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Journal articles on the topic 'Seed-borne plant diseases'
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Chohan, Sobia, Rashida Perveen, Muhammad Abid, Atif H. Naqvi, and Safina Naz. "MANAGEMENT OF SEED BORNE FUNGAL DISEASES OF TOMATO: A REVIEW." Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 29, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.029.01.0274.
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Plant diseases caused by different kinds of microorganisms either carried through air, water or present in soil, seeds or propagative planting materials have adverse impact on agriculture production and economy worldwide. Apart from other crops vegetables are also subjected to several seed borne fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, which cause substantial yield loss upto 10 percent in Pakistan. This article gives vast information regarding significance and prevalence of various kinds of seed borne mycoflora (Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Botrytis cineria, A. alternata, Chaetomium globosum, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus niger, Drechslera specifer and Rhizoctonia solani) particularly associated with seeds of tomato. These mycoflora are causative agents of devastating tomato diseases like early blight, fusarium wilt and foot rots, grey mold, root and fruit rots. A range of conventional and modern techniques employed for seed borne fungal detection and different control strategies including chemical and biological methods opted by researchers have been reviewed in present paper. A variety of factors like availability of susceptible plants, favorable environmental conditions and overhead irrigation are serious constraints for plant disease development. Under these conditions, monitoring of plant health and detection of diseases particularly using seed detection assays to screen infested seed lots before planting provide effective disease management strategy.
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Glawe, A., P. C. Agarwal, C. N. Mortensen, and S. B. Mathur. "Seed-Borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of Rice." Mycologia 83, no. 2 (March 1991): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3759952.
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Carris, Lori M., S. B. Mathur, and Barry M. Cunfer. "Seed-Borne Diseases and Seed Health Testing of Wheat." Mycologia 86, no. 5 (September 1994): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760547.
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Kim, Jiwon, Seong-Ho Ahn, Ji Sun Yang, Seonwoo Choi, Ho Won Jung, and Junhyun Jeon. "Plant Protective and Growth Promoting Effects of Seed Endophytes in Soybean Plants." Plant Pathology Journal 39, no. 5 (October 1, 2023): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/ppj.oa.06.2023.0091.
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Seed-borne diseases reduce not only the seed germination and seedling growth but also seed quality, resulting in the significant yield loss in crop production. Plant seed harbors diverse microbes termed endophytes other than pathogens inside it. However, their roles and application to agricultures were rarely understood and explored to date. Recently, we had isolated from soybean seeds culturable endophytes exhibiting in-vitro antagonistic activities against common bacterial and fungal seed-borne pathogens. In this study, we evaluated effects of seed treatment with endophytes on plant growth and protection against the common seed-borne pathogens: four fungal pathogens (<i>Cercospora sojina, C. kikuchii, Septoria glycines, Diaporthe eres</i>) and two bacterial pathogens (<i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i> pv. <i>glycines, Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>tabaci</i>). Our experiments showed that treatment of soybean seeds with seed endophytes clearly offer protection against seed-borne pathogens. We also found that some of the endophytes promote plant growth in addition to the disease suppression. Taken together, our results demonstrate agricultural potential of seed endophytes in crop protection.
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Hampton, J. G. "New Zealand's seed health." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 14 (January 1, 2010): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.14.2008.3171.
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Seed pathology, which has at least a 120- year history in New Zealand, began with experiments for the control of cereal smuts. A brief history of seed pathology in New Zealand for the eras pre-1930, 1930-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-2000 is presented. New Zealand seed pathology has concentrated on diseases of the Poaceae and large-seeded legumes. Little is known of the occurrence or significance of seed-borne pathogens of other species, particularly vegetables. The New Zealand seed trade has for many years relied on fungicide seed treatment to control seed-borne pathogens of cereals, peas and brassicas, but currently there are problems with Fusarium spp. in cereals. New Zealand, as a biosecurity conscious nation, has strict measures in place to prevent the unwanted introduction of new plant pests. These requirements are briefly discussed. However seed health testing is carried out routinely only for seed lots requiring evidence of freedom from seed-borne pathogens for export phytosanitary requirements. In many cases knowledge of the health status of seed lots sown in New Zealand would enable better informed crop management decisions. Keywords: seed-borne diseases, seed pathology, seed health testing, seed treatment
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Hotgir, Shital R., K. A. Deshpande, M. S. Joshi, and G. K. Giri. "Efficacy Of Fungicides And Bioagents Against Seed Borne Fungi Of Wheat." Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 17, no. 2 (March 2, 2023): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jpds.2022.1702.09.
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Wheat is an important cereal crop of Indian agriculture and food security system. Seed borne diseases have been found to have an impact on wheat crop plant growth and productivity. Assessment and management of wheat seed borne fungi is an important. A. alternata, C. lunata, D. tetramera, B. sorokiniana were detected and isolated from seed samples by standard blotter paper method. Fungicides were tested in vitro against wheat seed borne fungi using the poisoned food technique. Tebuconazole (0.1%), Carbendazim + Mancozeb (0.25%) and Carboxin + Thiram (0.3%) were found most to be the most effective fungicides, inhibiting 100% of the mycelial growth of all associated seed-borne fungi, followed by Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole (0.1%). Bioagents were also tested against wheat seed-borne fungi using a dual culture technique, and the results revealed that the fungal bioagent Trichoderma harzianum was found most effective against seed borne fungi, followed by Trichoderma asperellum. Bacterial antagonists were found to be less effective than fungal antagonists.
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Mengistu, Alemu, P. A. Arelli, Nacer Bellaloui, J. P. Bond, G. J. Shannon, A. J. Wrather, J. C. Rupe, et al. "Evaluation of Soybean Genotypes for Resistance to Three Seed-borne Diseases." Plant Health Progress 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-0321-02-rs.
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Seed-borne diseases of soybeans caused by Phomopsis longicolla (Phomopsis seed decay), Cercospora kukuchii (purple seed stain), and M. phaseolina (charcoal rot) are economically important diseases that affect seed quality. Commercial cultivars marketed as resistant to all three diseases are not available. Reactions of 27 maturity group (MG) III, 30 early MG IV, 33 late MG IV, and 53 MG V genotypes were evaluated for resistance to these pathogens during the 2006 to 2008 growing season in the same field that had been in no-till production, not irrigated, and naturally and artificially infested. There was great variation in seed infection among genotypes and years, indicating the value of screening genotypes over multiple years. Some genotypes were resistant to these pathogens in one, two, or in all three years. Genotypes, DP 3478 (early MG IV), and RO1-769F (MG V) were resistant and DG4460 was moderately resistant to P. longicolla infection across three years. Genotypes AG3705 and FFR3990 (MG III) and DC20300, DC7816, Stoddard, and Ozark (MG V), were resistant to C. kukuchii infection during all three years. Ten genotypes in MG III, eight in early MG IV, seven in late MG IV, and 14 in MG V had no seed infection by M. phaseolina in all three years. These results indicate that seed infection comparison to these pathogens among genotypes should be made over several years, or false conclusions about resistance to any of the three pathogens may be made when disease is assessed for limited period of time. The genotypes identified as having resistance to each or combinations of the seed-borne diseases across the three years could be useful as a source for resistance in improving soybean seed quality. Accepted for publication 20 December 2012. Published 21 March 2012.
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Ortega-Cuadros, Mailen, Sophie Aligon, Tatiana Arias, Aída M. Vasco-Palacios, Cassandre Rosier--Pennevert, Natalia Guschinskaya, Aurélia Rolland, and Philippe Grappin. "Fungal Necrotrophic Interaction: A Case Study of Seed Immune Response to a Seed-Borne Pathogen." Seeds 3, no. 2 (April 22, 2024): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/seeds3020017.
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Seeds play a vital role in the perpetuation of plant species, both in natural environments and agriculture. However, they often face challenges from biotic stresses, such as seed-borne pathogenic fungi. The transgenerational transmission of these seed-borne fungi, along with their dissemination during seed commercialization, can contribute to the emergence of global epidemic diseases, resulting in substantial economic losses. Despite the recognized impact of seed-borne pathogens on agriculture, our understanding of seed–pathogen interactions remains limited. This review establishes parallels between the current state of knowledge regarding seed responses to pathogen interactions and well-established plant defense models, primarily derived from typical physiological conditions observed during leaf infections. Examining fragmented results from various pathosystems, this review seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of interactions during seed development and germination. The necrotrophic interactions in Brassicaceae are described using recent transcriptomic and genetic studies focused on the Arabidopsis/Alternaria pathosystem, which illustrates original response pathways in germinating seeds that markedly differ from the general concept of plant–pathogen interactions. The co-existence of regulatory mechanisms affecting both seed resistance and susceptibility, potentially promoting fungal colonization, is examined. The vulnerable response during germination emerges as a crucial consideration in the context of sustainable plant health management in agriculture.
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Guan, Yi Ming, Jin Chao Deng, Ying Ying Ma, Yu Li, and Ya Yu Zhang. "Seed-Associated Fungal Diversity and the Molecular Identification of Fusarium with Potential Threat to Ginseng (Panax ginseng) in China." Plant Disease 104, no. 2 (February 2020): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-19-1817-re.
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The utility of traditional methods for detecting seed-borne fungi is limited by the fact some fungi are unculturable or difficult to isolate. The seed-borne pathogens affecting Panax ginseng cultivation have not been fully characterized. Seed-borne fungi can be identified based on the high-throughput sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicons. A hierarchical clustering tree diagram analysis based on operational taxonomic units revealed a relationship between the seed-borne fungi and the region from which the seeds were collected. This study analyzed the fungal diversity on 30 ginseng seed samples from the main ginseng-producing areas of China. The 50 most abundant genera were identified including those responsible for ginseng diseases, Fusarium, Alternaria, Nectria, Coniothyrium, Verticillium, Phoma, and Rhizoctonia. Fusarium species, which are the primary causes of root rot, were detected in all seed samples. The results of a phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seed-borne fungal species originating from the same region were closely related. Fungi on ginseng seeds from eight different regions were divided into eight clades, suggesting they were correlated with the local storage medium. A total of 518 Fusarium isolates were obtained and 10 species identified, all of which can be detrimental to ginseng production. Pathogenicity tests proved that seed-borne Fusarium species can infect ginseng seedlings and 2-year-old ginseng root, with potentially adverse effects on ginseng yield and quality.
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Brodal, Guro, and Åsmund Asdal. "Longevity of Plant Pathogens in Dry Agricultural Seeds during 30 Years of Storage." Microorganisms 9, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102175.
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Plant diseases may survive and be spread by infected seeds. In this study we monitored the longevity of 14 seed-borne pathogens in 9 crop species commonly grown in the Nordic countries, in addition to a sample of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The data from the first 30 years of a 100-year seed storage experiment located in a natural −3.5 °C environment (permafrost) in Svalbard, Norway, are presented. To date, the pathogens, tested by traditional seed health testing methods (freezing blotter, agar plates, growing on tests), have survived. Linear regression analyses showed that the seed infection percentages of Drechslera dictyoides in meadow fescue, Drechslera phlei in timothy, and Septoria nodorum in wheat were significantly reduced compared to the percentages at the start of the experiment (from 63% to 34%, from 70% to 65%, and from 15% to 1%, respectively), and that Phoma betae in beet had increased significantly (from 43% to 56%). No trends in the infection percentage were observed over the years in Drechslera spp. in barley (fluctuating between 30% and 64%) or in Alternaria brassicicola in cabbage (fluctuating between 82% and 99%), nor in pathogens with low seed infection percentages at the start of the experiment. A major part of the stored sclerotia was viable after 30 years. To avoid the spread of seed-borne diseases, it is recommended that gene banks implement routines that avoid the use of infected seeds.
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Pawar, S. V., S. B. Sarode, R. D. Baghele, and S. B. Talekar. "BIOINTENSIVE MANAGEMENT OF SOIL-BORNE DISEASES OF FRENCH BEAN." Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 18, no. 2 (2023): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jpds.2023.1802.12.
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The experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of AICRP on Vegetable, VNMKV, Parbhani during Rabi season using the local variety. The plot size (5 m x 3 m) with plant spacing 40 x 20 cm was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replication of each seven treatment. The rseults revealed that, significantly the lowest soil borne disease incidence ( Root rot complex) on French bean wasrecorded (7.79%) in the treatment T5 (Seed treatment by talk based Trichoderma asperellum + Bacillus subtillis (CRB-7)@ 10 g/kg seed and soil drenching @ 1 % in root zone at the time of earthing) followed by treatments T1 (Seed treatment by talk based Trichodermaasperellum (IIVR) @ 10 g/kg seed and soil drenching @ 1 % in root zone at the time of earthing)(9.89 %). Among all, the treatment T5recorded highest yield (87.1q/ha) followed by the treatment T1 (86.8 q/ha) which was statistically significant overall other treatment, whereas control recorded the lowest fruit yield (67.3q/ha). Also the maximum shoot length and root length in cm 25 DAS was found intreatment T5 with 37.02 and 27.29 cmrespectively followedby the treatment T1
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Martín, Isaura, Laura Gálvez, Luis Guasch, and Daniel Palmero. "Fungal Pathogens and Seed Storage in the Dry State." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 3167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223167.
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Seeds can harbor a wide range of microorganisms, especially fungi, which can cause different sanitary problems. Seed quality and seed longevity may be drastically reduced by fungi that invade seeds before or after harvest. Seed movement can be a pathway for the spread of diseases into new areas. Some seed-associated fungi can also produce mycotoxins that may cause serious negative effects on humans, animals and the seeds themselves. Seed storage is the most efficient and widely used method for conserving plant genetic resources. The seed storage conditions used in gene banks, low temperature and low seed moisture content, increase seed longevity and are usually favorable for the survival of seed-borne mycoflora. Early detection and identification of seed fungi are essential activities to conserve high-quality seeds and to prevent pathogen dissemination. This article provides an overview of the characteristics and detection methods of seed-borne fungi, with a special focus on their potential effects on gene bank seed conservation. The review includes the following aspects: types of seed-borne fungi, paths of infection and transmission, seed health methods, fungi longevity, risk of pathogen dissemination, the effect of fungi on seed longevity and procedures to reduce the harmful effects of fungi in gene banks.
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Saha, SK, MAR Khokon, and MM Hossain. "Effects of Plant Extracts on Controlling Seed Borne Fungi of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 7, no. 2 (February 14, 2015): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22212.
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An experiment was conducted using farmers okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) seeds in Seed Pathology Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to determine the efficacy of plant extracts (garlic, allmanda, neem, ginger and biskathali extracts) and vigour index of seedling for controlling the seed-borne fungal diseases of okra. In the laboratory experiment, the prevalence of seed-borne fungi associated with farmers okra seed investigated by blotter method. The identified fungi species in the collected seeds were Colletotrichum dematium, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus spp. The test seed materials were treated with garlic tablet, allmanda tablet @ 1:1 and 2:1 w/v and neem extract, ginger extract and biskathali extract @ 1:1 and 1:2 w/v for each to control pathogens with control treatment. The significantly highest germination (62.5%) and lowest incidence of pathogen (5.25%) were recorded in garlic tablet @ 2:1 w/v treated seeds. The okra seeds treated by garlic tablet @ 2:1 w/v was also showed the higher vigour index (545.60%) compare to untreated seed (423.40%).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22212 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 7(2): 85-88 2014
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Chrapačienė, Simona, Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė, and Alma Valiuškaitė. "Control of Seed-Borne Fungi by Selected Essential Oils." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030220.
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Seed-borne pathogens reduce the quality and cause infections at various growth stages of horticultural crops. Some of the best-known are fungi of genus Alternaria, that cause destructive vegetable and other crop diseases, resulting in significant yield losses. Over several years, much attention has been paid to environmentally-friendly solutions for horticultural disease management regarding the environmental damage caused by chemicals. For example, plant extracts and essential oils could be alternative sources for biopesticides and help to control vegetable seed-borne pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate essential oils’ influence on the growth of seed-borne fungi Alternaria spp. The microbiological contamination of vegetable seeds (carrot, tomato, onion) was determined by the agar-plate method. The essential oils’ impact on the growth of fungi was evaluated by mixing them with PDA medium at different amounts. The hydrodistillation was used for extraction of thyme and hyssop essential oils, and common juniper essential oil was purchased. The investigation revealed that the highest contamination of carrot and tomato seeds was by Alternaria spp. fungi. Furthermore, the highest antifungal effect on Alternaria spp. growth was achieved using 200–1000 μL L−1 of thyme essential oil. Meanwhile, the antifungal effect of other investigated essential oils differed from low to moderate. Overall, essential oils expressed a high potential for fungal pathogens biocontrol and application in biopesticides formulations.
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Hampton, Richard O. "SEED-BORNE VIRUSES IN U.S. COWPEA CROPS: A STATUS REPORT AND STRATEGY FOR VIRAL DISEASE CONTROL." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 728c—728. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.728c.
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Blackeye cowpea mosaic potyvirus is the most easily observable seed-borne virus in cowpeas, but is typically seed-transmitted at lower rates (i.e., 0.1 to 2%) than the less conspicuous cowpea severe mosaic comovirus or cucumber mosaic cucumovirus. All three viruses are readily vector transmissible after seed-borne inoculum reaches the field, perpetuating and spreading the viruses. Individually and particularly in mixtures, these viruses are capable of decreasing both seed quality and yield. Disease-tolerant cultivars are available, but fail to control viral diseases. Development of superior new cowpea cultivars with multiple viral-disease resistance is clearly within reach and has become essential to long-term, sustainable, profitable cowpea production. This breeding objective requires public-research supported efforts by the combined cowpea seed and processing industries. Southern bean mosaic sobemovirus is also recognized as an important cowpea pathogen, but was encountered at a much lower frequency than the above three viruses in both plant and seed samples, in 1992 and 1993.
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Kolašinac, Stefan, Jelena Golijan, Slavoljub Lekić, Đorđe Moravčević, and Aleksandar Popović. "Challenges and Possibilities of Organic Seed Production with the Emphasis on Control of Pathogens." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 18, no. 4 (February 22, 2018): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1704307k.
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The aim of this paper is to show the state of production of seed intended for the establishment of organic crops in Serbia. Current regulations in many countries require that the seed and planting material used for organic farming must be produced according to the rules applicable to organic crops. Organic seed production, compared to conventional, carries a higher risk of weed seed contamination and of seed-borne diseases which make it more difficult to obtain high quality seeds. The early harvest is one of the possible measures to improve the seed health and there are various forms of seed treatments (natural plant extracts and substances of natural origin). Results within the field of seed production are closely related to conservation of plant landraces and exchange of their seeds that are necessary for organic food producers in Serbia.
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Almási, A., R. Boros, K. Salánki, and B. Barna. "First Report on Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus in Hungary." Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 55, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/038.55.2020.020.
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One of the most important diseases of pea is caused by Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV), which has a relatively wide host range. Since there are few varieties with resistance against the virus, and spraying insecticides is not very effective, the determination of the disease and the pathogen in the seeds is very important. Inoculum prepared from pea seeds showing typical virus symptoms caused very mild symptoms on Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa, but several chlorotic/necrotic lesions on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cv. Scarlet, and systemic symptoms with mosaic and curling of top leaves on bean cv. Maxidor. The detection of the virus was carried out by PCR using universal primers and virus sequence analysis. According to the phylogenetic analysis the PSbMV isolate identified in Hungary belongs to the pathotype P1 and associated with the cluster 2 isolates.
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Istikorini, Y., D. A. Kusuma, N. F. Haneda, and U. J. Siregar. "Pathogenicity test of sengon (Falcataria moluccana) seed-borne endophytic fungus." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 959, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/959/1/012024.
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Abstract The sengon (Falcataria moluccana) is one of the high-economic and highly cultivated industrial plants in Indonesia. Attacks by pests and diseases can affect quality and quantity and thus require effective control. One of the rare sengon plant fungus explorations has been developed. This study aims to find out the pathogenicity of 13 seed-borne endophytic fungi from sengon seeds. The result shows that seven endophytic fungi were pathogenic (Daldinia sp, Curvularia lunata, Sardiomycetes sp. Eremothecium ashbyi, Annulohypoxylon stygium. Arthrinium malaysianum, Annulohypoxylon nitens) and six non-pathogenic (Onchroconis humicola, Cladophialophora boppii, Aspergillus ruber, Aspergillus chevalieri, Ascotricha sp., and not identified fungi). Thus the isolated endophytic fungi mainly were potentially pathogenic. Among the six species of non-pathogenic endophytic fungi, O. humicola is better able to increase the increase of plumules, radicals, cotyledons, and leaves higher than six other isolates
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Shabir U Rehman, Rubina Lawrence, Ebnezer J. Kumar, and Zaffar Afroz Badri. "COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF TRICHODERMA VIRIDE, T. HARZIANUM AND CARBENDAZIM AGAINST DAMPING-OFF DISEASE OF CAULIFLOWER CAUSED BY RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KUEHN." Journal of Biopesticides 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.5.1.23-27.
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ABSTRACT Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum were evaluated along with fungicide (carbendazim 50 WP) as a seed treatment and soil drench against damping-off disease in cauliflower caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Under in-vitro conditions the bio-control agents significantly inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and under field conditions they caused significant reduction in damping-off incidence, increased the seed germination and improved plant growth vigor as compared to carbendazim and control. The findings of the present study concluded that seed treatment with Trichoderma harzanium and T. viride along with farm yard manure offered better performance against damping-off disease and seedling growth of cauliflower. Seed treatment and seedbed treatment with Trichoderma spp., with combination farm yard manure might be suggested to control soil-borne diseases and plant growth vigor.
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Tripathi, A. N., S. Maurya, K. K. Pandey, and T. K. Behera. "Global Scenario of Vegetable Fungal Diseases." Vegetable Science 51, Special Is (February 10, 2024): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.61180/vegsci.2024.v51.spl.06.
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Plant diseases threaten crop production and are responsible for considerable losses in vegetables worldwide. Every year diseases cause losses up to 40 to 60% in vegetable crops. Vegetable crops are comparatively more susceptible to various types of diseases inflicted by fungi, bacteria, virus, viroid, phytoplasma and nematodes. Genera of fungal pathogens viz. Alternaria, Aschochyta, Colletotrichum, Didymella, Phoma, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia and Sclerotium on vegetable crops increased tremendously. Emerging seed-borne and seed-transmitted fungal plant diseases became a major threat for the vegetable seed production system. Emerging diseases in vegetable crops like tomato (early and late blight, Fusarium wilt), chili and peppers (anthracnose, Phytophthora blight), brinjal (phomopsis blight, Alternaria leaf spot), cucurbits (Downey mildew, gummy stem blight, Fusarium wilt, fruit rot, anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot), okra (Cercospora leaf spot), pea (powdery mildew, fusarium wilt, rust and root rot), French bean (Sclerotinia stem rot), cowpea/dolichos bean (anthracnose, Sclerotinia stem rot), cole crop (black rot, Alternaria blight, downy mildew) etc. The vegetable produce is spoiled by post-harvest pathogens and makes them unfit for human consumption and market due to the production of mycotoxins. Profiling, detection and diagnosis of vegetable pathogens (diseases) are essential for better understanding of pathogens and formulation of safe disease management strategy of vegetable crops. Therefore, there is an urgent need to wide array of diagnoses of pathogens of vegetables and their in-vitro testing towards chemo-sensitivity for formulation of safe management of vegetable diseases
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Kandula, D. R. W., A. Stewart, J. Mcdermid, D. Gale, and J. Swaminathan. "Bio-inoculant formulations for enhanced seedling emergence and pasture growth." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 14 (January 1, 2010): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.14.2008.3173.
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Soil-borne damping-off diseases are a major constraint limiting pasture seedling emergence and yield. Large scale laboratory and glasshouse screening of beneficial micro-organisms against several host/pathogen systems was conducted to identify efficient bio-control and growthpromoting microbes. This was followed by field-testing of the best microbes and their formulations for efficient application techniques. The research identified a number of fungal (Trichoderma spp.) and bacterial (Paenibacillus spp.) isolates which suppressed damping-off diseases and promoted plant growth of various pasture species. Preliminary field-trials with granule and seed-coat formulations confirmed the glasshouse results. Intensive research trials with a mix of four T. atroviride isolates, providing growth promotion and disease control activity, led to the development of a prototype pasture seed additive product. Keywords: damping-off diseases, Paenibacillus spp., seed-coating, Trichoderma spp.
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Debnath, M., A. Sultana, and AQMB Rashid. "Effect of BAU-Biofungicide and Plant Extracts on Seedling Vigour of Maize." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14602.
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An experiment was conducted in Seed Pathology Center, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to determine the efficacy of biocontrol means (BAU-Biofungicide, Garlic extract and Neem extract) and vigour index of seedling for controlling the seedborne fungal diseases of maize. In laboratory experiment, the prevalence of seed-borne fungi associated with maize cultivar cv. BARI Bhutta - 6 were investigated by blotter method. The identified fungi species were A. niger, A. flavus, Fusarium sp., P. oxalicum, C. lunata and R. stolonifer. The test materials were treated with BAU-Biofungicide @ 2.5% of seed weight, neem extract @ 1:2 w/v and 1:3 w/v and garlic extract @ 1:2 w/v and 1:3 w/v to control the pathogens. Significantly, the highest germination (87.%) and the lowest incidence of pathogen (4%) was recorded in BAU-Biofungicide treated seed The maize seeds treated by BAU- Biofungicide also show the higher vigour index (2856) followed by neem extract (1:2) treated seed (2621) after germination.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14602 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 59-61 2012
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Arti, Prasad, and Acharya Kanishtha. "Response of Aedes aegypti (L.) Larvae to Seed-Derived Essential Oil and SeedDerived Extract of Moringa oleifera (Lam.)." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.038.
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Billions of people face severe problems throughout the world due to vector-borne diseases. Effective management of vectors can reduce the burden of vector-borne diseases. The present study was conducted to assess the efficiency of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) seed extract and seed essential oil against Aedes aegypti larvae. Log probit, regression, and ANOVA were carried out to find out the statistical significance. Probit analysis of mortality rates of crude extracts of seeds of Moringa oleifera showed LC50 and LC90 values as 56.53 ppm and 186.50 ppm and for essential oil it was 1414.34 ppm and 5423.48 ppm, respectively against 3rd instar larvae within 24 h of exposure. ANOVA indicated a significant relationship between exposure time and concentration of extracts in imposing mortality to the mosquito larvae. Since seed extract and essential oil were from natural origin so they are safe on non- targeted organisms. The outcomes of present study suggested that the extracts of Moringa oleifera was more effective against larvae than essential oil and can be further used as an eco-friendly mosquito larvicidal agent. The isolated compounds from this plant may also act as a potent larvicide and are worth further study.
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Husenov, Bahromiddin, Siham Asaad, Hafiz Muminjanov, Larisa Garkava-Gustavsson, and Eva Johansson. "Sustainable Wheat Production and Food Security of Domestic Wheat in Tajikistan: Implications of Seed Health and Protein Quality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 5751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115751.
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Staple crop yield, quality and sustainable production are critical for domestic food security in developing countries. In Tajikistan, both seed-borne diseases and protein quality impair the yield and the quality of the major staple crop, wheat. Here, we used a detailed two-year survey of fields on 21 wheat-producing farms in Tajikistan, combined with lab analyses on seed health and protein quality, to investigate the presence of seed-borne diseases and bread-making quality in Tajik wheat. Seed samples were collected for the analysis of: (i) the presence of common bunt (Tilletia spp.) using the centrifuge wash test, (ii) the major pathogenic fungi on/in the seed using the agar plate test and (iii) the protein amount and size distribution using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). Field occurrence of common bunt and loose smut was generally low (3 farms in year one (14%) showed common bunt occurrence), but the presence of fungi was observed microscopically on most seed samples (on seeds from 19 out of 21 farms = 91%). Tilletia laevis was the dominant agent in common bunt (present in 19 farms compared to T. tritici present in 6 farms). Altogether, 18 different fungi were identified from seed samples by microscopy. Protein composition, measured with high-performance liquid chromatography as protein amount and size distribution (known to correlate with bread-making quality), differed significantly between samples from different farms and years, although the farm type and land elevation of the farm were not the determinants of the protein composition. The presence of certain fungi on the seed correlated significantly with the protein quality and could then have an impact on the bread-making quality of the Tajik wheat. The presence of seed-borne diseases, a low protein content and weak gluten were the characteristics of the majority of the grain samples, mostly irrespective of farm type and farmer’s knowledge. For sustainable development of the Tajik farming systems, and to strengthen the food security of the country, the knowledge of Tajik farmers needs to be increased independently of farm type; in general, plant breeding is required and certified seeds need to be made available throughout the country.
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Kim, Minjeong, Changki Shim, Jaehyeong Lee, and Choeki Wangchuk. "Hot Water Treatment as Seed Disinfection Techniques for Organic and Eco-Friendly Environmental Agricultural Crop Cultivation." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2022): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081081.
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Seed is an essential input to sustain agricultural productivity. The expansion of agricultural areas to meet global food demand contributes to the emergence of pathogenic microorganisms that contaminate and infect crop seeds. Conventional technologies in controlling seed-borne diseases are, however, not environmentally sustainable. This inspired the authors to explore existing literature on organic disinfection techniques for crop production. Various integrated seed disinfection techniques for major food crops, including rice, wheat, barley, millet, buckwheat, and sorghum, have been presented in this study. Moreover, the authors explored the potentials of hot water treatment as an alternative treatment method in meeting the ideal seed quality for cultivation.
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Hosseini, Behnoush, Ralf Thomas Voegele, and Tobias Immanuel Link. "Diagnosis of Soybean Diseases Caused by Fungal and Oomycete Pathogens: Existing Methods and New Developments." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2023): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9050587.
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Soybean (Glycine max) acreage is increasing dramatically, together with the use of soybean as a source of vegetable protein and oil. However, soybean production is affected by several diseases, especially diseases caused by fungal seed-borne pathogens. As infected seeds often appear symptomless, diagnosis by applying accurate detection techniques is essential to prevent propagation of pathogens. Seed incubation on culture media is the traditional method to detect such pathogens. This method is simple, but fungi have to develop axenically and expert mycologists are required for species identification. Even experts may not be able to provide reliable type level identification because of close similarities between species. Other pathogens are soil-borne. Here, traditional methods for detection and identification pose even greater problems. Recently, molecular methods, based on analyzing DNA, have been developed for sensitive and specific identification. Here, we provide an overview of available molecular assays to identify species of the genera Diaporthe, Sclerotinia, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Cercospora, Septoria, Macrophomina, Phialophora, Rhizoctonia, Phakopsora, Phytophthora, and Pythium, causing soybean diseases. We also describe the basic steps in establishing PCR-based detection methods, and we discuss potentials and challenges in using such assays.
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Gunaeni, Neni, Rini Rosliani, Asih K. Karyadi, and Redy Gaswanto. "Effect of phytohormone and seed density toward growth, disease and bulb yield of True Shallot Seeds." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130601037.
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Shallot can be propagated generatively in the form True Seed of Shallot (TSS). The research purpose was to study phytohormone and sown seed density's effect on growth, disease, and bulbs yield. The research was conducted at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute (1,250 m asl), Lembang-West Java, from August 2017 until April 2018. The research used a factorial randomized completely block design with two factors repeated three times. The first factor was kind of phytohormone (A1 = BAP, A2 = NAA, A3 = GA3, A4 = control) and the second factor was the sown seed density (B1 = 5 g/m2, B2 = 7 g/m2, B3 = 9 g/m2). The result showed that: Phytohormone application did not affect germination and growth of TSS, living plant number, and bulb yield. The best-sown seed density to plant growth was 7 g seeds/m2. Elisa’s test result did not detect the viruses as seed-borne diseases such as SYSV, OYDV, or LYSV. The intensity of disease symptoms Alternaria porri (11%), Stemphylium vesicatorium, Colletotrichum gleosporiodes, and Peronospora destructor each (12%). In general, the most bulb yield was informed single cloves.
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Matura, JudyAnn, Michael Walekhwa, and Filex Otieno. "LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Warbugia ugadensis SEED OIL ON Aedes aegypti." Journal of Science, Innovation and Creativity 1, no. 1 (June 19, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.58721/jsic.v1i1.52.
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Mosquito is a vector implicated with Vector-borne diseases such as malaria (Anopheles’ species) dengue (Aedes species) and west Nile fever (Culex species). Kenya experiences mosquito-borne disease outbreaks with the recent ones being the dengue virus and chikungunya disease outbreak that occurred along the coast of Kenya. Medicinal plants such as Warburgia ugandensis that possess larvicidal activity, have major importance in the control of mosquitoes. This study investigated the larvicidal activity and phytochemical screening of the methanolic extract from the seed’s oil of Warburgia ugandensis. Quasi-experimental research design was used as the study design. The plant was identified and authenticated by a taxonomist. Mature fruits of Warburgia ugandensis were obtained from the school of pharmacy’s botanical garden and seeds were separated and washed. Seeds were air-dried, and crushed. Half of the GSP was used to extract seed oil while the other half was subjected to various phytochemical screening. The larvicidal activity of the plant extracts was evaluated according to the World Health Organization guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. The activity of the methanol plant extract was evaluated at 25, 50, 100, and 125 ppm to determine the LC50 value. Permethrin was used as a positive control. About 8.06% of the seed oil was extracted. The seed oil and the leaves had a characteristic odour, a bitter taste, and pale yellow in color. Alkaloids, fixed oils, tannins, and phytosterols were abundantly present in the seed. Proteins and carbohydrates were moderately present while saponins were slightly present. Bioassays on mosquito larvae indicated larvicidal activity of methanolic seed oil extract of Warburgia ugandensis against Aedes aegypti at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 ppm. Seed oil of Warbugia ugandensis contains phytochemicals that possess larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito species. Keywords: Larvicidal Activity, Lethal Concentration, Lethal Dose, Warburgia Ugandensis
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GANESHALINGAM, ARCHCHANA, and DINUSHANI A. DARANAGAMA. "First comprehensive study on distribution frequency and incidence of seed-borne pathogens from cereal and legume crops in Sri Lanka." Phytotaxa 531, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.531.3.6.
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Sri Lanka as an agricultural country requires seed health testing to manage crop diseases. So far no comprehensive research has been carried out for the proper identification of seed mycoflora affecting the seed quality in Sri Lanka. The present study strives to address this issue by identifying seed-borne fungal pathogens from stored seeds using morpho-molecular characterization. Fungal pathogens were isolated from surface-sterilized and non-surface sterilized seeds of Arachis hypogea, Oryza sativa, Vigna radiata, and Vigna sinensis. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was carried out for molecular identification of pathogens. The germination quality of each seed variety was calculated by pot experiments. Distribution frequencies, percentage of germination, and seedling vigor were calculated and analyzed for each seed variety tested. In total eighteen isolates were recovered from the four seed varieties. Molecular characterization revealed that the fungal isolates recovered from all the four seed varieties belong to seven genera: Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Daldinia, Macrophomina, Orbilia, Rhizopus, and Talaromyces. Rhizopus spp. showed the highest distribution frequency (75%). Arachis hypogea showed the lowest germination percentage (20%) and lowest seedling vigor index (585). The seeds of Oryza sativa showed no germination probably due to their high incidence of fungal pathogens (four out of seven genera). This study is the first comprehensive study analyzing the seed-borne pathogens of the four most commonly consumed Sri Lankan cereal and legume crops. Results reported in this study helps to identify and implement optimum storage facilities and control such fungal pathogens in future agricultural practices.
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Mulder, A., L. J. Turkensteen, and A. Bouman. "Perspectives of green-crop-harvesting to control soil-borne and storage diseases of seed potatoes." Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 98, S2 (March 1992): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01974477.
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Khan, Javed Ahamad, Ram Swaroop Rathore, Iqbal Ahmad, Rubina Gill, Fohad Mabood Husain, Javeed Akhtar, Leta Deressa Tolesa, Misbahu Abdu Ayanso, and Mekonnen Begna. "Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Carum copticum extract against drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and food sources." Journal of Phytopharmacology 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2023.12106.
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Staphylococcus aureus is commensal and human pathogen both. The bacterium is one of the most common causes of food borne infections also in all over the world. C. copticum (Ajwain) is an aromatic spice used as a medicinal plant from ancient time for treating different human diseases including infectious diseases. The highest anti-staphylococcal activity in terms of inhibition zone was recorded 18.5 mm whereas 14.5 mm as lowest. The MIC range of ethanolic extract was evaluated amid 1.56 mg/ml to 3.12 mg/ml. The C. copticum (seed) extract might be useful as anti-staphylococcal agent as well as natural food preservative.
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Redstone, Sara, and Adrian Fox. "The biosecurity risks of seeds in a botanic garden context." Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, no. 20 (June 4, 2021): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2021.341.
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Seeds present a naturally occurring package of germplasm with ideal attributes for collection, distribution and, in the case of orthodox seed, long term storage. From a phytosanitary perspective seeds are often considered a relatively low-risk option for movement of germplasm across borders. Most published data are concerned with diseases of commercial crops and little is known about the risks associated with wild collected, non-commercial seeds. However, there is demonstrable risk associated with the movement of any plant germplasm which can pose a risk to both crops and the wider environment. Presented here are a discussion on seed standards and the difference between seed borne and seed transmitted pathogens, with case studies presented to highlight the risks associated with informal seed systems and wild collected seeds in particular. Additionally, suggestions on how to address phytosanitary issues are presented including awareness raising measures aimed at improving biosecurity procedures during collection and before long-term storage of seed accessions.
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Megahed, Allam Arafat, Hassan Mohamed Masoud, Mohamed Salah Eldin Helmy, Mahmoud Aabdel-Aziz Ibrahim, Nehal Samy El-Mougy, and Mokhtar Mohamed Abdel-Kader. "Efficiency of Some Abiotic and Biotic Agents on Vicia faba L. Rust and Chocolate Spot Diseases." Plant Protection 7, no. 3 (December 27, 2023): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.03.4798.
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A variety of soil- and air-borne pathogens can attack faba bean plants, leading to rust and chocolate spot diseases that seriously affect plant yield. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of certain essential oils as abiotic agents and biotic agents as safe alternatives to fungicides for both diseases. Double foliar applications of these essential oils and biotic agents significantly reduced the development of faba bean rust and chocolate spot incidence. The highest reduction in faba bean rust (92.7%) was achieved after spraying with jojoba oil, followed by 88.9% and 85.3% for grape and bitter orange oils, respectively. Furthermore, biotic inducers such as Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduced chocolate spot incidence by 100.0%, followed by a 72.3% reduction with bitter orange, thyme, black seed, and jojoba oils. The second foliar treatment with B. subtilis, T. harzianum, black seed oil, jojoba oil, and chitosan increased faba bean protein contents more than the first treatment. Individual foliar sprays with chitosan and grape oils enhanced catalase (CAT) specific activity, with the highest levels achieved after the first and second foliar applications, respectively. S. cerevisiae and lemongrass oil induced the highest peroxidase (POD) specific activity after both spray applications. Black seed oil induced the highest chitinase (CHIA) specific activity after the first foliar application, while lemongrass oil achieved the highest level after the second spray. The second foliar application of moringa oil, black seed oil, jojoba oil, chitosan, B. subtilis, and S. cerevisiae stimulated the formation of new protein bands in treated faba bean plants, which were not found after the first application. Therefore, the abiotic and biotic agents used in this study could be considered good and safe alternatives for resistance against these foliar diseases, reducing the harmful effects of synthetic fungicides.
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Falconí, César E., and Viviana Yánez-Mendizábal. "Available Strategies for the Management of Andean Lupin Anthracnose." Plants 11, no. 5 (February 28, 2022): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11050654.
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The lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) is a legume domesticated and cultivated for more than 4000 years by the pre-Hispanic cultures of the Andean zone. Due to its good taste and protein content, the lupin seed contributes significantly to the food and nutritional security of the Andean population. However, lupin is susceptible to diseases, and of these, anthracnose is the most devastating as it affects the whole crop, including leaves, stems, pods, and seeds. This review focuses on available strategies for management of lupin anthracnose from sowing to harvest. Seed disinfection is the primary anthracnose management strategy. Seed treatment with fungicides reduces transmission from seed to seedling, but it does not eradicate anthracnose. Attention is given to alternative strategies to limit this seed-borne pathogen as well as to enhance plant resistance and to promote plant growth. For anthracnose management in the field, integrated practices are discussed that encompass control of volunteer plants, lupin ontogenetic resistance, and rotation of biocontrol with chemical fungicides at susceptible phenological stages. This review covers some local experiences on various aspects of anthracnose management that could prove useful to other the groups focusing on the problem.
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Shrestha, Sandesh, Mamata Dhungana, Sansar Sahani, and Babita Bhattarai. "SEED QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TO APPROACH SUSTAINABLE YIELD OF FIELD CROPS BY VARIOUS PREPARATION TECHNIQUES: SEED PRIMING, TREATMENT AND INOCULATION_ A REVIEW." Plant Physiology and Soil Chemistry 1, no. 1 (August 13, 2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ppsc.01.2021.12.20.
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The consistent seed germination, early seedling growth, and uniform plant stand are crucial stages in the growth of crops. Uneven seed germination and seedling growth are responsible for low crop output. Studies have shown that the potential of seed preparation before planting enhances the development of crop from germination to maturity. Seed preparation has become a trend and a part of farming as it improves vegetative and reproductive growth and ensures the quality and quantity of the yield. Therefore, quality of seed can be improved through various seed preparation technique. Seed preparation method includes: priming, treatment, inoculation, etc. and all of these have significant effect on agriculture. Priming is a controlled hydration of seed done to trigger a pre germination activities. There are various methods of priming such as hydropriming, osmopriming, halopriming, biopriming and hormonal priming. Seed are also inoculated with various microorganism to enhance the activities like biological nitrogen fixation. To prevent the seed borne diseases seeds are treated with various chemicals like fungicides, insecticides etc. This review paper discusses about the important of quality seed and different methods of seed preparation for planting and approaching yield sustainability.
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Kumar Shar, Dilip, Nandini Sharma, and Arvind Pareek. "Seed-borne, Post-harvest Diseases of Round Gourd (Citrullus vulgaris var. fistulosus) and its Nutritive Value." Asian Journal of Plant Pathology 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2014): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajppaj.2014.30.33.
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Basak, A. B., and Min Woong Lee. "Prevalence and Transmission of Seed-Borne Fungi of Maize Grown in a Farm of Korea." Mycobiology 30, no. 1 (2002): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4489/myco.2002.30.1.047.
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Mersha, Zelalem, and Michael A. Ibarra-Bautista. "Evaluation of Selected Biological and Chemical Treatments against Soil-Borne Diseases of Ginger in High Tunnel Production." Horticulturae 8, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100870.
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With its multifaceted health benefits, ginger is one of the commonly consumed dietary condiments with continued demand worldwide leading to more importation into countries such as the U.S. The rhizome of ginger, the seed-piece but also the edible portion, is highly vulnerable to pathogen infections causing seed-piece and soil-borne diseases (SSDs). Laboratory and high tunnel (HT) studies were conducted between 2018 and 2020 to evaluate the effect of soil and transplant drenches of selected biocontrol agents (BCAs) and chemicals. In vitro dual-culture tests revealed that the Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 (Th-22) grew significantly faster than Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi (Foz), the fungus causing yellows and rhizome rot in ginger. Th-22 grew more than three times faster than Foz within 3 days and engulfed the pathogen within 7 days when incubated at 30 °C. The bioproducts (RootShield® Plus, LifeGard®), an insecticide/nematicide (Vydate®) and disinfectant (10% Clorox) tested against Foz and any pre-existing pathogens in a HT significantly reduced severity of yellowing and rhizome rot when compared with the non-treated control. Yield was significantly higher for RootShield® Plus compared to the control in one of the trials. Spatially, declining ginger growth but an increased incidence of SSDs were observed as one walked from the door towards the back of the HT. Phospho-lipid fatty acid analysis showed better microbial activity on soils that received drenches of BCAs than on soils sampled pre-treatment.
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Rashad, Ehsan M., Dalia M. Shaheen, Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar, Khalid M. Ghoneem, Amr Abker Arishi, El Sayed A. Hassan, and WesamEldin I. A. Saber. "Seed Endophytic Achromobacter sp. F23KW as a Promising Growth Promoter and Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia Root Rot of Fenugreek." Molecules 27, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 5546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175546.
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Root rot is one of the most significant soil and seed-borne fungal diseases, limiting the cultivation of fenugreek plants. Endophytic bacteria and their natural bioproducts have emerged as growth promoters and disease suppressors in the current era. Despite limited research, seeds are a good funder of endophytic microbiomes, which are transmitted from them to other seedling parts, thereby providing a shield against biotic and abiotic anxiety and promoting the growth at early germination and later stages. The current study evaluated the hypothesis that seed endophytic bacteria and their lytic enzymes, growth promotors, and antifungal molecules can induce growth, and inhibit root rot disease development at the same time. The isolation trial from fenugreek seeds revealed a lytic Achromobacter sp., which produces indole acetic acid, has antifungal compounds (e.g., 2-Butanol, 3,3’-oxybis-), and reduces the growth of Rhizoctonia solani by 43.75%. Under the greenhouse and natural field conditions, bacterial cells and/or supernatant improved the growth, physiology, and yield performance of fenugreek plants, and effectively suppressed the progress of root rot disease; this is the first extensive study that uses a new seed-borne endophytic bacterium as a plant-growth-promoting, and biocontrol tool against the sclerotia-forming; R. solani; the causative of fenugreek root rot.
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Ruimassa, Reymas, Antonius Suparno, Linda Lindongi, Saraswati Prabawardhani, Veronica Tuhumena, Illona Noya, H. J. Namserna, et al. "Pendampingan pembibitan generatif dan penggunaan Trichoderma Spp. kepada petani Kopi Di Distrik Minyambouw." IGKOJEI: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46549/igkojei.v4i1.355.
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Coffee plant (Coffea arabica) is a superior plant to be developed in the Arfak mountain region due to suitable agro-climatic conditions. The way to develop it can be done in various ways, one of which is to develop it independently using seeds from farmers' gardens. This goal can be achieved if the local farming community is able to prepare seeds that HAVE high growth potential and are healthy, free from pests and diseases, especially diseases that are transmitted through the soil (seed born pathogens). The method used includes first, mentoring and discussion at the Kwau Village Hall which includes lectures and discussions about generative nurseries and the use of Trichoderma spp to treat soil borne diseases. The second method is a demonstration of how to plant cocoa seedlings in the farmer's garden accompanied by the application of Trichoderma spp. Both methods were successfully implemented and the community showed high enthusiasm as seen from the questions asked. In this mentoring activity, 60 coffee seedlings were distributed to be developed by coffee farmers. Keywords: Arabica coffee; Kwau; Trichoderma spp.
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Hakalová, Eliška, Dorota A. Tekielska, Jan Wohlmuth, and Jana Čechová. "Management of bacterial blight of carrots by phenolic compounds treatment." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): e0299105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299105.
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Bacterial blight is a serious disease of carrot production worldwide. Under favorable conditions, the causal organism Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae causes serious loss especially in seed production because of its seed-borne character. Unlike fungal diseases, the treatment of bacterial diseases is limited and methods such as hot water or sodium hypochlorite (bleach) treatment are mainly used by seed companies. Here, we compared the efficacy of hot water treatment, sodium hypochlorite treatment and treatment with three phenolic compounds–carvacrol, thymol and eugenol, to eliminate Xanthomonas growth in vitro and subsequently in vivo on seeds of Xhc low, medium and highly infested carrot seed lots. The complete elimination of Xhc from germinated plants was obtained only for Xhc low infested seed lot with 1% sodium hypochlorite and carvacrol solutions in concentrations of 0.0196%– 0.313%. The significant reduction of Xhc presence in germinated plants of Xhc medium infested seed lot was achieved with 1% sodium hypochlorite treatment and hot water treatment. However, hot water treatment resulted in a significant reduction of seed germination percentage as well. Considering the elimination of Xhc infection from germinated plants and the effect on seed germination and plant vigor, 0.0196% carvacrol solution was suggested as an alternative to 1% sodium hypochlorite treatment regarding additional costs related to the liquidation of used treated water and to hot water treatment that has been proved to be insufficient to obtain disease-free plants.
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Ngoya, Zuwena J., Angela G. Mkindi, Steven J. Vanek, Philip C. Stevenson, Patrick A. Ndakidemi, and Steven R. Belmain. "Pesticidal Plant Treatments Combined with Improved Soil Fertility Can Reduce Damage Caused by Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli) and Bean Fly (Ophiomyia phaseoli) in Common Bean Production (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Sustainability 16, no. 11 (June 6, 2024): 4866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16114866.
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Common bean production is constrained by a multitude of biotic constraints including bean flies and Fusarium wilt in tropical and subtropical farming systems globally. As these pests and diseases attack the crop beneath the soil, excessive applications of synthetic pesticides are frequently used for their control. The use of plant-based pesticides could be a more sustainable management approach; however, few studies have investigated their application for controlling soil-borne pests and diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pesticidal plants and soil fertility management for controlling bean fly (Ophiomyia spp.) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium spp.) using extracts and pastes of Azadirachta indica, Tephrosia vogelii, Tagetes minuta, Lippia javanica, Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum. To protect against Fusarium wilt and bean fly, pesticidal plants were applied as a seed coating and/or foliar spray, and demonstrated that common bean seeds coated with T. vogelii resulted in higher yields than other pesticidal plants and the synthetic pesticide control treatment. Treatments to target bean fly damage showed no significant difference between application methods on the oviposition rate of bean fly. An integrated treatment of T. minuta with 2 g Diammonium phosphate fertilizer and high compost led to higher yields than other treatments. Our results indicate that key soil-borne pests and pathogens of common bean can be effectively managed without synthetic pesticide inputs, while seed ball pastes of pesticidal plants combined with soil fertility management can increase crop yields using cost-beneficial agroecological farming systems.
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Abdukerim, Rizwangul, Sheng Xiang, Yanxia Shi, Xuewen Xie, Lei Li, Ali Chai, Baoju Li, and Tengfei Fan. "Seed Pelleting with Gum Arabic-Encapsulated Biocontrol Bacteria for Effective Control of Clubroot Disease in Pak Choi." Plants 12, no. 21 (October 27, 2023): 3702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12213702.
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Clubroot is one of the most serious soil-borne diseases on crucifer crops worldwide. Seed treatment with biocontrol agents is an effective and eco-friendly way to control clubroot disease. However, there is a big challenge to inoculating the seed with bacterial cells through seed pelleting due to the harsh environment on the seed surface or in the rhizosphere. In this study, a method for microbial seed pelleting was developed to protect pak choi seedlings against clubroot disease. Typically, a biocontrol bacterium, Paenibacillus polymyxa ZF129, was encapsulated by the spray-drying method with gum arabic as wall material, and then pak choi seeds were pelleted with the microencapsulated Paenibacillus polymyxa ZF129 (ZF129m). The morphology, storage stability, and release behavior of ZF129 microcapsules were evaluated. Compared with the naked Paenibacillus polymyxa ZF129 cells, encapsulated ZF129 cells showed higher viability during ambient storage on pak choi seeds. Moreover, ZF129m-pelleted seeds showed higher control efficacy (71.23%) against clubroot disease than that of nonencapsulated ZF129-pelleted seeds (61.64%) in pak choi. Seed pelleting with microencapsulated biocontrol Paenibacillus polymyxa ZF129 proved to be an effective and eco-friendly strategy for the control of clubroot disease in pak choi.
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Shanthi, Avinash T., and Ravishankar R. Vittal. "Biocontrol Potentials of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria against Fusarium Wilt Disease of Cucurbit." International Journal of Phytopathology 2, no. 3 (December 30, 2013): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.002.03.0351.
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Fusarium spp., are the major soil-borne as well as seed borne pathogens causing wilt and rot diseases in more than 80 plant species including cucurbits. Fusarium spp., causes up to 100 % yield loss in the worldwide. Eleven isolates including three standard isolates were tested both in-vitro and in-vivo. In-vitro assay was done by dual culture method. Maximum inhibition was in case of Fusarium solani by Bacillus cereus MIC5. Sarratia spp. MIC1 antagonized the F. verticillodes and F. solani2. P. aeruginosa MIC2 inhibits all tested isolates F. oxysporum1. P. aeruginosa MTCC2581 suppressed the radial growth rate of F. oxysporum2. The two systemic fungicides used were chlorothalonil + mefenoxam (1000 ppm) and carbendazim (75 ppm to 500 ppm) which checked the growth of F. oxysporum. Carbendazim was more effective compared to mefenoxam + chlorothalonil at all tested concentrations. The crude extract of P. aeruginosa MIC2 developed in chloroform: methanol (9:1) showed a metabolite at Rf - 0.77 which it may be 2,4- diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Increased cucurbit seeds germination and seedling vigour was observed in B. amyloliquefaciens MIC6 (68% 1576) and P. aeruginosa MTCC2581 (70% 1929) in primed seeds. Further P. aeruginosa MTCC2581 can be tested in the field against the Fusarium wilt.
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Yamunarani, K., S. Sangeetha, K. Chitra, K. Dhanalakshmi, and V. Dhanushkodi. "Microbial Interactions in the Management of Groundnut Stem Rot." Journal of Advances in Microbiology 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2023/v23i12785.
Full textAbstract:
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil seed crop in the world belonging to the Leguminosae family. It is one of the essential food and cash crops of our country. In India, a large number of diseases attack groundnut [1]. Among soil borne diseases, stem rot or white mold caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. [2] is an important disease causing significant yield losses in several groundnut growing countries (Mehan et al., 1994). Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a destructive soil borne fungal pathogen of oil seed crop in India. Different practices are recommended for management of groundnut stem rot such as deep summer ploughing, destruction of plant debris, crop rotation with jowar and bajra, seed treatment with carbendazim or captan or mancozeb or tebuconazole, soil drenching with hexaconazole, application of ammonium sulphate or calcium ammonium nitrate instead of urea and application of gypsum at flowering stage. Further, no single treatment is full proof and disease continues to cause losses in farmers’ fields. Biological control offers an interesting alternative to fungicides for sustainable management of soil borne diseases. Biocontrol is a non-chemical measure, could be effective as chemical control by various techniques. Among the techniques, the mixture of antagonists was studied to enchance the control efficacy. In most studies, the involvement of only mechanism of biological control is demonstrated. Involvement of more than one mechanism has been reported in only a few systems. Use of several biocontrol agents with several mechanisms of control fits in well with the concepts of integrated disease management, in which several means of disease suppression are applied concurrently. When single or more means of mechanisms are not effective, the others may compensate for the former absence. The present study, involved three major bacterial antagonists viz., Streptomyces violaceusniger, Streptomyces exfoliatus and Pseudomonas fluorescens to find out the effective dose of mixtures. The different doses from 10-1 to 10-5 were studied, the dose 10-1 of Streptomyces violaceusniger have more efficiency of 86.70, than S. exfoliatus. The efficacy of Streptomyces violaceusniger with combination of other antagonists were tested and found that, the mixture of Streptomyces violaceusniger and P. fluorescens have synergistic activity than any other combinations which have synergistic factor greater than one.
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Chen, Chao, Xumiao Wang, Shanshan Yin, Chao Wang, Xuexiang Ren, Quan Gao, and Haiqun Cao. "Thifluzamide, Fludioxonil, and Clothianidin as Seed Treatment Can Efficiently Control Major Soil-Borne Diseases, Aphids (Aphidoidea spp.), and Residue Distribution in the Field." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 2330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102330.
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Combined seed treatment with neonicotinoids and fungicides offers a potential control measure for pest management at the wheat seeding stage. In this study, a novel, highly-efficient seed-coating agent was prepared using thifluzamide, fludioxonil, and clothianidin as its active components and other additives (abbreviated to TFC). Laboratory experiments and field trials revealed a positive effect on germination, plant height, and root length, with 90% control efficiency on wheat sharp eyespots and aphid infestations. Meanwhile, the distribution of thifluzamide, fludioxonil, and clothianidin residues in the wheat plants at harvest was below 0.05 mg/kg both at the recommended dosage and at 2.0 times the recommended dose. Furthermore, an artificial soil assay of biotoxicity in earthworms revealed a low level of toxicity at LC50 > 10 mg/kg. Overall, these findings suggest that TFC has the potential to control major soil-borne diseases and pest infestations in wheat, offering an environmentally-friendly alternative to more toxic pesticides.
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Orzali, Laura, Maria Teresa Valente, Valeria Scala, Stefania Loreti, and Nicoletta Pucci. "Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Trametes versicolor Extract against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Ralstonia solanacearum for Seed Treatment and Development of a Rapid In Vivo Assay." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090628.
Full textAbstract:
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. (Cmm) and Ralstonia solanacearum Yabuuchi et al. (Smith) (Rs) are important seed-borne bacterial pathogens of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) listed as A2 pests in the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) region. At present, there are few strategies to control these pathogens, and seed control with eco-compatible approaches is widely encouraged. In this work, the essential oils (EOs) of oregano (Origanum vulgare), garlic (Allium sativum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and Trametes versicolor extract (Tve) were tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Cmm and Rs (broth microdilution method). The tested EOs and the Tve extract caused a significant inhibition of bacterial growth, with very promising MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) and MIC90 (minimum inhibitory concentration causing a 90% growth inhibition) values. Moreover, an in vivo germination test showed no major reduction in seed germination when the substances were applied as seed treatment. A rapid molecular screening method has been developed, through real-time PCR, for the specific quantification of Cmm in the presence of a vegetable matrix to test in vivo the antimicrobial efficacy of oregano and cinnamon oil on seed treatment without resorting to whole plant essays, which are time- and space-consuming.
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Hameed, Asifa, Cristina Rosa, Cheryle A. O’Donnell, and Edwin G. Rajotte. "Ecological Interactions among Thrips, Soybean Plants, and Soybean Vein Necrosis Virus in Pennsylvania, USA." Viruses 15, no. 8 (August 18, 2023): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15081766.
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Analysis of ecological and evolutionary aspects leading to durability of resistance in soybean cultivars against species Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus (SVNV) (Bunyavirales: Tospoviridae) is important for the establishment of integrated pest management (IPM) across the United States, which is a leading exporter of soybeans in the world. SVNV is a seed- and thrips- (vector)-borne plant virus known from the USA and Canada to Egypt. We monitored the resistance of soybean cultivars against SVNV, surveyed thrips species on various crops including soybeans in Pennsylvania, and studied thrips overwintering hibernation behavior under field conditions. Field and lab experiments determined disease incidence and vector abundance in soybean genotypes. The impact of the virus, vector, and their combination on soybean physiology was also evaluated. Seed protein, fiber, oil, and carbohydrate content were analyzed using near infra-red spectroscopy. We found that the variety Channel3917R2x had higher numbers of thrips; hence, it was categorized as preferred, while results showed that no variety was immune to SVNV. We found that thrips infestation alone or in combination with SVNV infection negatively impacted soybean growth and physiological processes.
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Sadenova, Marzhan, Natalya Kulenova, Sergey Gert, Nail Beisekenov, and Eugene Levin. "Innovative Approaches for Improving the Quality and Resilience of Spring Barley Seeds: The Role of Nanotechnology and Phytopathological Analysis." Plants 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2023): 3892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12223892.
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This study emphasizes the importance of seed quality in the context of yield formation. Based on the research data, this paper emphasizes the role of proper diagnosis of seed-borne pathogens in ensuring high and stable grain yields. Particular attention is paid to the study of the effect of the treatment of mother plants with fullerenol-based nanopreparations on the qualitative characteristics of spring barley seeds. The results showed that such treatment contributes to the increase in varietal purity, weight of 1000 grains as well as to the increase of nutrient and moisture reserves in seeds. Phytopathological analysis confirmed the presence of various diseases such as Alternaria, helminthosporiosis, fusarium, mold and mildew on the seeds. However, some samples showed a high resistance to pathogens, presumably due to the use of carbon nanopreparations. These results open new perspectives for the development of strategies to improve barley yield and disease resistance through seed optimization.
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Groot, Steven P. C. "Seed Science and Technology. Volume 48 Issue 1 (2020)." Seed Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2020.48.1.14.
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This issue of Seed Science and Technology contains a number of interesting papers worth giving additional attention. There are five papers that deal with analysis and breaking of seed dormancy, an important issue, not only for commercial practice and breeding, but also for regeneration of habitats and safeguarding bio- diversity. One paper in this issue describes how mucilage production by seeds can aid in overcoming drought stress during germination of seeds from a desert plant. Combatting seed borne diseases remains an important issue. One paper describes how treatment with a combination of two fungicides proved to be effective against seed transmitted seedling blight in Norway spruce. Another paper demonstrates a method to combat a seed- transmitted bacterial infection with watermelon in the seedling stage. Seed vigour tests are needed to give a better estimation of differences between seed lots regarding field emergence. A faster vigour test for tobacco seeds is proposed in a paper in this issue. Even traditional ISTA germination tests may be improved, as demonstrated in a paper for spinach seeds, where especially large seeds can be sensitive to a high moisture level in the tests. Instruments initially used in high-technology industries or in medical care sometimes find their way to seed science applications. An example described in this issue is the use of 3D X-ray computed tomography, which enables rapid non-destructive analyses of the morphology of individual seeds, which can be correlated with germination behaviour. Another paper is on the use of multispectral imaging for seed purity analysis with alfalfa seed lots.