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Czúcz, Bálint, Heather Keith, Amanda Driver, Bethanna Jackson, Emily Nicholson, and Joachim Maes. "A common typology for ecosystem characteristics and ecosystem condition variables." One Ecosystem 6 (January 27, 2021): e58218. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.6.e58218.
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The UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA) aims at regular and standardised stocktaking on the extent of ecosystems, their condition and the services they provide to society. Recording the condition of ecosystems is one of the most complex pieces in this exercise, needing to be supported by robust and consistent guidelines. SEEA EEA defines the condition of an ecosystem as its overall quality, measured in terms of quantitative metrics describing both abiotic and biotic characteristics. The main objective of this paper is to propose a simple universal classification (typology) for these ecosystem condition characteristics and metrics, based on long standing ecological concepts and traditions.The proposed SEEA EEA Ecosystem Condition Typology (SEEA ECT) is a hierarchical classification consisting of six classes grouped into three main groups (abiotic, biotic and landscape-level ecosystem characteristics). In order to facilitate practical applications, SEEA ECT is cross-linked to the most relevant existing typologies for ecosystem characteristics currently used for other purposes. To ensure clarity and practicality, we identified potential overlaps between classes and also identified the most important groups of 'ancillary data' that should not be considered as ecosystem condition characteristics. We consider that this new typology for ecosystem condition will create a meaningful reporting structure for ecosystem condition accounts, thus facilitating its standardisation and broad application.
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Keith, Heather, Bálint Czúcz, Bethanna Jackson, Amanda Driver, Emily Nicholson, and Joachim Maes. "A conceptual framework and practical structure for implementing ecosystem condition accounts." One Ecosystem 5 (November 9, 2020): e58216. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.5.e58216.
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Ecosystem condition is a fundamental component in the ecosystem accounting framework as part of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA). Here, we develop a conceptual framework and present a practical structure for implementing ecosystem condition accounts to contribute to the revision process of the SEEA EEA, focussing on six core elements: (1) developing a common definition of ecosystem condition, (2) establishing a conceptual framing for ecosystem condition, (3) portraying the role of condition within the SEEA EEA accounting system, (4) deriving an inclusive multi-purpose approach, (5) describing the components of condition accounts and (6) developing a three-stage structure for reporting accounts. We develop a conceptual framework for an inclusive condition account, building on an ecological understanding of ecosystems upon which definitions, concepts, classifications and reporting structures were based. The framework encompasses the dual perspectives of first, the interdependencies of ecosystem composition, structure and function in maintaining ecosystem integrity and second, the capacity of ecosystems to supply services as benefits for humans. The following components of ecosystem condition accounts are recommended to provide comprehensive, consistent, repeatable and transparent accounts: (1) intrinsic and instrumental values, together with ecocentric and anthropocentric worldviews; (2) a formal typology or classification of characteristics, variables and indicators, based on selection criteria; (3) a reference condition used both to compare past, current and future levels of indicators of condition and as a basis for aggregation of indicators; and (4) a three-stage approach to compiling accounts with increasing levels of information and complexity that are appropriate for different purposes and applications. The recommended broad and inclusive scope of ecosystem condition and the demonstrated practical methods for implementation of accounts will enhance the ecosystem accounting framework and thus support a wider range of current and potential applications and users.
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Bordt, Michael, and Marc Saner. "A critical review of ecosystem accounting and services frameworks." One Ecosystem 3 (October 19, 2018): e29306. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.3.e29306.
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Ecological economists currently face an important opportunity to influence national policies and global awareness regarding ecosystems. Ecosystem services (ES) frameworks, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and the System of Environmental Economic Accounting Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA) will influence how national measurement systems integrate the value of ecosystems and their services into national planning and monitoring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Decision-makers are, however, faced with an embarrassment of riches. There is a multitude of ES frameworks, but no formal and integrative evaluation of the entire set exists. We review the IPBES, the SEEA EEA and 14 other ES frameworks using criteria designed to address operational and convergence considerations for national ecosystem accounting. While the frameworks reviewed incorporate many strengths, none fulfils all the criteria of a comprehensive national ecosystem accounting framework. We conclude with suggestions for conceptual, measurement and process developments to broaden the appeal, utility and acceptance of future frameworks. Considering these suggestions could substantially contribute to the development of ecosystem accounting frameworks that foster a constructive dialogue amongst the many disciplines, national contexts and viewpoints involved in understanding, measuring and making decisions about ecosystems.
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Campos, Pablo, Alejandro Álvarez, José L. Oviedo, Paola Ovando, Bruno Mesa, and Alejandro Caparrós. "Refined Systems of National Accounts and Experimental Ecosystem Accounting Versus the Simplified Agroforestry Accounting System: Testing in Andalusian Holm Oak Open Woodlands." Forests 11, no. 4 (2020): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040393.
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The scientific debate over how to make visible the connections between the standard System of National Accounts (SNA) and its ongoing satellite Environmental Economic Ecosystem Accounting–Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA–EEA) is a challenge that is still pending. The literature on environmental accounting of agroforestry and silvopastoral landscapes rarely values the multiple ecosystem services of an area, an economic unit (e.g., farm), or a vegetation type (e.g., holm oak—Quercus ilex L.—open woodland). Generally, the literature presents the market value of the products consumed directly or a correction of the latter that reduces their exchange values in order to approximate them to their resource rents. In our previous publications, we have applied and compared our Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS) with the System of National Accounts (SNA), and we refined the latter to avoid the lag between income generation and its accounting in the period in which the product is extracted. These previous publications did not develop experimental applications of the SEEA–EEA with comparisons to the SNA and it being integrated into the AAS. The main novelty of this article is that, for the first time, we present detailed applications and comparisons of our developments of the refined SEEA–EEA and refined SNA with a simplified version of the AAS. The accounting frameworks applied take the production and capital accounts in the process of being updated by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) at the scale of the holm oak open woodlands of Andalusia into account. In this study, we compare three environmental accounting approaches for ecosystem services and environmental income measurements at basic and social prices: our slightly refined standard System of National Accounts (rSNA); our refined, updated and ongoing satellite System of Environmental Economic Accounting–Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (rSEEA–EEA); and our simplified Agroforestry Accounting System (sAAS). We tested them for 15 economic activities in 1408 thousand hectares of the predominantly mixed holm oak open woodland (HOW) land use tiles in the region of Andalusia, Spain. We considered the government institutional sector to be the collective owner of public economic activities, which we incorporated in the rSNA and the sAAS approaches. We discuss consistencies in environmental incomes identified from the results of the three ecosystem accounting frameworks applied to the HOW. The discrepancies in the measurement of ecosystem services of the government institutional sector between the rSEEA–EEA and the sAAS were due to the omission in the former of the government manufactured costs incurred in the supply of freely consumed public final products. The most notable finding of our comparison is that the ecosystem services and the environmental income results for individual market products offered the same values, whichever the ecosystem accounting framework applied. This was not the case with the ecosystem services of public products without market prices, due to the fact that the rSNA estimates these products at production cost and the rSEEA–EEA did not consider the government manufactured production costs and ordinary manufactured net operating margin of government final public product consumption. We also found that, according to modeling of the scheduled management of future biological resources of the HOW, the environmental income shows biological sustainability of the individual nature-based total product consumption.
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Maes, Joachim, Amanda Driver, Bálint Czúcz, et al. "A review of ecosystem condition accounts: lessons learned and options for further development." One Ecosystem 5 (June 15, 2020): e53485. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.5.e53485.
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Ecosystem condition accounts are part of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting – Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA). An ecosystem condition account contains aggregated statistical information about the overall abiotic and biotic quality of an ecosystem at a policy relevant spatial scale. This article reviews 23 publicly-accessible reports undertaken or commissioned by government agencies, academic and non-government organisations that discuss or present an ecosystem condition account. This analysis revealed that ecosystem condition is usually reported for one or more ecosystem types, but there is little consistency in the terminology used to define ecosystem types. All case studies report variables or indicators that measure specific ecosystem characteristics in order to make inferences about the overall condition of ecosystems. All studies included biotic indicators and almost all studies included species-based indicators in the condition account. The thematic aggregation of indicators into a single composite index (or in a few composite sub-indices) is not a standard practice, but applied in about half of the studies. The definition and use of a reference condition or reference levels for specific indicators against which the reported condition can be evaluated is not a standard practice, but was applied in about half of the studies. Based on this analysis, we suggest the revision of the SEEA EEA to propose a globally-consistent typology of ecosystem types; to recommend a list of ecosystem condition indicators according to an agreed classification; to provide further guidance on aggregation methods and on the development of an ecosystem condition index that can be used to compare ecosystem condition across ecosystem types and across different accounting areas; to provide further guidance on how best to set reference levels and reference conditions against which the past, current and future ecosystem condition can be assessed; and to propose a standard set of statistical tables for reporting the condition account.
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Sylla, Marta, Zuzana V. Harmáčková, Ioanna Grammatikopoulou, Charlotte Whitham, Adam Pártl, and Davina Vačkářová. "Methodological and empirical challenges of SEEA EEA in developing contexts: Towards ecosystem service accounts in the Kyrgyz Republic." Ecosystem Services 50 (August 2021): 101333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101333.
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Dvarskas, Anthony. "Experimental ecosystem accounting for coastal and marine areas: A pilot application of the SEEA-EEA in Long Island coastal bays." Marine Policy 100 (February 2019): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.017.
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Kotsiras, Konstantinos, Ioannis P. Kokkoris, Arne Strid, and Panayotis Dimopoulos. "Integrating Plant Diversity Data into Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem and Their Services (MAES) Implementation in Greece: Woodland and Forest Pilot." Forests 11, no. 9 (2020): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11090956.
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Research Highlights: This is the first approach that integrates biodiversity data into Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem and their Services (MAES) implementation and natural capital accounting process, at the national scale, using an extensive vascular plant dataset for Greece. Background and Objectives: The study aims to support the MAES implementation in Greece, by assessing, as a pilot, the woodland and forest ecosystem type; the targets of the study are: (a) Identify and map ecosystem type extent; (b) identify ecosystem condition using biodiversity in terms of plant species richness (i.e., total, ecosystem exclusive, endemic, ecosystem exclusive endemic diversity); (c) develop ecosystem asset proxy indicators by combining ecosystem extent and ecosystem condition outcomes; (d) identify shortcomings; and (e) propose future steps and implications for the MAES implementation and natural capital accounting, based on biodiversity data. Materials and Methods: Following the national European Union’s and United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounts-Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EEA) guidelines and the adopted National Set of MAES Indicators, we developed a set of four proxy ecosystem asset indicators to assess ecosystem types with respect to ecosystem area extent and ecosystem condition. This was as interpreted by its plant diversity in terms of species richness (total, ecosystem exclusive, endemic, and ecosystem exclusive endemic diversity). Results: The results revealed that when indicators use well-developed biodiversity datasets, in combination with ecosystem extent data, they can provide the baseline for ecosystem condition assessment, ecosystem asset delineation, and support operational MAES studies. Conclusions: The relation among biodiversity, ecosystem condition, and ecosystem services is not a linear equation and detailed, fine-scale assessments are needed to identify and interpret all aspects of biodiversity. However, areas of importance are pinpointed throughout Greece, and guidance is provided for case-study selection, conservation strategy, and decision-making under the perspective of national and EU environmental policies.
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La, Notte Alessandra, and Alexandra Marques. "The role of enabling actors in ecosystem service accounting." One Ecosystem 2 (December 18, 2017): e20834. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.2.e20834.
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When accounting for ecosystem services, it is important to distinguish between the flow of services and the flow of benefits (which can be part of economic accounts or not) generated by those services. To disentangle services and benefits, particular attention has to be paid in allocating each category of flows in the use table to those institutional sectors that generate the need for the services and have the power to modify them - the enabling actors - and to final beneficiaries. The general concept of use, without specifying whether services or benefits are referred to, could in fact lead to misinterpretations. This paper discusses the issue of the allocation of ecosystem services and the role of enabling actors through a practical example of water purification accounts in the Netherlands. In particular, the role of the agricultural sector as an enabling actor is disentangled from the cleaned water as benefit and from water supply companies as beneficiaries. The proper allocation of the flow of the service can in fact facilitate the establishment of a causal relationship between the actions of economic actors and ecological consequences and <i>vice versa</i>.
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Cesar, Cássia S., and Marcelo N. Rossi. "The interaction effect between intraspecific competition and seed quality on the life‐history traits of the seed‐feeding beetle Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 167, no. 12 (2019): 986–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12854.
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Frommelt, Christian. "Die EFTA-Staaten und ihre (un-)komplizierten Beziehungen mit der Europäischen Union." integration 46, no. 2 (2023): 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0720-5120-2023-2-162.
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On 1 January 1994 – almost 30 years ago – the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) entered into force. Its purpose is to create a homogeneous and dynamic economic area between the Member States of the European Union (EU) and the members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. Today, the EEA Agreement is still the most far-reaching and institutionalised agreement between the EU and non-member states and can therefore be seen as a benchmark for a privileged partnership with the EU. This paper describes how the institutional rules of the EEA and the level of integration of the EEA/EFTA states have changed over time. It shows that developments towards both more integration and more differentiation can be observed in the EEA. It thus addresses various institutional challenges in the relationship between the EU and associated states.
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Messina, Frank J., and Danielle Johnson. "Specificity of adaptation to a novel host plant by a seed beetle." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 153, no. 3 (2014): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12244.
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Fleck, N. G., D. Agostinetto, L. Galon, and C. E. Schaedler. "Competitividade relativa entre cultivares de arroz irrigado e biótipo de arroz-vermelho." Planta Daninha 26, no. 1 (2008): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582008000100011.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as habilidades competitivas relativas entre dois cultivares de arroz e um biótipo de arroz-vermelho. Para isso, foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, na estação de crescimento 2001/02. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em série de substituição e constituíram-se de cinco proporções de plantas de arroz e do biótipo competidor: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100. O arroz foi representado pelos cultivares IRGA 417 e EEA 406, e os competidores, pelo arroz-vermelho e pelo cultivar EEA 406, usado como simulador daquele. A análise da competitividade foi efetuada por meio de diagramas aplicados a experimentos substitutivos e uso de índices de competitividade relativa. As variáveis estudadas foram afilhamento, estatura, área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea das plantas. O arroz-vermelho modificou negativamente o número de afilhos, a estatura e a massa seca da parte aérea das plantas dos cultivares IRGA 417 e EEA 406, demonstrando habilidade competitiva superior. Os cultivares de arroz IRGA 417 e EEA 406 não modificaram suas características morfofisiológicas quando em competição, independentemente da proporção de plantas entre ambos, demonstrando habilidades competitivas equivalentes.
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Rani, Neerja, Surendra Kumar Sharma, and Neeru Vasudeva. "Assessment of Antiobesity Potential ofAchyranthes asperaLinn. Seed." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/715912.
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The present study was designed to evaluate the quality control parameters, quantitative phytochemical analysis (total phenols, total flavonoids, and total saponin content), and the antiobesity effect of ethanol extract ofAchyranthes asperaLinn. seed (EAA) by employingin vitroandin vivomodels. Inin vitrostudy, the inhibitory activity of EAA on pancreatic amylase and lipase was measured. Thein vivopancreatic lipase activity was evaluated by measurement of plasma triacylglycerol levels after oral administration of EAA along with lipid emulsion to Swiss albino mice. The EAA inhibited pancreatic amylase and lipase activity in vitro and elevations of plasma triacylglycerol level in mice. Furthermore, the antiobesity effect of EAA (900 mg/kg) was assessed in mice fed a high-fat diet with or without EAA for 6 weeks. EAA significantly suppressed the increase in body,retroperitoneal adiposetissue, liver weights, and serum parameters, namely; total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol level. The anti obesity effects of EAA in high-fat-diet-treated mice may be partly mediated through delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic amylase and lipase activity. Histopathological effects of EAA on the liver of mice were also assessed.
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Paranhos, Juçara Terezinha, Enio Marchezan, and Luiz Marcelo Costa Dutra. "Acúmulo de massa seca em três cultivares de arroz irrigado com diferentes arquiteturas de plantas." Ciência Rural 25, no. 1 (1995): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781995000100011.
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O experimento foi conduzido em Planossolo da Unidade de Mapeamento Vacacaí, com o ohjetivo de estudar o acúmulo de massa seca nos diversos órgãos da planta de três cultivares de arroz irrigado (EEA 406, Bluebelle e BR-IRGA 409), utilizando-se delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições. A massa seca foi obtida em sete estádios fenológicos da cultura. Desconsiderando os grãos e panículas, a EEA 406 possui maior capacidade produtiva de fitomassa, sendo a Bluebelle menos produtiva. Na maturação, a cultivar BR-IRGA 409 apresentou maior massa seca total, demonstrando maior capacidade de alocar assimilados nos grãos e maior eficiência de conversão de energia solar em fitomassa, sendo a Bluebelle menos eficiente. Para as três cultivares, até a floração, o colmo acumulou a maior percentagem de massa seca sendo, a partir daí, substituído pelas panículas e grãos. O máximo acúmulo de massa seca nas raízes ocorreu por ocasião da floração, cerca de 80 dias após a emergência.
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Yanagi, Shin-ichi, Yoriko Saeki, and Midori Tuda. "Adaptive egg size plasticity for larval competition and its limits in the seed beetleCallosobruchus chinensis." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 148, no. 2 (2013): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12088.
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WALUYO, WALUYO, Lita LIDYAWATI, ROHANA ROHANA, and Mochamad Sanny HERMAWAN. "Comparisons of Rice Seed Growths Due to Alternating and Direct Current Electric and Magnetic Field Influences." Electrotehnica, Electronica, Automatica 72, no. 2 (2024): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46904/eea.23.72.2.1108005.
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It is commonly known that electric and magnetic fields of power transmission negatively and positively influence plants. Unfortunately, studies on these influences are minimal, particularly considering the comparison between magnetic field and electric field, on both DC (direct current) and AC (alternating current). This research aims to compare the influences of magnetic field and electric field, both on AC and DC, on rice plant growth. Firstly, prototypes, including the equipment, were constructed to generate AC and DC electric fields using parallel plates of a medium voltage transformer and Cockroft-Walton circuits. Meanwhile, the AC and DC magnetic fields were prepared using three different diameter current-injected coils. The rice seeds were exposed to electric and magnetic fields for one month, with plate distance and coil diameter variations. The results showed that the rice seeds grew differently according to the respective types and magnitudes of the fields. In the first two days, the rice seed growths exposed to electric and magnetic fields were higher than those without field exposures. However, since the thirteenth day, the rice growth rate with field exposure was lower than without. This study also shows that the influences of the DC electric and magnetic fields were more potent than the AC fields. The averages of rice seed growth decreasing rate for the AC and DC electric fields and AC and DC magnetic fields were 0.00827 cm/(kV/m), 0.01167 cm/(kV/m), -0.13267 cm/mT and 1.99005 cm/mT, respectively. As a general suggestion in sites, rice plants should be avoided from a transmission line due to high voltage direct current (DC) rather than that alternating current (AC).
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Jurkowska-Gomułka, Agata. "Antitrust Damage Claims: A View From Efta Court." Market and Competition Law Review 3, no. 2 (2020): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7559/mclawreview.2019.1829.
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Articles 101 and 102 TFEU have become a pattern for competition rules provided in Articles 53 and 54 of the EEA Agreement, which entered into force on 1 January 1994. Both EU competition law and EEA competition law can be enforced before national courts. Lodging damage claims in the EU was facilitated by Directive 2014/104/EU. The so-called Antitrust Damages Directive was highly inspired by the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Although Directive 2014/104/EU has not been incorporated into the EEA law, damage claims resulting from violations of EEA competition rules are judged by national courts in the EEA Member States, which is why some aspects of private enforcement of competition law have become a point of interest for the EFTA Court, being – together with the Court of Justice of the European Union – the EEA court. Firstly, the article aims at checking if the EFTA Court jurisprudence on antitrust damage claims follows the guidelines formulated in the case law of the Court of Justice. Since the positive answer to this question is highly probable, secondly, the article aims at identifying the extent of the impact of EU jurisprudence in private enforcement cases on judgments of the EFTA Court. The article concludes that the EFTA Court’s activities regarding antitrust damage claims follow the route indicated by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Four identified judgments regarding – directly or indirectly – antitrust damage claims (Nye Kystlink, Fjarskipti, Schenker I and Schenker V), delivered by the EFTA Court, seem to strengthen its position as an institution that is able to guarantee a coherence between EEA and EU competition law. EFTA Court’s judgments in private enforcement cases are also a point of interest and reference for EU Advocates General and can become an inspiration for both EU and national case law.
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Banz, William J., DVM Joshua Jackson, Keith Richter, and Dana P. Launer. "Transrectal Stapling for Colonic Resection and Anastomosis (10 Cases)." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 44, no. 4 (2008): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0440198.
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The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the feasibility of using the end-to-end anastomosis (EEA) stapling device transrectally for managing distal colonic disease in clinical veterinary cases. Ten animals met the criteria of having distal colonic or rectal resection and anastomosis with the EEA stapling device. The only complications seen after discharge from the hospital were colonic stricture at the anastomosis site in two animals and transient colitis in two animals. The stapled anastomosis has good success when properly applied, and the incidences of stricture formation, leakage, and other potential complications can be kept to a minimum.
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Raes, Niels, Ana Casino, Hilary Goodson, et al. "White paper on the alignment and interoperability between the Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) and EU infrastructures - The case of the European Environment Agency (EEA)." Research Ideas and Outcomes 6 (December 30, 2020): e62361. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e62361.
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The Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) Research Infrastructure (RI) is presently in its preparatory phase. DiSSCo is developing a new distributed RI to operate as a one-stop-shop for the envisaged European Natural Science Collection (NSC) and all its derived information. Through mass digitisation, DiSSCo will transform the fragmented landscape of NSCs, including an estimated 1.5 billion specimens, into an integrated knowledge base that will provide interconnected evidence of the natural world. Data derived from European NSCs underpin countless discoveries and innovations, including tens of thousands of scholarly publications and official reports annually (supporting legislative and regulatory processes on sustainability, environmental change, land use, societal infrastructure, health, food, security, etc.); base-line biodiversity data; inventions and products essential to bio-economy; databases, maps and descriptions of scientific observations; educational material for students; and instructive and informative resources for the public. To expand the user community, DiSSCo will strengthen capacity building across Europe for maximum engagement of stakeholders in the biodiversity-related field and beyond, including industry and the private sector, but also policy-driving entities. Hence, it is opportune to reach out to relevant stakeholders in the European environmental policy domain represented by the European Environment Agency (EEA). The EEA aims to support sustainable development by helping to achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe's environment, through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy-making agents and the public. The EEA provides information through the European Environment Information and Observation System (Eionet). The aim of this white paper is to open the discussion between DiSSCo and the EEA and identify the common service interests that are relevant for the European environmental policy domain. The first section describes the significance of (digital) Natural Science Collections (NHCs). Section two describes the DiSSCo programme with all DiSSCo aligned projects. Section three provides background information on the EEA and the biodiversity infrastructures that are developed and maintained by the EEA. The fourth section illustrates a number of use cases where the DiSSCo consortium sees opportunities for interaction between the DiSSCo RI and the Eionet portal of the EEA. Opening the discussion with the EEA in this phase of maturity of DiSSCo will ensure that the infrastructural design of DiSSCo and the development of e-Services accommodate the present and future needs of the EEA and assure data interoperability between the two infrastructures.<i>The aim of this white paper is to present benefits from identifying the common service interests of DiSSCo and the EEA. A brief introduction to natural science collections as well as the two actors is given to facilitate the understanding of the needs and possibilities in the alignment of DiSSCo with the EEA</i>.
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Higaki, Morio. "Prolonged diapause and seed predation by the acorn weevil,Curculio robustus, in relation to masting of the deciduous oakQuercus acutissima." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 159, no. 3 (2016): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12444.
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Shafiq, Asif Raza, A. Gabriella Wernicke, Charles Alex Riley, et al. "Placement of cesium-131 permanent brachytherapy seeds using the endoscopic endonasal approach for recurrent anaplastic skull base meningioma: case report and technical note." Journal of Neurosurgery 132, no. 3 (2020): 921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.11.jns181943.
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There are few therapeutic options available for the treatment of recurrent meningiomas that have failed treatment with surgery and external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). As additional EBRT is clinically risky, brachytherapy offers an important alternative for optimizing local control. In skull base meningiomas, the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has demonstrated an excellent extent of resection. However, in the case of recurrent, atypical, or residual meningiomas, the EEA alone may not be adequate to address microscopic, residual, highly proliferative disease. In this situation, local radioactive seed brachytherapy has been shown to improve control, but few reports of this technique exist. A 48-year-old right-handed man presented on multiple occasions with recurrence of an anaplastic skull base meningioma, after multiple prior gross-total resections and multiple rounds of radiotherapy had failed. The authors performed a maximally safe neurosurgical tumor resection via EEA supplemented by the intraoperative implantation of 131Cs low-dose permanent brachytherapy seeds. They describe a technique for permanent implantation of brachytherapy seeds and provide operative video of this technique. The authors submit that utilizing this technique in combination with EEA tumor resection renders a minimally invasive approach to improving local control in a patient with a recurrent anaplastic or atypical meningioma of the skull base.
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Ginting, Henny Safrita, Edy Fachrial, I. Nyoman Ehrich Lister, and Adek Amansyah. "Anti-Aging Activities of Asparagus Gel Ethanol Extract in Cosmetic Gel Agent for Facial Skin." Majalah Kedokteran Bandung 53, no. 3 (2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v53n3.2314.
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Asparagus is a vegetable that contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties that scavenges aging-triggering free radicals. This study aimed to investigate the components and anti-aging potentials of Ethanol Extract form Asparagus (EEA). The study was performed in February 2020 at the Pharmacy Laboratory, University of North Sumatera. The EEA was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol. An antioxidant assay was performed and the total phenol and flavodoid content were determined using the spectroscopic method. Three gel formulas with different concentrations of EEA was prepared (F1: 1.5%, F2: 2.5%, and F3: 3.5%), and F0 was used as control. The parameters evaluated were moisture, oil content, texture, collagen, wrinkle, pigment, sensitivity, and pore. The result showed that asparagus had a moderate antioxidant activity (IC50: 118,992) with the total phenol and flavonoid contents of 15,9407 mg GAE/g and 3,2286 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The highest aging activities was seen in F3 (3.5%), followed by F2 (2.5%) and F1 (1.5%). The percentage of moisture, oil, texture, collagen, wrinkle, spot, sensitivity, and pore recovery were found to be 40.15%, 49.73%, 71.76%, 17.70%, 70.93%, 49.34%, 42.56% and 25.31%, respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that the EEA Gel at the highest concentration (3.5%) has a high content of phenol and flavonoid which can improve the skin moisture, oil content, texture, collagen, wrinkles, spots, sensitivity, and pores, which promotes anti-aging activities.
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Alford, John R., Carolyn L. Funk, and John R. Hibbing. "Twin Studies, Molecular Genetics, Politics, and Tolerance: A Response to Beckwith and Morris." Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 4 (2008): 793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081929.
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Beckwith and Morris raise concerns about the value of twin studies for understanding the role of genetics in complex human behavior, but virtually all of their concerns have been raised and rebutted before. When it comes to the equal environments assumption (EEA), the best approach is to test for and control possible violations of the EEA on heritability estimates rather than merely rejecting all empirical evidence because of the possibility of EEA violations. In many respects, since the study of the genetic basis of complex human behaviors now includes many methods in addition to twin studies, Beckwith and Morris's critique applies more to the behavioral genetics of a quarter century ago than to today's multifaceted behavioral genetics. Twin studies establish that there is a sizeable genetic component to political orientations, thereby giving cause to look further at the nature of that role by using other methodologies, including molecular genetics. We conclude by pointing out that the normative implications of the relevance of genes to human behavior are not nearly as worrisome as Beckwith and Morris seem to believe.
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Singh, Swati, R. P. Singh, and Anup Kumar Sirbaiya. "Evaluation of Phytochemical and Antistress Activity of Averrhoa carambola L." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S-5 (2023): 1192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is-5.1160.
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In India, the medicinal plant Averrhoa carambola L. has been utilised for centuries to cure a wide range of illnesses and problems. The goal of the current study was to assess the ethanolic seed extract of Averrhoa carambola L. (EEAC) for its phytochemical and anti-stress properties Flavonoids were identified as the main phytoconstituents by EEAC. Studies on acute toxicity were conducted on albino mice. At a level of 2000 mg/kg body weight, the ethanolic extract did not have a deadly effect, and no abnormalities or deaths were seen for a 14-day period. The EEAC effect and the gold standard Ashwagandha were evaluated. The anti-stress potential of this plant was examined using swimming endurance tests, anoxic stress tolerance tests and immobilisation stress models. The findings show that 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg dosages of an ethanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola L. seed significantly reduced stress levels. Based on the findings, it was determined that Averrhoa carambola L. has strong anti-stress properties.
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Jakobsson, Johan, Glenn P. Svensson, Christer Löfstedt, and Olle Anderbrant. "Antennal and behavioural responses of the spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella , to floral volatiles of Norway spruce, Picea abies , and temporal variation in emission of active compounds." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 160, no. 3 (2016): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eea.12474.
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Bamidele, Adebowale O., Kimberly N. Kremer, Petra Hirsova, et al. "IQGAP1 promotes CXCR4 chemokine receptor function and trafficking via EEA-1+ endosomes." Journal of Cell Biology 210, no. 2 (2015): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201411045.
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IQ motif–containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) is a cytoskeleton-interacting scaffold protein. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor that binds stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1; also known as CXCL12). Both IQGAP1 and CXCR4 are overexpressed in cancer cell types, yet it was unclear whether these molecules functionally interact. Here, we show that depleting IQGAP1 in Jurkat T leukemic cells reduced CXCR4 expression, disrupted trafficking of endocytosed CXCR4 via EEA-1+ endosomes, and decreased efficiency of CXCR4 recycling. SDF-1–induced cell migration and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK) MAPK were strongly inhibited, even when forced overexpression restored CXCR4 levels. Similar results were seen in KMBC and HEK293 cells. Exploring the mechanism, we found that SDF-1 treatment induced IQGAP1 binding to α-tubulin and localization to CXCR4-containing endosomes and that CXCR4-containing EEA-1+ endosomes were abnormally located distal from the microtubule (MT)-organizing center (MTOC) in IQGAP1-deficient cells. Thus, IQGAP1 critically mediates CXCR4 cell surface expression and signaling, evidently by regulating EEA-1+ endosome interactions with MTs during CXCR4 trafficking and recycling. IQGAP1 may similarly promote CXCR4 functions in other cancer cell types.
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Rammila, Davy, and Ernest Manamela. "Hiding behind the veil: On whom does liability for discriminatory practices by recruitment agencies fall." South African Mercantile Law Journal 35, no. 2 (2023): 162–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v35/i2a3.
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The Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA) provides that applicants for employment are employees for purposes of its unfair discrimination provisions. The EEA is, however, silent in respect of applicants who seek employment through recruitment agencies. In this article, we argue that this silence has the potential to handicap these applicants and deprive them of the statutory procedure they would have enjoyed had they otherwise applied directly to employers. We further contend that the relationship between recruitment agencies and applicants for employment is not capable of being construed to fall within the provisions of s 4 of the EEA. We also posit that it would be unreasonable to expect these applicants to follow an onerous process under the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000; this, despite there being a clear employment nexus informing the foundation and execution of the juristic act between the respective parties. Instead, we propose that recruitment agencies are agents in the ordinary sense, that their engagements with applicants enjoy prior authorisation from the potential employer, and that any consequences of such engagements are attributable to the potential employer.
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Collier, Debbie. "The Employment Equity Amendment Bill B14B – 2020: Innovating towards Equity or Kicking the Can down the Road?" Industrial Law Journal 44, no. 1 (2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/ilj/v44/i1a1.
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The Employment Equity Amendment Bill introduces significant changes to the regulatory framework for affirmative action by, among other amendments, shifting the responsibility for determining employment equity targets from workplace to sectoral level. It also operationalises s 53 of the Employment Equity Act (EEA) and employers will need a certificate of compliance from the Minister confirming compliance with the EEA, including the sector targets, before being permitted to contract with the state. Notwithstanding merit in the idea of a sectoral (contextual) approach to affirmative action and the value of incentivising compliance, considered in terms of its provisions and omissions the Bill is found wanting. The EEA is a fundamental tool in the struggle against workplace discrimination and systemic inequality — crucial for transformation — but the design of the Bill suggests a high-handed and partisan approach and a missed opportunity to adjust course and affirm and implement international human rights law and principles. However, this is a qualified and incomplete assessment, as the sectoral numerical targets have yet to be published, and it remains to be seen whether these, and the associated framework, will reflect a more nuanced and context sensitive approach to the design and implementation of affirmative action measures than currently anticipated. That would be a most welcome development.
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Setty, Pradeep, Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda, Eric W. Wang, Carl H. Snyderman, and Paul A. Gardner. "Residual and Recurrent Disease Following Endoscopic Endonasal Approach as a Reflection of Anatomic Limitation for the Resection of Midline Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas." Operative Neurosurgery 21, no. 4 (2021): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opab244.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) to anterior skull base meningiomas have grown in popularity, though anatomic limitations remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To show the anatomic limits of EEA for meningiomas. METHODS Retrospective chart review for all patients that underwent EEA for anterior skull base meningiomas from 2005 to 2014. RESULTS A total of 100 patients averaged follow-up of 46.9 mo (24-100 mo). A total of 35 patients (35%) had olfactory groove, 33 planum sphenoidale (33%), and 32 tuberculum sella (32%) meningiomas. The average diameter was 2.9 cm (0.5-8.1 cm). Vascular encasement was seen in 11 patients (11%) and calcification in 20 (20%). Simpson Grade 1 (SG1) resection was achieved in 64 patients (64%). Only calcification impacted degree of resection (40% SG1, P = .012). The most common residual was on the anterior clinoid dura (11 patients [11%]). Six (6%) had residual superior/lateral to the optic nerve. Residual tumor was adherent to the optic apparatus or arteries in 5 patients (5%) each, and 3 patients (3%) had residual lateral to the mid-orbit. Rates of residual decreased over time. A total of 11 patients (11%) had tumor recurrence (mean of 40 mo): 4 (4%) on the anterior clinoid, 2 (2%) each on the lateral orbital roof, adherent to optic apparatus and superolateral to the optic nerve, and 1 (1%) was at the anterior falx. CONCLUSION Anterior skull base meningiomas can effectively be approached via EEA in most patients; tumors extending to the anterior clinoid, anterior falx, or superolateral to the optic nerve or orbital roof, especially if calcified, may be difficult to reach via EEA.
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Ottenhausen, Malte, Kavelin Rumalla, Andrew F. Alalade, et al. "Decision-making algorithm for minimally invasive approaches to anterior skull base meningiomas." Neurosurgical Focus 44, no. 4 (2018): E7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.1.focus17734.
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OBJECTIVEAnterior skull base meningiomas are benign lesions that cause neurological symptoms through mass effect on adjacent neurovascular structures. While traditional transcranial approaches have proven to be effective at removing these tumors, minimally invasive approaches that involve using an endoscope offer the possibility of reducing brain and nerve retraction, minimizing incision size, and speeding patient recovery; however, appropriate case selection and results in large series are lacking.METHODSThe authors developed an algorithm for selecting a supraorbital keyhole minicraniotomy (SKM) for olfactory groove meningiomas or an expanded endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for tuberculum sella (TS) or planum sphenoidale (PS) meningiomas based on the presence or absence of olfaction and the anatomical extent of the tumor. Where neither approach is appropriate, a standard transcranial approach is utilized. The authors describe rates of gross-total resection (GTR), olfactory outcomes, and visual outcomes, as well as complications, for 7 subgroups of patients. Exceptions to the algorithm are also discussed.RESULTSThe series of 57 patients harbored 57 anterior skull base meningiomas; the mean tumor volume was 14.7 ± 15.4 cm3 (range 2.2–66.1 cm3), and the mean follow-up duration was 42.2 ± 37.1 months (range 2–144 months). Of 19 patients with olfactory groove meningiomas, 10 had preserved olfaction and underwent SKM, and preservation of olfaction in was seen in 60%. Of 9 patients who presented without olfaction, 8 had cribriform plate invasion and underwent combined SKM and EEA (n = 3), bifrontal craniotomy (n = 3), or EEA (n = 2), and one patient without both olfaction and cribriform plate invasion underwent SKM. GTR was achieved in 94.7%. Of 38 TS/PS meningiomas, 36 of the lesions were treated according to the algorithm. Of these 36 meningiomas, 30 were treated by EEA and 6 by craniotomy. GTR was achieved in 97.2%, with no visual deterioration and one CSF leak that resolved by placement of a lumbar drain. Two patients with tumors that, based on the algorithm, were not amenable to an EEA underwent EEA nonetheless: one had GTR and the other had a residual tumor that was followed and removed via craniotomy 9 years later.CONCLUSIONSUtilizing a simple algorithm aimed at preserving olfaction and vision and based on maximizing use of minimally invasive approaches and selective use of transcranial approaches, the authors found that excellent outcomes can be achieved for anterior skull base meningiomas.
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Omay, Sacit Bulent, João Paulo Almeida, Yu-Ning Chen, et al. "Is the chiasm-pituitary corridor size important for achieving gross-total resection during endonasal endoscopic resection of craniopharyngiomas?" Journal of Neurosurgery 129, no. 3 (2018): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.6.jns163188.
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OBJECTIVECraniopharyngiomas arise from the pituitary stalk, and in adults they are generally located posterior to the chiasm extending up into the third ventricle. The extended endonasal approach (EEA) can provide an ideal corridor between the bottom of the optic chiasm and the top of the pituitary gland (chiasm-pituitary corridor [CPC]) for their removal. A narrow CPC in patients with a prefixed chiasm and a large tumor extending up and behind the chiasm has been considered a contraindication to EEA, with a high risk of visual deterioration and subtotal resection.METHODSA database of all patients treated in the authors’ center (Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital) between July 2004 and August 2016 was reviewed. Patients with craniopharyngiomas who underwent EEA with the goal of gross-total resection (GTR) were included in the study. Patients with postfixed chiasm or limited available preoperative imaging were excluded. Using preoperative contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sagittal midline MR images, the authors calculated the CPC as well as the distance from the chiasm to the top of the tumor (CTOT). From these numbers, they calculated a ratio of the CPC to the CTOT as a measure of difficulty in removing the tumors through the EEA and called this ratio the corridor index (CI). The relationship between the CI and the ability to achieve GTR and visual outcome were measured.RESULTSThirty-four patients were included in the study. The mean CPC was 10.1 mm (range 5.2–19.1 mm). The mean CTOT was 12.8 mm (range 0–28.3 mm). The median CI was 0.8; the CI ranged from 0.4 to infinity (for tumors with a CTOT of 0). Thirty-two patients had GTR (94.1%) and 2 had subtotal resection. The CPC value had no relationship with our ability to achieve GTR and no effect on visual or endocrine outcome.CONCLUSIONSEEA for craniopharyngioma is generally considered the first-line surgical approach. Although a narrow corridor between the top of the pituitary gland and the bottom of the chiasm may seem to be a relative contraindication to surgery for larger tumors, the authors’ data do not bear this out. EEA appears to be a successful technique for the majority of midline craniopharyngiomas.
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Revuelta Barbero, Juan M., Alaa S. Montaser, Mostafa Shahein, et al. "Endoscopic Endonasal Focal Transclival-Medial Condylectomy Approach for Resection of a Foramen Magnum Meningioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video." Operative Neurosurgery 16, no. 2 (2018): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opy145.
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Abstract The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) provides direct access to foramen magnum meningiomas; however, it often requires extensive exposure including septal flap elevation with septum removal, complete sphenoidotomy, and panclivectomy. We present a case of a 54-yr-old-female with an incidental foramen magnum lesion followed up with serial imaging who presented 10 mo later with progressive neck discomfort and episodes of dizziness, with confirmed tumor progression and further brainstem compression. A focal transclival EEA with medial condylectomy was performed preserving the upper two-thirds of the clivus, the nasal septum, and the sphenoid sinus. Gross total removal of a meningioma WHO Grade-1 was achieved with dura resection on the majority of the tumor (Simpson 2). Closure was achieved with a random pedicled inverted V nasaopharyngeal flap. There were no complications, all symptoms improved, and no recurrence was seen in 12 mo of follow-up. IRB approval was neither required nor saught for this single case report. The patient gave informed consent.
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Ferber, I. A., S. Brocke, C. Taylor-Edwards, et al. "Mice with a disrupted IFN-gamma gene are susceptible to the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)." Journal of Immunology 156, no. 1 (1996): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.156.1.5.
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Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis, is an autoimmune disorder seen in mice and rats following immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) or MBP-derived peptides. IFN-gamma, a cytokine produced by a variety of cells, is involved in many inflammatory and immune regulatory events. Contradictory results concerning exacerbations and the disease course were seen comparing injections of IFN-gamma in humans suffering from multiple sclerosis to studies using anti-IFN-gamma Abs in mice with EAE. To study the role of IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-producing cells in EAE, we crossed IFN-gamma knockout mice (H-2b) (unable to produce IFN-gamma due to the disruption of the IFN-gamma gene) with an EAE-susceptible mouse strain, B10.PL (H-2u). EAE was seen in IFN-gamma knockout mice, heterozygotic (IFN-gamma +/-) mice, as well as wild-type littermates following immunization with MBP. Histologic analyses of the central nervous system of IFN-gamma knockout mice with EAE revealed massive infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes. We conclude that the presence of IFN-gamma is not crucial to the induction or the clinical course of EAE.
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Harju, Pirkko, and Jyrki Kankila. "Erwinia carotovora contamination of Finnish seed potatoes and the prevalence of bacterial subspecies and serogroups." Agricultural and Food Science 2, no. 4 (1993): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72657.
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Symptomless contamination with the rot-inducing bacterium Erwinia carotovora was detectable by the tuber incubation method in 82% of the commercial seed potato stocks surveyed. E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca) was more common than E. carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc ) among the tuber contaminants. In a four-year survey of ten meristem-based seed stocks, recontamination with both Eca and Ecc occurred typically during the second field generation, but three stocks remained free of detectable contamination throughout the survey period. The first blackleg symptoms occurred typically during the third field generation. The serogroup distribution of Finnish Eca isolates was different from that reported from other countries. The predominant serogroup, I, constituted only 74% of all Eca isolates, since serogroups XXXV and XLI occurred relatively frequently. Serogroup I was more common among isolates from diseased stems than among those from latently contaminated tubers. The results also suggest that serogroup I is more dominant in the southern than in the northern parts of the country.
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Patel, Darpan I., and Lesley J. White. "Effect of 10-day forced treadmill training on neurotrophic factors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 2 (2013): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0303.
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The impact of exercise on disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical effects of forced wheel running on rats induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. Female Lewis rats (n = 40) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups prior to inoculation: EAE exercise (EAE-Ex), EAE sedentary (EAE-Sed), control exercise (Con-Ex), or control sedentary (Con-Sed). Exercise training was composed of forced treadmill running at increasing intensity across 10 consecutive days. No significant differences in clinical disability were observed in the EAE groups at the conclusion of this study. Furthermore, no significant differences in brain mass were observed across groups. Analysis of brain tissue proteins revealed that tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were higher in both EAE groups compared with the control groups (p < 0.05); however, no significant differences were seen between the EAE-Ex and EAE-Sed groups. The Con-Ex group had lower whole-brain TNF-α compared with the Con-Sed group (p < 0.05). Nerve growth factor concentrations were greater in the EAE-Ex animals compared with both control groups (p < 0.05 for both). No differences were seen in brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Our results indicate that aerobic exercise can modulate the proteins associated with disability in EAE; however, further research is required to understand the total impact of exercise on EAE disability and disease progression.
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Kesherwani, Bhagyashree, Abdul Mazeed, Schchida Nand Singh, and T. Thomas. "Potential of sewage sludge towards germination, growth and chlorophyll content inVigna radiata L. at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, no. 02 (2023): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02.016.
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The use of sewage sludge in agriculture is an alternative strategy to reduce waste production. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of sewage sludge (SS) from various sewage treatment plants (STPs) on seed germination, growth metrics, and chlorophyll content in Vigna radiata L. var. Samrat. The experiment was first carried out under controlled conditions, then in the Zaid season at the nursery of forestry Department, SHUATS, Prayagraj, a field experiment with seven treatments and three replications was conducted. Sludge’s initial physico-chemical examination had revealed greater EC, lower pH, and more macro- and micronutrients as well as heavy metals over control. According to the results of the controlled experiment, there was less seed germination, shoot length, and seedling vigour index compared to the control. At lower concentrations, data in a field trial indicated good results, but at 45 and 60 days after sowing, substantial reductions in several growth metrics and chlorophyll content were seen at greater concentrations with various sludge applications as compared to the control.
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Sindhoor, Sharada Rai, and Deepa Adiga S A. "Periodic acid-schiff staining: A counterpart of the immunoreactivity seen by direct immunofluorescence in bullous pemphigoid." Indian Journal of Pathology and Oncology 11, no. 3 (2024): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpo.2024.054.
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Periodic-Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain has been put forward to differentiate between bullous pemphigoid (BP) and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA). PAS stain shows correspondence with DIF staining patterns of EBA and BP with respect to basement membrane staining. Histological hall-mark of this entity is subepidermal blister containing eosinophils. But there can be other findings observed in this entity which can cause pitfalls in the diagnosis. Our study demonstrates these rare findings to avoid the misdiagnosis.To study the utility of Periodic-acid-Schiff stain in differentiating BP and EBA on histopathology. To evaluate ‘n’ versus ‘u’ serration patterns in differentiating BP and EBA on DIF examination. Two skin punch biopsies measuring 3 mm were obtained. Of the two skin punch biopsies, one was sent in Michel’s medium for direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and the other for light microscopy. PAS stain was performed on light microscopy.18 (100%) clinically suspected cases of BP were assessed for light microscopy and DIF, of which 16 (88%) cases were confirmed by DIF examination and histopathology. 16 of them (88%) showed both floor pattern and basal fraying of keratinocytes. 4 (25%) cases showed a unique finding of linear arrangement of neutrophils along the basal layer of epidermis with subepidermal bulla containing eosinophils.Small sample size, inability to apply population based statistics and absence of the comparable group (EBA) due to which the findings may not be specific to the disease entity.PAS stain can be used to provide simple, cost-effective and reliable diagnosis in differentiating BP versus EBA cases, although indirect immunofluorescence remains the gold standard test for confirmation. BP should be differentiated from other subepidermal diseases to avoid the diagnostic pitfalls and misdiagnosis of the same, as neutrophils can also be present in BP as the main inflammatory cells and share some similar histological features with the other subepidermal diseases.
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Cieślik, Andrzej, and Mahdi Ghodsi. "Agglomeration externalities, market structure and employment growth in high-tech industries: Revisiting the evidence." Miscellanea Geographica 19, no. 3 (2015): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2015-0007.
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Abstract In this paper we revisit the existing empirical evidence on the effects of various agglomeration externalities and the market structure on employment growth in the high-tech industries of the European Economic Area (EEA). Our study is based on the dynamic panel dataset of two-digit NACE rev 1.1. industries in 285 regions of the European Economic Area for the period 1995-2007. We find that employment growth is negatively related to competition, while localization and urbanization externalities do not seem to affect growth.
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Lu, Yi, and Guohua Li. "Auricular acupuncture induces FNDC5/irisin and attenuates obese inflammation in mice." Acupuncture in Medicine 38, no. 4 (2020): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2017-011405.
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Objective: To investigate whether auricular acupuncture (AA) attenuates bodyweight and obese inflammation through the release of irisin from muscle tissue in mice. Methods: Sixty 4-week-old mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. These animals were divided into six groups that remained untreated (HFD) or underwent electrical AA (HFD+EAA), sham EAA (HFD+SEAA), adrenalectomy (HFD+AD), adrenalectomy and EAA (HFD+AD+EAA), or adrenalectomy and injection of recombinant lentivirus expressing fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (rFNDC) (HFD+AD+rFNDC) in the ninth week. The EAA and SEAA were performed at two traditional auricular acupuncture points daily for 4 weeks. An additional 10 mice fed a control diet were included as a normal control (NC) group. At the end of the study, norepinephrine (NE) in the serum, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the serum and white adipose tissue, irisin in the serum and muscle, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in the brown adipose tissue (BAT), and FNDC5 in the muscle, were analysed. Results: The AD+EAA group exhibited better control of bodyweight and inflammation compared with the AD+SEAA and untreated HFD model groups (P<0.05), especially regarding the increased expression of NE, FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1 (P<0.05). After adrenalectomy, mice receiving EAA had less NE, FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1 as well as greater expression of inflammatory cytokines and bodyweight. However, lentiviral overexpression of rFNDC successfully reversed this situation in the AD mice and mimicked the effects of EAA on bodyweight, inflammation and expression of FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1, although it did not impact NE. Conclusions: EAA promoted NE release from the adrenal gland leading to further expression of FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1, which contributed to weight management and inflammatory inhibition.
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Cahill, Lindsay S., Monan Angela Zhang, Valeria Ramaglia, et al. "Aged hind-limb clasping experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models aspects of the neurodegenerative process seen in multiple sclerosis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 45 (2019): 22710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915141116.
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Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This model has been instrumental in understanding the events that lead to the initiation of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Though EAE has been an effective screening tool for identifying novel therapies for relapsing-remitting MS, it has proven to be less successful in identifying therapies for progressive forms of this disease. Though axon injury occurs in EAE, it is rapid and acute, making it difficult to intervene for the purpose of evaluating neuroprotective therapies. Here, we describe a variant of spontaneous EAE in the 2D2 T cell receptor transgenic mouse (2D2+ mouse) that presents with hind-limb clasping upon tail suspension and is associated with T cell-mediated inflammation in the posterior spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. Due to the mild nature of clinical signs in this model, we were able to maintain cohorts of mice into middle age. Over 9 mo, these mice exhibited a relapsing-remitting course of hind-limb clasping with the development of progressive motor deficits. Using a combined approach of ex vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histopathological analysis, we observed neurological progression to associate with spinal cord atrophy, synapse degradation, and neuron loss in the gray matter, as well as ongoing axon injury in the white matter of the spinal cord. These findings suggest that mild EAE coupled with natural aging may be a solution to better modeling the neurodegenerative processes seen in MS.
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Martini, Gustavo, Aimar Francisco Ferrari Pedrinho Junior, Guilherme Vargas Felici, Fausto Monteiro Piva, and Julio Cezar Durigan. "Eficácia de uma nova formulação de glifosato para o controle de grama-seda (Cynodon dactylon), em pomar de citros." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 24, no. 3 (2002): 683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452002000300028.
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Avaliou-se a eficácia do herbicida glifosato potássico, comparado ao sulfosato e ao glifosato amínico, utilizados como padrões comerciais. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em um pomar de laranja da variedade Pêra-rio, infestado por grama-seda (Cynodon dactylon) com aproximadamente 25 cm de altura, em 70% da área. O experimento foi instalado no município de Taiúva-SP, em solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo, distrófico, de textura arenosa, com relevo suave ondulado. Os tratamentos testados foram: glifosato potássico (ZAPP Qi) a 1,05; 2,10 e 2,50 kg e.a./ha, sulfosato (ZAPP) e glifosato amínico (ROUNDUP CS) a 1,98 e 2,16 kg e.a./ha, respectivamente, além da testemunha sem capina. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em pós-emergência da planta daninha, com pulverizador costal, à pressão constante (mantida por CO2 comprimido) de 2,5 kg/cm², munido de barra com seis bicos de jato plano ("leque") DG 11002, com um consumo de calda equivalente a 200 L/ha. Os melhores resultados de controle foram obtidos com 2,5 kg e.a./ha do glifosato potássico, que também garantiu menor brotação da grama-seda. No entanto, a dosagem de 2,10 kg e.a./ha deste mesmo herbicida não foi menos eficaz que o sulfosato e o glifosato, com 1,98 e 2,16 kg e.a./ha, respectivamente.
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A., Mohapatra, S. K. Swain, Monalisa S.P., et al. "Maximizing Seed Yield and Quality in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) through Seed Priming." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 31, April Suppl. Issue (2025): 54–58. https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2025.v31i03s.011.
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An investigation was undertaken to assess the efficacy of various seed priming treatments and soaking durations on seed quality enhancement and yield in cowpea cv. Utkal Manika. The seeds were subjected to various priming treatments viz., hydropriming, soaking in KNO3 , 1% NaCl, and 50ppm GA3 for 4 and 6 hours for all the treatments and the untreated seed was considered as control. Among the priming treatments studied, the highest enhancement was observed in 1% KNO3 for 4h (83% germination, 81% field emergence, 3550 SVI-I , 1125 SVI-II, 19.66 pods per plant, 15.06 seeds per pod, 16.09g hundred seed weight, 22.26g seed yield per plant and 15.16q yield per hectare) followed by 1% NaCl for 4h (82% germination, 80% field emergence, 3395 SVI-I, 1095 SVI-II, 19.26 pods per plant, 14.73 seeds per pod, 15.43g hundred seed weight, 20.20g yield per plant and 13.08q yield per hectare) in comparison to the control. However, 3-4 days earliness in flowering behaviour was observed in 50ppmGA3 for 4h, H2 O for 6h and 50ppmGA3 for 6h in comparison to the control. All the priming treatments resulted in enhancement of germination over the control (67%). Besides germination, there were significant improvement in length and dry weight of seedlings and seed vigour indices. There was significant enhancement in most of the field characteristics except plant height, number of primary and secondary branches and pod length.
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Guaraldi, Federica, Ernesto Pasquini, Giorgio Frank, Diego Mazzatenta, and Matteo Zoli. "The Endoscopic Endonasal Management of Anterior Skull Base Meningiomas." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base 79, S 04 (2018): S300—S310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1669463.
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Introduction The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) might seem an “unnatural” route for intradural lesions such as meningiomas. The aim of this study is to critically revise our management of anterior skull base meningiomas to consider, in what cases it may be advantageous. Material and Methods Each consecutive case of anterior skull base meningioma operated on through an EEA or combined endoscopic–transcranial approach at our institution, between 2003 and 2017, have been included. Tumors were classified on the basis of their location and intra or extracranial extension. Follow-up consisted of an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and a clinical examination 3 months after the surgery and then repeated annually. Results Fifty-seven patients were included. The most common location was the tuberculum sellae (62%), followed by olfactory groove (14%), planum sphenoidale (12%), and frontal sinus (12%). Among these, 65% were intracranial, 7% were extracranial, and 28% both intra and extracranial. Radical removal was achieved in 44 cases (77%). Complications consisted in 10 CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) leaks (17.6%), 1 overpacking (1.7%), and 1 asymptomatic brain ischemia (1.7%). Visual acuity and campimetric deficits improved respectively in 67 and 76% of patients. Recurrence rate was of 14%. Conclusions EEA presents many advantages in selected cases of anterior skull base meningioma. However, it is hampered by the relevant risk of CSF leak. We consider that it could be advantageous for planum/tuberculum sellae tumors. Conversely, for olfactory groove or frontal sinus meningiomas, it can be indicated for tumors with extracranial extension, while its role is still debatable for purely intracranial forms as considering our surgical results, it could be advantageous for midline planum/tuberculum sellae tumors. Conversely, it can be of first choice for olfactory groove or frontal sinus meningiomas with extracranial extension, while its role for purely intracranial forms is still debatable.
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B.M., Bhyravi, Athani S.I., D. P. Prakasha, et al. "Effect of sterilizing agent and seed treatment method on In vitro seed germination of guava cv. Arka Kiran." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, no. 02 (2024): 588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i02.028.
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The in vitro germination of seeds of guava cv. Arka Kiran was mainly affected by contamination and seed coat dormancy. For successful in vitro germination of guava seeds, contamination control and breaking of seed dormancy are the two main steps one should fallow. An experiment on “Effect of sterilizing agent and seed treatment method on in vitro seed germination of guava cv. Arka Kiran” was carried out at College of Horticulture, Sirsi, Uttar Kannada, Karnataka during 2021-2023. The study revealed significant influence of different sterilizing agents and seed treatment method on contamination and germination parameters. The seeds sterilized with HgCl2 (0.05%) for 6 minutes showed minimum contamination (9.81%) and the seeds treated with 10% HCl for two minutes reported maximum germination (95.52%) and minimum days taken for germination (14.93).
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Jørgensen, Knud Erik. "The EEAS and the challenges of multilateral diplomacy." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 44 (April 30, 2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-44-2011pp93-110.
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El artículo se centra en el análisis de los desafíos más importantes que la UE ha de afrontar en el ámbito de la diplomacia multilateral, tras las importantes innovaciones institucionales contenidas en el Tratado de Lisboa, y específicamente tras la creación del SEAE. De manera más precisa, se identifican y discuten críticamente diez grandes desafíos en este terreno, así como su posible relación con las dimensiones instrumentales del nuevo SEAE, y de las diversas instituciones multilaterales respectivamente. El artículo sugiere que el despliegue de las singulares dimensiones formales e institucionales del mismo se verá en cierto modo empequeñecido, al menos a corto y medio plazo, por la necesidad de responder a las prioridades de una agenda política llena de desafíos.
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Olayinka, Umar Bolaji, Sherifat Omolabake Owodeyi, and Emmanuel Obukohwo Etejere. "Biological productivity and composition of groundnut in relation to seed size." Environmental and Experimental Biology 14, no. 1 (2016): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/eeb.14.02.
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Kalemkuş, Fatih, and Levent Çelik. "Investigation of Secondary Education Students' Views and Purposes of Use of EBA." Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology 11, no. 3 (2023): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52380/mojet.2023.11.3.458.
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With this research, it was aimed to determine the educational Informatics Network (EBA) [Eğitim Bilişim Ağı] usage purposes of 12th grade students in secondary education institutions and their views on EBA. 452 students attending the 12th grade at six secondary schools randomly selected in the city center of Kars in the 2015–2016 academic year participated in this research. The questionnaire "Students' Purposes of Using Educational Information Network (EBA) and Their Views on EBA" was used to collect the research data using the scanning model. According to the research, it is seen that the general views of the students about EBA are not very positive. However, it was determined that the scores for using EBA were lower than the scores for opinions about EBA. It has been determined that the students' purposes for using EBA are mostly to learn the lessons and subjects that they have the most difficulty with.
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Jordà, Gabriel, Damià Gomis, and Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul. "The VANI2-ERA hindcast of sea-level residuals: atmospheric forcing of sea-level variability in the Mediterranean Sea (1958-2008)." Scientia Marina 76, S1 (2012): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.03612.19c.
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Butterfield, Russell J., Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn, Randall J. Roper, et al. "Genetic Analysis of Disease Subtypes and Sexual Dimorphisms in Mouse Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE): Relapsing/Remitting and Monophasic Remitting/Nonrelapsing EAE Are Immunogenetically Distinct." Journal of Immunology 162, no. 5 (1999): 3096–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.3096.
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Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the principal animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), the major inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Murine EAE is generally either an acute monophasic or relapsing disease. Because the clinical spectrum of MS is more diverse, the limited range of disease subtypes observed in EAE has raised concern regarding its relevance as a model for MS. During the generation of a large F2 mapping population between the EAE-susceptible SJL/J and EAE-resistant B10.S/DvTe inbred lines, we identified four distinct subtypes of murine EAE resembling clinical subtypes seen in MS. We observed acute progressive, chronic/nonremitting, remitting/relapsing, and monophasic remitting/nonrelapsing EAE. An additional subtype, benign EAE, was identified after histologic examination revealed that some mice had inflammatory infiltrates of the central nervous system, but did not show clinical signs of EAE. Genome exclusion mapping was performed to identify the loci controlling susceptibility to each disease subtype. We report three novel EAE-modifying loci on chromosomes 16, 7, and 13 (eae11–13, respectively). Additionally, unique loci with gender-specific effects govern susceptibility to remitting/relapsing (eae12) and monophasic remitting/nonrelapsing (eae7 and 13) EAE.