Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Seed treatment fungicide'

Fungi in the genus Trichoderma have been characterized as biocontrol agents of plant pathogens since the 1930s. The use of biologicals for disease management has increased in recent years, typically marketed as a safer alternative to chemical applications. However, biologicals often lack consistent control across varying environmental conditions. To overcome the loss in efficacy due to environmental conditions, biologicals can be combined with common fungicide seed-treatments to provide improved control. Additionally, the presence of a biological organism could slow the development of a pathogen population. Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the baseline root colonization of three Trichoderma spp. used in conjunction with five commonly used seed treatments. In field trials, a stand-alone treatment of the Trichoderma isolates was assessed for management of Rhizoctonia root rot (caused by Rhizoctonia solani) and frogeye leaf spot (caused by Cercospora sojina). The greenhouse trial provided evidence that isolates of T. virens and T. hamatum can colonize the roots of plants in which seeds were treated with metalaxyl + prothioconazole + penflufen or metalaxyl + prothioconazole + penflufen + fluopyram. Surprisingly, in the Rhizoctonia root rot trials, the soybean seedlings treated with Trichoderma spp. had significantly reduced stand compared to the R. solani inoculated control. For the frogeye leaf spot trial, an application of T. virens conidial suspensions as a foliar treatment significantly (P ≤ 0.10) reduced frogeye leaf spot severity of soybean compared to a non-treated control. Future research is warranted to better understand the potential efficacy in additional environments and the mechanism(s) of action used by the Trichoderma isolates evaluated in these experiments.

Fungicides have been developed to protect plants against diseases and pests, which cause serious problems such as the loss of germination and vigour. The aim of this study was to test the germination and vigour of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds treated with several fungicides Apron® Star 42 WS (difenoconazole, thiamethoxam, and metalaxyl-m), Apron® XL (mefenoxam), Celest® XL (fludioxonil, mefenoxam) and thiram in the laboratory. In the greenhouse, the efficacy of fungicide treatment was evaluated in soil inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. The control consisted of untreated seeds. Germination and vigour were evaluated according to the International Seed Testing Association (1ST A) rules. The results from the standard gennination tests showed that all the fungicide treated seeds did not differ to the untreated control. The conductivity of solute leakage was read following slow and fast imbibition. Maize seeds treated with Apron® Star 42 WS, Celest® XL, Apron® XL and thiram improved or maintain vigour, which was indicated by a reduced or equivalent solute leakage following fast imbibition when compared with the untreated control. The good performance of fungicide treated seed expressed during conductivity test after fast imbibition correlated with the tetrazolium. All the fungicide treated seeds maintained the same viability as the untreated control following fast imbibition. After 6 h after fast imbibition, Apron® Star 42 WS, Celest® XL and Apron® XL treated seeds maintained similar germination percentages when compared to the untreated control with the exception of thiram treated seeds that exhibited a decline in seed viability. There was reduction in vigour in all the fungicide treated seeds fo llowing 24 and 40 h fast imbibition as illustrated by the reduction in germination percentage below the acceptable level (70%) when compared with the untreated control. The greenhouse study showed that all the fungicide treated seeds maintained the same emergence percentage in both inoculated and uninoculated soil with the exception of thiram treated seeds, where emergence improved in inoculated soil when compared to the untreated control. Apron® Star 42 WS and Celest® XL reduced the disease caused by F. graminearum in the inoculated soil. This study also revealed that the application of Apron® Star 42 WS, Celest® XL and thiram to seeds improved both the shoot and root dry mass of plants in the inoculated soil.
Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
unrestricted

O Brasil é o 9° produtor mundial de arroz e o primeiro fora do continente asiático, com produção de 12,2 milhões de toneladas em 2,4 milhões de hectares na safra 2013/14. A incidência de doenças é um dos principais fatores que afeta a produção do arroz (Oryza sativa L.) no Brasil e o tratamento de sementes com fungicidas é atividade recente. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a interferência da aplicação de fungicidas na qualidade das sementes de arroz, em função do período e do ambiente de armazenamento. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, sendo utilizadas sementes de arroz dos cultivares SCS 118, BRS Pampa e IRGA 424, 3 lotes de cada cultivar, representadas pelo controle e pelas aplicações dos fungicidas Penflufem + Trifloxistrobina, Metalaxil + Tiabendazol + Fludioxonil e Piraclostrobina + Tiofanato-metílico + Fipronil, nas doses de 50, 100 e 150 ml / 100 kg de sementes de arroz, respectivamente; as sementes foram avaliadas 1, 15, 30, 60 e 120 dias após o tratamento. O armazenamento das sementes foi realizado por 120 dias, em ambientes natural e controlado (10ºC e 20% UR). Para determinar a qualidade das sementes foram avaliados o teor de água, a germinação, o vigor (primeira contagem da germinação, comprimento de plântula e testes de envelhecimento acelerado e de frio) e a sanidade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com análise de variância para cada cultivar e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Os resultados permitem concluir: a) O tratamento das sementes de arroz com fungicidas, independente do genótipo, é adequado para manter a qualidade das sementes, por um período de armazenamento de até cento e vinte dias; b) Há influência do fungicida, do ambiente e do período de armazenamento na germinação e no vigor das sementes de arroz; c) A interferência do fungicida na qualidade da semente de arroz varia de acordo com o lote e com o cultivar; d) Os três fungicidas são eficientes para o controle dos principais fungos associados às sementes de arroz, com destaque para Tiabendazol + Metalaxil-M + Fludioxonil para o controle de Microdochium oryzae e Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina para o controle de Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp.
Brazil is the 9th largest producer of rice and the first outside Asia, with production of 12.3 million tonnes at 2.4 million hectares in harvest 2013/14. The incidence of disease is a major factor affecting rice production in Brazil and the seed treatment with fungicides is a recent study. This research has the purpose to evaluate the interference of fungicide application on the quality of rice seeds, according to the environment and period of storage. The research was conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" - Universidade de São Paulo, being used rice seeds of the cultivars SCS 118, BRS Pampa and IRGA 424, three seed lots from each cultivar, were represented by the control and the applications of fungicides Penflufem + Trifloxystrobin, Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl + Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin + Thiophanate-methyl + Fipronil, at doses of 50, 100 and 150 ml / 100 kg seed of rice, respectively; the seeds were evaluated 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 days after treatment. These seeds were stored for 120 days in two environments: natural and dry cold room (10 °C and 20% RH). To determine the seed quality were evaluated water content, germination, vigor (first count of germination, seedling length, accelerated aging and cold tests) and sanity. The experimental design was completely randomized, with analysis of variance for each cultivar and comparison of average by Tukey test (5%). The results indicate: a) The treatment of rice seeds with fungicides, regardless of genotype, it is appropriate to maintain the quality of the seeds, for a storage period of one hundred and twenty days; b) There is influence of fungicide, environment and storage period on the germination and vigor of rice seeds; c) The interference of the fungicide varies according to the genotype and seed quality; d) The three fungicides are effective for the control of major fungi associated with rice seeds, especially Thiabendazole + Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil in control of Microdochium oryzae and Penflufen + Trifloxistrobina in control of Trichoconiella padwickii, Bipolaris oryzae, Phoma sp. e Penicillium sp.

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The use of polymers in soybean seeds has been accomplished with the purpose of incorporating products like insecticides, fungicides, growing substances, minor fertilizers and so on, in order to improve the visual aspect of the seed, to promote smaller operator's intoxication risk and to provide a better seeds' acting and seedlings after sowing. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the recovered seeds' effects in soybeans seed quality lots of high and low germination of the cv. AG 7000. The seed's film coating was accomplished with two commercial marks of polymers, LABORSAN ® , and LANXESS ® , in doses of 2 and 3,5 ml for each kg with and without mixture of the fungicide Carbendazim + Thiram (firewalk ® ). The seeds' quality evalutions, were measured by the germination test, germination in sand and accelerated aging. The use of polymers in soybean seeds provides seeds with good appearance and coloration and can be applied to differentiate the seed from the commercial grain. The fungicide and the polymers do not affect the physiological quality of soybean seed. The results of the polymers and fungicide were superior in the test of accelerated aging, showing higher germination in relation to the check treatment.
O uso de polímeros em sementes de soja vem sendo realizado com a finalidade de incorporar produtos fitossanitários, melhorar o aspecto visual da semente, promover menor risco de intoxicação do operador e proporcionar um melhor desempenho de sementes e plântulas após a sua semeadura. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do recobrimento na qualidade de semente de soja de alta e baixa germinação da cv. AG 7000. O revestimento foi realizado com duas marcas comerciais de polímeros, LABORSAN ® , e LANXESS ® , nas doses de 2 e 3,5 mL para cada kg de semente com e sem mistura do fungicida Carbendazim + Thiram (firewalk ® ). As avaliações da qualidade das sementes foram realizadas por meio do teste de germinação, germinação em substrato de areia e envelhecimento acelerado. O uso de polímeros na semente de soja proporciona sementes com boa aparência e coloração, podendo ser aplicado para diferenciar a semente do grão comercial. O fungicida e o polímero não prejudicam a qualidade fisiológica da semente de soja. Os resultados do polímero e fungicida foram superiores no teste de envelhecimento acelerado, apresentando maior percentual de germinação em relação à testemunha.

Field experiments and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and fungicides on winter survival, and yield of winter-wheat in North Dakota. The study was conducted as a RCBD with a split-plot of planting date, and a factorial combination of cultivars and seed treatments. Of the factors included, cultivar was the most contributing factor for fall emergence, spring stand count, and yield. Planting date was confounded by insufficient autumn soil moisture, delaying emergence approximately 50% at Minot, Williston, and Hettinger. Phosphorus, K, and fungicide treatment effects were not consistent across locations, but fungicide, priming and selected P and K treatments increased stand count or yield at Hettinger, Williston, and Lisbon. These data indicate the use of winter-hardy cultivars, fungicides, and favorable conditions in the fall for emergence are critical factors for growing winter wheat in North Dakota.

A trial was done in a greenhouse at Fazenda Capim Branco Universidade Federal de Uberlândia MG to evaluate different soybean fungicide treatments to reduce the progress of soybean Asian rust in its initial development stage. The experimental desing was completely randomized, as a factorial with 12 fungicides, 4 doses and 3 repetitions, in a total of 144 experimental units, for 5 cultivars. Each unit consisted of 1 line of 6 cells of a Styrofoam tray ( speedling type). The seeds of the five soybean cultivars (Conquista, Luziania, Monsoy 8329, Valiosa and UFUS Impacta) were treated with 0, 30, 40 or 50g i.a.-1 100Kg seeds-1 of the fungicides (Azoxistrobina 250g i.a., Ciproconazol 100g i.a., Ciproconazol + Azoxistrobina 280g i.a., Ciproconazol + Propiconazol 330g i.a., Difeconazole 250g i.a., Epoxiconazole + Pyraclostrobin 183g i.a., Fluquinconazole 167g i.a., Fluquinconazole 250g i.a., Propiconazole 250g i.a., Tebuconazole 200g i.a., Trifloxistrobina + Ciproconazol 267,5g i.a., Trifloxistrobina + Tebuconazole 300g i.a.). After the 2nd trifolium was expanded (35 days after sowing), the fungus was inoculated. Evaluations of the number of pustules per square centimeter (in the 3rd trifolium), plant height, soybean Asian rust severity, according to the scale proposed by Juliatti e Polizel (2004) were done at 42, 49 and 56 days after sowing. After the last evaluation, one plant was harvested per plot to count the number of de Bradyrhizobium japonicum nodules per root. The data obtained for severity and number of pustules were subjected to the analysis of area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Analysis of variance by the F test was done for all variables, and the averages were compared by Scott Knott test, at 5% probability. The seeds treated with Ciproconazol, Ciproconazol + Propiconazol and Propiconazol presented lower development. Ciproconazol and Ciproconazol + Propiconazol used in the treatment of seeds don't present selectivity to the bacteria Bradirhizobium sp.. The increase in the doses of active ingrident reduced the initial development of the plants until 56 days after sowing.
Para avaliar diferentes fungicidas no tratamento de sementes de soja, visando redução do progresso da ferrugem asiática, no período inicial de seu desenvolvimento, foi conduzido um experimento na casa de vegetação da Fazenda Capim Branco Universidade Federal de Uberlândia MG. O delineamento do ensaio foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, 12 fungicidas, 4 doses e 3 repetições, totalizando 144 parcelas, para 5 cultivares. Cada parcela constitui-se de 1linha de 6 células de bandejas de isopor ( tipo speedling ). As sementes de cinco cultivares de soja (Conquista, Luziania, Monsoy 8329, Valiosa e UFUS Impacta) foram tratadas com 0, 30, 40 e 50g i.a.-1 100Kg sementes-1 dos doze fungicidas (Azoxistrobina 250g i.a., Ciproconazol 100g i.a., Ciproconazol + Azoxistrobina 280g i.a., Ciproconazol + Propiconazol 330g i.a., Difeconazole 250g i.a., Epoxiconazole + Pyraclostrobin 183g i.a., Fluquinconazole 167g i.a., Fluquinconazole 250g i.a., Propiconazole 250g i.a., Tebuconazole 200g i.a., Trifloxistrobina + Ciproconazol 267,5g i.a., Trifloxistrobina + Tebuconazole 300g i.a.). Após abertura completa do 2º trifólio (35 dias após semeadura), foi realizada a inoculação do fungo. Aos 42, 49 e 56 dias após semeadura, foram realizadas avaliações do número de pústula por centímetro quadrado (no 3º trifólio); altura de plantas e severidade de ferrugem asiática, segundo escala diagramática de Juliatti e Polizel (2004). Após a última avaliação, foi coletada uma planta por parcela, para contagem do número de nódulos de Bradyrhizobium sp. por raiz. Os dados obtidos para severidade e número de pústulas foram submetidos à análise da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD). Para todas as variáveis, realizou-se análise de variância, pelo teste de F, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. As plantas tratadas com Ciproconazol, Ciproconazol + Propiconazol e Propiconazol apresentaram menor desenvolvimento das plantas. Ciproconazol e Ciproconazol + Propiconazol, utilizados no tratamento de sementes não apresentam seletividade às bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio, e o aumento das doses de ingrediente ativo reduziu o desenvolvimento inicial das plantas até os 56 dias após a semeadura.
Mestre em Agronomia

Seed transmission of Cylindrocladium parasiticum was investigated as a possible explanation for the higher-than-expected incidence of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut in fields fumigated with metam sodium. Sixty-three commercial seed lots from Virginia production fields were examined for the presence of seed with speckled testae, a symptom of seed infection by C. parasiticum. Speckled seed was present in conditioned seed lots in 1998, 1999, and 2000 at an average rate of 1%. Soon after pods were harvested, the fungus was recovered from speckled seed at high frequencies. During winter seed storage, pathogen survival remained high in seed stored at -13 and 4 C, but declined in some seed stored at 15 C and ambient temperatures. Speckled and normal seed with and without fungicide treatment was planted in steam-treated soil in the greenhouse and metam-treated field plots in 1999 and 2000. Speckled seed treated with captan + pentachloronitrobenzene (pcnb) + carboxin transmitted the pathogen to emerging plants in the greenhouse and field. Transmission levels depended on the amount of viable inoculum present in seed at the time of planting. In the field, yield losses were significant when 20% or more of the seed planted was speckled. The low incidence of speckled seed in commercial seed lots would not result in a loss of yield for growers, but may contribute to disease spread. Testing of additional seed treatment fungicides indicated that fludioxonil, tebuconazole, and thiram may offer the best protection against disease spread from seed transmission of C. parasiticum.
Master of Science

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The products to be applied in seed treatment must provide sufficient protection to both seed and seedlings in the field, keeping the fungi, insects and nematodes properly controlled. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible immediate and latent effect of the product Avicta Complete (fungicide, insecticide and nematicide), Cruiser 350 FS + Maxim Advanced and Maxim Advanced on the physiological quality of hybrid maize seed. We used seven hybrids from Monsanto: DKB 330, DKB 350, DKB 390, AG 7000, AG 8021, AG 8015 and AG 9010. Seeds were subjected to the following treatments 1) Control, 2) Avicta Complete®, 3) Cruiser 350 FS® + Maxim advanced®, 4) Maxim Advanced®, and then stored at room temperature for up to 360 days. The assessments were made at 45, 90, 180 and 360 days, and the attributes evaluated were: germination, accelerated aging, speed of emergence and cold test. The data was analyzed according to statistical analysis on the effect of isolated products and the interaction treatment/storage in which the following conclusions were obtained: 1) The treatment on the seeds varies according to the hybrid; 2) In general the phytotoxic effect of the seed treatment is detected after 90 days in ambient storage of the seeds; 3) The fungicide Maxim Advanced did not result in any phytotoxic effect in the hybrids during storage in a not climacteric environment and 4) Corn seed storage for 360 days at cold conditions and treated with Avicta completo and Cruiser plus Maxim Advanced, remain with high physiological quality.
Os produtos a serem aplicados no tratamento de sementes devem oferecer proteção suficiente tanto às sementes como às plântulas no campo, mantendo os fungos, insetos e nematóides devidamente controlados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o possível efeito imediato e latente do produto Avicta Completo (ação fungicida, inseticida e nematicida), Cruiser 350 FS + Maxim Advanced e Maxim Advanced sobre a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho híbrido. Foram utilizados sete híbridos da empresa Monsanto: DKB 330, DKB 350, DKB 390, AG 7000, AG 8021, AG 8015 e AG 9010. As sementes foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: 1) testemunha, 2) Avicta Completo ®, 3) Cruiser 350 FS® + Maxim Advanced®, 4) Maxim Advanced®, sendo então armazenadas em temperatura ambiente por até 360 dias. As avaliações foram feitas aos 45, 90, 180 e 360 dias, com as seguintes características avaliadas: germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, índice de velocidade de emergência e teste de frio. Os dados foram discutidos conforme análise estatística sobre o efeito isolado dos produtos e a interação tratamento/armazenamento no qual se obtiveram as seguintes conclusões: 1) o efeito do tratamento de sementes varia entre híbridos de milho em condições ambientais; 2) em geral, os efeitos fitotóxicos dos tratamentos em sementes manifestam-se a partir dos 90 dias de armazenamento, em condições ambientais; 3) O fungicida Maxim Advanced testado não apresentou efeito fitotoxico aos híbridos durante o armazenamento em ambiente não climatizado e 4) sementes de milho híbrido armazenadas por 360 dias em condições climatizadas e tratadas com Avicta completo e Cruiser mais Maxim Advanced, permanecem com alta qualidade fisiológica.

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As sementes de milho híbrido carregam um dos maiores pacotes tecnológicos da agricultura moderna. Isso tem provocado investimentos cada vez maiores em qualidade e proteção, pois com a introdução de eventos que incorporaram características como resistência a doenças, insetos e herbicidas, aumenta o custo inicial de implantação da lavoura, aumentando o valor agregado da semente e o ganho de potencial genético pode ser observado nos resultados de produtividade atingidos. Considerando a importância do tratamento de sementes industrial, este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar o efeito sobre emergência de sementes de milho submetidas ao tratamento químico e armazenamento por 60 dias. Foram utilizadas sementes de 10 variedades de milho hibrido, dos obtentores Dow AgroSciences (2A550 POWER CORE, 2B433 POWER CORE, 2B587 POWER CORE, 2B604 POWER CORE, 2B688 POWER CORE e 2B710 POWER CORE), Agroceres (AG7098 PRO², AG9040 YG e AG5011 YG) e Coodetec (CD384 HX). De cada hibrido foram separadas 4 amostras 250g cada, de um mesmo lote, essas frações foram tratadas com 3 tratamentos e uma não recebeu tratamento químico. Portanto, os tratamentos, para cada híbrido, foram identificados da seguinte forma: TR1 – Sementes sem tratamento adicional; TR2 – Bioestimulante FERTIACTYL GR; TR3 – Inseticida CROPSTAR + Fungicida DEROSAL PLUS; TR4 – Inseticida CROPSTAR + Fungicida DEROSAL PLUS + Bioestimulante FERTIACTYL GR. Utilizou-se doses recomendadas pelos fabricantes. A emergência de sementes de milho híbrido tratada com inseticida, fungicida e biostimulante é diferenciada entre híbridos e produtos. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de milho mantém-se em níveis satisfatórios quando submetidas às combinações de tratamentos testadas por no mínimo 60 dias.
Corn hybrid seeds carrying the largest technological packages of modern agriculture. This has led to increasing investments in quality and protection, and with the introduction of events that have incorporated features such as resistance to diseases, insects and herbicides, increases the initial cost of crop deployment, increasing the benefit of the seed and the potential genetic profit may be observed in productivity results achieved. Considering the importance of industrial seeds treatment this study aimed to evaluate the effect on emergence of corn seeds submitted to chemical treatment. Were used seeds of 10 varieties of corn hybrid, the breeders Dow AgroSciences (2A550 POWER CORE, 2B433 POWER CORE, 2B587 POWER CORE, 2B604 POWER CORE, 2B688 POWER CORE and 2B710 POWER CORE), Agroceres (AG7098 PRO², AG9040 YG e AG5011 YG) and Coodetec (CD384 HX). Four samples of 250g of each hybrid lot were separated, these fractions were treated with three treatments and one of them did not received any additional treatment. Therefore, treatments for each hybrid, were identified as follows: TR1 – seeds without any additional treatment; TR2 - FERTIACTYL GR Biostimulant; TR3 – Insecticide CROPSTAR + DEROSAL PLUS Fungicide; TR4 - CROPSTAR Insecticide + DEROSAL PLUS Fungicide + FERTIACTYL GR Biostimulant. It was used the recommended doses by manufacturers. Emergence of corn hybrid seeds treated with insecticide, fungicide and biostimulant is differentiated between hybrids and products. Physiological quality of corn seeds remains at satisfactory levels when subjected to treatment combinations tested for at least 60 days.

Anualmente novas tecnologias são incorporadas a áreas tradicionais e de expansão na produção de grãos no Brasil, sendo a soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] a principal cultura. Com vastas áreas e clima favorável, doenças, como a ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & Sydow), foram disseminadas nas principais áreas de produção. Aplicações de fungicidas, do grupo das estrobilurinas associado ao dos triazóis, a partir do florescimento fazem parte do cronograma fitossanitário atual. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito fungicida, fisiológico e interação entre piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em duas variedades cultivadas de soja de hábitos de crescimento determinado e indeterminado, e alterações nos componentes de produção quando submetidos a aplicações durante todo o ciclo. Foram utilizadas combinações com piraclostrobina + tiofanato-metílico e/ou tiofanato-metílico no tratamento de sementes em conjunto com piraclostrobina, epoxiconazol e fluxapiroxade, em aplicações foliares sendo um tratamento completo, um controle e as demais variações das épocas e dos produtos citados. As variáveis analisadas (número de grãos por vagem, número de vagens por planta, número de nós por planta, estande final de plantas e produtividade de grãos) não variaram entre os manejos estrobilurina/triazol e estrobilurina/carboxamida. Na caracterização dos efeitos fisiológicos, foram utilizados os seguintes parâmetros: condutância estomática, atividade fotossintética, carbono intercelular, transpiração e valor Spad. Os dados não foram consistentes na caracterização dos efeitos fisiológicos e sinérgicos da utilização de fluxapiroxade.
New technologies are incorporated every year to traditional and expansion areas of crop production in Brasil. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is the main crop. With vast areas and favorable weather, diseases as soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & Sydow), were disseminated to the production areas. Fungicide application, strobilurins plus triazoles starting at full flowering its an usual management practice in representative regions. This experiment aimed to evaluate the fungicide effects, physiological alterations and interactions between pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad in soybean cultivars of determined and indetermined growth habits, and differences in soybean production compounds when submitted to applications during the cicle. The combinations with pyraclostrobin and thiophanate-methyl and/or thiophanate-methyl in seed treatment together with pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad, in foliar applications with a complete treatment, control and variations of ingredient actives and timing of application. The analyzed variables such as, pods per plant, nodes per plant, final plant stand and productivity did not varied in different systems with strobilurin/triazole and strobilurin/carboxamides. The following parameters were used for characterizing the physiological effects: stomatal conductance, photosynthetic activity, intercellular carbon, transpiration and Spad value. The results were not consistent to characterize physiological and synergistic effects of the fluxapiroxad.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a compatibilidade do tratamento de sementes do feijão-caupi com fungicidas e as estirpes recomendadas para esta cultura. Em laboratório avaliou-se o efeito na sobrevivência de rizóbios inoculado nas sementes de feijão-caupi e tratadas ou não com fungicidas à base fludioxonil, carbendazim, carbendazim + thiram e carboxin + thiram, nas doses recomendas para cultura da soja, e inoculadas com as estirpes recomendadas para cultura. Em casa de vegetação foi avaliado a nodulação e a massa seca da parte aérea de feijão-caupi a partir de sementes inoculadas e tratadas com os fungicidas, além de avaliar o efeito dos fungicidas na germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas em cinco cultivares de feijão-caupi. No campo foi avaliado a nodulação e a produtividade de grãos de feijão-caupi inoculadas com a estirpe BR3262 e tratadas ou não com fungicidas. Não foi observado efeito dos fungicidas sobre a sobrevivência dos rizóbios nas sementes, tampouco redução da nodulação das plantas além de não influir na germinação e no desenvolvimento das plantas de feijão-caupi, em condições de casa de vegetação. Em condições de campo não foi observado efeito dos fungicidas na nodulação tampouco no rendimento de grãos. Com isto, a utilização de fungicidas no tratamento de sementes de feijão-caupi e compatível com a inoculação.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of the seed treatment with fungicides cowpea and strains recommended for this crop. In laboratory evaluated the effect on survival of rhizobia inoculated seeds of cowpea and treated or untreated with fungicides fludioxonil, carbendazim, carbendazim + thiram and carboxin + thiram, in doses recommended for soybean, and inoculated with strains recommended for culture. In the greenhouse was assessed nodulation and shoot dry weight of cowpea seeds from inoculated and treated with fungicides, and to evaluate the effect of fungicides on germination and seedling development in five cultivars of cowpea. In the course was assessed nodulation and grain yield of cowpea inoculated with strain BR3262 and treated or untreated with fungicides. There was no effect of fungicides on survival of rhizobia on seeds, nor reduce nodulation of plants besides not influence the germination and development of cowpea plants in greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions there was no effect of fungicides on nodulation either on grain yield. With this, the use of fungicides for treating seeds of cowpea and compatible with the inoculation.

Orientador: Roberval Daiton Vieira
Banca: Rubens Sader
Banca: Marcos Eustáquio de Sá
Resumo: O estabelecimento da cultura do amendoim pode não ser adequado em função do baixo desempenho das sementes em campo. Isto pode ser atribuído, dentre outros fatores, à redução do vigor das sementes no armazenamento e presença de patógenos. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho verificar a eficiência do tratamento de sementes de amendoim com fungicidas sobre o desempenho fisiológico e controle de patógenos no armazenamento. Para tanto, dois lotes de sementes de amendoim, cv. Runner IAC 886 foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos fungicidas: 1) testemunha (sem tratamento); 2) thiram; 3) carbendazin + thiram; 4) fludioxonil + metalaxyl-m; 5) fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole e avaliadas mensalmente após armazenamento por 60 dias. As sementes foram armazenadas sem tratamento, este foi realizado após os períodos pré-estabelecidos para cada momento de avaliação, e, posteriormente, foram submetidas aos testes de germinação, de vigor (primeira contagem da germinação e envelhecimento acelerado), de emergência de plântulas em campo e de sanidade das sementes. Os resultados revelaram diferenças no potencial de desempenho dos lotes, com superioridade para o lote 1, durante o armazenamento, e entre os fungicidas. O teste de sanidade mostrou que os tratamentos de sementes utilizados foram eficientes no controle dos patógenos (Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium sp.) e todos os tratamentos fungicidas melhoraram o desempenho das sementes em campo. Houve indício de fitotoxicidade dos fungicidas sobre a germinação e vigor das sementes avaliadas em condições de laboratório
Abstract: The establishment of peanut crop may not be suitable, due to the poor seeds performance in the field. This can be attributed among other factors to reducing seed vigor as a function of storage and seed pathogens. Thus, this research was carried out to study the efficacy of peanut seeds treatment with fungicides upon the seed physiological performance and the chemical control of pathogens during storage. Two peanut seeds lots, cv. Runner IAC 886, were submitted to five seed treatments (1. control - no seed treatment, 2. seed treatment with thiram, 3. with carbendazin + thiram, 4. with fludioxonil + metalaxyl-m and, 5. with fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole) and evaluated monthly and after storage for 60 days. The seeds were stored without treatment, this was done after the evaluation period, and then were subjected to germination, vigor (first count and accelerated aging), seedling field emergence and seed pathogens tests. The results showed differences in the performance potential of the lots, with superiority for lot 1, during storage, and among the fungicides. The sanity test showed that seed treatments were effective in pathogens control (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium sp.) and all fungicide treatments improved seed performance in the field. There was evidence of phytotoxicity of fungicides on the germination and vigor evaluated under laboratory conditions. The fungicide does not maintain the high physiological seed quality in storage
Mestre

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The objective of this paper was to evaluate seed coating of soybean seed using equipment for treatment with spray system Grazmec®. The treatments applied with the equipment were: 1) control, 2) fungicide, 3) amino acid, 4) polymer, 5) fungicide + amino acid, 6) fungicide + insecticide, 7) fungicide + polymer, 8) fungicide + insecticide + polymer, 9) fungicide + amino acid + insecticide. The evaluation of the spray system was followed by moisture content determination, weight of 1000 seeds and coverage. Also field emergence was evaluated. The seed quality evaluations were followed by germination, vigor, dry matter of plants and seed health. The seeds were storage for six months and evaluations were done every 60 days. The results shows that soybean seed moisture content was 1% lower with the treatment; the field emergence and weight of 1000 seeds were no affected by treatment; when the change of product and/or seed the equipment should regulated for a coating good. The applied of polymer improve seed coating. The application of amino acid isolate improve the performance of the seeds; the use of amino acid combined with fungicide, insecticide and polymer do not improve the seed quality; the use of polymer fungicide + insecticide + polymer improve leaf area, dry mass of root and of part aerial of the plant compare with control in storage seed for four months after treatment.
Com o objetivo de avaliar o tratamento e o recobrimento de sementes de soja em um equipamento com sistema de aspersão da marca Grazmec Spray System® foi realizado um conjunto de experimentos na Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, campus do Capão do Leão. Os tratamentos aplicados com o equipamento foram: 1) testemunha, 2) fungicida, 3) aminoácido, 4) polímero, 5) fungicida + aminoácido, 6) fungicida + inseticida, 7) fungicida + polímero, 8) fungicida + inseticida + polímero e 9) fungicida + aminoácido + inseticida. Para avaliar o sistema de aspersão foi realizada a avaliações de grau de umidade, emergência em campo, peso de 1000 sementes e cobertura das sementes. Para a determinação da eficiência dos tratamentos foram realizadas avaliações de germinação, vigor, massa seca de plantas, desempenho inicial de plantas e sanidade de sementes. Após tratadas, as sementes foram armazenadas por seis meses e avaliadas a cada 60 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento no grau de umidade das sementes de soja tratadas e/ou recobertas com o equipamento de sistema de aspersão foi inferior a 1%. A emergência de plântulas e o peso de 1000 sementes não foram afetados pelo tratamento e/ou recobrimento realizado com o sistema de aspersão. Para que o recobrimento seja eficaz o equipamento deve ser regulado a cada mudança de produto e/ou semente. O uso de polímero melhora o recobrimento das sementes. A aplicação do aminoácido isolado melhora a germinação das sementes. A combinação de aminoácido com fungicida, inseticida e polímero não melhora o desempenho das sementes. A aplicação de fungicida + inseticida + polímero aumenta a área foliar, massa seca de raiz e de parte aérea das plantas quando comparada com a sem tratamento em sementes armazenadas por 4 meses após o tratamento.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of irrigated rice cultivars BRS 7 Taim and IRGA 417 to seed coating with micronutrient, fungicide and polymer. The experiment was conducted in laboratory and in greenhouse conditions. Seed treatment was done using a mixture of Zn sulphate heptahydrated (pure formulation) + 3.0 mL carboxim + thiram fungicides + 200 mg CF Clear ® polymer + 4.0 mL color + 15 mL of water.kg -1 of seed. Dosage of micronutrient tested were zero; 0.37; 0.47; 0.57; 0.67 e 0.77 g/Zn.kg -1 of seeds. Seed quality evaluations were done through the following tests: standard germination; first count of germination; length of aerial and root parts and dry biomass of aerial and root parts of seedlings; number of panicles per plant; number of grains per panicle and grain weight per plant. Statistical design was completely randomize wit three replications. Results showed that seed coating with micronutrient Zn, fungicide and polymer did not adversely affect germination of irrigated rice, it was different between cultivars and shows high correlation for most analyzed parameters and for germination under sub-optimal temperature conditions. Number of grains per panicle and weight of grains per plant were positively correlated with Zn dosage, providing increase in production. It is possible to conclude that seed coating wit micronutrient Zn, fungicide carboxim + thiram and polymer CF Clear ® may be feasible.
Com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta de arroz irrigado ao recobrimento de sementes com zinco, fungicida e polímero, foi conduzido um experimento em laboratório e em casa de vegetação. Foram utilizadas sementes de arroz irrigado das cultivares BRS 7 Taim e IRGA 417. O tratamento consistiu na aplicação de uma mistura de sulfato de zinco heptahidratado (forma pura) + 3,0 mL de fungicida (carboxim + thiram) + 200 mg de polímero CF Clear ® + 4,0 mL de corante + 15 mL de água/kg -1 de semente. A aplicação foi feita por recobrimento das sementes, testando níveis de zero; 0,37; 0,47; 0,57; 0,67 e 0,77 g de Zn.kg -1 de sementes. Foi verificado o desempenho das cultivares através do teste de germinação e testes de vigor (primeira contagem, comprimento da parte aérea, da raiz, biomassa seca da parte aérea e da raiz de plântulas) e de avaliações de produção (número de panículas por planta, número de grãos por panícula e peso de grãos por planta). Foi utilizado delineamento estatístico completamente casualisado, com três repetições. O recobrimento com o micronutriente zinco, fungicida carboxim + thiram e polímero CF Clear ® , não prejudicou a germinação de sementes de arroz irrigado, foi distinta entre as cultivares e apresentou alta correlação para a maioria dos parâmetros analisados em condições de germinação em temperatura sub-ótima. O polímero CF Clear ® proporcionou satisfatório recobrimento da superfície das sementes. O número de grãos por panícula e o peso de grãos por planta mostrou-se positivamente correlacionado com a dose de zinco, proporcionando aumento na produção. Conclui-se que o recobrimento de sementes de arroz irrigado com o micronutriente zinco, fungicida carboxim + thiram e polímero CF Clear ® , pode ser vantajoso.

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Cowpea is a leguminous very cultivated in North and Northeast in Brazil. It is a crop from Africa, but it has good adaptability in these areas. It is important protein source for poor people of these regions, besides generating employment and income. Seed treatment is important to control and prevent possible pests and diseases attacks that could damage physiological seed quality, reduce plant stand and cause economic damage. It is also possible to apply nutrients via seeds; in this case, nutrients will be readily available to plants shortly after germination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of cowpea seeds treated with fungicides, insecticides and micronutrients in different storage conditions. The experiment was conducted at Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraíba, and the seeds were treated as follows: 1-control (no treated), 2-micronutrient Comol 118 (composed of 1% cobalt and molybdenum 8%), 3-thiamethoxan insecticide (Cruiser 350FS® - 300mL per 100kg of seed-1), 4-Insecticide and fungicide: fipronil and pyraclostrobin + thiophanate methyl (Standak® top-200mL per 100kg of seed-1), 5-Imidacloprid + thiodicarb (Cropstar ® - 300mL- per 100kg of seeds-1). After treated the seeds were stored at natural environment and preservation chamber. The assessment of physiological seed quality was done at 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 days of storage and the following tests were performed: seed germination and seed vigor (first count of germination, accelerated aging, seedling length, seedling emergence and emergence speed index). It was concluded that the treatments with (imidacloprid+thiodicarb) and (fipronil+pyraclostrobin+thiophanate-methyl) provide stimulating effect on seed performance; and seed treated with thiamethoxan are less negatively affected than seed not treated with this product; treatment with micronutrients show similar behavior to untreated seeds and seed storage at natural environment negatively affect seed quality as the period of storage is increased.
O feijão-caupi é uma fabaceae de origem africana bastante cultivada na região norte e nordeste do Brasil, onde se destaca como principal fonte proteica para as populações carentes destas regiões, além de gerar emprego e renda. Para o estabelecimento da cultura as sementes são tratadas para controlar e prevenir possíveis ataques de pragas que possam prejudicar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, ocasionar doenças e reduzir o estande de plantas. Também é possível agregar nutrientes as sementes os quais estarão prontamente disponíveis para a planta em desenvolvimento logo após a germinação. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de sementes de feijão-caupi tratadas com fungicidas, inseticidas e micronutrientes sob diferentes condições de armazenamento. Foram realizados os seguintes tratamentos de sementes: 1-testemunha (sem tratamento); 2- micronutriente COMOL 118 (composto por cobalto 1% e Molibdênio 8%), 3- inseticida tiametoxam (Cruiser 350FS® - 300 mL 100 kg-1 de sementes), 4- Inseticida e fungicidas: fipronil e piraclostrobina+tiofanato metilico (Standak® top 200 mL 100kg-1 de sementes), 5-Imidacloprido+tiodicarbe (Cropstar® - 300 mL 100 kg-1 de sementes) sendo posteriormente armazenadas em ambiente natural e câmara de conservação de sementes a 16 °C e 60 % UR. A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi feita aos 0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 dias de armazenamento através dos testes de germinação e vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento de plântulas, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência). Conclui-se que os produtos (imidacloprido+tiodicarbe) e o (fipronil+piraclostrobina+tiofanato metílico) proporcionam efeito estimulante sobre o desempenho das sementes; sementes revestidas com tiametoxam são menos afetadas pelo armazenamento do que as sementes não tratadas; e o tratamento com micronutrientes apresenta comportamento similar às sementes não tratadas sendo que em ambiente natural prejudica a qualidade fisiológica com o aumento do período de armazenamento.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fungicides and resistance inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl applied as seed treatment associated with foliar applications sprays of fungicides in corn on the control of common rust of corn, caused by the fungus Puccinia sorghi. To achieve this objective to experiments were carried out. On the first experiment, the P. sorghi was inoculated in the laboratory and the effects of the following fungicides were evaluated: fluquinconazol (10 g ia/60.000 seed 1), flutriafol (3 g ai), azoxystrobin (15 g ia), carbendazin ( 10 g ia), carbendazin + thiram (9 + 21 g ia), carboxin + thiram (12 + 12 g ia), fludioxonil + metalaxyl - m (3 + 7.5 g ia) fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole (1 + 6 +0.8 g ia), difenoconazole (6 g ia), acibenzolar-s-methyl (12.5 g ia) and thiophanate methyl +fluazinam (14 + 2.1 g ia). After inoculation, the plants were assessed to count the number of lesions at 7, 14 and 21 days after inoculation (DAI), fresh and dry weight, root length and shoot at 21 DAI. After the assessments it was observed that the fungicides azoxystrobin and fluquinconazol had the highest levels of control of the disease, and the levels of control from the other products tested varied from 23.7 to 49.9% control. No effects of these products were observed on the green and dry weight, length of roots and shoots of maize plants. In the second experiment conducted under field conditions, the effects of the following fungicides were evaluated: fluquinconazol (10 g ia/60.000 seed-1), azoxystrobin (15 g ia) carbendazin (10 g ia) in seed treatment in combination with foliar fungicides sprays. At the V4 stage, the fungicides azoxystrobin (60 g ai ha-1) and azoxystrobin + cyproconazole (60 +24 g ai ha-1) were used and at the V9 stage azoxystrobin + cyproconazole (70 + 28 g ai ha-1). The treatments were combined in a 4x3x2 factorial structure, with 24 treatments and four replications. The rust severity assessments levels started after sowing and the plumule leaf emergence, considering as 1 (full emergence of the plumule leaf above ground), 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 , 42, 49, 56 days after emergence (DAE), severity of common rust at the stages VT, R3 and R5, plant height at 21 and 28 DAE, incidence of stalk rot and mold grains, the 1000 grain weight, final stand and productivity. A significant effect of the fungicides azoxystrobin, fluquinconazol and carbendazin as seed treatment on reducing the severity of common rust of corn until 56 DAE. The treatment with azoxystrobin presented a better result. However, the effect of the seed treatment was suppressed at the 28 DAE when associated with the foliar sprays. The foliar sprays in V4 stage reduced the severity of the common rust and no differences between the fungicides azoxystrobin and azoxystrobin + cyproconazole were oberved. The spray with azoxystrobin + cyproconazole in V9 stage also contributed to the decrease of the disease severity. A greater reduction of disease severity was observed when the sprays were done at the V4 and V9 stages. No treatment effect was observed on the incidence of stalk rot, grain molds, final stand, southern rust and gray leaf spot severity. Only the carbendazin fungicide seed treatment presented a significant effect in relation to the yield.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos fungicidas e do indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl aplicados via tratamento de sementes e posteriormente da associação dos fungicidas nas sementes às aplicações de fungicidas foliares na cultura do milho sobre o controle da ferrugem comum, causada pelo fungo Puccinia sorghi. Para cumprir tal objetivo foram montados dois experimentos. No primeiro, a P. sorghi foi inoculada em condições de laboratório e foram testados o efeito do tratamento de sementes com os fungicidas fluquinconazole (10 g i.a./60.000 sementes-1), flutriafol (3 g i.a.), azoxystrobin (15 g i.a.), carbendazin (10 g i.a.), carbendazin + thiram (9 + 21 g i.a.), carboxin + thiram (12 + 12 g i.a.), fludioxonil + metalaxyl – m (7,5 + 3 g i.a.), fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole (1 +0,8 + 6 g i.a.), difenoconazole (6 g i.a.), thiophanate methyl + fluazinam (14 + 2,1 g i.a.) e do indutor de resistência acibenzolar-S-methyl (12,5 g i.a.). Após a inoculação das plantas foram realizadas as avaliações de contagem de número de lesões aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a inoculação (DAI), peso verde, peso seco e comprimento de raízes e parte aérea aos 21 DAI. Foi observado que os fungicidas azoxystrobin e fluquinconazole apresentaram os maiores níveis de controle da doença, e os demais produtos testados apresentaram valores entre 23,7 49,9% de controle. Não foi observado efeito dos produtos sobre o peso verde, peso seco e comprimento tanto de raízes quanto de parte aérea das plantas de milho. No segundo experimento, realizado em condições de campo, foram avaliados a eficácia dos fungicidas fluquinconazole (10 g i.a./60.000 sementes-1), azoxystrobin (15 g i.a.) e carbendazin (10 g i.a.) via tratamento de sementes em associação com aplicações foliares de fungicidas, sendo no estádio V4 os fungicidas azoxystrobin (60 g i.a. ha-1) e azoxystrobin + ciproconazole (60 +24 g i.a. ha-1) e no estádio V9 os fungicidas azoxystrobin + ciproconazole (70 +28 g i.a. ha-1). Os tratamentos foram combinados em um esquema fatorial 4x3x2, totalizando 24 tratamentos com 4 repetições. Após a semeadura, aguardou-se a emergência da folha plumular e iniciaram-se as avaliações de severidade (%) de ferrugem comum do milho aos 1 (emergência total da folha plumular acima do solo), 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 dias após a emergência (DAE), severidade de ferrugem comum nos estádios VT, R3 e R5, altura de plantas aos 21 e 28 DAE, incidência de colmos doentes e grãos ardidos, peso de 1000 grãos, estande final e produtividade. Foi observado efeito dos fungicidas azoxystrobin, fluquinconazole e carbendazin via tratamento de semente sobre a redução da severidade de ferrugem comum do milho até os 56 DAE e o azoxystrobin foi superior aos demais. No entanto, quando associado às aplicações foliares o efeito dos fungicidas via tratamento de sementes foi suprimido aos 28 DAE. As aplicações foliares em V4 reduziram a severidade de ferrugem comum e não se observou diferença entre os fungicidas azoxystrobin e azoxystrobin ciproconazole. A aplicação de azoxystrobin ciproconazole em V9 também contribuiu para a redução da severidade da doença e quando ambas as aplicações foram combinadas notou-se uma redução ainda maior. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos sobre a incidência de colmos doentes e grãos ardidos, estande final, severidade de ferrugem polissora e cercosporiose. Em relação à produtividade, somente o fungicida carbendazin via tratamento de sementes apresentou resposta significativa.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O estabelecimento da cultura do amendoim pode não ser adequado em função do baixo desempenho das sementes em campo. Isto pode ser atribuído, dentre outros fatores, à redução do vigor das sementes no armazenamento e presença de patógenos. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho verificar a eficiência do tratamento de sementes de amendoim com fungicidas sobre o desempenho fisiológico e controle de patógenos no armazenamento. Para tanto, dois lotes de sementes de amendoim, cv. Runner IAC 886 foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos fungicidas: 1) testemunha (sem tratamento); 2) thiram; 3) carbendazin + thiram; 4) fludioxonil + metalaxyl-m; 5) fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole e avaliadas mensalmente após armazenamento por 60 dias. As sementes foram armazenadas sem tratamento, este foi realizado após os períodos pré-estabelecidos para cada momento de avaliação, e, posteriormente, foram submetidas aos testes de germinação, de vigor (primeira contagem da germinação e envelhecimento acelerado), de emergência de plântulas em campo e de sanidade das sementes. Os resultados revelaram diferenças no potencial de desempenho dos lotes, com superioridade para o lote 1, durante o armazenamento, e entre os fungicidas. O teste de sanidade mostrou que os tratamentos de sementes utilizados foram eficientes no controle dos patógenos (Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium sp.) e todos os tratamentos fungicidas melhoraram o desempenho das sementes em campo. Houve indício de fitotoxicidade dos fungicidas sobre a germinação e vigor das sementes avaliadas em condições de laboratório
The establishment of peanut crop may not be suitable, due to the poor seeds performance in the field. This can be attributed among other factors to reducing seed vigor as a function of storage and seed pathogens. Thus, this research was carried out to study the efficacy of peanut seeds treatment with fungicides upon the seed physiological performance and the chemical control of pathogens during storage. Two peanut seeds lots, cv. Runner IAC 886, were submitted to five seed treatments (1. control – no seed treatment, 2. seed treatment with thiram, 3. with carbendazin + thiram, 4. with fludioxonil + metalaxyl-m and, 5. with fludioxonil + mefenoxam + thiabendazole) and evaluated monthly and after storage for 60 days. The seeds were stored without treatment, this was done after the evaluation period, and then were subjected to germination, vigor (first count and accelerated aging), seedling field emergence and seed pathogens tests. The results showed differences in the performance potential of the lots, with superiority for lot 1, during storage, and among the fungicides. The sanity test showed that seed treatments were effective in pathogens control (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium sp.) and all fungicide treatments improved seed performance in the field. There was evidence of phytotoxicity of fungicides on the germination and vigor evaluated under laboratory conditions. The fungicide does not maintain the high physiological seed quality in storage

Dry bean and field pea root rots have resulted in substantial yield losses in North Dakota. Root rot symptoms range from small lesions to complete root destruction. Traditional management practices such as seed treatment fungicides and crop rotation have proven insufficient under high disease pressure. The objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of in-furrow fungicide applications for management of dry bean and field pea root rot under field and greenhouse conditions. Fungicides were applied in-furrow at planting on dry beans and field peas. In most trials, the inoculated/non-treated control displayed significantly higher levels of root rot than the non-inoculated/non-treated control. In-furrow fungicides generally reduced root rot severity, sometimes significantly over the seed treatment; however, the level of control varied among hosts and pathogens. The results of these studies indicate that the use of in-furrow fungicides, along with cultural practices, may improve the overall management of root rot.

Seedling blight of maize has significantly influenced field crop stands and seedling vigour over various localities and seasons. The extent of the problem is influenced by a number of factors which includes soil temperature (generally below 13 °C), waterlogged soils, inadequate fertilization, herbicide damage and fungal pathogens. The fungi generally causing seedling damping off are often involved in a complex and succession over time varying in importance depending on the field circumstances at a given time. These generally include the Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia spp. and various Fusarium spp. These have been recorded in a number of studies conducted by local researchers in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s on sorghum but to a lesser degree on maize. Uncertainty regarding the status of the etiology of maize seedling blights as maize production practices have changed dramatically in the last 10 years with increased plant populations, reduced tillage, increased crop rotation options and new short season maize hybrids. It is therefore essential to determine the present status of seedling blights in South Africa to confirm the necessity of fungicide seed treatments to ensure adequate plant densities and seedling vigour. Cob and tassel smut caused by Sphacelotheca reiliana is a disease of maize that was a problem in the 1970’s. Due to improved fertilisation, fungicide seed treatments and hybrid resistance this disease was reduced to such levels that the disease was only found to occur on research farms where seedlings were inoculated. Since 2007, the disease was reported to reach epidemic proportions on the heavy clay soils in the Standerton area. This disease has since spread over the last seven seasons to a range including northern KwaZulu/Natal, namely as far as Underberg/Swartberg, the Witbank, Ermelo, Middelburg and Delmas area in Mpumalanga and to Harrismith in the eastern Free State maize production area. This may be due to susceptible hybrids coming onto the local market or the inability of traditional fungicide seed treatments to contain infection. New and unregistered seed treatments available will be tested for their ability to control cob and tassel smut in two fields over two seasons. The aims of this dissertation were to determine the extent of the seedling blight problem in commercial fields throughout the maize industry. To determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments for the control of maize seedling blights using both field and greenhouse studies, and to determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments for the control of cob and tassel smut of maize in field trials. A total of 101 localities were sampled throughout the maize producing region of South Africa with root discolouration varying from 0 to 90 % root discolouration. Seventy different fungal species were isolated from the maize seedlings roots which include species such as Aspergillus, Clonostachus, Fusarium, Trichoderma and Penicillium. The most commonly isolated fungi which included Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were evaluated in glasshouse studies to determine their pathogenicity. Pathogenicity differed between isolates of the same fungal species, which were collected from different geographical regions, in the glasshouse studies. Field trials for seedling blight disease showed significant differences between the localities (P < 0.001) the trials were planted at, and between seed treatments. Significant season (P < 0.001) and locality (P < 0.05) differences were also found for cob and tassel smut trials planted at Potchefstroom, North-West province and Greytown, KwaZulu/Natal Province respectively. Fungicide seed treatments also showed significant differences for cob and tassel smut regarding plants infected (P < 0.001) and yield loss (P < 0.05). Overall seed treatments can be seen as an effective controlling agent for the control of seed- and soil-borne fungi on maize.
MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015