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Woods, Matthew E., Rehman Ata, Zachary Teitel, Nishara M. Arachchige, Yi Yang, Brian E. Raychaba, James Kuhns, and Lesley G. Campbell. "Crop diversity and plant–plant interactions in urban allotment gardens." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 6 (January 15, 2016): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000472.
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AbstractAllotment food gardens represent important sources of food security for urban residents. Since urban gardeners rarely receive formal agricultural education and have extremely limited space, they may be relying on readily available gardening advice (e.g., seed packet instructions), inventing cultural strategies that consider inter-specific competitive dynamics, or making poor planting decisions. Knowledge of garden crop diversity and planting arrangements can aid in designing strategies for productive urban gardens and food systems. We surveyed 96 individual plots in 10 allotment gardens in the Toronto region, assessed crop diversity within gardens and recorded planting practices used by urban gardeners by measuring the proximity of individual plants relative to similar or different crop species. We also compared planting densities used by urban gardeners with those recommended by major seed distributers. Collectively, Toronto urban agriculture contributes substantially to urban plant diversity (108 crops), but each plot tends to be relatively depauperate. Carrots and lettuce were three to five times more likely to be planted in clusters than intermingled with other crops (P< 0.05); whereas gardeners did not appear to use consistent planting arrangements for tomatoes or zucchini. Gardeners tended to plant tomatoes and zucchini 56–62.5% more densely than recommended by seed distributers (P< 0.001), whereas they planted 147 times fewer carrots in a given area than recommended (P< 0.05). Furthermore, neither crop planting density nor crop diversity changed with plot size. The planting arrangements we have documented suggest gardeners using allotment plots attempt plant densely in extremely limited space, and are employing cultural strategies that intensify competitive dynamics within gardens. Future research should assess the absolute and relative effect of altered cultural practices on yield, such that any modifications can be prioritized by their impact on yield.
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Santangelo, James S., L. Ruth Rivkin, Carole Advenard, and Ken A. Thompson. "Multivariate phenotypic divergence along an urbanization gradient." Biology Letters 16, no. 9 (September 2020): 20200511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0511.
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Evidence suggests that natural populations can evolve to better tolerate the novel environmental conditions associated with urban areas. Studies of adaptive divergence in urban areas often examine one or a few traits at a time from populations residing only at the most extreme urban and nonurban habitats. Thus, whether urbanization drives divergence in many traits simultaneously in a manner that varies with the degree of urbanization remains unclear. To address this gap, we generated seed families of white clover ( Trifolium repens ) collected from 27 populations along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada, grew them in a common garden, and measured 14 phenotypic traits. Families from urban sites had evolved later phenology and germination, larger flowers, thinner stolons, reduced cyanogenesis, greater biomass and greater seed set. Pollinator observations revealed near-complete turnover of pollinator morphological groups along the urbanization gradient, which may explain some of the observed divergences in floral traits and phenology. Our results suggest that adaptation to urban environments involves multiple traits.
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Belyea, Susan. "Review: Good Crop/Bad Crop: seed politics and the future of food in Canada By DEVLIN KUYEK (Toronto, Between the Lines, 2007), 124 pp." Race & Class 52, no. 1 (July 2010): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063968100520011103.
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Bishop, Christine A., John Struger, David R. Barton, Leonard J. Shirose, Lesley Dunn, Anthony L. Lang, and David Shepherd. "Contamination and Wildlife Communities in Stormwater Detention Ponds in Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, 1997 and 1998 Part I — Wildlife Communities." Water Quality Research Journal 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 399–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2000.026.
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Abstract There is veiy little information about the wildlife utilization of Stormwater detention ponds although such ponds often self-seed into wetland habitats. To inventory wildlife utilizing Stormwater ponds, a study was performed in 1997 and 1998 of 15 Stormwater ponds and one natural wetland varying in age from 3 to 22 years in the Guelph and the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Ontario, Canada. Seven of the Stormwater ponds were primarily open water with the aquatic vegetation accounting for less than 50% of the surface area. However, 90% of the surface area of four ponds was covered in aquatic vegetation. The surface area of those ponds covered with vegetation was positively correlated with total organic carbon and copper concentrations in sediment Invertebrate populations in the Stormwater ponds were often dominated by a single taxon. The most abundant benthic animals were tubificid worms or chironomidae. The number of taxa in sweep-net samples ranged from 4 to 25 and correlated positively with the age of the pond and total organic carbon in sediment The number of taxa in the benthos correlated negatively with oil and grease concentrations in sediment The range in number of amphibian species was one to seven in Guelph and zero to four in the GTA. In total, 40 species of birds were observed in the GTA ponds and 71 species were observed in the Guelph ponds during April to November 1997. A mean of 1.6 to 1.7 bird species was observed per survey at Stormwater ponds in Guelph and the GTA. The number of species of amphibians and birds did not correlate with water quality, sedimentology, contaminant concentration, percentage of surface area of the pond covered with plants, or any benthic community parameter measured. Four species of reptiles and eight species of mammals were noted at or adjacent to the Stormwater ponds and six species of fish were found in the ponds. We concluded that wildlife made use of the ponds, but species richness at almost all sites was low to moderate indicating that the ponds did not provide high quality habitat for wildlife
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Pickel, Jo-Anne. "What Will Rising Law School Tuition Fees Mean for Law and Learning?" Canadian journal of law and society 18, no. 1 (April 2003): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s082932010000747x.
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Last year, the Faculty of Law at the University of Toronto approved a plan that will see tuition fees increase from $12 000 to $22 000 dollars over the next five years. Other Canadian law faculties are beginning to follow, or are considering following, the University of Toronto's lead. In light of this trend toward higher tuition fees, the time is ripe to step back and ask: what will this mean for legal education in Canada? In particular, on the twentieth anniversary of the release of Law and Learning (the “Arthurs Report”), it would seem important to reflect on the impact that higher tuition fees might have on law and learning in Canada. What will dramatic increases in tuition mean for the values and laudable objectives set out in the Arthurs Report? These are some of the issues that I seek to address, partly through a personal reflection on my own experience as a law student and as someone who is near the completion of graduate studies in law.
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de la Cerda, K., T. Hsiang, and V. Joshi. "First Report of Waitea circinata from Turfgrass in British Columbia, Canada." Plant Disease 94, no. 2 (February 2010): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-2-0277a.
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In Canada, Waitea circinata was first identified from buckwheat (Fagopyrum sp.) in 1965 in Ontario (4). In 2004, the fungus was found on diseased putting greens of Poa annua and Agrostis stolonifera near Toronto, Ontario (2). In late July 2009, symptoms on A. stolonifera resembling those of brown ring patch were seen at a golf course in Kelowna, British Columbia. Brown rings with light-colored, cottony growth were observed on a putting green with mixed P. annua and A. stolonifera, originally seeded with A. stolonifera cv. Penncross. Following a short incubation of the diseased grass at 25°C, hyphae of a Rhizoctonia-like fungus, not matching the characteristics of R. cerealis or R. solani, were seen. Symptomatic leaves were surface sterilized in 1% hypochlorite and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with streptomycin. After 1 week at 23°C, the plates contained white colonies that were 5 cm across. DNA was extracted and amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced with ITS1. The 600-bp sequence (deposited in GenBank as GU176409) from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA showed a 100% match in the overlapping range with sequence FJ755879 from GenBank, which is annotated as W. circinata var. circinata. Pathogenicity was tested at 23°C by inoculating 3-week-old A. stolonifera ‘Penncross’ plants grown in Magenta boxes and incubated for 15 days after inoculation with ground wheat seed inoculum of W. circinata. Within 1 week, significant blighting of leaves and sheaths was observed as well as spherical orange brown sclerotia that were 2 to 5 mm in diameter on sheaths. These sclerotial features match characteristics of W. circinata var. circinata (1). Symptomatic leaves were plated on PDA and fungal growth characteristic of W. circinata was recovered. W. circinata was previously reported as the causal agent of brown ring patch on A. stolonifera in Japan (3), as a pathogen of P. annua in the United States (1), and as a pathogen of both species in Ontario, Canada (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of W. circinata from turfgrass in western Canada. References: (1) C. M. Chen et al. Plant Dis. 93:906. 2009. (2) T. Hsiang and P. Masilamany. Plant Pathol. J. 56:350, 2007. (3) T. Toda et al. Plant. Dis. 89:536, 2005. (4) O. Vaartaja. Bi-Mon. Progr. Rep. Can. Dep. For. 21(5):2. 1965.
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Hunchak, C., L. Puchalski Ritchie, M. Salmon, J. Maskalyk, and M. Landes. "LO15: Not a hobby anymore: Establishment of the Global Health Emergency Medicine organization at the University of Toronto to facilitate academic careers in global health for faculty and residents." CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.77.
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Introduction/Innovation Concept: Demand for training in global health emergency medicine (EM) practice and education across Canada is high and increasing. For faculty with advanced global health EM training, EM departments have not traditionally recognized global health as an academic niche warranting support. To address these unmet needs, expert faculty at the University of Toronto (UT) established the Global Health Emergency Medicine (GHEM) organization to provide both quality training opportunities for residents and an academic home for faculty in the field of global health EM. Methods: Six faculty with training and experience in global health EM founded GHEM in 2010 at a UT teaching hospital, supported by the leadership of the ED chief and head of the Divisions of EM. This initial critical mass of faculty formed a governing body, seed funding was granted from the affiliated hospital practice plan and a five-year strategic academic plan was developed. Curriculum, Tool, or Material: GHEM has flourished at UT with growing membership and increasing academic outputs. Five governing members and 9 general faculty members currently run 18 projects engaging over 60 faculty and residents. Formal partnerships have been developed with institutions in Ethiopia, Congo and Malawi, supported by five granting agencies. Fifteen publications have been authored to date with multiple additional manuscripts currently in review. Nineteen FRCP and CCFP-EM residents have been mentored in global health clinical practice, research and education. Finally, GHEM’s activities have become a leading recruitment tool for both EM postgraduate training programs and the EM department. Conclusion: GHEM is the first academic EM organization in Canada to meet the ever-growing demand for quality global health EM training and to harness and support existing expertise among faculty. The productivity from this collaborative framework has established global health EM at UT as a relevant and sustainable academic career. GHEM serves as a model for other faculty and institutions looking to move global health EM practice from the realm of ‘hobby’ to recognized academic endeavor, with proven academic benefits conferring to faculty, trainees and the institution.
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Xu, Ningjin, and Don R. Collins. "Design and characterization of a new oxidation flow reactor for laboratory and long-term ambient studies." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 2891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2891-2021.
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Abstract. Oxidation flow reactors (OFRs) are frequently used to study the formation and evolution of secondary aerosol (SA) in the atmosphere and have become valuable tools for improving the accuracy of model simulations and for depicting and accelerating realistic atmospheric chemistry. Driven by rapid development of OFR techniques and the increasing appreciation of their wide application, we designed a new all-Teflon reactor, the Particle Formation Accelerator (PFA) OFR, and characterized it in the laboratory and with ambient air. A series of simulations and experiments were performed to characterize (1) flow profiles in the reactor using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, (2) the UV intensity distribution in the reactor and the influence of it and varying O3 concentration and relative humidity (RH) on the resulting equivalent OH exposure (OHexp), (3) transmission efficiencies for gases and particles, (4) residence time distributions (RTDs) for gases and particles using both computational simulations and experimental verification, (5) the production yield of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from oxidation of α-pinene and m-xylene, (6) the effect of seed particles on resulting SA concentration, and (7) SA production from ambient air in Riverside, CA, US. The reactor response and characteristics are compared with those of a smog chamber (Caltech) and of other oxidation flow reactors: the Toronto Photo-Oxidation Tube (TPOT), the Caltech Photooxidation Flow Tube (CPOT), the TUT Secondary Aerosol Reactor (TSAR), quartz and aluminum versions of Potential Aerosol Mass reactors (PAMs), and the Environment and Climate Change Canada OFR (ECCC-OFR). Our studies show that (1) OHexp can be varied over a range comparable to that of other OFRs; (2) particle transmission efficiency is over 75 % in the size range from 50 to 200 nm, after minimizing static charge on the Teflon surfaces; (3) the penetration efficiencies of CO2 and SO2 are 0.90 ± 0.02 and 0.76 ± 0.04, respectively, the latter of which is comparable to estimates for LVOCs; (4) a near-laminar flow profile is expected based on CFD simulations and suggested by the RTD experiment results; (5) m-xylene SOA and α-pinene SOA yields were 0.22 and 0.37, respectively, at about 3 × 1011 molec. cm−3 s OH exposure; (6) the mass ratio of seed particles to precursor gas has a significant effect on the amount of SOA formed; and (7) during measurements of SA production when sampling ambient air in Riverside, the mass concentration of SA formed in the reactor was an average of 1.8 times that of the ambient aerosol at the same time.
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Batara, Nadia, and Tony Woolgar. "The mentorship imperative for health leadership." Healthcare Management Forum 30, no. 3 (April 7, 2017): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0840470417692335.
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Mentorship plays an important role in supporting the career development of health leaders. An examination of mentorship programs in different organizational settings provides a frame of reference to discuss and explore personal and professional mentorship experiences. Specifically, between October 2015 and April 2016, the Emerging Health Leaders (EHL) National Health Leadership Conference (NHLC) working group collaborated on an environmental scan of mentorship programs and activities to understand innovations in mentorship. In April 2016, EHL Toronto developed a mentor feedback survey using the LEADS in a Caring Environment framework to capture the varied experiences of mentors engaged in EHL Toronto’s past mentorship events. A summary of this data presented at the 2016 NHLC situates a discussion on the highly interconnected and iterative nature of mentorship and leadership development in career progression. Mentorship is seen as a continuous journey of discovery, shared learning, and personal and professional development to achieve leadership excellence.
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Habets, L. H. A., and A. L. de Vegt. "Anaerobic Treatment of Bleached TMP and CTMP Effluent in the Biopaq UASB System." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0489.
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The effluents from CTMP mills are on the one hand too dilute for evaporation and recovery, and on the other hand too highly polluted for conventional aerobic secondary treatment. In summer 1986 we therefore started an extensive research program in cooperation with the Ahlström Engineering division in Savonlinna, Finland, and Paques-Lavalin in Toronto, Canada, in order to investigate the anaerobic treatability of CTMP effluent, using UASB technology. This research included fundamental work in the lab, as well as on-site pilot work in Finland and in Canada. As a result, two full-scale plants are in operation. The first plant was started up in October 1988 at Quesnel River Pulp in B.C., Canada, and is treating up to 140 tons of COD per day in two reactors of 3500 m3 each. The second plant was ready for start-up in January 1990 at the Enso-Gutzeit Kotka mill in Finland. The cautious approach for these types of effluents was necessary due to earlier reports on the toxicity of softwood extractives, bleaching agent hydrogen peroxide, complexing agent DTPA and high sulphur levels. Besides this, it was necessary to confirm that granular seed sludge would not deteriorate but would develop normally. The behaviour of hydrogen peroxide was especially interesting and the high redox potential caused could be resolved in a very cost-efficient way without utilising chemicals, enzymes or activated sludge. Resin acids were indentified to be responsible for reducing methanogenic activity considerably. They were eliminated during aerobic post-treatment to very low levels. Lab studies clearly demonstrated how methanogenic activity could be increased by adding dilution water or aerobically treated effluent. The concentration of the resin acids appeared to be associated with raw material (spruce, fir or pine), the season (summer or winter) and with fine fibrous material in the effluent. Sulphur levels in the effluent were relatively high, but resulting sulphide levels were not toxic to methanogens and COD/sulphur ratios were high enough to achieve acceptable removal efficiencies. The paper presents the results from research as well as flow diagrams of the full-scale plants, and results from more than one year full-scale operation at Quesnel River Pulp in B.C. Canada.
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Heaton, Judith M., Jason Barton, Paul Ranalli, Felix Tyndel, Ryan Mai, and John A. Rutka. "Evaluation of the dizzy patient: experience from a multidisciplinary neurotology clinic." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 113, no. 1 (January 1999): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100143063.
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AbstractIn 1993 a multidisciplinary neurotology clinic was established at the Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Where patients with symptoms of dizziness were assessed by both otolaryngologists and neurologists. The results from the first 400 patients seen in consultation are described. The disease pathologies identified in this patient population with dizziness showed some significant differences from other published series, which we believe reflects the specialized tertiary nature of referrals to this clinic. A model for the collaborative investigation of the dizzy patient is provided consistent with the current trend towards multidisciplinary approaches in medicine.
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Daskalogiannakis, John, Gabriëlle E. H. M. Dijkman, Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman, and R. Bruce Ross. "Comparison of Facial Morphology in Two Populations with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate from Two Different Centers." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 43, no. 4 (July 2006): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-082.1.
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Objective To identify differences in craniofacial morphology of two populations with a history of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated under different protocols. Design Retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting Cleft Center of the University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and the Cleft Lip and Palate Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. Subjects Nineteen patients (16 male, 3 female) from Nijmegen and 19 patients (16 male, 3 female) from Toronto. Each patient was matched for sex and age with a patient from the other group. The mean ages at which lateral cephalometric radiographs were available for the Nijmegen group were 5.5, 9.9, and 18.3 years, while for the Toronto group these were available at mean ages of 5.3, 10.1, and 18.3 years, respectively. Eighteen patients from the Nijmegen group received an alveolar bone graft at a mean age of 9.5 years (range 8.2 to 13.5 years). None of the patients from Toronto received bone grafts. Main Outcome Measures Eighteen cephalometric variables per radiograph were calculated at each time registration, using Dentofacial Planner cephalometric software. Statistical evaluation was performed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results No differences were seen in the maxillary measurements. The patients in the Toronto group had significantly larger mandibles at all three time registrations. Conclusions The Nijmegen and Toronto protocols resulted in similar maxillary projections in patients with UCLP. Comparison of data from other studies supports the contention that the larger profile convexity of the Nijmegen group is a reflection of a genetically determined smaller mandibular size in the Dutch population.
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&NA;. "Significantly more asthmatics seek emergency care in Auckland compared with Toronto." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 777 (March 1991): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199107770-00037.
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Lv, C. C., L. X. Luo, J. Q. Li, and T. Hsiang. "First Report of Dollar Spot of Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) Caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in South China." Plant Disease 94, no. 3 (March 2010): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-3-0373b.
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Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz), a warm-season perennial grass, is native to tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America (1). Its fine texture and tolerance to low mowing and hypersaline environments make it a commercially promising turfgrass species for coastal regions of south China. In late March 2009, disease symptoms were observed from two golf course fairways in Shenzhen and Foshan, Guangdong Province, China. Small, round patches from 25 to 75 mm in diameter were found to be consisting of bleached, straw color leaf lesions bounded by reddish brown margins. Similar patches had previously been observed on seashore paspalum since 1997 in Guangdong Province, but this turf species has been grown in southern China only since the early 1990s. These symptoms were observed when daytime temperatures were above 25°C and with heavy dew formation at night. Greatest severity was seen in the spring and fall. Several contact and systemic fungicides were applied after first symptoms were observed and they were usually successful in suppressing disease. To confirm the disease as dollar spot, isolates from Shenzhen and Foshan were obtained by plating diseased leaf blades of P. vaginatum (cv. Salam) on potato dextrose agar media. Isolates produced white, fluffy, aerial mycelium, columnar when mature, and usually with a cinnamon base and dark brown or black substratal stroma on and in the agar. One representative isolate from each location was chosen for pathogenicity testing. Six-week-old P. vaginatum (cv. Salam) grown from seed in pots was inoculated, with 5-mm-diameter agar plugs with hyphae from 5-day-old cultures, by direct placement onto leaves and with three replicate pots per isolate. Plants treated with sterile agar plugs served as controls. Inoculated turf was incubated at 25°C with 12-h light/dark conditions. A plastic film was also placed over the pots to retain moisture. Chlorotic leaf lesions started to develop 4 days after inoculation and became a bleached straw color. The same fluffy, white fungus was reisolated from lesions, while no disease was observed on controls, thus completing Koch's postulates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified from DNA extracted from two isolates using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (2), and the 610-bp sequences showed 98% similarity with Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett in GenBank and have been deposited as Accessions GQ386985 and GU002301. Dollar spot on P. vaginatum has been commonly observed in the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of dollar spot on P. vaginatum in China or from any host plant in China. References: (1) R. R. Duncan and R. N. Carrow. Seashore Paspalum: The Environmental Turfgrass. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2000. (2) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990.
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Davis, Colin J. "Alexander C. Pathy,Waterfront Blues: Labour Strife at the Port of Montreal, 1960–1978. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. ix + 328 pp. $53.00 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 68 (October 2005): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547905250238.
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In this autobiographical account of labor relations on the Montreal waterfront, Alexander C. Pathy gives an insider account of the volatile relationship between shippers and longshoremen. Pathy worked as a lawyer and then official of the influential Maritime Employers Association (MEA). The MEA was in the forefront in changing employment relations to better fit the introduction of technological changes brought on by containerization. As in most ports around the world, the introduction of containerization was riven with challenge and controversy. The Port of Montreal, and the lesser ports of Quebec City and Trois-Rivieres, shared this common experience. According to Pathy up to 1960 the respective ports had seen little strife. Indeed, it would seem that the relations between the two sides had been relatively amicable. This would change once ship owners and stevedores embarked on a rationalization scheme to make the loading and unloading of cargo that much more efficient and speedier. Beginning in 1960, negotiations became increasingly heated and hostile. Not least was the problem of language. In what could be best described as mutual ignorance the employers negotiated in English, while the union representatives, reflecting the membership, spoke in French. It was no wonder that misunderstandings could occur because of poor translation. But according to Pathy more than language, the principal point of conflict was perception. Each side brought to the table mutual suspicion and hostility. The problem Pathy contends was, “Each party did not see its glass half full but half empty.”(40) Therefore, negotiations over gang size, technological improvements, hiring methods, and union jurisdiction all became major issues of contention. Adding to the complexity of the situation was the role of Canadian government. Canadian industrial relations law gave the government a vital stake in the negotiations. Just as important, as both official and wildcat strikes broke out, the government scrambled to stabilize the situation as ships were diverted to US ports. The loss of trade and thereby revenue was seen as a critical impairment to the maritime economy.
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Hawkins, Jason, and Khandker Nurul Habib. "Finding the Subway Disruption Regimes of Switching Subway to Uber in Toronto." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 12 (October 9, 2020): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120953797.
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The evolving relationship between public transit and transportation network companies (TNCs), such as Uber and Lyft, is of great interest to government agencies and has seen much critical attention in the academic literature. In this paper, we focus on the demand for TNC trips (also known as ride-hailing trips) during the disruption of the subway service. We combined a detailed dataset of Uber trips made in Toronto, Canada during the period September 2016 to August 2018 and subway disruption data provided by the Toronto Transit Commission. These data were used to examine the question: how long are subway users willing to wait during a disruption before switching modes? This question was framed as a threshold point, and an innovative structural threshold regression model was used to obtain an answer. Controlling for environmental and location-specific factors in the model, it was revealed that subway users in Toronto tend to switch to Uber after a service delay of as little as 3 min, with an average result of 7 min and an upper bound of 12 min.
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Smith, Seeon. "Universe of Support: Suburban Voters in Canadian Federal Elections." Political Science Undergraduate Review 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur145.
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This chapter reviews the position of suburban voters within Canadian federal elections. In response to the impression that federal elections are won and lost in the greater Toronto area I ask - how do suburban voters factor into the campaign strategies of political parties? I examine the significance of suburban voters, emphasizing those in Toronto, as a contested demographic. I draw attention to the allocation of campaign resources through analysis of the 2019 party leader tours of the Liberals, Conservatives, and New Democrats. This is supplemented by an analysis of party platforms from 2008, 2011, 2015, and 2019 as a measure of campaign marketing. In doing so, I seek to address the nature of Canadian elections and normatively reflect on the consequences of this nature.
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Balakrishnan, T. R., Paul Maxim, and Rozzet Jurdi. "Social class versus cultural identity as factors in the residential segregation of ethnic groups in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver for 2001." Canadian Studies in Population 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6930t.
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This article examines the relevance of the spatial assimilation model in understanding residential segregation of ethnic groups in the three largest gateway cities of Canada. Using data from the census of 2001 it finds that while the model may have worked for the European groups they are less applicable to the visible minorities such as the Chinese, South Asians and Blacks. Residential segregation reduces with generation for the European groups but not for the visible minorities. Canadian patterns seem to be different from that seen in the United States. Many visible minority groups maintain their concentration levels even in the suburbs. The findings seem to indicate that cultural preferences may be just as important as social class in the residential choices of visible minority groups.
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Stevenson, Garth. "The Shifting Foundations of Modern Nation-States." Canadian Journal of Political Science 38, no. 2 (June 2005): 504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423905319998.
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The Shifting Foundations of Modern Nation-States, Sima Godfrey and Frank Unger, eds., Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, pp. xi, 164.The collapse of communism, the end of the cold war, and the seeming inevitability of what is euphemistically termed globalization have shifted the parameters of political discourse away from the traditional issues of economics and class or, as Harold Lasswell succinctly put it almost seven decades ago, who gets what, when, how. The new discourse focuses instead on the politics of identity and, whether one likes it or not, nationalism still occupies a very prominent place among the identities cherished by various groups of human beings. Thus the last fifteen years have seen a proliferation of books, articles, and conference papers devoted to the subject of nationalism, in Canada and elsewhere.
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Wojtak, Anne. "Practice-Based Ethics: A Foundation for Human Resources Planning in Community Healthcare." Healthcare Management Forum 15, no. 3 (October 2002): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60603-5.
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During the last few years, the community health sector has been hit particularly hard by the scarcity of qualified healthcare workers. The Toronto Community Care Access Centre and community health centres of Toronto collaborated on a research program focusing on the development of a sectoral response to the human resource issues affecting the recruitment and retention of workers. Our approach considered the impact of working conditions, staff supports for dealing with difficult situations, ethical issues and other non-salary factors that influence individuals' decisions to remain in the community and seek community-based employment. We believe that the recommendations, based on our findings, will assist the community sector to provide better support to our labour force, enhance overall employee satisfaction and, ultimately, provide better quality care to our clients.
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Buiani, Roberta. "Beyond Mapping: Seizing Affective Geographies in Toronto." Space and Culture 23, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331218768209.
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In this article, I use a recent research creation project and its mobile component (the TiP lab) to emphasize the importance of regarding the city as an entanglement of sometimes evident, sometimes hidden naturecultural geographies and more-than-human encounters. While official narratives are not interested in narrating such vibrant multidimensionality, traditional cartographic practices do not seem to be able to seize them. In exploring ways to illuminate such complexity, I interrogate the ability of contemporary mapping devices to capture, and valorize, the vectors through which the human and the nonhuman, people and infrastructures shape the urban landscapes in which they live and through which they pass.
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Monzon, Jose, Steven Marc Friedman, Collin Clarke, and Tamara Arenovich. "Patients who leave the emergency department without being seen by a physician: a control-matched study." CJEM 7, no. 02 (March 2005): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500013063.
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ABSTRACTObjective:To describe the socio-demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients who leave the emergency department (ED) without being seen by a physician.Methods:This 3-month prospective study was conducted at a downtown Toronto teaching hospital. Patients who left the ED without being seen (LWBS) were matched with controls based on registration time and triage level. Subjects and controls were interviewed by telephone within 1 week after leaving the ED.Results:During the study period, 386 (3.57%) of 10 808 ED patients left without being seen. One-third of these had no fixed address or no telephone, and only 92 (23.8%) consented to a telephone interview. They cited excessive wait time as the most common reason for leaving the ED (in 36.7% of cases). Despite leaving the ED without being seen, they were no more likely than those in the control group to seek follow-up medical attention (70 % in both groups). Among those from both groups who did seek follow-up, the LWBS patients were more likely to do so the same day or the day after leaving the ED. The LWBS patients often lacked a regular physician (39.1% v. 21.7%;p= 0.01) and were more likely to attend an ED or urgent care clinic (34.8% v. 12.0%;p< 0.001). Controls were more likely to follow up with a family physician (37.0% v. 23.9%;p= 0.06). The LWBS and control groups did not differ in subjective health status at 48 hours after leaving the ED, nor in subsequent re-investigation in hospital.Conclusions:Patients who leave the ED without being seen have different socio-demographic features, methods of accessing the health care system, affiliations and expectations than the general ED population. They are often socially disenfranchised, with limited access to traditional primary care. These patients are generally low acuity, but they are at risk of important and avoidable adverse outcomes.
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Lipowski, Z. J. "An Inpatient Programme for Persistent Somatizers." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 4 (May 1988): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300408.
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Somatization, defined as a transient or persistent tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress in the form of somatic symptoms and to seek medical help for them, represents a common problem in clinical practice. A comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation program for somatizing patients has been developed at the Clarke Institute in Toronto and is described in detail. It involves concurrent application of psychiatric, psychological, social, and medical therapies.
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Drascic-Gaudio, Meghan, Hailey Graham, and Madeleine Howard. "Igniting Connections." IJournal: Graduate Student Journal of the Faculty of Information 4, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/ijournal.v4i3.33077.
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Redefining Home: A Story of Japanese Canadian Resettlement in Toronto explores the story of Harold and Hana Kawasoe, a young Japanese Canadian couple, who chose Toronto as their new home in the face of immeasurable loss they, and many other Japanese Canadians faced during the Second World War. Using a co-curation approach to share the Kawasoe story, the exhibit team discovered how community collaboration and the facilitation of diverse experiences can organically create support and success for museums and historic houses. Redefining Home offers a lens through which the strengths and weaknesses of this method can be seen, and this paper further discusses how it can be implemented by others going forward. Igniting community connections and creating platforms for many voices offers museums valuable and important insight into diverse and unique narratives.
Keywords:
case study, community collaboration, museums, exhibition development, co-curation
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Miljan, Lydia. "Dancing Around the Elephant: Creating a Prosperous Canada in an Era of American Dominance, 1957–1973." Canadian Journal of Political Science 41, no. 1 (March 2008): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423908080293.
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Dancing Around the Elephant: Creating a Prosperous Canada in an Era of American Dominance, 1957–1973, Bruce Muirhead, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 323.Canadian feelings of anti-Americanism have a long history. Some have suggested that Canada was born more out of a sense of wanting to protect itself from American invaders than with a sense of what it was. The view that Canada is the lesser state is seen in Pierre Trudeau's comment to the Washington Press Gallery in 1969: “Living next to you, is like sleeping with an elephant; no matter how friendly and even-tempered is the beast, one is affected by every twitch and grunt.” The elephant-mouse metaphor has been one of the best ones to describe the relationship between the two nations and is often used by left-leaning Canadian nationalists to illustrate how much weaker Canada is in the partnership.
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Kennedy, Christopher, Wenxi Olivia He, and Manson Fung. "Role of the construction sector in the economy of a city." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-089.
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The need to renew civil infrastructure is particularly acute in urban centres. However, investment in infrastructure renewal has different economic implications compared with new construction, mainly having multiplier effects as opposed to real effects. Statistical techniques are used to study the factors that influence private sector commercial, industrial, and residential construction starts in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Regression equations for the construction sector are incorporated into a macroeconomic model of the GTA. This model is used to study the impacts of public construction spending on the GTA economy. Impacts produced by infrastructure investment are not limited to the construction industry but are seen over the whole economy. In the model simulation, a CAN$1.75 billion road investment in the second quarter of 1994 produced an additional CAN$375 million increase in regional gross domestic product (GDP).Key words: infrastructure investment, infrastructure renewal, regional economics, Greater Toronto Area.
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Mailis-Gagnon, Angela, Balaji Yegneswaran, Keith Nicholson, SF Lakha, Marios Papagapiou, Amanda J. Steiman, Danny Ng, Tea Cohodarevic, Margarita Umana, and Mateusz Zurowski. "Ethnocultural and Sex Characteristics of Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Pain Clinic in Toronto, Ontario." Pain Research and Management 12, no. 2 (2007): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/425318.
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BACKGROUND: Ethnocultural factors and sex may greatly affect pain perception and expression. Emerging literature is also documenting racial and ethnic differences in pain access and care.OBJECTIVE: To define the sex and ethnocultural characteristics of patients attending a tertiary care, university-affiliated pain clinic in Toronto, Ontario.METHODS: Data were collected on 1242 consecutive, new patients seen over a three-year period at the Comprehensive Pain Program (CPP) in downtown Toronto. Data were compared with the Canada 2001 Census.RESULTS: English-speaking, Canadian-born patients constituted 58.6% of the CPP population, similar to the 2001 Canadian Census data for the Greater Toronto Area. Certain visible minority groups (Indo-Pakistani and Chinese) were significantly under-represented, while European groups were over-represented. While women outnumbered men, they presented with lower levels of physical pathology in general, particularly in certain ethnic groups. Patients from Europe (representing primarily immigrants who arrived in Canada before 1960), were older, by 10 years to 15 years, than the average CPP population, and had a much higher incidence of physical or medical disorders.CONCLUSIONS: The implications of the study and the importance of sex and ethnicity in terms of presentation to Canadian pain clinics are discussed. Future well-designed studies are needed to shed light on the role of both patients’ and physicians’ ethnicity and sex in pain perception and expression, decision-making regarding pain treatments and acceptance of pain treatments.
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Murdoch, Brian. "Tristan Major, Undoing Babel. The Tower of Babel in Anglo-Saxon. Toronto Anglo-Saxon Series, 25. Toronto, Buffalo and London: Toronto University Press, 2018, xiii, 289pp." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_373.
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This is an interesting and important study both in its broader implications and on a specific level as a series of case studies (thus p. 237) of Anglo-Saxon texts. The principal title is significant: the narrative of Babel in the early part of Genesis resulted in the division of languages. On the face of it, this is a negative result, and the instigator of the building of the fateful tower, usually taken to be Nimrod, himself sometimes seen as a giant and indeed an idolater, is condemned. Against the Genesis tale, however, is set typologically the positive account in Acts 2: 1–13 of the gift of tongues, with the underlying notion of the unifying role of the Church in bringing together the new diversity in mankind. Luke 10: 1 and also Numbers 11:16–25 are also relevant to the number of languages. The chapters of Genesis which contain the brief story of the tower also contain what is known as the table of nations, the dispersal of Noah’s descendants, which becomes of great significance in the context of myths of national origin. Major presents the reflection in Anglo-Saxon texts – and it is a notably varied one – of the way the linguistic diversity is presented, with the emphasis on the unification through Christianity of the separated nations and tongues, and of the perceived position and role of English. Some traditions, incidentally, make a distinction between pagan and Christian languages; Jans Enikel’s later rhymed German chronicle, for example, lists one of the languages after Babel as “heathen.”
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Karrow, P. F., J. H. McAndrews, B. B. Miller, A. V. Morgan, K. L. Seymour, and O. L. White. "Illinoian to Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy at Woodbridge, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 921–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e00-108.
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Near Woodbridge, northwest of Toronto, Ontario, a 15 metre-high railroad cut and associated borrow pit, first excavated in 1962, exposed a multiple till sequence and intervening fossiliferous sediments. Work over the next 35 years revealed that Illinoian York Till, early Wisconsinan Sunnybrook Till, and late Wisconsinan Humber till, Halton Till, and Wildfield Till are interbedded with fossiliferous sediments equivalent to the Sangamonian Don Formation, early Wisconsinan Scarborough Formation (>50 ka BP), and middle Wisconsinan Thorncliffe Formation (45 ka BP). A complex periglacial record displays multistage fossil frost wedges, indicating intervals of severe climate in late Illinoian and early Wisconsinan time. Cored boreholes indicate deep gravel below and a till on Ordovician shale bedrock (Georgian Bay Formation). Vertebrates, molluscs, ostracodes, insects, and plants (diatoms, wood, seeds, pollen) indicate mostly cool conditions (boreal to tundra) for interstadial sediments. Interglacial conditions are represented by vertebrates, molluscs, and plants above York Till. Many taxa are new to the Quaternary of the Toronto area.
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Bergeron, Dave A., Nicole Bolduc, Cécile Michaud, Johanne Lapré, and Patricia Bourgault. "Translation and Validation of the Toronto Pain Management Index, French–Canadian Version." Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 50, no. 2 (November 23, 2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0844562117742559.
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Background To provide effective pain management, nurses must have sufficient knowledge and adequate beliefs about pain management. In Quebec, however, nurses seem to be generally uninvolved in pain management, and there is little significant evidence shedding light on nurses’ pain management knowledge and beliefs in postoperative settings. To perform such studies, a valid questionnaire in French to assess nurses’ knowledge and beliefs is required. Some valid questionnaires are available in English, but none are available in French. Purpose This article describes the process of translation, adaptation, and preliminary validation of the Toronto Pain Management Index into French. Results For temporal stability of the Toronto Pain Management Index, French–Canadian version, the result of intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score of this questionnaire is 0.59 (CI: 0.44–0.72). Conclusion Following this process, the French version of this questionnaire has suitable face and content validity and can be used to evaluate nurses’ knowledge and beliefs about pain management in postoperative settings.
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Martin Horak. "Building rapid transit in Canada: the problem of governance." Anuario de Derecho Municipal, no. 14 (June 9, 2021): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37417/adm/14-2020_09.
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Canadian cities have seen a boom in the construction of rapid transit infrastructure in recent years, fueled by the rise of financial support for transit from the federal government and the provinces. However, the extent to which individual cities have been able to productively harness this new financial support varies greatly. This study compares the recent development of rapid transit infrastructure in two of Canada’s largest metropolitan areas, Toronto and Vancouver. It finds that while both cities have recently developed regional transportation authorities to manage large transit investments, in Toronto the development of rapid transit has been highly contentious, marked by frequent changes in plan and the repeated cancellation and deferral of transit projects, while in Vancouver, the development of rapid transit has been much more consensual and orderly. The study introduces an analytical framework that interprets these different outcomes as the result of dissimilar institutional environments in the two cities, which vary in the extent to which they insulate long-range planning and decision-making from efforts by politicians to harness rapid transit decisions for short-term electoral advantage.
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Zhang, W., Z. B. Nan, and G. D. Liu. "First Report of Laetisaria fuciformis Causing Red Thread on Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) in South China." Plant Disease 96, no. 9 (September 2012): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0053-pdn.
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Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz.) is a prostrate-growing, perennial, warm-season turfgrass native to tropical and coastal areas (2). Because of its good texture and natural tolerance to various environmental stresses, seashore paspalum has been introduced to golf courses in coastal regions of southern China. In April 2010, circular or irregular pink patches ranging from 5 to 50 cm in diameter were observed in the golf course fairway and rough established with cv. Salam on two golf courses in Haikou, Hainan Province, China. When morning dew was present or rainfall occurred, a pink layer of gelatinous fungal growth could be observed on leaves and sheaths. The green leaves of infected plants initially became water soaked, then tan to bleached, shriveled, and infested with pink or reddish, gelatinous, stranded hyphae. The hyphae matted together, then formed threadlike or antlerlike stromata from the tips of blighted leaves. Two isolates from each golf course were collected by plating diseased leaf blades, stromata, or hyphal aggregates from the blighted leaves directly onto antibiotic (0.01% gentamicin sulfate) amended potato dextrose agar. To confirm pathogenicity, isolates were inoculated on 6-week-old P. vaginatum (cv. Seaspray) planted (0.5 mg seed/cm–2) in 10-cm pots. Inoculum was prepared by culturing isolates separately on an autoclaved mixture of 100 g of rye grain and 20 ml of water for 3 weeks at 25°C. Pots were inoculated by placing 2 g of infected grain within the center of the turf canopy or 2 g of sterilized, uninfested grains to serve as controls, with four replications of each treatment. After inoculation, each pot was placed in a translucent plastic bag and placed into a greenhouse at 24 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod (1). Two days after inoculation, the fungus was observed on the leaves. Approximately 40% of leaves in inoculated pots were necrotic after 7 days, and this increased to 80% after 21 days. Diseased plants in inoculated pots displayed symptoms similar to those observed in the field and no symptoms were detected on the control plants. The two isolates were successfully reisolated from all symptomatic tissues, completing Koch's postulates. Sequences of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA (mt-SSU) were amplified from the two isolates by primers MS1 and MS2, and the sequences showed 99% similarity with Laetisaria fuciformis from the NCBI database (Accession No. AY293232). Red thread on turfgrass has been commonly observed in temperate climates during periods of cool and humid weather (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. fuciformis causing red thread on P. vaginatum or from any host plant in China. References: (1) L. L. Burpee and L. G. Goulty. Phytopathology. 74:692, 1984. (2) R. R. Duncan and R. N. Carrow. Seashore Paspalum: The Environmental Turfgrass. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2000. (3) R. W. Smiley et al. Page 38 in: Compendium of Turfgrass Diseases. 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2005.
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Fischler, Raphaël. "Development Controls in Toronto in the Nineteenth Century." Articles 36, no. 1 (May 16, 2013): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015817ar.
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Histories of contemporary development control tend to situate its beginning in the first or second decade of the twentieth century, when modern zoning bylaws were adopted. Yet, as some researchers have pointed out, building and land-use regulations took shape in the nineteenth century and even earlier. This paper focuses on controls set by the City of Toronto between 1834, when it was incorporated, and 1904, when it adopted bylaw no. 4408, which is seen by many as the first step taken by the city toward modern zoning. In technical terms, it appears that a coherent, though minimal, apparatus of land-use regulation was already in place by the 1860s. Over the course of the nineteenth century, building codes and nuisance laws display the growing intervention of public authorities in the development of the industrial city. Municipal control over material production and over human activity diversifies and finds expression in increasingly complex ordinances. In political terms, the bylaws reveal a growing concern with socio-spatial differentiation and with the protection of property values rather than with health and safety. The incremental development of land-use regulation suggests that, even though North American cities borrowed from each other and from their European counterparts, they constructed zoning locally, in accordance to local needs, resources, and constraints (economic, political, and legal) and in a piecemeal fashion, one bylaw, one amendment at a time.
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Mohareb, Eugene A., and Adrian K. Mohareb. "A comparison of greenhouse gas emissions in the residential sector of major Canadian cities." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 4 (April 2014): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2013-0465.
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One of the most significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada is the buildings sector, with over 30% of national energy end-use occurring in buildings. Energy use must be addressed to reduce emissions from the buildings sector, as nearly 70% of all Canada’s energy used in the residential sector comes from fossil sources. An analysis of GHG emissions from the existing residential building stock for the year 2010 has been conducted for six Canadian cities with different climates and development histories: Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. Variation across these cities is seen in their 2010 GHG emissions, due to climate, characteristics of the building stock, and energy conversion technologies, with Halifax having the highest per capita emissions at 5.55 tCO2e/capita and Montreal having the lowest at 0.32 tCO2e/capita. The importance of the provincial electricity grid’s carbon intensity is emphasized, along with era of construction, occupancy, floor area, and climate. Approaches to achieving deep emissions reductions include innovative retrofit financing and city level residential energy conservation by-laws; each region should seek location-appropriate measures to reduce energy demand within its residential housing stock, as well as associated GHG emissions.
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Olds, Meredith V., Robert W. Griebel, Harold J. Hoffman, Marilyn Craven, Sylvester Chuang, and Hart Schutz. "The surgical treatment of childhood moyamoya disease." Journal of Neurosurgery 66, no. 5 (May 1987): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.66.5.0675.
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✓Moyamoya disease is a progressive disorder, predominantly seen in childhood, that can cause severe permanent disability. The search for effective treatment has largely been unsuccessful in the past, but recent efforts at surgical intervention have shown promising results. The natural history of moyamoya disease, the options for treatment, and a series of patients from the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto are reviewed. The results of surgical treatment are encouraging and the authors believe that it should be offered to all pediatric patients in the progressive stage of the disease.
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Chin, Matthew. "Making Queer and Trans of Color Counterpublics." Affilia 33, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109917729666.
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Drawing on 2 years of ethnographic fieldwork, this article examines the accessibility organizing efforts of queer and transgender of color community initiatives in Toronto, Canada. I argue that these efforts constitute a kind of counterpublic making in which queer and trans of color organizers discursively construct the marginalized populations that they seek to include. In contrast to approaches to accessibility that prioritize conventional service institutions as the locus of social transformation, this article illustrates the significance of social workers supporting the work of existing community initiatives in their drive toward an intersectional politics of inclusion.
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Griffin, Debora, Chris Anthony McLinden, Jacinthe Racine, Michael David Moran, Vitali Fioletov, Radenko Pavlovic, Rabab Mashayekhi, Xiaoyi Zhao, and Henk Eskes. "Assessing the Impact of Corona-Virus-19 on Nitrogen Dioxide Levels over Southern Ontario, Canada." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244112.
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A lockdown was implemented in Canada mid-March 2020 to limit the spread of COVID-19. In the wake of this lockdown, declines in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were observed from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). A method is presented to quantify how much of this decrease is due to the lockdown itself as opposed to variability in meteorology and satellite sampling. The operational air quality forecast model, GEM-MACH (Global Environmental Multi-scale - Modelling Air quality and CHemistry), was used together with TROPOMI to determine expected NO2 columns that represents what TROPOMI would have observed for a non-COVID scenario. Applying this methodology to southern Ontario, decreases in NO2 emissions due to the lockdown were seen, with an average 40% (roughly 10 kt[NO2]/yr) in Toronto and Mississauga and even larger declines in the city center. Natural and satellite sampling variability accounted for as much as 20–30%, which demonstrates the importance of taking meteorology into account. A model run with reduced emissions (from 65 kt[NO2]/yr to 40 kt[NO2]/yr in the Greater Toronto Area) based on emission activity data during the lockdown period was found to be consistent with TROPOMI NO2 columns.
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Schmitt, Natalie Crohn. "Dissimulation in the Commedia dell’Arte Scenarios of Flaminio Scala, 1611." New Theatre Quarterly 31, no. 4 (October 9, 2015): 312–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x15000640.
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Commedia dell’arte was the most influential and widespread theatre movement in sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Europe. A considerable part of its popularity can be accounted for by its comic representations of stressful occurrences within everyday life in early modern Europe, including its representations of the period’s widespread dissimulation. Among other things, the theatricality of commedia dell’arte provided a way for the audience briefly to dissociate itself from and to fantasize about ways of coping with dissimulation. A number of characteristics of commedia dell’arte, including disguise, lying,tricks, spying and gossip, and portrayals of honour, previously seen as separate, cohere in the concept of dissimulation. Natalie Crohn Schmitt is Professor of Theatre and of English, Emerita, University of Illinois at Chicago. She recently published Befriending the Commedia dell’Arte of Flaminio Scala: the Comic Scenarios (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014). In New Theatre Quarterly she has published ‘Stanislavski, Creativity, and the Unconscious’ (Vol. II, No. 8); ‘Theorizing about Performance: Why Now’ (Vol. VI, No. 23);‘ “So Many Things Can Go Together”: the Theatricality of John Cage’ (Vol. XI, No. 41); and ‘The Style of Commedia dell’Arte Acting’ (Vol. XXVIII, No. 4).
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Carliner, Jesse, and Kyla Everall. "Playtime at Robarts Library: Opening a family-friendly study space at the University of Toronto." College & Research Libraries News 80, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.80.2.100.
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If academic libraries are sincere about their commitment to equity and inclusion, they must become more accessible for student parents—a large and underserved population whose members may also have other marginalized identities. Although accommodating children may seem to be outside the scope of academic libraries’ mandate, if we are to fully support research and learning on campus, we must try to reduce obstacles for parenting students however we can, including welcoming their children into our libraries. To address this need, the University of Toronto Libraries recently opened Canada’s first academic library family-friendly study space.
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Fukunishi, Isao, Takayuki Nakagawa, Hiroshi Nakamura, Michiko Kikuchi, and Mariko Takubo. "Is Alexithymia a Culture-Bound Construct? Validity and Reliability of the Japanese Versions of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Modified Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Questionnaire." Psychological Reports 80, no. 3 (June 1997): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3.787.
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The possibility remains that alexithymia is a culture-bound construct. The authors examined the validity and reliability of the Japanese versions of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the modified Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Questionnaire, testing two samples of 473 college students and 149 psychiatric outpatients. The face validity and internal consistencies were suggested by factor analysis, adequate internal consistency, relatively high test-retest correlations, and high specificity and sensitivity. The Japanese versions of these two alexithymia scales therefore seem suitable for use among college students and psychiatric outpatients. However, there were several problematic points which may be associated with cultural differences.
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Gordon, J. Dorcas. "Living the Task: Advanced Ministry Studies." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 11, no. 2 (June 1998): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x9801100203.
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This study offers an account of the origins and evolution of the D.Min. programme, with particular reference to the Toronto School of Theology and the influence of contemporary biblical hermeneutics. Inductive and deductive methods of learning are considered, leading to a discussion of a community model of learning. Theological education is also seen to require an integration of theory and practice. Attention is drawn to the nature of the student in advanced ministry studies today, and differences from the past. Finally, the requirements of teaching in such programmes are considered, with particular emphasis on the need for imagination, vulnerability and courage.
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Mainguy, S. K., and V. G. Thomas. "Comparisons of body reserve buildup and use in several groups of Canada geese." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-265.
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Changes in proximate body composition were analyzed in nonmigratory giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) from Toronto, Ont. (43°37′N, 79°20′W), collected during early and late egg laying in 1980 and 1981, and during incubation and moult in 1981. Early nesting geese had more fat, though not more protein, than late nesting birds in both years. Geese collected in 1981 had more fat and protein than geese collected in 1980. Early and late laying females in both years lost on average 198 g (26%) of fat and 34 g (5%) of protein from the beginning to the end of laying. Fifty-eight percent of the fat reserves possessed at the beginning of laying were lost during incubation. Fat reserves of prelaying Branta canadensis interior nesting on the James Bay lowland (53°15′N, 82°09′W) in 1980 were 9% greater than those of B. c. maxima nesting in Southern Ontario. During the moult at Toronto, Canada geese lost weight from flight muscles while gaining weight in other muscles and in fat. This pattern is seen in waterfowl moulting at several latitudes, and indicates that geese moulting in both southern and northern latitudes probably rely on nutrients in food rather than in body tissues to supply growing feathers.
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Parish, Jessica. "Re-wilding Parkdale? Environmental gentrification, settler colonialism, and the reconfiguration of nature in 21st century Toronto." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2019): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619868110.
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In 21st century Toronto, the labour of caring for urban trees is entangled with both gentrification processes and the social reproduction of settler colonial space. This paper contributes to the study of environmental gentrification through a study of the social reproduction of settler colonial relations to land in the Parkdale–High Park area of Toronto. Specifically, I take up the hyper-visibility of some forms of social reproduction, in order to shed light on how the mundane, quotidian ‘non-work’ of living in/with/for capitalism becomes a site of privilege and a luxury pursuit for more affluent residents. The paper highlights the processes and practices whereby settler colonial urban subjects seek out ‘nature’ as a temporary outside where they can escape from widely accepted downsides of capitalist urbanism, including a diverse array of social and physical ills, from stress, to obesity, to ecological degradation. The paper asks: whose social reproduction does the presence of urban trees serve? In the context of 21st century financialized gentrification, cities are increasingly normalized as spaces of wealth and luxury. It is therefore crucial to pay attention to the raced, gendered, and colonial micro-politics through which urban ecologies are transformed in the service of an anti-democratic vision of the city as a space of leisure and luxury.
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Hess, Paul M., and Robert Lewis. "Property Rights, Redevelopment Areas, and Toronto Ratepayer Associations in the 1950s." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (March 30, 2017): 279–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217696987.
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In the 1950s, Toronto ratepayer associations inserted themselves into debates about property relations and the appropriate use of the City’s new redevelopment authority as then being tested by elected officials and developers. Two case studies are presented: a designated redevelopment area where the City failed to close a deal with development firms, and a request, ultimately denied, by a developer group to to have the City establish another area to acquire the properties they had failed to. In both cases, ratepayer associations did not question City expropriation of private property if done for a sufficiently public purpose but argued vehemently against City expropriation of land from one set of private owners to benefit another. Although it is not possible to fully know the effect ratepayer associations had on these failed attempts of using redevelopment authority, they should be seen as urban social movements organized to protect local property rights from developers and a new interventionist local state.
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Varriano, Brenda, George Tomlinson, Apameh Tarazi, Richard Wennberg, Charles Tator, and Maria Carmela Tartaglia. "Age, Gender and Mechanism of Injury Interactions in Post-Concussion Syndrome." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 45, no. 6 (October 8, 2018): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2018.322.
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AbstractBackgroundCertain factors such as age and gender seem to affect the risk of developing post-concussion syndrome (PCS). We assessed the interactions between age, gender, concussion history and mechanism of injury in PCS patients so that a better understanding could guide the development of targeted prevention strategies.MethodsDemographic data including age, gender, concussion mechanism of injury and concussion history were collected from (1) a prospective study evaluating PCS biomarkers and (2) a retrospective chart review of PCS patients. A total of 437 PCS patients who were assessed at the Canadian Concussion Centre or Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, were included.ResultsOverall, there were more men with PCS; however, a greater percentage of women had PCS after a single concussion. The results showed that age, gender and concussion history are conditionally dependent on the mechanism of injury, and independent of one another. The relative frequency of having PCS was greater in the following instances: (1) being a woman and having had concussion from a fall or motor vehicle collision (MVC), (2) being older and having had concussion from a fall or MVC or (3) having a single concussion with cause being MVC or fall.ConclusionIn patients with PCS, age and gender interact with the mechanism of injury to influence the risk of concussion. Targeted prevention strategies may be essential to prevent injuries leading to PCS.
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Venkatraghavan, Lashmi, Tze Ping Tan, Jigesh Mehta, Anil Arekapudi, Arun Govindarajulu, and Eric Siu. "Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio as a predictor of systemic inflammation - A cross-sectional study in a pre-admission setting." F1000Research 4 (May 22, 2015): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6474.1.
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Background: Neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an emerging biomarker that is used to predict postoperative mortality and morbidity in cardiac and cancer surgeries. The association of this biomarker with systemic illness and its usefulness in risk assessment of preoperative patients has not been fully elucidated.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of elevated NLR in preoperative patients and to examine the relationship between elevated NLR and the presence of systemic illnesses as well as anaesthesia risk indices such as American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) and the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) scores. Design: Cross-sectional studySetting: Anaesthesia pre-admission clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, CanadaPatients: We evaluated 1117 pre-operative patients seen at an anesthesia preadmission clinic.Results: NLR was elevated (>3.3) in 26.6% of target population. In multivariate analysis, congestive cardiac failure, diabetes mellitus and malignancy were independent risk factors predicting raised NLR. After regression analysis, a relationship between NLR and ASA score (Odds Ratio 1.78; 95% CI: 1.42-2.24) and revised cardiac risk index (RCRI, odds ratio 1.33; 95% CI: 1.09-1.64, p-value: 0.0063) was observed.Conclusions: NLR was elevated (> 3.3) in 26.6% of patients. Congestive cardiac failure and malignancy were two constant predictors of elevated NLR at >3.3 and > 4.5. There was a strong association between NLR and anesthesia risk scoring tools of ASA and RCRI.
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Choi, Joong-Uhn, Harold J. Hoffman, E. Bruce Hendrick, Robin P. Humphreys, and William S. Keith. "Traumatic infarction of the spinal cord in children." Journal of Neurosurgery 65, no. 5 (November 1986): 608–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.65.5.0608.
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✓ Infarction of the spinal cord in childhood is rarely due to trauma. During a 15-year period (1971 to 1985), eight children were admitted to The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, with a diagnosis of traumatic infarction of the spinal cord. All of these patients had delayed onset of neurological signs varying between 2 hours and 4 days after their initial trauma. No bone abnormalities were seen on plain spine x-ray films. Myelography was carried out in seven of these children and found to be normal in all seven. Six patients who were paraplegic at the time of admission remained permanently paraplegic, but two with incomplete cord signs did show some improvement.
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Hallett, Rebecca H., and James D. Heal. "First Nearctic record of the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a pest of cruciferous crops from Europe." Canadian Entomologist 133, no. 5 (October 2001): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent133713-5.
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In 1996, damage symptoms typical of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Keiffer), were observed on broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. var. italica (Brassicaceae), crops east of Toronto, Ontario. Early attempts to identify an associated insect larva were unsuccessful, and damage symptoms became mistakenly attributed to nutrient deficiencies (T Clarke, personal communication). Between 1996 and 1999, damaged plants were seen by growers regularly, and resulted in up to 85% loss of marketable yield (T Clarke, personal communication). In June 2000, we initiated investigations at two sites 12 km apart to determine the causal organism of this damage. Both sites were located at farms where cole crops are primarily -gown and from where the first damage reports originated.
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Silver, Daniel, and Terry Nichols Clark. "Buzz as an Urban Resource." Canadian Journal of Sociology 38, no. 1 (March 29, 2013): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs10514.
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The global rise of arts and culture is transforming local politics. Though new to many academic urban analysts, this is a commonplace for many mayors and local policymakers around the world. We seek to overcome this divide by joining culture and the arts with classic concepts of urban politics. We offer an analytical framework incorporating the politics of cultural policy alongside the typical political economic concerns in the urban politics and development literatures. Our framework synthesizes several research streams that combine in global factors driving the articulation of culture into city politics. This frames our studies of the local processes through which this articulation occurs on the ground in Toronto and Chicago.
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Nistor, Adela, and Diana Reianu. "Determinants of housing prices: evidence from Ontario cities, 2001-2011." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2017-0078.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a panel data econometric model of the main determinants of house prices in the ten largest census metropolitan areas (CMA) in Ontario, Canada, for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011. The impact of immigration on the housing market in Canada is little researched; however, immigration plays an important role into the economy of Canada. According to Statistics Canada, not only is immigration key to Canada’s population growth but also without immigration, in the next 20 years, Canada’s population growth will be zero. The motivation for this study is the bursting of housing bubbles in some developed countries (e.g. USA). The authors analyze variables that are related to the immigration policy in Canada, accounting also for the impact of the interest rate, income, unemployment, household size and housing supply to analyze housing price determinants. The study investigates the magnitude of the impact of the top three leading categories of immigrants to Canada, namely, Chinese, Indian and Filipino, on the housing prices in Ontario’s largest cities. The results show the main factors that explain home prices over time that are interest rate, immigration, unemployment rate, household size and income. Over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, immigration grew by 400 per cent in Toronto CMA, the largest receiving area in Ontario, while the nonimmigrant population grew by 14 per cent. For Toronto CMA, immigrants, income, unemployment rate and interest rate explain the CA$158,875 average home price increase over the 2001-2011 time period. Out of this, the three categories of immigrants’ share of total home price increase is 54.57 per cent, with the corresponding interest rate share 58.60 per cent and income share 11.32 per cent of the total price growth. Unemployment rate contributes negatively to the housing price and its share of the total price increase is 24.49 per cent. Design/methodology/approach The framework for the empirical analysis applies the hedonic pricing model theory to housing sales prices for the ten largest CMAs in Ontario over the years 2001-2011. Following Akbari and Aydede (2012) and O’Meara (2015), market clearing in the housing market results in the housing price as a function of several housing attributes. The authors selected the housing attributes based on data availability for the Canadian Census years of 2001, 2006 and 2011 and the variables that have been most used in the literature. The model has the average housing prices as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: immigrants per dwelling (Chinese, Indian, and Filipino), unemployment rate, average employment income, household size, housing supply and the interest rate. To capture the relative scarcity of dwellings, the independent variable immigrants per dwelling was used. Findings This study seems to suggest that one cause of high prices in Ontario is large inflows of immigrants together with low mortgage interest rate. The authors focused their attention on Toronto CMA, as it is the main destination of immigrants and comprises the largest cities, including Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton and Oakville. Looking over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, the authors can see the factors that impact the home prices in Toronto CMA: immigration, unemployment rate, household size, interest rate and income. Over the period of 10 years from 2001 to 2011, immigrants’ group from China, India and the Philippines account for CA$86,701 increase in the home price (54.57 per cent share of the total increase). Income accounts for CA$17,986 increase in the home price (11.32 per cent share); interest rate accounts for CA$93,103 of the average home price increase in Toronto CMA (58.60 per cent share); and unemployment rate accounts for CA$38,916 decrease in the Toronto average home prices (24.49 per cent share). Household size remain stable over time in Toronto (2.8 average household size) and does not have a contribution to home price change. All these four factors, interest rate, immigrants, unemployment rate and income, together explain CA$158,875 increase in home prices in Toronto CMA between 2001 and 2011. Practical implications The housing market price analysis may be more complex, and there may be factors impacting the housing prices extending beyond immigration, interest rate, income and household size. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended to include the most recent census data for the year 2016 to reflect more accurately the price situation in the housing market for Ontario cities. Social implications The fact that currently, in 2017, the young working population cannot afford buying a property in the Toronto CMA area means there is a problem with this market and a corresponding decrease in the quality of life. According to The Globe and Mail (July 2017), a new pool in 2017 suggested that two in five Canadians believe housing in this country is not affordable for them. Further, 38 per cent of respondents who consider themselves middle or upper class believe in no affordability of housing. The Trudeau Government promised Canadians a national housing strategy for affordable housing. Designing a national housing strategy may be challenging because it has to account for the differential income ranges across regions. Municipal leaders are asking the government to prioritize repair and construct new affordable housing. Another reason discussed in the media of the unaffordability of housing in Toronto and Vancouver is foreign buyers. The Canadian Government recently implemented a tax measure on what it may seem the housing bubble problem: foreign buyers. Following Vancouver, in April 2017, Ontario Government imposed a 15 per cent tax on foreign buyers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents. This tax is levied on houses purchased in the area stretching from Niagara Region and Greater Toronto to Peterborough. Originality/value Few studies use Canadian data to explain house prices and analyze the effect of immigration on housing prices. There is not much research on the effect of the immigrants and immigrants’ ethnicity (e.g., Chinese, Indian and Filipino immigrants), on the housing prices in Canada cities. This study investigates the impact of the most prevalent immigrant races (e.g., from China, India and the Philippines) on housing prices, using data for Canadian major cities in Ontario within a panel data econometric framework. This paper fills this gap and contributes to the literature, which analyzes the determinants of housing prices based on a panel of cities in the Canadian province of Ontario.