Academic literature on the topic 'Seed hardness'
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Journal articles on the topic "Seed hardness"
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van der Meij, MA A., and R. G. Bout. "Seed selection in the Java Sparrow (Padda oryzivora): preference and mechanical constraint." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 9 (2000): 1668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-114.
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Very few studies address the effect of hardness on seed selection in granivorous birds. As a defense against predators, plant species may produce seeds of various hardnesses, some of which are too hard for a bird to crack. Unsuccessful cracking attempts lead to loss of time and, thus, lowers energy-intake rate. Birds may prefer seeds with a short handling time and a large chance of being cracked. However, without knowing the maximal cracking force of the bird, it is difficult to distinguish between seed selection as a result of mechanical constraints and selection as a result of preference. Our experiments aimed to discriminate between these two effects. During two series of experiments, Java Sparrows (Padda oryzivora) were offered safflower seeds. Size characters and hardness of the seeds that remained after feeding were compared with a control group. Without prior experience, the birds showed selection as a result of mechanical constraints. Seeds were chosen randomly and only seeds with a hardness less than the maximal crushing force were eaten, with the rest being rejected. After some experience, birds started to actively select for seed size (e.g., depth) and preferred to eat the smallest seeds. Although the correlation between size and hardness is low, the birds successfully used size characteristics as a predictor for hardness.
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Li, Zhenan, Tianyu Zhang, Minyi Zhu, et al. "High-Vigor Seeds Associated with Seed Hardness and Water Absorption Rate in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (2022): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050712.
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Seed physical properties are stable and visualized, and believed to be reference indicators for screening high-vigor seeds. However, the detailed relationship between seed vigor and its physical properties is not fully understood in rice. To elucidate the relationship mentioned above, seed physical properties such as seed size, hardness, and water absorption rate, and seed vigor indicators including germination rate, salt-stressed germination rate, and drought-stressed germination rate were determined among different rice cultivars. Significant differences in seed vigor indicators and seed physical properties were recorded among different rice cultivars. Germination rate, salt-stressed germination rate, drought-stressed germination rate, seed hardness, and water absorption rate ranged from 32.0 ± 1.7% to 99.7 ± 0.3%, 14.4 ± 2.4% to 99.7 ± 0.3%, 3.3 ± 2.6% to 95.7 ± 2.1%, 69.15 ± 0.15 N to 74.56 ± 0.14 N, and 0.09 ± 0.00 g/h to 0.12 ± 0.00 g/h, respectively. Additionally, correlation analysis showed that seed hardness and water absorption rate were significantly positively related to seed vigor (r = 0.33 **−0.41 **, from 2014 to 2016; r = 0.45 **−0.65 **, in 2021). Moreover, principal component analysis determined that the first principal component explained 91.4%, 90.1%, and 89.9% of the variance of seed physical properties, respectively, and loaded on seed hardness and water absorption rate. These results indicate that seed hardness and water absorption rate can be recommended as efficient indicators for screening rice seeds with high vigor.
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Ignatiev, S. A., A. A. Regidin, T. V. Gryazeva, and K. N. Goryunov. "Dynamics of alfalfa seed hardness change depending on the seed storage time." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 6 (January 29, 2020): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-66-6-46-49.
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A significant part of perennial legumes seeds, including alfalfa, after ripening, has a seed coat nonpermeable for water and air, and therefore they do not germinate immediately after sowing. This property is called seed hardness. The purpose of our research was to study seed hardness of the alfalfa samples in the collection of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” depending on the seed storage time. The seed hardness of the studied varieties after 1 month of storage ranged from 31 to 74% on average for two years. The varieties “Sonora 76” (the USA) and “Stavropolskaya 430” (Russia) possessed the highest value of the studied trait (62% and 74%, respectively). The seed hardness of the standard variety “Rostovskaya 90” was 49.5%. After 6 months of storage, the percentage of seed hardness in all studied varieties significantly decreased. The studied indicator of the standard variety “Rostovskaya 90” decreased to 24%. The varieties “Smuglyanka” (Ukraine), “Zvezdochka” (Russia), “Veko” (Canada), “Admiral” (Canada), “Verta+” (Canada), “AZNIHI-5” (Azerbaijan), “Tashkentskaya 1” (Uzbekistan), “Karlygash” (Kazakhstan) with the indicators from 7% to 13% had a significantly lower percentage of seed hardness compared with the standard variety. The varieties “Sonora 76” (USA) and “Stavropolskaya 430” (Russia), with seed hardness of 38.5% and 49%, respectively, significantly exceeded the standard variety “Rostovskaya 90”. After 12 months of storage, seed hardness of the studied varieties ranged from 4 to 22.5%. The indicator for this trait of the variety, taken as a standard was 16.5%. A significantly lower percentage of seed hardness (from 3% to 10%) was in 12 studied varieties, the lowest indicator was shown by the variety “Zvezdochka” (Russia). The two varieties “Sonora 76” (USA) and “Stavropolskaya 430” (Russia) showed a significant excess with indicators of 21.5% and 22.5%, respectively.
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Gürsoy, S. "Some physical properties of lentil seeds affected by harvest time." Agricultural Science and Technology 12, no. 3 (2020): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2020.03.042.
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Abstract: The physical properties and the hardness of lentil seeds, which can also be affected by harvest times, are very important variables in the designing and adjustment of machineries used during harvest, handling and other processes. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of different harvest times on some physical and mechanical properties of lentil seeds. A field experiment was conducted at six harvest times including the harvesting at physiological maturity (H1) and 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after physiological maturity (H2, H3, H4, H5 and H6, respectively). The variables determined were moisture content, diameter, thickness, sphericity, seed mass, bulk density, true density, porosity and hardness of lentil seeds. It was found that seed moisture content, seed dimensions, seed mass and bulk density decreased with delayed harvest time. However, sphericity, true density, porosity and hardness of lentil seeds increased with increased harvest time.
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Jiang, Lina, and Xianfeng Yi. "Can Seed Hardness Be an Ecological Filter in Seed Dispersal by Rodents?" Diversity 17, no. 3 (2025): 150. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030150.
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Seed hardness has been acknowledged as one of the most significant physical traits influencing seed consumption and caching by animals. From an evolutionary perspective, a hard seed shell should potentially be regarded as a dispersal and predator escape strategy rather than a maladaptive trait of plants. However, to our knowledge, this prediction has not been adequately tested in the context of seed dispersal. Here, we offered seeds with hard shells to the main seed consumers widely distributed in two distinct forest ecosystems to test our hypothesis that a hard seed shell might act as an ecological filter to deter predators but attract obligatory seed dispersers. Our studies demonstrated that seeds with the hardest shells consistently and directly deterred small-bodied seed consumers that have been proven to be either larder-hoarders or scatter-hoarders in the two forests. Nevertheless, rodents with the largest body size and seed handling capacity seemed to be effective seed dispersers targeting hard seed shells. The deterrence to seed predators and the attraction to an effective seed disperser reflects the evolutionary significance of seed hardness in the seed dispersal syndrome. Our studies in different forest ecosystems strongly suggest that a hard seed shell is not an evolutionary dead end in plant–animal interactions. On the contrary, the outcome of a hard seed shell in the seed dispersal syndrome is of evolutionary importance for plant–animal mutualistic interactions in various forest ecosystems.
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Hamilton, Kim N., Sarah E. Ashmore, Rod A. Drew, and Hugh W. Pritchard. "Seed morphology and ultrastructure in Citrus garrawayi (Rutaceae) in relation to germinability." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 6 (2007): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06188.
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Combinational traits of seed size and seed-coat hardness in Citrus garrawayi (F.M.Bailey) (syn. of Microcitrus garrowayi) were investigated as markers for estimation of seed morphological and physiological maturity. Seed size (length) and coat hardness correlated well with changes in seed coat and embryo morphological development, dry-weight accumulation, decreases in moisture content and a significant increase in germinability. Seed moisture content decreased from 82 ± 1% in immature seeds to 40 ± 1% at seed maturation. The outer integument of immature seeds consisted of thin-walled epidermal fibres from which outgrowths of emerging protrusions were observed. In comparison, mature seed coats were characterised by the thickening of the cell walls of the epidermal fibres from which arose numerous protrusions covered by an extensive mucilage layer. Immature seeds, with incomplete embryo and seed-coat histodiffereniation, had a low mean germination percentage of 4 ± 4%. Premature seeds, with a differentiated embryonic axis, were capable of much higher levels of germination (51 ± 10%) before the attainment of mass maturity. Mature seeds, with the most well differentiated embryonic axis and maximum mean dry weight, had the significantly highest level of germination (88 ± 3%).
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Li, Haoxian, Lina Chen, Ruitao Liu, and Zhenhua Lu. "Role of Endogenous Hormones on Seed Hardness in Pomegranate Fruit Development." Horticulturae 11, no. 1 (2025): 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11010038.
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Seed hardness is a unique trait for edibility and an important breeding target for pomegranates. We compared changes in hormones during the development of soft- and hard-seeded varieties in order to identify key hormones and developmental stages that affect seed lignin synthesis and accumulation. During the development of pomegranate seeds, lignin accumulates significantly in the stereid layer, and the degree of lignification is higher in Shandazi than in Huazi cultivars. The results showed that the accumulation of lignin in the stereid layer of the outer pomegranate seed coat is the reason for the differences in seed hardness between the soft-seeded variety and the hard-seeded variety. The hardness of pomegranate seeds was positively correlated with endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA), while it was negatively correlated with cytokinins (CTKs), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA), and strigolactones (SLs). The highest contents of IAA and JA were 8.615 ng·g−1 and 4.5869 ng·g−1, respectively, in the hard-seeded variety. In the soft-seeded variety, the maximum values of dihydrozeatin (DZ), dihydrozeatin-7-glucoside (DHZ7G), ABA, gibberellin A1 (GA1), SA, and 5-deoxystrigol (5-DS) were 281.82 ng·g−1, 1542.889 ng·g−1, 61.273 ng·g−1, 5.2556 ng·g−1, 21.15 ng·g−1, and 0.4494 ng·g−1, respectively. IAA, CTKs, ABA, GA1, and SA play major roles in the formation of lignin in pomegranate seeds, collectively determining seed hardness.
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Pompelli, Marcelo F., Alfredo Jarma-Orozco, and Luis Alfonso Rodriguez-Páez. "Imbibition and Germination of Seeds with Economic and Ecological Interest: Physical and Biochemical Factors Involved." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (2023): 5394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065394.
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In this study, we describe the seed imbibition of 14 different species, from crop, forest, and native species potentially able to recover landscapes and form sustainable green cities. Seed imbibition is a fundamental physical and physiological process for reactivating metabolism and hydrolytic enzymes that will provide seed germination. We verified that the water imbibition is more closely governed by differences between osmotic potential (Ψw) and surrounding media than seed weight or seed hardness. In turn, seeds of Spondias tuberosa and Euterpe oleracea that have a Ψw of −75 MPa and a tegument as hard as 200 N imbibed an insignificant volume of water. Consequently, their metabolism is not significantly affected comparing the non-imbibed seeds and 120-h-imbibed seeds. Malpighia glabra or Annona squamosa also show very negative Ψw where the seed coat hardness is less evident; however, in these species, the seed imbibition increased the respiration rate by eight- to ten-fold in 120 h-imbibed-seeds than non-imbibed-seeds. The high-water absorption in M. glabra (49%) seems to be due to its highly convoluted tissue in the dry state, while in J. curcas and A. squamosa the presence of a highly porous seed coat must have favored seed imbibition and prompt metabolic reactivation.
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Rakovskaya, N. V., O. N. Zabegayeva, and E. A. Dzyubenko. "SEED QUALITY EVALUATION IN THE COLLECTION OF CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA AFTER LONG¬TERM STORAGE UNDER UNCONTROLLED CONDITIONS." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 180, no. 4 (2020): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2019-4-48-58.
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Background. Guar or clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an annual leguminous plant cultivated for feed, food and industrial purposes. Its seed endosperm is used to extract guar gum, so the guar genetic resources stored in the VIR collection are of strategic importance for the import substitution policy in Russia in the context of their prospective introduction into cultivation in the country’s southern areas. Most of the guar accessions had been preserved by VIR for 40 years or more, so the task was to assess their germination rates and restore their viability. In the process of screening, seed quality parameters of the accessions were examined and analyzed.Materials and methods. VIR’s collection of C. tetragonoloba, initiated by N. I. Vavilov, now contains 111 accessions. Percentage seed viability, germination energy and seed hardness were evaluated in the Long-Term Storage Laboratory for 50 accessions reproduced in 2018 and for 263 older reproductions of 89 guar accessions. In total, 313 seed samples reproduced across 18 different years were analyzed. Statistica 10 software was used to perform a single-factor analysis of variance and find out how germination energy, seed viability and seed hardness correlated with the age of seeds, mean monthly temperature and mean rainfall during the growing season.Results and discussion. After more than 40 years of storage, the guar accessions did not entirely lost their viability under laboratory and field conditions. Very high positive correlations were found for their percentage viability and germination energy with the mean monthly temperature in the year of reproduction. A weak positive correlation was observed between seed hardness and the year of reproduction. Correlations between seed viability and rainfall during the growing season were weak, with a weak negative correlation between seed hardness and rainfall. The viability level of 30-year-old seeds was 50%, so guar may be regarded as belonging to the group of macrobiotic plants.
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Bereded Sheferie, Mekuria. "Effect of Seed Priming Methods on Seed Quality of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Genotypes." Advances in Agriculture 2023 (January 27, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3951752.
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Seed priming is an effective way of promoting seed germination and vigor of okra by alleviating seed dormancy in fresh or stored okra seeds. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of seed priming treatment on seed physiological quality of okra genotypes. This experiment was conducted in a laboratory at Haramaya University in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. It comprised of 5 seed priming treatments (untreated seeds, tape water, 200 ppm GA3, 0.5% KH2PO4, and 50% cow urine) and 5 okra genotypes (Clemson, Arka Anamika, SOH701, 240207, and 240586). The results showed that the main and interaction effects of seed priming treatment and genotypes significantly affected physiological seed quality attributes and hard seed percentage. GA3-treated genotype Clemson showed the highest germination (78.28%) and germination speed (25.29). Similarly, GA3-treated genotypes SHO701 and 240586 had the highest seed vigor index I (13.161) and vigor index II (34.14), respectively. There were no hard seeds in genotype Clemson treated with GA3 and cow urine, genotype SOH701 treated with GA3, besides genotype 240207 treated with KH2PO4 and tap water. All seed priming treatments had a significant positive effect on physiological quality and seed overcame seed hardness in all 5 okra genotypes compared to controls. Therefore, in this study concluded that GA3 seed priming treatment improved physiological seed quality, and alleviated seeds hardness in okra genotypes. As an alternative to GA3 seed priming treatments, Ethiopian farmers can also use tape water, cow urine, and KH2PO4 seed priming treatments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seed hardness"
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Loureiro, Marta Bruno. "Conserva??o de Sementes de Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr. - Garapa (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae)." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2005. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/544.
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Previous issue date: 2005-08-29<br>Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro<br>Apuleia leiocarpa is a forestall specie commonly known as grapia and garapa. Its trees are
widely spread over Brazilian territory occurring more specifically on rain forest formations
with seasonal semidecidious characteristics. Garapa seeds are an important source of
medicinal substances as well as used for ornamental and environmental recovery purposes. It
has been used on both tanning and timber industry and notably its natural populations have
deeply decreased its growth due to massive exploitation. In this context, this work aimed to
evaluate the development of A. leiocarpa seeds during the maturation phase. Researches were
conducted for two successive crop years (2002 and 2003) and also analyzed seeds
performance under specific storage conditions and the physiological quality of seeds. This
scientific study results might be used as database information to guide the elaboration of
specie s preservation proposals. Research samples were collected at Tingu? Biological
Reserve, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and biological analysis and tests were performed at
Seeds Analysis Laboratory of Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro at Serop?dica
city, Brazil. This work results concludes that A. leiocarpa seeds physiological maturity was
achieved within 98 days after anthesis (98DAA) in 2002. In 2003 it was not able to
objectively determine the seeds maturity cycle. Seeds harvests are recommended as soon as
fruits aspect changes from green-yellow to brown color combined with a higher proportion of
brown seeds availability. The most efficient technique to overcome seed dormancy was the
use of immersion treatment into concentrated sulphuric acid during 20 minutes. It was not
observed any influence of either testa color or its size on A. leiocarpa seed germination
process. The use of half-permeably packaging (polyethylene bags) under a nominal
temperature of 18?C and 50% relative humidity was considered the most appropriate storage
condition to A. leiocarpa seeds.<br>Apuleia leiocarpa ? uma esp?cie florestal, conhecida como gr?pia e garapa, que apresenta
ampla distribui??o geogr?fica no territ?rio brasileiro, ocorrendo na mata atl?ntica, nas
forma??es caracter?sticas da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. A esp?cie apresenta
import?ncia na industria madeireira e de curtume, possui indica??es de uso medicinal,
ornamental e em plantios para recupera??o ambiental. No entanto, foi extra?da de forma
maci?a, e suas popula??es naturais sofreram diminui??o significativa. Diante desta situa??o,
os objetivos deste trabalho foram acompanhar a matura??o das sementes de Apuleia leiocarpa
em dois anos de produ??o (2002 e 2003), avaliar o comportamento das sementes durante o
armazenamento e analisar os fatores intr?nsecos ?s sementes que afetam sua qualidade
fisiol?gica, a fim de gerar informa??es que possam nortear a elabora??o de propostas para a
conserva??o da esp?cie. As coletas foram realizadas na Reserva Biol?gica do Tingu?, RJ e os
ensaios conduzidos no Laborat?rio de An?lise de Sementes da Universidade Federal Rural do
Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que a
maturidade fisiol?gica das sementes de Apuleia leiocarpa foi atingida aos 98 DAA no ano de
2002 e n?o pode ser determinada em 2003. ? recomend?vel que a coleta de sementes seja
realizada a partir do momento em que ocorre a mudan?a de colora??o dos frutos de verdeamarelo
para marrom, juntamente com aparecimento da maior propor??o de sementes com
colora??o marrom A escarifica??o com ?cido sulf?rico concentrado por vinte minutos, foi
considerado o tratamento mais indicado para a supera??o da dorm?ncia de sementes. Nem o
tamanho das sementes, nem a colora??o do tegumento influenciaram a porcentagem de
germina??o de sementes de Apuleia leiocarpa. . A embalagem semiperme?vel sob c?mara
seca (18?C e U.R. de 50%), foi considerada a condi??o mais adequada para a conserva??o de
sementes de Apuleia leiocarpa.
Books on the topic "Seed hardness"
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Jeske, Diane. The Feeling of Morality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685379.003.0005.
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Emotions play a critical role in both moral deliberation and moral action. Understanding the emotions and how they ought to interact with theoretical principles is an important part of fulfilling our duty of due care in moral deliberation. By examining the Nazi police squads and the Nazi virtue of “hardness,” we can come to see how ordinary people can suppress their emotions in order to carry out morally odious tasks. We can then see that the methods we use to live with our treatment of nonhuman animals bear striking similarities to the methods used by those in the police squads. Ted Bundy, a psychopath, suggests that a lack of emotions can hinder our ability to grasp moral concepts, thus showing that even while emotions must be regulated by theory, they also play an important role in any full understanding of the significance of moral demands.
Book chapters on the topic "Seed hardness"
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Nicolas, François, and Eric Rivals. "Hardness of Optimal Spaced Seed Design." In Combinatorial Pattern Matching. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11496656_13.
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Reid, J. S. G. "Analysis of Carbohydrates Conferring Hardness on Seeds." In Plant Fibers. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83349-6_16.
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Jakab, Sándor Kálmán, Tej Singh, and László Lendvai. "Comparison of Mechanical Properties of PLA-Based Biocomposites Filled with Different Agricultural By-Products." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde240584.
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In this study, biopolymer composites were developed using poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a polymer matrix. Various agricultural by-products, including flax seed meal, rapeseed straw, and mustard seed meal, were added as a reinforcement. The research aimed to provide insight into the valorization of cheap, readily available residues generated in the agricultural industry and assess the mechanical properties of composites prepared using them. The experimental fabrication was conducted by compounding PLA with agro-waste particles in 10 and 20 wt% concentrations. These components were melt mixed with a twin-screw extruder and injection molded into standardized forms. The resulting fabricated composites were tested for tensile and flexural mechanical properties and hardness. Through scanning electron microscopy, images of the natural particles were taken to better understand their structure, geometry, and possible ways of interaction between them and the PLA matrix. The results of quasi-static mechanical tests suggest that using agricultural by-products can effectively improve Young’s modulus and flexural modulus of PLA but at the cost of tensile and flexural strength, which decreased with the by-products’ introduction. Of the three agro-waste options, rapeseed straw emerged as the superior choice because it only marginally reduced the mechanical strength of the PLA and enhanced its stiffness the most. Hardness was the least affected property, test results showed that the added fillers did not substantially change the polymer matrix’s hardness.
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Karim, Roselina, Nor Aini Mat Noh, Shafa’atu Giwa Ibrahim, Wan Zunairah Wan Ibadullah, Norhasnida Zawawi, and Nazamid Saari. "Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed Extract as a New Plant-Based Milk Alternative and Its Potential Food Uses." In Milk Substitutes [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94067.
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Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed is rich in protein, fat, fiber, and other essential nutrients. Kenaf seed comprises of high protein (22–31%) and oil (22–25%) contents which suggested its high potential food application. This chapter discusses the potential and early development of kenaf-based plant-milk and tofu. The step-by-step processes involved in preparation of kenaf-based milk and kenaf-based tofu at laboratory-scale are illustrated. Soaking conditions (temperature and time) of kenaf seed as pretreatment in preparation of kenaf seed milk were highlighted. Hydration of kenaf seed were found to be faster at elevated temperature, however higher soaking temperature and prolonged soaking time causes some losses of protein (%) and solid content (%) which are unfavorable for production of highly nutritious plant-based milk. Furthermore, in preparation of kenaf-based tofu, soaking temperature of seed also affected the properties of the tofu. As the soaking temperature was increased from 25–65°C, the yield, hardness, and chewiness of kenaf tofu decreased. It was recommended that soaking of kenaf seed at 25°C and the use of aluminum potassium salt at 1.00 g% as coagulant produces kenaf-based tofu with optimum quality.
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Shailaja, P., N. Sridevi, and CH Dinesh Kumar. "Preparation & Evaluation of Acetylated Jack Fruit Seed Starch as a Carrier for Controlled Release Drug Delivery of Zidovudine Tablets." In Current Trends in Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery (CTD4-2022). Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781837671090-00447.
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In the present investigation, an attempt was made to isolate starch from jackfruit seed and acetylation of starch and utilize it as a rate control polymer to design controlled release of the zidovudine. Starch was isolated from jackfruit seeds through alkali extraction processes and evaluated for its physicochemical properties and phytochemical tests. Zidovudine was prepared using the controlled release tablets were prepared by using direct compression method. The jack fruit seed starch has shown good physical, phytochemical properties, and good flow properties. The prepared zidovudine tablet formulations were found to be stable according to the Indian Pharmacopoeia-specified limits for evaluation parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, and in vitro drug release studies. From in vitro dissolution studies, it was observed that formulations F3 containing 6% w/w of alkali extracted starch showed control release of the drug for 24 h when compared to the other formulations. The drug release from the tablet was found to be zero order drug release with R2 value of and the drug release mechanism was found to be non fickian diffusion. The tablets prepared from jackfruit seed starch as rate controlling polymer were found to be suitable for preparation of controlled release tablet.
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Lavrov, Alexandr Vladimirovich, Maksim Nikolaevich Moskovskiy, and Natalia Sergeevna Kryukovskaya. "Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of Impact on Soil by Wheel Drives of the Self-Propelled Seeder." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9420-8.ch006.
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Dedicated vertical axial loads on the soil from the wheels of a self-propelled seed drill, the area of the contact patch, the maximum contact pressure for the front and rear wheels and the density of the soil are determined by evaluations and experimental methods. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental indicators was: 1.4% and 2.0% for the rear and front wheels in vertical axial loads; 2.8% and 2.2% for the rear and front wheels by the contact area of the tires of the seeder with the soil and the maximum contact pressure; 6.2% – the maximum discrepancy on the values of soil density at a depth of 7.6 cm. Soil hardness was measured in three zones: before the seeder's passage and after each of its passage in a rut behind the front and rear wheels at six different depths, determined by the marks on the soil densimeter tester density. Graphics of dependencies of soil hardness on the depth of measurement were constructed.
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Meng, Qingying, Qiuju Wang, Baoguo Zhu, et al. "Effects of Albic Soil Improvement on Seed Pumpkin Yield and Soil Physical Properties." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3233/atde241163.
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Exploring the effects of Albic soil mechanical improvement by mixing the sediment layer with the albic layer on soil physical properties and seed pumpkin yield, providing a basis for Albic soil improvement and seed pumpkin yield increase in Heilongjiang Province. A three-stage subsoil mixing plough was used to mix the sediment layer with the albic layer of Albic soil conducted as a large plot test in the autumn of 2022. Conventional subsoiling was set as the control. In the autumn of 2023, soil physical properties were measured. Compared with the conventional subsoiling treatment, the albic layer’s solid phase ratio decreased significantly by 5.07%, and the soil gas phase ratio increased significantly by 173.91%. The total porosity of the albic layer increased to 45.67% after soil improvement. The hardness of the albic layer after soil improvement also decreased. Compared with the conventional subsoiling treatment, the water stable large aggregates proportion (R > 0.25) in the albic layer significantly increased by 17.32%, and the MWD and GMD values also increased. Compared with the conventional subsoiling treatment, the seed pumpkin yield increased by 29.73%, and the rotten melon rate significantly decreased. Soil improvement by mixing the sediment layer with the albic layer improves the physical properties of the albic layer effectively, promotes the seed pumpkin quality and increases the yield by 29.73%. The seed pumpkin yield was significantly negatively correlated with the solid phase ratio and soil bulk density of the albic layer (P < 0.05), and was significantly positively correlated (P < 0.05) with the field water capacity and the large soil water stable aggregate number.
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Tabor, D. "The Deformation of Metals by Sperical Identers: Ideal Plastic Metals." In The Hardness of Metals. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198507765.003.0004.
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Abstract We may now consider the deformation of an ‘ideal’ plastic metal, of yield stress Y, by a hard spherical indenter of radius r (Fig. 21a). The friction between the indenter and the metal surface is again assumed to be negligibly small. When the load is applied to the indenter the metal surface and the indenter will both deform elastically according to the classical equations of Hertz (1881). The region of contact is a circle of radius a (see Fig. 21 b) as given by the equation
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Tabor, D. "Introduction." In The Hardness of Metals. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198507765.003.0001.
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Abstract In his introductory essay on the hardness of metals O’Neill (1934) has wisely observed that hardness, ‘like the storminess of the seas, is easily appreciated but not readily measured’. In general hardness implies the resistance to deformation. If we accept the practical conclusion that a hard body is one that is unyielding to the touch, it is at once evident that steel is harder than rubber. If, however, we think of hardness as the ability of a body to resist permanent deformation, a substance such as rubber would appear to be harder than most metals. This is because the range over which rubber can deform elastically is very much larger than that of meta.ls. Indeed with rubber-like materials the elastic properties play a very important part in the assessment of hardness. With metals, however, the position is different, for although the elastic moduli are large, the range over which metals deform elastically is relatively small. Consequently, when metals are deformed or indented (as when we attempt to estimate their hardness) the deformation is predominantly outside the elastic range and often involves considerable plastic or permanent deformation. For this reason, as we shall see, the hardness of metals is bound up primarily with their plastic properties and only to a secondary extent with their elastic properties. In some cases, however, particularly in dynamic hardness measurements, the elastic properties may be as important as the plastic properties of the metals.
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"The Tender God Suffers Because of the Hardness of Our Hearts." In In Your Eyes I See My Words. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv102bj2n.34.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Seed hardness"
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Badrak, Robert, Julia Botinha, John Groth, and Helena Alves. "Hardness and Nickel-Based Alloys." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-18806.
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Abstract The issue of hardness testing and nickel base alloys has been a contentious topic in the oil and gas community. In this paper we present the uses of hardness testing with respect to nickel base alloys with examples of limitations and applications. As hardness has historically been seen as a factor for predicting environmental cracking resistance of nickel base alloys, a literature assessment of slow strain rate data is presented examining the potential for a relationship between the hardness and the alloy’s resistance to environmental cracking. More recent studies tried to access the mechanisms behind the environmental cracking issue and their results are reviewed. The paper concludes that there is no reliable relationship between hardness and environmental cracking resistance on nickel base alloys and proposes some actions as a result.
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Hammond, Ruth I., Briony K. Holmes, Richard J. Pargeter, and Stuart Bond. "Investigation of Effect of Plastic Straining on C-Mn Steel Pipelines Prior to Sour Service." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11110.
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Abstract Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is critically dependent on the environment, microstructure, stress intensity and hydrogen content in the steel. Many years of industrial experience and laboratory tests have helped to define safe conditions for carbon manganese steels, including weldments, to hardnesses no greater than 22 HRc (parent) and 250 HV5 or HV10 (weldments). It has been suggested that plastically straining a material prior to exposure to the sour environment may invalidate this. This study examines the response of four welded carbon manganese steels, typical of the pipeline industry, to laboratory based SSC testing after a variety of plastic strain regimes. The strain regimes were designed to be representative of those seen by pipelines during the laying procedure; including the cyclic strains seen due to reeling. This study reports the results of a Joint Industry Programme run by TWI. Whilst the results were not always consistent, SSC was found in specimens that fulfilled the ISO15156 hardness requirements.
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Meskers, Donald, Anthony M. Rossi, and Karen Person. "Evaluation of Terpolymer for Deposit Control in Hardness and Iron Dominated Boiler Systems." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-06106.
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Abstract Synthetic dispersants have been used to control waterside deposition in industrial and commercial boilers for many years. Over the past two decades steady improvements in the cost and performance of reverse osmosis membrane and increased usage of de-ionized water in lower pressure systems have resulted in deposits that are becoming increasingly iron-dominated. This progression has resulted in a need for more complex and robust chemistries that can control iron fouling, as well as the traditional calcium, magnesium, and silica deposition. This paper will discuss changes in deposit matrices seen with higher purity feed water and the need to generate improved ion transport across the boiler system. The correlation between differing polymer functionality and the effect on specific contaminant deposit control and ion transport performance will be discussed in relation to the development of a multifunctional terpolymer chemistry targeted to control iron and a wide range of boiler water contaminants and promote high levels of transport through the boiler system in low to moderate pressure boiler systems. Data will be presented that correlates laboratory performance in research scale test boilers with data generated in commercially operated boiler systems.
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Czajkowski, Carl J. "Investigation of Failed Type 410 Stainless Steel Shafts from Main Steam Isolation Valves at Two Operating Plants." In CORROSION 1987. NACE International, 1987. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1987-87097.
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Abstract Metallurgical investigation's were performed on a cracked main steam isolation valve (MSIV) shaft from the Joseph M. Farley Unit #1 station and two MSIV shafts from the R. E. Ginna Station (only one shaft cracked). This investigation consisted of optical microscopy, chemical analysis, hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The shafts were manufactured from ASTM A276, Type 410 stainless steel in the quenched and tempered condition. The crack on the Farley shaft ran longitudinally and was approximately 16.7 cm (6.6 inches) in length. The crack on the Ginna shaft was approximately 7.6 cm (3 inches) in length and ran almost perpendicularly to the shaft's long axis. The second Ginna shaft had no visible cracks. Hardness measurements of the shafts revealed that the Farley shaft hardness values ranged between Rc 41-44.5, the cracked Ginna shaft values ranged between Rc 42.9-45, while the uncracked shaft's hardness was Rc 36-44.6. The cracks were intergranular and occurred on prior austenite grain boundaries. No evidence of corrosive species or fatigue contribution was seen. This cracking is considered to be an intergranular stress corrosion cracking phenomenon resulting from a high hardness/susceptible material in a pressurized water environment.
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Sakata, Mikihiro, Nozomi Satake, Tomoaki Kiso, and Usani Ofem. "Study on Ferrite Content and Hardness of Thick-Wall 22% Cr Duplex Stainless Steel Welded Joints." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09230.
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Abstract In refineries and oil and gas plants, air-cooled heat exchangers, so-called fin fan coolers, are fabricated from 22% Cr duplex stainless steels where type 300 series stainless steels would have problems with chloride pitting and chloride stress corrosion cracking (CSCC). Depending on application, limits are often specified for ferrite content and hardness (typically 35-65% for ferrite content and 320 HV maximum) during welding procedure qualification. Recent several cases of failures in hydroprocessing reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) system in refineries are now attracting worldwide attention to ferrite content and hardness in 22% Cr duplex stainless steel welds. In this study, welding trials were performed on 22% Cr duplex stainless steel UNS S32205 corner joints with different wall thickness similar to the top plate and tubesheet plate joint configuration used in a fin fan cooler header box. The effects of material thickness (15 mm, 25 mm, and 35 mm), weld heat input, and joint restraint during welding fabrication on ferrite content and hardness of the welds were evaluated. The results seem to suggest a need for careful re-evaluation of the upper limits of ferrite content and hardness for thick-wall 22% duplex stainless steel joint which are currently used.
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Eriksen, Kristian, Roy Johnsen, and Stian Hauger. "Welding of CRA with Insufficient Purging Gas Impact on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance." In CORROSION 2021. AMPP, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2021-16615.
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ABSTRACT During fabrication of piping systems discoloration (heat tint) in access of that accepted by welding standards such as Norsok M-601 is sometimes experienced.1 This is normally a result of insufficient purging gas. The effect on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were investigated. Pipe spools made from 22Cr duplex stainless steel, 25Cr duplex stainless steel and titanium Gr. 2 were welded using argon purging gas with mixed-in oxygen at various concentrations to simulate insufficient purging. The mechanical testing included tensile testing, impact testing and hardness measurements while the corrosion testing included ASTM G482 – Method A pitting tests, critical pitting temperature measurements in simulated seawater and critical pitting potential measurements in simulated well fluids according to ASTM G61.14 The results from tensile testing, impact testing and hardness measurements showed that the tested materials were virtually unaffected by the purging gas conditions, except when welded with no purging gas at all. The corrosion testing also showed that the materials were more or less unaffected by the purging gas conditions, both in seawater service and in hydrocarbon service. The main conclusion of the work is that the integrity of piping systems in 22Cr duplex stainless steel, 25Cr duplex stainless steel and titanium Gr. 2 does not seem to be compromised by insufficient purging, as long as some level of purging gas is used for butt welds.
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Souza, S. M. C., E. H. de S. Cavalcanti, I. C. Abud, R. O. Centeno, M. R. Alves, and C. A. Zamora. "Failure Analysis in Heavy-Weight Drillpipes During Drilling Operation of Off-Shore Oil Well." In CORROSION 2003. NACE International, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2003-03524.
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Abstract The main purpose of this study was the failure analysis of a Heavy-Weight Drill Pipe 5" (HWDP5) that showed radial cracks in the threaded connection sections. Metallographic results were obtained using stereoscopic microscopy, image analysis and scanning electron microcopy (SEM), with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Hardness tests and chemical analysis of the HWDP5 sample and semi-micro inorganic qualitative analysis of the mud were also carried out. It could be seen by visual inspection that the male member of the threaded connection (pin member) was not able to reach the last two threads of the female screw (box member), promoting in this area a high stress concentration. It was also observed that cracks were formed from corrosion pitting at the screw base. The chemical analysis gave a positive result confirming the presence of H2S in the mud. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) could be observed due to three main factors: 1. Changing in the manganese sulfides size, 2. High values of hardness and 3. Existence of H2S showed by the EDS spectra of the samples and chemical analysis of the drilling mud. It could be concluded that sulfide stress cracking resulting from the presence of the H2S in the mud in addition to the existence of high stressed areas were responsible for the premature failure of the HWDP5 device.
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Lee, C.-M., S. Bond, and P. Woollin. "Preferential Weld Corrosion: Effects of Weldment Microstructure and Composition." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05277.
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Abstract Preferential weldment corrosion (PWC) of carbon and low alloy steels used for pipelines and process piping systems in CO2-containing media has been observed increasingly in recent years. In particular, this has been on weldments made by the manual metal arc (MMA) process using electrodes containing Ni or Ni plus Cu. This paper presents the results of a joint industry research programme which was conducted collaboratively by three research organisations to investigate this corrosion mechanism and to seek practical solutions. The effect of composition and microstructure on PWC in CO2-containing media was investigated on 12 weldments produced in X52 and X65 grade pipe materials using TIG and MMA processes. Corrosion tests were conducted in a re-circulating vessel on segmented weld electrodes in CO2-containing media, with two levels of chloride content. The addition of increased amounts of nickel and silicon was detrimental, whilst additions of molybdenum and chromium (of up to 0.7wt%) did not give improvements in PWC behaviour. Autogenous weldments, made without filler additions, and weldments made with matching composition consumables gave the best PWC resistance. It is also shown that empirical relationships exist between PWC and hardness levels and microstructure, with unrefined microstructures, having high hardness, being detrimental. The implications of the data for design of welding procedures to minimise PWC are considered.
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Bukhari, Syed Umair Niaz. "Case Study Based on Coating Failure Analysis of Cargo Container." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-18110.
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Abstract Coating system of a cargo container belonging to a high-profile cargo company failed terribly during service at the humid south gulf coastline. The failure occurred during the summer of 2020 after only 8 months of service. The container had an acknowledged life expectancy of 20 years. An investigation commission was appointed to investigate the root causes of the coating failure. Visual inspection revealed checking and cracking all over the container surfaces including surface rust and rust stains at damaged/cracked locations. Holiday testing revealed multiple holidays/voids for the coating examined at various locations of the container. Dry film coating thickness was also carried out and it showed several locations which were undercoated or excessively over coated. Pencil hardness test was carried out on several locations and it should surface roughness/hardness. A section of coating removed from the container surfaces was randomly taken and analyzed using SEM/EDS technique to see the different layers of the coating and to check the constituents at the base of the coating where the base metal layer was also visible. Pull off adhesion testing carried out on the limited sampling showed at least two out of five readings which did not meet the specification limits for adhesion compliance. Tests conducted below the failed coating system showed evidence of high levels of salt. Flexibility test was performed to check the flexibility of the coating. The failure mechanisms were discussed and good engineering practices were put forward to combat and mitigate poor adhesion and inhomogeneous coating application.
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Komai, Nobuyoshi, Ko Arisue, Keita Hashimoto, Nobuhiko Saito, and Kimihiko Tominaga. "Creep Rupture Strength and Ductility of Grade 92 Steel." In AM-EPRI 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0461.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study aims to elucidate the chemical compositions and microstructural factors that affect longterm creep rupture strength and creep rupture ductility using multiple heats of Gr.92 steel. Evaluating the reduction behavior in long-term creep rupture strength, we propose a relative creep rupture strength value, which is expressed as the logarithmic ratio of the estimated creep strength for each rupture time exceeding 10,000 hours, with 10,000 hours as the reference. Higher initial hardness correlates with greater pronounced strength reduction in the long-term regime. While smaller prior austenite grain sizes lead to greater reductions in creep rupture strength, this effect diminishes above 30 μm. However, no clear correlation was observed between Cr content and creep strength reduction in this study. Brittle creep ruptures with smooth test specimens were observed just below the extensometer ridge in the parallel section of test specimen, indicating notch weakening. Even in heats with excellent creep ductility, the amount of inclusions tended to be higher than in heats with lower creep ductility. Factors other than inclusions also seem to influence long-term creep ductility.