Academic literature on the topic 'Seeamt Lübeck'

The edition of the “Lübecker Ratsurteile” (verdicts by the council of Lübeck) by Wilhelm Ebel (1908 – 1980), a legal historian primarily active in Göttingen, is still considered to be a standard work. This article assesses and critiques this common assessment. In view of the assumptions of its editor – and in particular his activities as a member of the SS-Ahnenerbe, a Nazi organization charged with ‘scientifically’ investigating (and maintaining) Arian racial purity – the edition might be flawed.Ebel assumed that the verdicts embodied Lübeck law (“Lübisches Recht”) and that one could reconstruct Lübeck Law by analysing the “Ratsurteile”. Recent work shows that Lübeck law had a number of other sources as well, so that Ebel’s assumption seems questionable. Moreover, Ebel did not edit all the extant verdicts but rather selected particular ones which he deemed 'essential, substantial and intuitively iomprehensible’. It is unknown which verdicts he left out, much less why. In short, we simply do not know whether Ebel’s reconceptions biased (consciously or unconsciously) his selection of sources for publication and therefore skewed all subsequent research based on his edition. Furthermore, it is probable that he was only able to gain access to the sources (which had been removed for safe-keeping during the war) because he was officially tasked with this project by the SS- Ahnenerbe. Ebel was not above hinting that his work might prove to be politically useful to his Nazi masters. Again, we do not know whether this influenced the selection of the verdicts which Ebel deemed worthy to be included in his edition of the “Lübecker Ratsurteile”.

The cult of St. Olaf among sea merchants and its manifestation in testaments of Lübeck Bergenfahrer St. Olaf was one of the most vivid symbols of religious life in the northern part of medieval Europe. Many churches devoted to him were scattered across Scandinavian countries and his resting place in Nidaros (Trondheim) cathedral attracted numerous believers. As a patron saint of Norwegian kings and various organizations he seems to be a religious icon that permeated into some lay aspects of life, including the economic sphere. Although relatedness of his cult to sea is apparent in the oldest liturgical texts, Scandinavian sources pointed out in this article provide no certain evidence proving its relevancy to sea trade. However, in the Late Middle Ages St. Olaf’s cult gained popularity among the Bergenfahrer – Lübeck sea merchants strongly involved in the commercial activity in Bergen. Testaments left by the Bergenfahrer constitute a set of evidence that illuminates the role that St. Olaf’s cult played among this group of merchants. This role seems to be twofold: St. Olaf’s cult was a symbol which shaped corporate identity of the Bergenfahrer, contributing to the organisational sphere of their activity, and provided spiritual support which shaped personal identity of individual merchants.

Abstract. In order to detect shifts in community structure and function associated with global change, the natural background fluctuation in these traits must be known. In a 6 yr study we characterized the composition of young benthic communities at 7 sites along the 300 km coast of the Kiel and Lübeck bights in the German Baltic Sea and we quantified their interannual variability of taxonomic and functional composition. Along the salinity gradient from NW to SE, the relative abundance of primary producers decreased while that of heterotrophs increased. Along the same gradient, annual productivity tended to increase. Taxonomic and functional richness were higher in Kiel Bight as compared to Lübeck Bight. With increasing species richness functional group richness showed saturation indicating an increasing functional redundancy in species rich communities. While taxonomic fluctuations between years were substantial, functionality of the communities seem preserved in most cases. Environmental conditions potentially driving these fluctuations are winter temperatures and current regimes. We tentatively define a confidence range of natural variability in taxonomic and functional composition a departure from which might help identifying an ongoing regime shift driven by global change. In addition, we propose to use RELATE, a statistical procedure in the PRIMER (Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research) package to distinguish directional shifts in time ("signal") from natural temporal fluctuations ("noise").

Ortmann O, Ansari-Pirsarai B, Bloh P, Schulz K-D, Emons G. Modulatory actions of progesterone on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced arachidonic acid liberation from perifused rat pituitary cells. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;135:626–30. ISSN 0804–4643 The stimulatory action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on gonadotropin secretion from cultured rat pituitary cells is modulated by estradiol and progesterone. Recent studies provided evidence that both steroids exert effects on different pathways of GnRH signal transduction, which might be responsible for their actions on luteinizing hormone (LH) release. Here we investigated whether the steroids are able to modulate GnRH-induced liberation of arachidonic acid, which is thought to be involved in GnRH signal transduction. Pituitary cells obtained from female rats were treated for 48 h with vehicle, 1 nmol/l estradiol or 1 nmol/l estradiol +100 nmol/l progesterone, 48 h with 1 nmol/l estradiol and 2 h with 100 nmol/l progesterone. In addition, these cells were prelabeled with [3H]arachidonic acid. Then the cells were transferred to a perifusion system and challenged with a 6-min pulse of 100 nmol/l GnRH. Estradiol treatment enhanced the LH secretory response while GnRH-induced [3H]arachidonic acid liberation remained unaffected. However, progesterone modulated both LH secretion and [3H]arachidonic acid release in response to the GnRH stimulus. The shortterm progesterone treatment paradigm enhanced the LH and arachidonic acid responses by up to 160 ±13 and 204 ±18%, respectively, while long-term treatment was inhibitory (59 ± 9 and 63 ± 4% vs control). Because arachidonic acid has been shown to be involved in GnRH signal transduction, it seems reasonable to speculate that the actions of progesterone described in the present study are related to its modulatory effect on GnRH-induced LH secretion. O Ortmann, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany

English interest in the great Cistercian abbey of Pontigny was stimulated by the exiles there of two archbishops of Canterbury, Thomas Becket and Stephen Langton.1 As archbishops of Canterbury, Langton and Edmund of Abingdon made gifts to Pontigny abbey in consideration of the welcome given to Becket.2 Edmund did not die at Pontigny, but was a confraterof the community, and the abbot claimed the body, asserting that Edmund had expressed a wish to be buried there. The process of canonisation was rapid.3 After Edmund's canonisation, Henry III sent a chasuble and a chalice for the first celebration of the feast, and granted money to maintain four candles round the saint's shrine.4 In 1254, en route from Gascony to meet Louis IX in Chartres and Paris,5 Henry visited Pontigny, as his brother Richard of Cornwall, who seems to have pressed for canonisation, had done in 1247.6 Archbishop Boniface of Canterbury ordered the celebration of the feast to be observed throughout his province.7 Pope Alexander IV granted a dispensation to allow Englishwomen to enter the precinct of Pontigny abbey on the feast of the translation of the relics of St Edmund8 (women were normally forbidden to enter a Cistercian monastery). Matthew Paris, the greatest English chronicler of the age, wrote a life of the saint.9 English interest continued into the fourteenth century. In 1331 an English priest was given a licence to visit the shrine,10 but it seems likely that the Hundred Years’ War made pilgrimage to Pontigny difficult.11 The indulgences preserved by the abbey reveal an interest in the shrine throughout the Western Church, granted as they were by prelates from Tortosa to Livonia and Estonia, and from Messina to Lübeck.12

Background. In minimally invasive surgery (MIS), the loss of stereoscopic depth perception in a two-dimensional (2D) representation is most challenging. Recently introduced 4K ultrahigh definition (UHD) 2D optical systems could potentially facilitate the learning and use of compensation mechanisms for the loss of depth perception. However, the role of the new 4K technology against three dimensional (3D) in learning and implementation of MIS remains unknown. The aim of this trial was to determine the influence of 4K UHD 2D vs 3D HD representation on the acquisition of MIS skills. Methods. This was a prospective randomized study involving 62 MIS-inexperienced study participants. We compared a laparoscopic 4K UHD 2D (system A) vs a laparoscopic 3D HD system (system B) for differences in learning MIS skills using the Lübeck Toolbox (LTB) video box trainer. We evaluated participants’ performance regarding the repetitions required to reach the goal of each LTB task. Results. Comparing systems A and B, participants using the laparoscopic 3D system required fewer repetitions to achieve goals of LTB tasks No. 1 ( P = .0048) and No. 3 ( P = .0014). In contrast, for LTB tasks No. 2 and No. 4, no significant difference could be determined between both groups. Conclusion. Our results indicated that MIS basic skills can be learned quicker using a 3D HD system vs a 4K UHD 2D system. However, for MIS tasks in confined spaces, the learning speed with 4K UHD 2D imaging seems to be comparable to a 3D HD system.