquelltypen als auch zwischen den einzelnen Teileinzugsgebieten scheinen maßgeblich von den Flächennutzungsanteilen (urban, landwirtschaftlich, semi-natürlich) in dem jeweiligen Teileinzugsgebiet abhängig zu sein. Trotz umfassender Probennahme, Probenanalytik, Modellanpassung und Unsicherheitsanalyse sind die Ergebnisse nur für den Beprobungszeitraum, für die analysierte Stoffgruppe (organische Stoffeinträge sind im Rahmen dieser Dissertation nicht erfasst) und für die ausgewählten Lokalitäten repräsentativ. Zeitliche Einflussgrößen wie die Saisonalität in den Tropen oder Änderungen der Landnutzung, wie z.B. temporäre Baustellen, konnten mit den hier verwendeten Methoden nicht erfasst werden. Um die hohe räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität der Sedimentdynamik und eine deutliche Minimierung der Sedimenteinträge in das Gewässernetz zu erzielen, sind demnach die Einrichtung und der Betrieb eines langfristigen Monitoring-Netzwerkes für Sedimente im Einzugsgebiet des Lago Paranoá von hoher Priorität. Die vorliegende Dissertation bringt neue Einsichten in verschiedene wichtige Aspekte der geochemischen Beeinflussung von Sedimenten durch anthropogene Aktivitäten und liefert erstmalig quantitative Aussagen zu den Sedimentquellgebieten im Einzugsgebiet des Lago Paranoá. Sie stellt regionsspezifische Herausforderungen heraus, liefert gleichzeitig aber auch wichtige Informationen zu Sedimentbelastungen und -Einträgen und damit einen wichtigen Beitrag als Entscheidungsunterstützung im Rahmen eines Sedimentmanagementplans

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ
A área da Enseada de São Lourenço, localizada no sudeste da Baía de Guanabara (RJ), abriga o Porto de Niterói e diversos estaleiros, além de receber aporte de esgotos domésticos e possíveis influências de fontes difusas do entorno da baía, tornando esta área contaminada por metais-traço. Este estudo mostra os resultados encontrados numa avaliação de acumulação de Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn em testemunhos curtos coletados em três estações de amostragem nesta enseada. Foram avaliadas suas possíveis correlações com granulometria e com concentrações de carbono orgânico total (COT), enxofre total (S), ferro (Fe) e manganês (Mn), parâmetros indicadores de processos geoquímicos. Fatores de enriquecimento (FEs) em relação a níveis naturais e inventários (estoques dos metais por área de sedimento) foram calculados e uma comparação com os valores orientadores internacionais adotados na Resolução CONAMA 344/2004 foi realizada. Os inventários (que sempre mostraram maior acumulação na estação mais externa) e os FEs (que mostraram tendências variadas entre as estações) indicaram níveis elevados de contaminação para Cu, Pb e Zn, enquanto as concentrações de Ni e Cr não atingiram valores preocupantes. Para Cr, Cu, Pb e Zn as concentrações mais elevadas foram encontradas na estação na área mais externa da enseada, onde as concentrações de Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb e Zn tiveram correlação com o Fe. Na estação da área interna da enseada, o Pb teve correlação com o Mn. O COT e o S geralmente não pareceram afetar diretamente a distribuição dos metais-traço, mas serviram como indicadores do gradiente de influência marinha sobre a qualidade dos sedimentos, que afeta os processos biogeoquímicos que retêm os metais. A comparação das concentrações de Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn com critérios de qualidade dos sedimentos internacionais adotados pela legislação brasileira (Resolução CONAMA 344/2004) mostrou que as concentrações de Zn, Cu e Pb ocorrem em valores que geram preocupação ambiental para atividades humanas na área, como o gerenciamento da disposição do sedimento, no caso deste ser dragado.
The whole São Lourenço harbour area is located in the southeast of Guanabara Bay (RJ – Brazil). Furthermore, it also houses “Porto de Niterói” (Niterói Harbour), which is the only cargo harbour in Niterói and other several shipyards. Apart from receiving domestic sewage discharges and possibly other unknown contribution sources from the Bay’s surrounding area, the Bay is contaminated by trace metals. This study shows the results of an accumulation evaluation as follows: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in short cores collected from three different sample stations in that harbour. Possible correlations involving indicating parameters of geochemichal processes such as granulometry, Total Carbon Concentrations (TOC), total sulphur (S), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mg) were evaluated. Enrichment factors (EFs) in relation to background and inventories (metal storage per sediment area) were calculated, and a comparison with international sediment quality values adopted by a local jurisdiction (Resolução CONAMA 344/2004) was conducted. The inventories which always showed the highest accumulation were collected from PN3 Station and the EF showed different trends among the stations. Both the inventories and the EF presented high levels of Cu, Pb and Zn contamination. On the other hand, Ni and Cr concentrations did not reach worrying levels. Higher concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were found at the station which was located at the external part of the harbour. There, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations presented a correlation with Fe. At the station located at the internal area of the harbor, Pb had a correlation with Mn. TOC and S did not seem to affect directly trace–metal distribution, but they were used as a marine influence gradient indicator to sediment quality, which affects biogeochemical processes that retain metals. The concentration comparison of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn levels with international sediment quality criteria adopted by the Brazilian jurisdiction (Resolução CONAMA 344/2004) showed that Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations generate environmental concerns related to human activities, such as the management of dredged sediment, if such sediment dredging occurs in the studied areas.

Detailed knowledge from physical properties of sediment such as erosion and settling velocity are crucial for modelling as well as for water protection planning and management. The main purpose of this research was to determine the critical shear stress (τcr) and settling velocity of the organic sediments in different peatland drainage areas and headwaters in Finland. Further, KINEROS2 erosion model was applied to peatland forestry and peat extraction conditions to simulate runoff hydrograph and suspended solid yield from two experimental catchments. To determine mean τcr and settling velocity totally 119 undisturbed sediment samples were taken from the natural streams, ditches and brooks across Finland. The samples covered main peatland uses, peatland forestry and peat extraction sites. Furthermore, to determine the effect of peat soil properties on sediment erosion and settling, peat soil samples were collected from 9 peat extraction areas. These samples were used to prepare sediments in laboratory setting. Cohesive strength meter (CSM) was applied to measure the τcr and settling velocity in laboratory and in-situ conditions. Results were compared against physical properties of sediment or peat soils and further compared against different peatland uses. The critical shear stress over all samples ranged from 0.0057 to 0.428 N m⁻² (mean value 0.116 ± 0.07 N m⁻²). τcr in peatland forestry ditches ranged from 0.0057 to 0.428 N m⁻² (mean value 0.07 ± 0.1 N m⁻²), and in peat extraction sites from 0.006 to 0.421 N m⁻² (mean value 0.12 ± 0.06 N m⁻²). Similarly, τcr of artificially prepared samples from peat extraction area ranged from 0.012 to 0.112 N m⁻² (mean value of 0.059 ± 0.028 N m⁻²). At Koivupuro peatland forestry site, measurements were done in laboratory as well as in-situ. Results gave slightly different values; in-situ τcr ranged from 0.005 to 0.305 N m⁻² with the mean value of 0.03 ± 0.075 N m⁻², and the laboratory results ranged from 0.008 to 0.310 N m⁻² with the mean value of 0.125 ± 0.06 N m⁻². Degree of humification (DOH) and dry bulk density were found to be positively related to critical shear stress. The settling velocity results for Koivupuro catchment ranged from 0.0004 to 0.131 m h⁻¹ (mean value 0.016 ± 0.034 m h⁻¹) and 0.0004 to 0.456 m h⁻¹ (mean value 0.144 ± 0.134 m h⁻¹) for other organic peat samples. Degree of humification (DOH) and settling velocity showed no correlation while dry density of settled sediment was found inversely proportional to settling velocity. This study showed that CSM can be used to determine τcr and settling velocity from organic sediment samples. Results can be applied in modelling purposes, and in dimensioning of water protection methods such as settling basins. Eleven rainfall-runoff events from two different catchments were selected for the study to simulate runoff hydrographs and associated sediment yields in different conditions. When properly calibrated for each event, KINEROS2 model produced sufficient estimations of runoff hydrographs for peatland forestry and peat extraction sites but failed to produce reliable estimations of suspended sediment yields. Moreover, unrealistic parameter values sometimes had to be used in model calibration due to model inability to simulate groundwater or soil water response in ditch flow. Thus the model could not be validated for varying initial conditions and rainfall events.

Orientador : Evaldo Miranda Coiado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
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Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de uma investigação experimental visando estimar a carga de lavagem transportada numa seção do Rio Atibaia, SP. O período de coleta para análises iniciaram-se em março de 1993 a abril de 2000, tot31i7ando 171 campanhas de medições da descarga total transportada pelo Rio Atibaia calculando-se assim os parâmetros necessários para aplicação das equações e métodos de cálculo de descarga total de fundo. Determinou-se a carga de lavagem subtraindo, da descarga total medida a descarga total de fundo calculada com as equações e métodos de Laursen (1958), Bishop e outros (1965), Shen e Hung (1971), Yang (1973), Ackers e White (1972-1973), Toffaleti (1968-1969) e Van Rijn (1989). Os resultados forneceram as seguintes conclusões: a) aplicando-se as sete equações ou métodos, obteve-se o valor médio da carga de lavagem representada por 83,60 % da descarga total medida transportada pelo Rio Atibaia; b) os diâmetros médios dos sedimentos transportados em suspensão, referentes às 171 campanhas são inferiores ao limite superior de 0,0625 mm estabelecido para a carga de lavagem
Abstract: In this paper presents a experimental research to compute the wash 1000 discharge transported by a river. The total discharge was measured at a section o the Atibaia river, in São Paulo State, in Brazil. The research was carried out from march/1993 to april/2000. The total bed load discharge was computed using the following equations or methods: Equations or Methods of Laursen (1958), Bishop,Simons e Richardson (1965), Shen e Hung (1971), Yang (1973), Ackers e White (1972-1973), Toffaleti (1968-1969), Van Rijn (1984). The wash load discharge was considered the difference between the total discharge measured and the total bed 10ad computed. It was showed that the wash load presents weak relation with the dimensionless shear stress; all average values of the sediment diameter transported in suspension are lower than 0,0625mm; using equations and methods showed above, the average wash load is equal a 83,60% the total discharge transportade by the Atibaia river in the section considered.
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Aquesta tesi analitza l’efecte de les preses sobre el règim de cabals, el transport de sediments, la mobilitat de la llera, i la comunitat de macroinvertebrats en rius Mediterranis de la Península Ibèrica a diferents escales espacio-temporals. A gran escala espacio-temporal, els resultats mostren que la regulació modifica el règim de cabals reduint la magnitud i la freqüència de les crescudes. Aquest fet, juntament amb la disminució de l’aportació de sediments des d’aigües amunt, produeix una pèrdua de barres sedimentaries que són ocupades per la vegetació causant una ràpida estabilització la llera, limitant el dinamisme del riu i pot contribuir a la degradació de l’ecosistema fluvial. A petita escala (els rius Ésera i Siurana) es comprova que els embassaments retenen fins el 90% de la càrrega de sediment en suspensió, però l’aportació hídrica només es redueix en el cas de l’Ésera. En els trams d’aigües amunt, les partícules de la llera són mobilitzades de forma freqüent i s’observen canvis morfològics després de cada crescuda, mentre que els trams d'aigües avall es mantenen estables. En el cas del Siurana aquests canvis causen diferències notables en la composició taxonòmica dels macroinvertebrats, encara que la riquesa d’espècies es manté intacte. La densitat i la biomassa augmenten aigües avall però la biodiversitat disminueix. La tesi descriu i quantifica canvis en l’estructura bio-física i el funcionament de l’ecosistema fluvial en rius Mediterranis regulats i proporciona informació inèdita fins ara en el camp de la Eco-Geomorfologia.
Esta tesis analiza el efecto de las presas sobre el régimen de caudales, el transporte de sedimentos, la morfología y la movilidad del cauce, y la comunidad de macroinvertebrados en ríos Mediterráneos de la Península Ibérica a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales. A gran escala espacio-temporal, los resultados muestran una reducción generalizada de la magnitud y la frecuencia de las crecidas que, juntamente con la reducción del suministro de sedimentos, produce una pérdida de barras que son ocupadas por la vegetación, hecho que estabiliza el cauce fluvial, limitando el dinamismo del lecho del río y puede contribuir a la degradación del ecosistema fluvial. En pequeña escala (los ríos Ésera y Siurana) se comprueba que los embalses retienen hasta el 90% de la carga de sedimentos en suspensión, aunque la aportación hídrica solo se reduce en Ésera. En los tramos de aguas arriba, las partículas del lecho son movilizadas frecuentemente y se observan cambios morfológicos después de cada crecida, mientras que los tramos de aguas abajo se mantienen estables. En el Siurana, estos cambios provocan diferencias significativas en la composición taxonómica de los macroinvertebrados en el Siurana, aunque la riqueza de especies se mantiene prácticamente intacta. Por otro lado, la densidad y la biomasa aumentan aguas abajo pero la biodiversidad disminuye. La tesis describe y cuantifica cambios en la estructura bio-física y el funcionamiento del ecosistema fluvial en ríos Mediterráneos regulados y proporciona información inédita en el campo de la Eco-Geomorfología.
The effects of dams on river flow regimes, sediment transport, channel morphology, bed mobility and macroinvertebrate communities were studied in Mediterranean rivers of the Iberian Peninsula at multiple temporal and spatial scales. At the large spatio-temporal scales, results show that regulation changes their flow regimes, with a generalized reduction in flood magnitude and frequency. This, in addition to the decrease in downstream sediment supply, results in the loss of active bars as they are encroached by vegetation (channel stabilization). Geomorphic stabilization limits riverchannel dynamics and may contribute to the environmental degradation of the fluvial ecosystem. At the small scale (the Ésera and the Siurana rivers), the reservoirs trap up to 90% of the suspended load, although total runoff is only reduced in the Ésera. In the upstream reaches, riverbed material is frequently entrained and morphological changes were observed following floods, while the downstream reaches were stables. In the Siurana, damming causes significant differences in taxonomic composition of the benthic invertebrate communities, but the species richness remained almost the same. Density and biomass increase notably below the dam although diversity decreases. The thesis describes and quantifies changes on the bio-physical structure and functioning of the fluvial ecosystem in dammed Mediterranean rivers and provides comprehensive insights in the field of the Eco-Geomorphology.

This study described porosity and permeability distribution in the deep marine play of the central Bredasdorp Basin, Block 9, offshore South Africa using methods that include thin section petrography, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, in order to characterize their porosity and permeability distributions, cementation and clay types that affect the porosity and permeability distribution. The study included core samples from nine wells taken from selected depths within the Basin.