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1
BROWNE, R. A., E. M. WHITE, and J. I. BURKE. "Effect of nitrogen, seed rate and plant growth regulator (chlormequat chloride) on the grain quality of oats (Avena sativa)." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003654.
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The physical parameters of oats of prime importance in determining milling quality are kernel content, the content of free kernels, hullability and screenings. In addition to screenings, hectolitre weight is used in the commercial trading of grain as an indicator of quality due to the absence of suitable methods, for commercial use, for determining the parameters that are closely related to milling quality. The effects of nitrogen (0–200 kg/ha), seed rate (200 and 300 seeds/m2) and plant growth regulator, chlormequat chloride, on grain quality were investigated at two locations, in one spring and three autumn sown experiments, in 1997/98 and 1998/99. Yields increased at higher rates of nitrogen and at the higher seed rate but were not significantly affected by chlormequat chloride. The effects of nitrogen rate and seed rate on kernel content were inconsistent but overall there was a small reduction at the higher nitrogen and higher seed rates and where chlormequat chloride was applied. In general, free kernels were reduced at the higher rates of nitrogen, at the higher seed rate and where chlormequat chloride was applied. Hullability improved at higher rates of nitrogen but was poorer at the higher seed rate and with chlormequat chloride. Screenings increased and hectolitre weight declined at the higher rates of nitrogen, the higher seed rate and with chlormequat chloride. The decline in hectolitre weight due to treatments within each experiment in general was associated with reductions in kernel content, content of free kernels and an increase in screenings. However, variation in hectolitre weight did not reflect variation in kernel content, free kernels and screenings between experiments. Overall, the changes in quality due to nitrogen rate, seed rate and chlormequat chloride were small compared with differences between varieties.
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Audren, G. P., H. L. Classen, K. V. Schwean, and V. Racz. "Nutritional value of wheat screenings for broiler chickens." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-071.
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Two trials were conducted to study the nutritional value of two wheat screening samples in broiler diets. Experiment 1 evaluated the chemical composition, and energy and amino acid digestibility while, exp. 2 evaluated the performance of 1980 female broiler chickens, housed in straw litter pens, and fed four different levels of the two wheat screening samples. In exp. 2, the wheat screening samples replaced 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% for sample 1 and 0, 25, and 50% for sample 2 of the wheat in diets fed to broilers. Each treatment was replicated six times with 55 birds per replication. The metabolizable energy, and protein content, and mean ileal amino acid digestibility were 3107 kcal kg-1, 15.77%, 83.3%, and 3023 kcal kg-1, 15.19%, 80.4% for wheat screening samples 1 and 2, respectively. The samples contained 90.5 and 88.2% wheat and the major weed seed in both samples was wild buckwheat, which was 4.5 and 6.3% in samples 1 and 2, respectively. In the broiler feeding trial, no significant differences were found between the wheat diet and those containing wheat screenings with regards to growth, feed efficiency, and mortality. There were variations in the composition of wheat screening samples; however, in this study, these variations did not significantly affect the performance of broiler chickens. Wheat screenings totally replaced wheat in balanced broiler diets without negatively affecting performance. Key words: Broiler chicken, feed, wheat screenings, wild buckwheat.
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Thacker, P. A. "Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets containing graded levels of number 1 wheat screenings." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-006.
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This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of number 1 wheat screenings on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass traits when fed to growing-finishing pigs. Forty crossbred pigs (Camborough 15 Line female × Canabred sire) weighing an average of 19.7 ± 2.8 kg were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a 5 × 2 factorial design experiment. The main effects tested included level of wheat screenings and sex of pig (barrows and gilts). The levels of inclusion were 0, 18, 36, 54 and 72% in the grower diet and 0, 20.5, 41, 61.5 and 82% in the finisher diet. Screenings were added largely at the expense of barley. A botanical analysis was preformed and it indicated that the screenings contained approximately 88.5% whole or cracked wheat with the most prevalent weed seeds being wild buckwheat (6.7%), canola seed (2.8%) and cleavers (0.96%). There was a linear (P = 0.001) increase in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy with increased incorporation of wheat screenings in the diet. Over the entire experimental period (19.7–105.1 kg), there was no change in growth rate due to feeding wheat screenings, but feed intake declined in a linear (P = 0.044) fashion while feed conversion improved linearly (P = 0.014) as the inclusion level of screenings increased. There were no sex effects on pig performance. Dietary inclusion of wheat screenings had no significant effects on any carcass traits including dressing percent, carcass value index, lean yield, loin fat or loin lean. The carcass value index for gilts was higher than that of barrows (P = 0.038). The overall results of this experiment indicate that number 1 wheat screenings can be successfully uti lized as an energy source for use in growing-finishing diets and can be fed at levels as high as 72% for growing pigs and 82% for finishing pigs with no negative effects on pig performance or carcass quality. However, should the level of weed seeds increase or the type of weed seeds contaminating the screenings change appreciably from those reported here, then it may be necessary to reduce the incorporation level of screenings in the diet. Key words: Pigs, wheat screenings, performance, digestibility, carcass
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Blythe, L. L., A. M. Craig, C. Estill, and C. Cebra. "Clinical manifestations of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) toxicosis in Oregon and Japan." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3170.
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There are multiple vehicles for endophyte toxicosis in animals including exposure from pasture, straw residues and seed screenings. This report discusses the clinical cases typically seen with tall fescue and perennial ryegrass toxicosis in Oregon and Japan. Case I involves a herd of 330 Black Angus cattle. Before the March calving season the owner wished to increase the protein content of the feed ration by feeding pellets made of seed screenings and grass hay. Forty two animals were lost to tall fescue toxicosis and dry gangrene of the feet and legs. Case II involves 1300 beef cows in Eastern Oregon fed grass straw; 485 animals were lost due to dry gangrene characteristic of tall fescue toxicosis. Case III describes 4 of 15 cases of both tall fescue and perennial ryegrass toxicosis in Japanese black cattle. Case IV involves llamas and alpacas on pasture and lawn paddocks where some animals were affected by tall fescue and some by perennial ryegrass. Keywords: tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea L., perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum, Neotyphodium lolii
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Fazaeli, H., A. Abbasi, and S. M. Alavi. "Effect of diets containing alfalfa seed screenings on performance of layer hens." British Poultry Science 40, sup001 (December 1999): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669986666.
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Griffith, Stephen M., Gary M. Banowetz, and David Gady. "Chemical characterization of chars developed from thermochemical treatment of Kentucky bluegrass seed screenings." Chemosphere 92, no. 10 (August 2013): 1275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.002.
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Manning, Leslie K., Robert R. Tripepi, and Alton G. Campbell. "Suitability of Composted Bluegrass Residues as an Amendment in Container Media." HortScience 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.2.277.
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Postharvest plant residues from Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) seed production may be useful as an organic amendment in container mixes. Postharvest residues of `South Dakota' bluegrass were composted with and without an N amendment, such as cattle manure (M) or alfalfa seed screenings (As). After composting, all residues were ground to 4- to 6-mm segments and mixed with sphagnum peat and perlite (2:1:1 by volume). Media that contained amended bluegrass residues had higher electrical conductivity (EC) values and lower C: N ratios (<19:1) than media made with other bluegrass residues. Tomato (Lycopersion esculentum Mill. `Laura') seedlings grown in residue composted with As had at least 3.5- and 4-fold more shoot dry weight and leaf area, respectively, than plants grown in any other composted medium. In addition, seedlings grown in composted bluegrass residues amended with As had 34% and 41% more shoot dry weight and leaf area than plants grown in a 75% peatmoss–25% perlite medium. Composted residue amended with alfalfa seed screenings appears to be suitable as a peatmoss extender in container media.
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Mansur, Muhammad Abdullah Al, M. Mahboob Ali Siddiqi, and Koushik Saha. "Thrombolytic, Membrane Stabilizing and Hypoglycemic Activities of Anethum sowa Linn." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 17, no. 2 (December 4, 2018): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v17i2.39181.
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The hexane (HE), dichloromethane (DCME), ethyl acetate (EAE) and methanol (ME) extracts of seed and stem of Anethum sowa were subjected to screenings for thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing and hypoglycemic activities. Ethyl acetate extract of stem showed highest thrombolytic activity. In addition, the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of seed revealed higher percentage (%) of inhibition in hypotonic solution induced hemolysis. In hypoglycemic activity, the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of stem and seed displayed significant blood glucose lowering effect.
Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(2): 237-241, 2018 (December)
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CONRY, M. J. "Influence of seed rate and sowing date on the yield and grain quality of Blenheim spring malting barley in the south-east of Ireland." Journal of Agricultural Science 130, no. 3 (May 1998): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859698005267.
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The effect of four seed rates on the grain yield, grain N content and grain size of Blenheim malting barley sown on two dates in the spring was tested on three different soils over a 4-year period (1991–94). The four seed rates (120, 160, 200 and 240 kg/ha) gave mean plant populations of 222, 308, 374 and 430 plants/m2, respectively, for the first sowing date (February to early March) and 235, 340, 405 and 470 plants/m2 for the second sowing date, 3–5 weeks later (late March to mid-April). The earlier-sown crops generally gave greater yield, lower grain N and smaller amount of screenings, but in two of the twelve experiments, the first sowing gave lower yield and greater grain N.The influence of seed rate on yield and quality depended on sowing date. The three higher seed rates (160, 200, 240 kg/ha) had little influence on yield or grain N, irrespective of sowing date, and there was no significant difference in yield between the lowest (120 kg/ha) and the three higher seed rates when the crop was sown in February and early March. But when the crops were sown in April, the lowest seed rate (120 kg/ha) gave the lowest yield in all seven comparisons and gave significantly reduced yield in three of the seven comparisons. There was a significant increase in grain N in three of the comparisons. Seed rate had little effect on grain screenings or 1000-grain weight. Soil differences did not influence the effect of seed rate on the yield and quality of the grain.
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Slominski, B. A., D. Boros, L. D. Campbell, W. Guenter, and O. Jones. "Wheat by-products in poultry nutrition. Part I. Chemical and nutritive composition of wheat screenings, bakery by-products and wheat mill run." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-112.
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A study was conducted to investigate the variability in chemical and nutritive composition of wheat screenings, bakery by-products and wheat mill run used by the feed industry in Canada. On average, and in comparison to wheat (as-fed basis), the wheat screenings (16 samples) contained less starch (457 vs. 560 g kg-1; P < 0.0001), less available energy (TMEn) (13.19 vs. 13.76 MJ kg-1; P < 0.05), similar amounts of sugars (19 vs. 12 g kg-1; P > 0.05), phytate phosphorus (2.4 vs. 3.0 g kg-1; P > 0.05), and higher levels of protein (151 vs. 126 g kg-1; P < 0.0001), fat (66 vs. 12 g kg-1; P < 0.0001) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) (100 vs. 91 g kg-1; P < 0.01). A negative relationship (P < 0.0001) between starch and fat contents of the wheat screenings samples was noted indicating that a decrease in starch content of 20 g kg-1 would result in an increase in fat content by approximately 9 g kg-1. This inverse relationship should result in the maintenance of a relatively high content of available energy in wheat screenings. The low level of glucosinolates in wheat screenings (min. 0.66, max. 4.24 µmol g-1) indicated that canola seed rather than wild and/or condiment mustard seed was a predominant oilseed in the samples and the main contributor to the high oil content. Bakery by-products (12 samples) contained 119 g kg-1 protein (as-fed basis) , 378 g kg-1 starch, 84 g kg-1 sugars, 81 g kg-1 fat, 87 g kg-1 NSP and 14.34 MJ kg-1 TMEn. Six samples of wheat mill run were evaluated, and on an as-fed basis were found to contain 165 g kg-1 protein, 264 g kg-1 starch, 36 g kg-1 sugars, 43 g kg-1 fat, 224 g kg-1 NSP and 5.2 g kg-1 phytate phosphorus. Although high levels of phytate phosphorus were found to be present in the mill run samples, the mill run was also found to contain the highest activity of endogenous phytase (2331 units kg-1) when compared to wheat (1358 units kg-1) or wheat screenings (1348 units kg-1). The total dietary fibre content of mill run was found to be 387 g kg-1 on average and was much higher than that determined for wheat screenings (195 g kg-1) and bakery by-products (134 g kg-1). Key words: Nutritive and botanical composition, antinutritional factors, fibre, phytate
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Gutiérrez-Moreno, Karina, Michelina Ruocco, Maurilia Maria Monti, Octavio Martínez de la Vega, and Martin Heil. "Context-Dependent Effects of Trichoderma Seed Inoculation on Anthracnose Disease and Seed Yield of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): Ambient Conditions Override Cultivar-Specific Differences." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081739.
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Root colonizing Trichoderma fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four Trichoderma spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 Trichoderma strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, Trichoderma-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of T. asperellum B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, Trichoderma even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of Trichoderma inoculants as plant biostimulants.
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McLean, Mark S., and Grant J. Hollaway. "Control of net form of net blotch in barley from seed- and foliar-applied fungicides." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 1 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18142.
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Net form of net blotch (NFNB), caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres, is a major foliar disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) worldwide that can cause grain yield and quality loss in susceptible varieties. Seed- and foliar-applied fungicides were evaluated in six field experiments infected with NFNB during 5 years, for suppression of NFNB severity and protection of grain yield and quality. Suppression of NFNB severity varied between treatments and experiments. Grain yield and quality improvements were recorded in two experiments. Foliar fungicide applications at stem elongation (Zadoks growth stage Z31) and flag leaf emergence (Z39) or ear emergence (Z55) significantly reduced NFNB severity, increased grain yield by up to 23%, and improved grain-quality measurements of retention, screenings and weight. The seed-applied fungicide fluxapyroxad provided significant reductions in NFNB severity, improvements in grain yield of up to 20%, and improved grain quality. Where NFNB was severe, none of the seed or foliar fungicide application strategies provided complete control of NFNB, indicating that more than two applications were necessary when conditions were favourable for disease development in susceptible varieties.
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Harre, Nick T., Stephen C. Weller, and Bryan G. Young. "An Improved Method to Shorten Physiological Dormancy of Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Seed." Weed Science 67, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.86.
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AbstractTimely results from whole-plant, herbicide-resistant weed screenings are crucial to heighten grower awareness. However, the high degree of physiological dormancy of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifidaL.) seed exacerbates this process. The most effective methods for alleviating dormancy, to date, are either labor-intensive (embryo excision) or require several weeks (soil stratification). This research describes a conditioning process involving clipping and aeration of seed in water that is highly effective at alleviating dormancy and requires less skill and time compared with previous techniques.Ambrosia trifidaseeds were collected over 2 yr at two different collection timings (September 25, “early”; October 25, “late”), subjected to various treatments intended to release dormancy, and evaluated for emergence over 18 d in the greenhouse. The use of germination-promoting chemicals (ethephon, gibberellic acid, and thiourea) generally provided no increase in emergence compared with water and occasionally produced seedlings with abnormal growth unsuitable for further experimentation. Conditioning yielded between 30% and 33% emergence for both early and late collections of seeds with no afterripening period compared with 0% emergence for seeds imbibed in water. Following an 8-wk period of dry storage at 4 C, conditioning yielded nearly 80% emergence for both collection timings, while emergence of seeds imbibed in water was 10% and 27% for early and late collections, respectively. Soil stratification in moist soil for 8 wk at 4 C was the second most effective treatment, yielding 46% to 49% emergence across both collections. Parameters of the Weibull function further indicated the conditioning treatment had the fastest rate of emergence and shortest lag phase between planting and first emergence. Methods to germinateA. trifidawithout an afterripening period have previously been unsuccessful. Therefore, the seed-conditioning method outlined in this work will be useful in expediting the confirmation of herbicide-resistantA. trifidaincidences.
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Chetry, Luk Bahadur, and Manuj K. Bharali. "Antiproliferative effect of aqueous bark extract of Oroxylum indicum L. on Vigna radiata L. (Green gram) seedlings." Journal of Phytopharmacology 7, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2018.7212.
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The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of aqueous bark extract of Oroxylum indicum L. on Vigna radiata L. (Green gram) seedlings. For different concentrations of plant extract (250, 500, 1000 and 2500 µg/mL) were treated in a 24 well microplate containing the Vigna radiata L. seeds (n=30) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Colchicine (50 µg/mL) was used as standard drug. Seed germination and seedlings growth were measured. Mitotic index was calculated for the proliferation of cells. The treatment with plant extracts significantly inhibits the germination of seeds, roots and shoots growth, and reduced the mitotic index in meristem ells of Vigna radiata L. at dose and time dependent manner. Qualitative phytochemical screenings of the aqueous stem bark extract of Oroxylum indicum L. revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, phytosterols, phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Saponins were found to be in high concentration in the extract
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Amjad, M., and W. K. Anderson. "Managing yield reductions from wide row spacing in wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04182.
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Experiments were conducted to investigate row spacing effects on wheat yield and grain quality and the interactions between row spacing and cultivars, plant population density, nitrogen application rate, time of sowing, fertiliser placement and row spread from 2000 to 2002 in the south coast region of Western Australia. In the experiments that were conducted following pasture or lupins, wider row spacings of 240 and 360 mm consistently reduced wheat yield and increased grain protein and small grain screenings compared with a narrow row spacing of 180 mm. Average plant numbers were reduced in the wider rows in all experiments. This result, possibly related to increased competition for water as the seeds were placed closer together in the wide rows, may also have been related to reductions in wheat grain yield. The yield decline in wider rows was lowest for the long season cultivar Camm with a May sowing in 1 experiment and at the higher N rate in another experiment. The response of Camm at wider row spacings can be partially explained by its higher dry matter production as measured in 2000 and may also help to explain the observed advantage of Camm in suppressing weed growth at all row spacings. In 2002, the row spread (seed width within the row) was varied from normal 25 mm widths to 50 and 75 mm widths. Yield was increased at the widest row spacing (360 mm) by using the wider row spreads of 50 or 75 mm. Fertiliser placement methods significantly affected plant establishment but not grain yield. Grain quality (protein percentage, small grain screenings and hectolitre weight) was reduced in wider rows in some cases or unaffected in others. This research has demonstrated that yield reductions due to wide row spacing can be minimised by using a long season cultivar when sown in May, by using adequate N fertiliser and by increasing the spread of seed across the row.
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Mansur, Muhammad Abdullah Al, M. Mahboob Ali Siddiqi, and Koushik Saha. "Analgesic, Antidiarrheal and Antidepressant Activities of Anethum sowa Linn. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v21i1.37899.
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The hexane (HE), dichloromethane (DCME), ethyl acetate (EAE) and methanol (ME) extracts of seed and stem of Anethum sowa were subjected to screenings for analgesic, anti-diarrheal and anti-depressant activities. The peripheral and central analgesic actions were determined by using formalin-induced writhing test and tail immersion method. The DCME extract of stem, at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, significantly reduced the number of writhing movements whereas the methanol extract of seed at the same dose exhibited remarkable analgesic activity in tail immersion method. In castor oil induced anti-diarrheal assay, the ethyl acetate extract of stem, at 400 mg/kg body weight, exhibited significant anti-diarrheal effect. In addition, significant anti-depressant activity was observed at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight as compared to the standard drug in case of HE extract of stem.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21(1): 1-6, 2018
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Igbe, Ighodaro, Osaze Edosuyi, and Agbonlahor Okhuarobo. "Harnessing the medicinal properties of Cussonia barteri Seem. (Araliaceae) in drug development. A review." Herba Polonica 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2018-0018.
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Summary Cussonia barteri Seem (Araliaceae) is a deciduous tree growing in savannah of Africa. Ethnomedicinally, it is used in Africa as an analgesic, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-anaemic, anti-diarhoea, anti-poison, ani-pyschotic and anti-epileptic agent. This review provides a brief summary on the phytochemical screenings, ethnomedicinal and pharmacological applications of various parts of C. barteri. Leaves, stem bark and seed of C. barteri have been shown to be rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenols, sugars and alkaloids. Some of these constituents have been isolated and elucidated from C. barteri. Several compounds isolated from plant include triterpenes, saponins, polyenyne and quinic esters. Phytochemical constituents are also partly responsible for biological activities of C. barteri. Extracts and components isolated from the plant have demonstrated neuropharmacological, anti-larvicidal, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Overall, the insights provided by this review reinforce the potential of C. barteri for drug development and create the need for further scientific probe of constituents of the plant with the aim of developing novel drug candidates.
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Chen, Mei-Hsing, Allison L. H. Jack, I. Cristina McGuire, and Eric B. Nelson. "Seed-Colonizing Bacterial Communities Associated with the Suppression of Pythium Seedling Disease in a Municipal Biosolids Compost." Phytopathology® 102, no. 5 (May 2012): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-11-0240-r.
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This study was designed to characterize seed-colonizing microbial communities that were previously shown to be involved in the suppression of seedling disease caused by Pythium ultimum in a municipal biosolids compost. Selective microbial inhibitors were employed to inactivate portions of the microbial community associated with seed germinated in a compost medium to evaluate their impact on disease suppression. After initial screenings for toxicity to both cucumber and P. ultimum, six selective inhibitors were eventually used to assess the impact of seed treatment on the reduction of bacterial and fungal populations and on disease suppression. Rifampicin was the most effective inhibitor for inactivating disease suppression. Bacterial communities that colonized cucumber seed sown in compost medium for 8 h and seed sown in compost medium for 8 h followed by a 3-h treatment of either rifampicin at 500 ppm or water were dislodged from seed surfaces and subjected to RNA extraction and reverse transcription to cDNA. Differences in the composition of seed-colonizing bacterial communities were assessed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rDNA genes. T-RFLP profiles revealed a diversity of distinct bacterial taxa, a number of which dominate seed surfaces within 8 h of sowing. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) using terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) presence or absence showed that community profiles of nontreated and water-treated seed were quite similar whereas community profiles from rifampicin-treated seed were distinct. Differences in community profiles based on T-RF abundance (peak height and peak area) indicated that all treatments were unique (ANOSIM, all pairwise comparisons P < 0.05) Peaks heights and areas of relatively few T-RFs were reduced to zero following rifampicin treatment and 34 T-RFs explained 85% of the observed difference between treatments. Tentative taxon assignments for each of the T-RFs that contributed to the treatment differences revealed a preponderance of sequences with affinities to the α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Limited sequencing of clones associated with water-treated and rifampicin-treated seed revealed the presence of similar taxa dominated by members of the γ-Proteobacteria. Many species within these taxa (such as Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., and Bacillus spp.) are known to be suppressive to Pythium diseases. Results of our study have confirmed that Pythium disease suppression in a municipal biosolids compost is mediated by compost-associated bacteria that colonize seed within hours after sowing. By focusing on actively growing microbes in the infection court during important stages of pathogen infection, we believe we can more efficiently determine the mechanisms of disease suppression and the microbes involved. Although specific to this pathosystem and compost, our results have a much broader scope of inference and illustrate the utility of such a targeted approach in identifying a relatively small subset of microbial taxa from complex communities likely to be involved in disease suppression.
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YAU, S. K. "SAFFLOWER AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS, YIELD AND ECONOMIC REVENUE IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER RAIN-FED CROPS IN A HIGH-ELEVATION, SEMI-ARID MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (October 2004): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002121.
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The objective of the research was to test whether safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) could be grown successfully and profitably as a rain-fed, winter, oil-seed crop at a high-elevation site in a semi-arid area. A three-year field experiment was conducted in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon at a site 995 m asl with a mean annual precipitation of 518 mm. Two safflower lines, Syrian Hama Local and PI301055, selected from earlier screenings, were compared with barley and lentil, the two dominant rain-fed crops, together with chickpea. Safflower flowered and matured more than a month later than the other three crops, and gave the highest dry matter at flowering. Safflower yielded more than chickpea and lentil, and there were no significant differences in yields between the safflower lines and barley, which is the highest yielding winter crop in semi-arid northern Bekaa. The straw yield of safflower was higher than that of barley, which was in turn higher than those of chickpea and lentil. According to calculations based on seed yield, safflower gave the highest net revenue of $191 ha−1, followed by lentils ($160 ha−1), chickpea ($97 ha−1), and then barley ($27 ha−1). Farmers in the semi-arid Bekaa Valley of Lebanon and in other areas with similar conditions are recommended to plant safflower to meet a regional vegetable oil deficit and to diversify cropping systems.
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Barbetti, MJ. "Resistance in annual Medicago species to Phoma medicaginis under controlled environment and field conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900209.
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Seven Medicago species, comprising 11 cultivars and 9 seed lines, were screened for resistance to Phoma black stem disease (caused by Phoma medicaginis) at 3 temperature regimes (day/night) of 15/10, 17.5/12.5 and 20/15�C and at 3 plant ages under controlled environment conditions. The same cultivars and lines were screened in the field over 2 seasons. There were large differences among species, and between cultivars and lines of any 1 species, in the severity of Phoma black stem disease on plants 1,4 and 10 weeks of age and at the 3 temperature regimes under controlled environment conditions, and in field screenings. Under controlled environmental conditions the cultivar and line resistance rankings were influenced by plant age, in particular, and also by the temperature regime. Cultivar and line resistance to P. medicaginis on 10-week-old plants under controlled environment conditions was correlated with some field results but resistance to this disease on 1- and 4-week-old plants was not correlated with field data.
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Davies, R. M., R. J. Newton, F. R. Hay, and R. J. Probert. "150-seed comparative longevity protocol – a reduced seed number screening method for identifying short-lived seed conservation collections." Seed Science and Technology 44, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2016.44.3.13.
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Al-Tamimi, Hosam J., George E. Rottinghaus, Donald E. Spiers, Jim Spain, Darryl Chatman, Peggy A. Eichen, and Thomas L. Carson. "Thermoregulatory Response of Dairy Cows Fed Ergotized Barley during Summer Heat Stress." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 4 (July 2003): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500409.
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Claviceps purpurea infects the seed heads of cereal grains and grasses and produces ergopeptine alkaloids that cause hyperthermia and agalactia in cattle during periods of heat stress. A field experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of ergopeptine alkaloids found in barley on thermal status of dairy cattle during periods of heat stress. Production end points were also measured to identify the effect of the change in thermal status. Contaminated barley screenings containing known levels of ergopeptine alkaloids were fed to lactating Holstein cattle (10 μg total ergopeptine alkaloids/kg BW/day) for 10 days during summer heat stress. Air temperature increased 14.4 C during the first 8 days of treatment and then declined the same during the last 2 days. Extreme daily values for rectal temperature and respiration rate, using averages of all animals, showed maximum increases of 2.3 C and 56.8 breaths/minute, respectively, during this period. Group afternoon milk production decreased 2 kg/day during the heat stress period, with no measurable change in feed intake. A greater level of hyperthermia occurred in cattle consuming the diet with ergopeptine alkaloids, with only marginal symptoms of ergot toxicosis reflected in feed intake and milk production. Therefore, the ergopeptine alkaloid dose used in this study represents a level for minimal induction of the ergot toxicity response.
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Shafiei, Daryoush, and Prof Basavaiah*. "Screening of F1 progeny for selection of superior hybrids in mulberry (Morus spp.) - A simple approach PART I: Screening of seedlings in relation to seed size." International Journal of Bioassays 6, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 5256. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2017.02.005.
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In mulberry (Morus spp.), the process of selection of promising hybrids from F1 population requires the screening of a large number of progenies and a long period. To develop a simple and faster approach for screening, studies were conducted using F1 seeds of two crosses. The details of screening studies conducted in relation to seed-size and seedling-size are reported separately in two parts. In this part, the F1 seeds were size-graded as small, medium and large seeds; their progenies were raised separately and screened in nursery. There was a considerable degree of variation in size of seeds and medium-size class seeds were in high percentage in both the crosses. The length, width and weight of seeds were also varied between the seed size classes significantly in both the crosses. The seed size classes differ with high significance in shoot length and Root collar diameter and also differ significantly in root length and weight of seedlings. The positive correlation between the seed size and growth of seedlings, seed size and germination, seed size and seedling survival in nursery indicated that size-grading of seeds and rejection of small seeds in the beginning of screening process may help to increase the efficiency of screening by increasing the chances of getting superior hybrids from limited progenies. However, confirmation on the performance of large seedlings from small seed size class may help to draw conclusion. Hence, the studies are continued with size- grading of seedlings in the next part of screening study.
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Tian, Y. X., Y. J. Guan, J. Hu, Q. T. Wang, Q. J. Hu, and S. J. Zhu. "Screening fluorescent dyes for anti-counterfeit labelling in rape seed (Brassica napus)." Seed Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2012.40.3.10.
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Davis, Jerrold. "Screening seed plant names." Trends in Plant Science 2, no. 10 (October 1997): 402–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(97)90056-x.
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J, Abraham, Thangaraman V, Thangamani S, Ravi D, and Gajendiran A. "ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER SCREENING OF OCIMUM BASILICUM SEEDS." Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Research 6, no. 3 (December 2016): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/bpr.2016.6.3.5.
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McAllister, T. A., K. Stanford, G. L. Wallins, M. J. T. Reaney, and K. J. Cheng. "Feeding value for lambs of rapeseed meal arising from biodiesel production." Animal Science 68, no. 1 (February 1999): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050207.
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AbstractMeals prepared from low glucosinolate rapeseed screenings (SCREEN) and from seed which had heated during storage (HEAT) were compared against commercial rapeseed meal (COM) for feeding value. Oil, crude protein (CP) and acid-detergent insoluble nitrogen contents in SCREEN, HEAT and COM, respectively, were (g/kg): 118, 246 and 13; 227, 315 and 436; and 17, 64 and 21.in situdry matter (DM) and protein disappearance rates, soluble protein fraction and effective rumen degradability of protein (EDCP) were lower (P< 0·05) in HEAT than in SCREEN or COM. Comparing oil-extracted meals in situ, EDCP of HEAT was lower (P< 0·05) than EDCP of SCREEN or COM but protein and DM disappearance rates of HEAT were only lower (P< 0·05) than those of SCREEN. Four isonitrogenous barley-based diets (150 g/kg CP, DM basis), containing SCREEN, HEAT, COM or COM supplemented with rapeseed oil (OIL), were given to lambs. For DM, organic matter and neutral-detergent fibre apparent digestibilities, the diets ranked SCREEN > HEAT = OIL > COM (P< 0·05). Digestion and retention of nitrogen were lower (P< 0·05) in lambs given HEAT than in lambs given other diets. Food efficiency of lambs given HEAT was improved (P< 0·05) as compared with lambs given SCREEN or COM. Dressing proportions were higher (P< 0·05) with HEAT, SCREEN and OIL diets than with COM. Other than minor changes in fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat with HEAT and OIL, carcass traits were not altered by treatment. Feeding SCREEN or HEAT did not adversely affect animal performance or food utilization.
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Thackray, Deborah J., Laura T. Ward, Monica L. Thomas-Carroll, and Roger A. C. Jones. "Role of winter-active aphids spreading Barley yellow dwarf virus in decreasing wheat yields in a Mediterranean-type environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 10 (2005): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05048.
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In the grainbelt of south-western Australia, which experiences Mediterranean-type climatic conditions, 3 field experiments with wheat were sown in autumn, 2 at Site A over 2 years and 1 at Site B in the first year only. These experiments related both activity of aphid vectors (migration into and colonisation of wheat) and the spread of infection with Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) serotype PAV to wheat grain yield and quality. Incidences of BYDV serotype RMV and Cereal yellow dwarf (CYDV) were mostly low and BYDV serotype MAV was not distinguished. Rhopalosiphum padi was the predominant vector species but small numbers of R. maidis and Sitobion miscanthi were also present. Repeated insecticide spray applications began at different times in the different experimental treatments. These sprays killed or repelled aphid vectors, thereby preventing further virus spread from the time they were first applied. At both sites, migrant aphids were caught flying into the wheat throughout the winter period. Peak numbers of colonising aphids ranged from 0 to 99/0.5-m transect of crop. BYDV-PAV incidence ranged from 0.1 to 58% of plants and yields ranged from 1.9 to 8.6 t/ha. First aphid arrival was earlier, and virus spread and resulting yield losses greater at Site A. At this site, in treatments where repeated insecticide sprays did not start until 8 weeks after crop emergence (WAE), virus incidence and subsequent yield losses were significantly greater than when the regular applications started at emergence. However, delaying the start of sprays beyond 8 weeks had no further effect on virus spread. Since aphid numbers were very low up to 8–10 WAE, yield losses were due entirely to virus infection of plants during this early growth period. Variation in BYDV-PAV incidence explained 81 or 91% of the variation in yield gaps in the 2 years at Site A where, for each 1% increase in virus incidence, there was a yield decrease of 55 or 72 kg/ha. It also explained the variation in seed weight (88%) and protein content (69%), but not in seed screenings. At Site B, virus spread started too late to cause significant yield or quality losses. These results show that wheat yields are decreased substantially in a Mediterranean-type environment, when aphids immigrate early into wheat crops and remain active throughout the winter-growing period, spreading virus infection at young plant growth stages.
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Ling, K. S., R. Li, D. R. Panthee, and R. G. Gardner. "First Report of Potato spindle tuber viroid Naturally Infecting Greenhouse Tomatoes in North Carolina." Plant Disease 97, no. 1 (January 2013): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-12-0679-pdn.
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In spring 2012, a severe disease was observed on a limited number of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in a research greenhouse facility in western North Carolina. The first symptoms noted were downward curling of the terminal leaves accompanied by a rough puckered darker green texture. This was followed in time by greater distortion of the leaves with pale green on leaf margins. Older leaves with symptoms developed necrosis, with necrotic spots and streaks appearing on a few fruits. On some of these affected fruits, stems, peduncles, pedicels, and sepals also showed symptoms. Infected plants were badly stunted, and fruits in the upper parts of plants displaying severe symptoms remained very small. In just a few months, the disease spread to other tomato plants inside the greenhouse. A survey in May 2012 showed a disease incidence of 18% (156 symptomatic plants out of a total of 864) in this greenhouse. Initial screenings for possible viruses using ELISA (Agdia, Elkhart, IN), as well as a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR panel of 15 common tomato viruses in our laboratory were negative. Because of the symptoms and negative results for viruses, a viroid infection was suspected. Total plant RNA was prepared using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) from leaf tissues of eight diseased plants and one seed sample. Using real-time RT-PCR developed against Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and some related pospiviroids (1), positive signals were observed with a mean Ct = 13.24 for leaf tissues and Ct = 19.91 for the seed sample. To obtain a full viroid genome, RT-PCR using two different sets of primers, one specific for PSTVd (PSTVd-F and PSTVd-R) (2), and a universal primer set for pospiviroids (MTTVd-F and MTTVd-R) (3) was performed. RT-PCR generated amplicons with expected size of ~360 bp from all eight leaf and one seed samples, but not from a healthy control. PCR products were cloned using the TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). A total of 22 full genomic sequences were obtained. A multi-sequence alignment generated a consensus sequence of 360 nt, designated as NC12-01 (GenBank Accession No. JX280944). BLASTn search in the NCBI database revealed the highest sequence identity of 96.9% to Australian (AY962324) and UK (AJ583449) isolates of PSTVd and 95.9% identity to the tomato isolate of PSTVd-CA1 (HM753555). Similar disease symptoms were observed on two ‘Rutgers’ tomato plants 2 weeks post mechanical inoculation and the presence of PSTVd was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR (1). A mock-inoculated plant did not show any symptoms. In the U.S., natural infection of PSTVd on tomato was first identified in California in 2010 (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural occurrence of PSTVd on tomato in the eastern U.S. The diseased plants were contained, properly disposed of, and eradicated in this location. The broader geographic distribution of PSTVd on tomato in the U.S., and the potential latent infection in potato and a number of ornamentals (4), emphasizes the need for better plant and seed health tests for viroids on these plants. References: (1) N. Boonham et al. J. Virol. Methods 116:139, 2004. (2) H. Bostan et al. J. Virol. Methods 116:189, 2004. (3) K.-S. Ling and D. Sfetcu. Plant Dis. 94:1376, 2010. (4) R. A. Owens and J. Th. J. Verhoeven. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2009-0804-01, 2009.
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Dr. D K Sharma and Dr. Nandini Sharma. "Screening of Microflora Associated with Brinjal Seeds (Solanum melongena L.) in Western Part of India." International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijrasb.8.1.2.
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Total 110 seed samples of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) were collected from 12 major growing districts of Rajasthan and subjected to dry seed examination (DSE). DSE revealed asymptomatic (07.75-97.5%), moderately discolored (04.50-67.50%) and shriveled discolored (03.25-38.75%) seeds. Symptomatic seeds in DSE showed various types of discolorations, deformation like white crust on seed surface. The seeds with water soaked symptoms and spots on seed surface were also observed such seeds on incubation yielded bacterial species. The incubation of symptomatic seeds about 21 fungal species of 14 genera and 3 bacterial species were observed viz. Alternaria alternata, A. solani, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cladosporium oxysporium, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporium, F. solani, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Rhizopus nigricans etc and bacterial species like Xanthomonas axonopodis var. vesicatoria, Ralstonia solanacearum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The microflora severely affects seed germination (failure or delayed germination), wilting and rotting of seedlings, bacterial oozing, collapse of hypocotyls and cotyledonary leaves which resulting seedling mortality. High yield of microflora was obtained on standard blotter method (SBM) and agar plate method (APM).
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Tripathy, Subhashish, Anil Mida, and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain. "PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF ELAEOCARPUS GANITRUS SEED THE MAGICAL ELECTROMAGNETIC BEAD (RUDRAKSHA)." International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijpbs.2016.6.3.3.
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GUBBELS, G. H., and S. T. ALI-KHAN. "SCREENING GREEN FIELD PEA GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE TO COLOR LOSS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-005.
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Green field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were grown in the field and harvested before and after exposure to moist conditions. The seeds were evaluated for percent bleaching and intensity of green color. Samples from the first harvest were placed on moist paper in petri dishes for later recording of percent hard seeds and color. Percentage of bleached seeds and color at last harvest gave a good evaluation of resistance to color loss of the genotypes. Percentage of hard seed was strongly correlated with percentage of bleached seeds (negative) and color at last harvest (positive), and would provide the basis of a screening technique. However, non-soaking on moist paper may be associated with cooking quality, in which case the method would be of value in selecting lines for the split green pea market, but not for the whole green pea market.Key words: Pea (green field), Pisum sativum L., cotyledon color, seed bleaching
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Spitzer, Volker. "Screening analysis of unknown seed oils." Lipid - Fett 101, no. 1 (January 1999): 2–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4133(19991)101:1<2::aid-lipi2>3.0.co;2-h.
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Liu, Liya, Zhongsi Wang, Jing Li, Xi Zhang, and Ruohan Wang. "A Non-Invasive Analysis of Seed Vigor by Infrared Thermography." Plants 9, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060768.
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This paper establishes robust regression models for fast and efficient estimation of seed vigor based on high-resolution infrared thermography. High seed quality is of great significance for agricultural and silvicultural purposes, and seed vigor is a crucial agent of seed quality. In this study, we used the non-invasive technology of infrared thermal imaging to analyze seed vigor of Ulmus pumila L. and Oryza sativa L. Temperatures of young age and aged seeds during thermal decay were monitored over time. We found that the thermal decay dynamics of U. pumila seeds were highly differential among seeds with differential vigor. Furthermore, a regression model was developed to estimate seed vigor based on its thermal decay dynamics. Similarly, a close relationship was also found between thermal decay processes and seed vigor in O. sativa. These results suggest that infrared thermography can be widely applied in non-invasive examination of seed vigor and allows fast and efficient seed screening for agricultural and silvicultural purposes in the future.
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Moaaz Ali, Muhammad, Talha Javed, Rosario Paolo Mauro, Rubab Shabbir, Irfan Afzal, and Ahmed Fathy Yousef. "Effect of Seed Priming with Potassium Nitrate on the Performance of Tomato." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2020): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110498.
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The seed industry and farmers have challenges, which include the production of poor quality and non-certified tomato seed, which ultimately results in decreased crop production. The issue carefully demands pre-sowing treatments using exogenous chemical plant growth-promoting substances. Therefore, to mitigate the above-stated problem, a series of experiments were conducted to improve the quality of tomato seeds (two cultivars, i.e., “Sundar” and “Ahmar”) and to enhance the stand establishment, vigor, physiological, and biochemical attributes under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions by using potassium nitrate (KNO3) as a seed priming agent. Seeds were imbibed in 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 KNO3 (weight/volume) for 24 h and then dried before experiments. The results of growth chamber and greenhouse screening show that experimental units receiving tomato seeds primed with 0.75% KNO3 in both cultivars performed better as compared to other concentrations and nonprimed control. Significant increase in final emergence (%), mean emergence time, and physiological attributes were observed with 0.75% KNO3. Collectively, the improved performance of tomato due to seed priming with 0.75% KNO3 was linked with higher activities of total soluble sugars and phenolics under growth chamber and greenhouse screening.
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Jamro, Sobia Baby, Naheed Akhtar Talpur, Mukesh Kumar Sootahar, Zial Ul Hassan Shah, Mahendar Kumar Sootahar, and Ayaz Ali Panhwar. "Screening of Sunflower Genotypes for Potassium Use Efficiency in Irrigated Soil Condition." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 3 (August 2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.3.30.
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A field experiment was conducted during summer 2016 to screen out sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) genotypes for their potassium (K) use efficiency ratio. Eight sunflower genotypes were tested; Samsung 20, Mehran 2, Ho-1, Melabour, Samsung 30, Valugur, Chinika and Sputnik in randomised complete block design (RCBD) with the two treatments comprised of potassium at (50 and 0 kg K ha-1) along with source (SOP) recommended dose fertilizer respectively. The results revealed that the treated and control plots (50 and 0 kg K ha-1) produced different values for of seeds (1763.1 and 1588.5 head-1), shoot dry weight (23.0 and 19.11 g), head diameter (17.45 and 15.72 cm), seed yields (2065.8 and 1918.7 kg ha-1), seed K % (0.60 and 0.30%) and diagnostic tissue % (3.54 and 2.65%) respectively. The considerable increase was found in seeds head-1(10.99%), shoot dry weight (20.35%), head diameter (11.01%), seed yields (11.31%) seed K % (100%), and leaf K % (33.58%). Among genotypes, Ho-1 was highly efficient to utilize added K fertilizer more seed (2039.7 head-1), shoot dry weight (25.86 g), plant height (188.66 cm), head diameter (20.20 cm), seed yields (2409.5 kg hat-1). Moreover seed K % and leaf K % was also high in variety Ho_1 (0.65% and (5.05%) respectively. Among all the sunflower tested genotypes Ho-1 showed significant response applied K but the variety Ho-1 and genotype Chinika were more efficient in utilization of K.
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Chai, Hui Hui, Yao Lu, Can Fang, Ya Dan Li, Yue Jun Kang, Chang Ming Li, and Ling Yu. "3D-Printed seed planter and well array for high-throughput seed germination screening." Integrative Biology 10, no. 1 (2018): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ib00178a.
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Klingeman, William E., and M. Shea Carrington. "Plant Source and Seed Parasitism Influence Seed Viability in Redbud (Cercis spp.)." Journal of Entomological Science 40, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-40.4.420.
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Eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis L., trees are difficult to vegetatively propagate. Named cultivars of Eastern redbud do not grow “true” from seeds forcing growers to invest resources to graft buds or scions onto seed-grown liners. Whereas the unnamed North American native Eastern redbud trees produce large numbers of easily-collected seedpods that contain abundant numbers of seeds, these seeds are frequently infested with seed-parasitic beetles and associated wasp parasitoids. Of the redbuds investigated, we found that unnamed Eastern redbuds were preferred hosts for redbud seed beetles, Gibbobruchus mimus (Say). However, named and unnamed redbud types as well as C. chinensis ‘Avondale’ were suitable hosts for G. mimus. In addition, several new wasp parasitoids were recovered from seeds although it was not apparent whether these were attacking seed endosperm, G. mimus, or both. A float test successfully discriminated dead or infested seeds from seeds that were mostly viable. The majority of seeds that floated were empty, dead or infested. Growers can optimize seed collection efficiency by screening native Eastern redbud seeds for size and subjecting seeds to a float test thereby minimizing time, labor and land resources that would otherwise be expended for preparation and maintenance of fields planted with potentially nonviable seeds.
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Fox, A., I. A. Adams, U. Hany, T. Hodges, S. M. D. Forde, L. E. Jackson, A. Skelton, and V. Barton. "The application of Next-Generation Sequencing for screening seeds for viruses and viroids." Seed Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (December 15, 2015): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2015.43.3.06.
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Henriquez, M. A., D. L. McLaren, R. L. Conner, P. M. Balasubramanian, K. F. Chang, S. F. Hwang, and S. E. Strelkov. "First Report of Fusarium cuneirostrum Causing Root Rot Disease in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Canada." Plant Disease 98, no. 2 (February 2014): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0553-pdn.
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Root rot is a major disease of dry bean and can cause significant yield reductions due to weakened root systems and poor plant stands. An in-depth study on root rot pathogen identification was conducted in 2011 in three commercial dry bean fields from the major production areas in Manitoba. Ten plants, sampled at each of four random sites within each field, were rated for disease severity. Twenty roots were processed for pathogen isolation and identification in the laboratory. Roots were cut into eight sections (~1 cm) and surface-sterilized in a laminar flow bench. Four root sections were placed on potato dextrose agar plates amended with 0.02% streptomycin sulfate (PDA-Strep) and four root sections were placed on peptone-pentachloronitrobenzene agar amended with 0.1% streptomycin sulfate and 0.012% neomycin sulfate. Afterward, 960 monosporic cultures were obtained representing 320 single spore isolates of potential root rot pathogens per commercial field. Common monosporic cultures from each field were subcultured on PDA-Strep and Spezieller Nährstoffarmer Agar (SNA) media. Based on morphological characteristics, 74 isolates were identified as Fusarium cuneirostrum (1). Colonies grew slowly on PDA-Strep with undulated margins, radial cream-grey mycelia, and conidia pustules with a cream-greyish pigmentation. Sporodochial conidia were falcate, mostly 5-septate, with a wedge shape and slightly protruding basal foot cell (56.3 to 71.8 × 4.6 to 6.2 μm on average). Species identity was confirmed for two isolates by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α) gene (2), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (4), and the ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) (3) (GenBank Accession Nos. KF530848, KF530849, and KF025648 to 51). Sequence homology was compared using BLAST analysis and the FUSARIUM-ID database. The F. cuneirostrum isolates were deposited at the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures (DAOM 242540 and 242541). Pathogenicity screenings of two isolates was performed using sterilized seed of navy bean cv. Envoy. Seeds were germinated on moist filter paper for 3 days at 25°C and then inoculated by immersion in a prepared conidial suspension (2.5 × 105 conidia/ml) for 5 min. Seeds of the controls were immersed in sterile water. After inoculation, the germinated seeds were planted in 10-cm diameter pots, filled with sterile soilless mix (Sunshine #3). In the greenhouse, the experiment was arranged as a completely randomized design with three replicates with four germinated seeds per isolate, and was repeated twice. Disease assessment was performed 14 days after inoculation. Infected plants displayed dark brown lesions on the hypocotyl and primary root with a disease severity of 4 scored on a 0 to 5 scale. Fusarium cuneirostrum was re-isolated from roots of symptomatic plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. cuneirostrum causing root rot of dry bean in Canada. It has been previously isolated from mung bean (Vigna radiata) in Ontario (1). References: (1) T. Aoki et al. Mycoscience. 46:162, 2005. (2) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (4) H. Wang et al. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49:1890, 2011. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, New York, 1990.
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Wang, Xuemeng, Han Zhang, Rui Song, Xin He, Peisheng Mao, and Shangang Jia. "Non-Destructive Identification of Naturally Aged Alfalfa Seeds via Multispectral Imaging Analysis." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 5804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175804.
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Seed aging detection and viable seed prediction are of great significance in alfalfa seed production, but traditional methods are disposable and destructive. Therefore, the establishment of a rapid and non-destructive seed screening method is necessary in seed industry and research. In this study, we used multispectral imaging technology to collect morphological features and spectral traits of aging alfalfa seeds with different storage years. Then, we employed five multivariate analysis methods, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), linear discrimination analysis (LDA), support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF) and normalized canonical discriminant analysis (nCDA) to predict aged and viable seeds. The results revealed that the mean light reflectance was significantly different at 450~690 nm between non-aged and aged seeds. LDA model held high accuracy (99.8~100.0%) in distinguishing aged seeds from non-aged seeds, higher than those of SVM (87.4~99.3%) and RF (84.6~99.3%). Furthermore, dead seeds could be distinguished from the aged seeds, with accuracies of 69.7%, 72.0% and 97.6% in RF, SVM and LDA, respectively. The accuracy of nCDA in predicting the germination of aged seeds ranged from 75.0% to 100.0%. In summary, we described a nondestructive, rapid and high-throughput approach to screen aged seeds with various viabilities in alfalfa.
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López, Y., N. P. Keller, B. Sarr, T. D. Phillips, R. G. Cuero, and O. D. Smith. "Visual Estimation of Aflatoxin Production in Peanut with Aspergillus Norsolorinic Acid Mutants1." Peanut Science 25, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-25-2-7.
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Abstract Peanut seed and pods are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin (AF), a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus Links Fr. and A. parasiticus Speare. Efforts to evaluate peanut lines for resistance to AF contamination have been impeded by limitations to the methodologies available for AF detection. AF cannot be seen by visible light and its detection involves grinding seed tissue in organic solvents, separation of phases, and detection by ELISA, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography. These methodologies are time-consuming, expensive, labor-intensive, and are uninformative in defining the tissues of the peanut seed and pod that are most frequently contaminated with AF. Aspergillus AF mutants which accumulate norsolorinic acid (NOR), an orange-pigmented AF pathway intermediate, provide an easy and convenient mean to detect AF contamination. A visual rating scheme for NOR contamination of peanut seed was developed that correlated favorably to HPLC detection of both NOR and AF (r = 0.96 and 0.95, respectively). When screening the 38 plant progenies that comprise Tamspan 90 (a spanish cultivar), NOR was first seen in the intercotyledonary cavity and the interfacial surface of cotyledons and testae in seeds examined from infected pods. Immature pods were often heavily contaminated with NOR. Six of the 38 lines accumulated low levels of NOR in two laboratory tests. Additional studies are needed to determine if these results are predictive of aflatoxin contamination under field conditions.
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Pádua, Gilda Pizzolante De, José De Barros França-Neto, Maria Laene Moreira De Carvalho, Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski, and Renato Mendes Guimarães. "Incidence of green soybean seeds as a function of environmental stresses during seed maturation." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 31, no. 3 (2009): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222009000300017.
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Hot and dry weather conditions during soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed maturation can cause forced maturation of the seed, resulting in the production of high levels of green seed, which may be detrimental to seed germination. These stressful conditions were imposed on soybean plants during seed maturation to investigate the production of green seeds and seed quality. Plants of the CD 206 cultivar were grown in a greenhouse until the R5.5 growing stage and then transferred to phytotrons at R6 and R7.2 for stress induction. Plants were subjected to two temperature regimes, high (28ºC to 36ºC) and normal (19ºC to 26ºC), and four soil water availability conditions, control (adequate water supply), 30% gravimetric moisture (GM), 20% GM and no water supply. Seed were harvested at R9. Green seed percentages and 100-seed weights from the lower, middle and upper thirds of each plant were determined. Seed quality was assessed by germination, tetrazolium (viability and vigor) and electrical conductivity tests. Occurrence of green seed varied from 9% to 86%, depending on the severity of the stresses imposed. High temperature, coupled with no water supply at R6, resulted in a pronounced occurrence of green seeds. There was no difference in the percentage of green seeds among the plant segments. Seed quality was negatively affected by the incidence of green seeds. A procedure for screening soybean genotypes in a phytotron for their tolerance and/or susceptibility to the production of green seeds was developed.
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Terryana, Rerenstradika Tizar, M. R. Suhartanto, and Abdul Qadir. "Alat Pengusang Cepat IPB 77-1 MM untuk Penapisan Vigor Daya Simpan Benih Kedelai." Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Tanaman Pangan 34, no. 3 (February 10, 2016): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpptp.v34n3.2015.p229-235.
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<p>Accelerated Aging Machine “IPB 77-1 MM” could be used for soybean seed screening based on the seed storability vigor. The aim of the research was to identify simple, fast and accurate accelerated aging method using accelerated aging machine IPB 77-1 MM. Two methods of accelerated aging test (physical and chemical treatment) were applied to seeds of Anjasmoro soybean variety. The best accelerated aging method was then used to screen seed storability vigor of 23 soybean varieties. Seed storability vigor of 23 soybean varieties were detected using accelerated aging machine IPB 77-1 MM and each was compared with the seed storability vigor of those stored 10 weeks in controlled storage. Results of the experiment showed that using chemical or physical treatment on accelerated aging process were able to decrease seed vigor, but chemical treatment decreased seed vigor faster, more simple and more practical. Accelerated aging machine IPB 77-1 MM could also be used for screening varietal seed storability vigor of soybean using electrical conductivity test.</p>
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Basavaiah*, Prof, and Daryoush Shafiei. "Screening of F1 progeny for selection of superior hybrids in mulberry (Morus spp.) - A simple approach Part II: Screening of transplants in relation to seedling size." International Journal of Bioassays 6, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 5260. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2017.02.006.
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In continuation of studies on the effect of seed size on growth, made under part-I, the effect of seed size and seedling size are studied jointly by size-grading of seedlings in to three classes under each seed-size class, with 2700 F1 promising genotypes of two crosses. The combined population was screened in two steps, adopting comparison tree method. In step-1, transplanted seedlings (transplants) with closer spacing were screened based on shoot weight for a period of two crops and 487 genotypes were shortlisted based on higher superiority percent. In step-2, these 487 transplants were replanted with wider spacing and screened using three parameters for a period of four crops. In each crop, the genotypes which showed superiority percent value more than Minimum Selection Standard for the parameters studied, were shortlisted. Among 22 genotypes shortlisted finally, 18 have come from large seed-size class and the remaining four are also from long seedling-size class of medium seed-size class. This clearly established the importance of size-grading of seeds and seedlings in screening process. As the chance of getting any promising genotype from small seeds is remote they could be rejected before sowing and as it is also true with small seedlings they could be rejected at nursery stage screening. The tracking of juvenile performance of shortlisted genotypes indicated that, shoot length and root collar diameter are more reliable parameters for assessing the growth of seedlings at nursery. Comparison tree method is found to be highly useful for shortlisting of transplants in mulberry
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Smith, G. R. "Screening Subterranean Clover for Persistent Hard Seed." Crop Science 28, no. 6 (November 1988): 998–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1988.0011183x002800060027x.
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shaikh, Tauseef, Rukhsana A. Rub, and S. Sasikumar. "Antimicrobial screening of Cichorium intybus seed extracts." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 9 (November 2016): S1569—S1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.012.
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Debnath, Subal, S. M. Habibur Rahman, Gajanan Deshmukh, N. Duganath, C. Pranitha, and A. Chiranjeevi. "Antimicrobial Screening of Various Fruit Seed Extracts." Pharmacognosy Journal 3, no. 19 (January 2011): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pj.2011.19.15.
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Yasmin, Jannat, Mohammed Raju Ahmed, Santosh Lohumi, Collins Wakholi, Moon Kim, and Byoung-Kwan Cho. "Classification Method for Viability Screening of Naturally Aged Watermelon Seeds Using FT-NIR Spectroscopy." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051190.
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Viability analysis of stored seeds before sowing has a great importance as plant seeds lose their viability when they exposed to long term storage. In this study, the potential of Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) was investigated to discriminate between viable and non-viable triploid watermelon seeds of three different varieties stored for four years (natural aging) in controlled conditions. Because of the thick seed-coat of triploid watermelon seeds, penetration depth of FT-NIR light source was first confirmed to ensure seed embryo spectra can be collected effectively. The collected spectral data were divided into viable and nonviable groups after the viability being confirmed by conducting a standard germination test. The obtained results showed that the developed partial least discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model had high classification accuracy where the dataset was made after mixing three different varieties of watermelon seeds. Finally, developed model was evaluated with an external data set (collected at different time) of hundred samples selected randomly from three varieties. The results yield a good classification accuracy for both viable (87.7%) and nonviable seeds (82%), thus the developed model can be considered as a “general model” since it can be applied to three different varieties of seeds and data collected at different time.
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Molnár, Endre Mihály, and Erika Jáki. "What qualities do government-owned venture capital investors seek in a new venture? A comparison of investment criteria across pre-seed, seed, and expansion stage startups." Vezetéstudomány / Budapest Management Review 51, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/veztud.2020.11.06.
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Private venture capital (VC) investors usually do not invest in early life-cycle stage startups such as seed and pre-seed companies, since investment size typically doesn’t reach investment thresholds. The entry of governments with fund managers to venture capital markets presents seed and pre-seed companies with the opportunity to receive funding. This paper examines the main investment preferences of Hungarian government-owned venture capital investors regarding pre-seed, seed, and expansion stage startups. Verbal protocol analysis enabled examination of the screening process in real-time in all three life-cycle stages. It is found that governmental VC funds mostly value financial indicators followed by market-related qualities while private VCs value these characteristics in alternate formation. However, in the pre-seed stage, the financial acumen and capabilities of management teams form the main criteria in similarity to angel investors. Governmental VCs also greatly seek innovational value in target firms.