Academic literature on the topic 'Seeding method'
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Journal articles on the topic "Seeding method"
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Gao, Junpeng, Yuhua Li, Kai Zhou, Yanqiang Wu, and Jialin Hou. "Design and Optimization of a Machine-Vision-Based Complementary Seeding Device for Tray-Type Green Onion Seedling Machines." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (2022): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092180.
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Green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) is mainly available as factory-produced seedlings. Although factory seedling production is highly automated, miss-seeding during the seeding process considerably affects subsequent transplanting and the final yield. To solve the problem of miss-seeding, the current main method is manual complementary seeding, which is labor-intensive and inefficient work. In this study, an automatic machine-vision-based complementary seeding device was proposed to reduce the miss-seeding rate and as a replacement of manual complementary seeding. The device performs several main functions, including the identification of miss-seeding holes, control of seed case movement, and the seed uptake and release from the seed suction nozzle array. A majority-mechanism-based miss-seeding tray hole rapid-detection method was proposed to enable the real-time identification of miss-seeding tray holes in the tray under high-speed moving conditions. The structural parameters of the vacuum-generated seed suction nozzle were optimized through numerical simulations and orthogonal experiments, and the seed suction nozzle array and seed case were produced using 3D-printing technology. Finally, the complementary seeding device was installed on the tray-type green onion seeding machine and the effectiveness of the complementary seeding was confirmed by experiments. The results revealed that the average values of the precision, recall, and F1 scores for identifying miss-seeding tray holes were 98.48%, 97.00%, and 97.73%, respectively. The results revealed that the rate of miss-seeding tray holes decreased from 5.37% to 0.89% after complementary seeding.
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Chen, Jin, Jin Chen, Zhiqiao Zhang, et al. "Research on Following Suction and Discharging Motion Control Method of Vacuum-vibration Precision Seeding Manipulator." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38, no. 6 (2022): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.15234.
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Highlights The following suction and discharging motion control model is established. The seeding efficiency is about 600 trays/h, and the seeding qualified rate is 94.70%. The following suction and discharging motion control method developed based on this model can be applied to the sowing link of the vacuum-vibration precision seeder. Abstract. With the promotion of super hybrid rice, the requirements for the working performance of rice seeding equipment in industrialized seedling cultivation are gradually improved. According to the circular motion characteristics of the suction plate, the following suction and discharging motion control method of the seeding manipulator was proposed. The control model between suction height and seed layer thickness was established by combining theory with practice. It was used to control the suction height to automatically change with the seed layer thickness and realize the following suction. The motion state of the seedling tray is obtained by image processing, and the suction plate is controlled to synchronize with the assembly line seedling tray to realize the following discharging. The vacuum-vibration precision seeding platform was set up to carry out the following suction and discharging experiment. The results show that when the vibration frequency of the vibration seed plate was 11 Hz, the vibration amplitude was 5mm, the suction negative pressure was 4.5 kPa, and the seed layer thickness was 12 ~ 20 mm, the following suction motion control model could maintain the suction rate above 96.5%. When the velocity of the assembly line was -0.12m/s and the time interval was 6 s, the seeding efficiency was about 600 trays/h, the seeding qualified rate was 94.70%, the reseeding rate and hole rate were 2.77% and 2.53%. Under the condition of satisfying the higher qualified rate of sowing, it can effectively improve the sowing efficiency of the vacuum-vibration precision seeder, and provide a reference for the factory and intelligent development of super rice seedling raising sowing technology. Keywords: Following suction and discharging, Motion control, Seeding manipulator, Vacuum-vibration.
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Gao, Lulu, Jinqiang Bai, Jingyao Xu, et al. "Detection of Miss-Seeding of Sweet Corn in a Plug Tray Using a Residual Attention Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (2022): 12604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412604.
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With the promotion of artificial intelligence in agriculture and the popularization of plug tray seedling-raising technology, seedling raising and transplanting have become the most popular planting modes. Miss-seeding is one of the most serious problems affecting seedling raising and transplanting. It not only affects the germination rate of seeds but also reduces the utilization rate of the plug tray. The experimental analysis of traditional machine vision-based miss-seeding showed that because of uneven lighting, the plug tray was wrongly identified as a seed under bright light, but the seeds in the dark were not easy to identify. When using the seeding area to identify seeds and noise, sweet corn seeds in a small area can be easily screened out. This paper proposes a method using the ResNet network with an attention mechanism to solve the above-mentioned problems. In this paper, the captured image was segmented into the images of a single plug tray, and a residual attention network was built; the detection scheme of miss-seeding was also converted into a dichotomous picture recognition task. This paper demonstrates that the residual attention network can effectively recognize and detect the seed images of sweet corn with very high accuracy. The results of the experiment showed that the average accuracy of this recognition model was 98%. The feature visualization method was used to analyze the features, further proving the effectiveness of the classification method of plug tray seedlings.
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Jankauskienė, Julė, and Kristina Laužikė. "Effect of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Seedling Age and Cultivation Method on Seedling Quality, Photosynthetic Parameters and Productivity." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (2023): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092255.
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The age of seedlings affects not only the quality of the seedlings but also the yield. The age of seedlings of sweet peppers grown in a greenhouse and their cultivation method has been little studied. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effect of agrotechnological tools (direct seeding or transplanting) on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedling quality and crop yield. The research was carried out in a greenhouse covered with double polymeric film at the Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry. Two factors were investigated: seedling establishment method (direct seeding and transplanting) and their different age (60, 50, and 40 days). The 60-day-old seedlings (both sown directly and grown by transplanting) were taller, and had more leaves, a larger leaf area, and a thicker stem, than the 50- and 40-day-old seedlings. The highest content of dry matter was found in the leaves of 60-day-old seedlings that were grown by transplanting. The chlorophyll index was also highest in the leaves of these seedlings. The highest photosynthetic parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2, transpiration rate) were found in the leaves of 40-day-old seedlings (both sown directly and grown by transplanting). Higher yields were demonstrated in sweet peppers whose seedlings were planted in the greenhouse at the age of 60 days and which were sown directly in cups.
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Leverkus, Alexandro B., Laura Levy, Enrique Andivia, et al. "Restoring oak forests through direct seeding or planting: Protocol for a continental-scale experiment." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (2021): e0259552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259552.
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The choice of revegetating via direct seeding or planting nursery-grown seedlings influences the potential stresses suffered by seedlings such as herbivory and drought. The outcome of the balance between both revegetation methods may ultimately depend on how species identity and traits such as seed and seedling size interact with environmental conditions. To test this, we will conduct a continental-scale experiment consisting of one mini-experiment replicated by multiple participants across Europe. Each participant will establish a site with seeded and planted individuals of one or more native, locally growing oak (Quercus) species; the selection of this genus aims to favour continental-scale participation and to allow testing the response of a widely distributed genus of broad ecological and economic relevance. At each site, participants will follow the present protocol for seed collection, seeding in the field, nursery cultivation, outplanting, protection against herbivores, site maintenance, and measurement of seedling performance and environmental variables. Each measurement on each species at each site will produce one effect size; the data will be analysed through mixed-effects meta-analysis. With this approach we will assess the main effect of revegetation method, species, plant functional traits, and the potential effect of site-specific effect moderators. Overall, we will provide a continental-scale estimate on the seeding vs. planting dilemma and analyse to what extent the differences in environmental conditions across sites, seed size, functional traits, and the phylogenetic relatedness of species can account for the differences in the effect of revegetation method on seedling performance across study sites and species.
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Zhang, Bo, Wei Zhang, Yongcai Ma, Liqiang Qi, and Jianfei Shi. "Forming mechanism of a seedling tray comprised of lignocellulose in cow manure." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 3543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.3543-3562.
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A new method for producing biomass seedling trays with cow manure was developed based on heating to above the glass transition point of the lignin in cow dung. The maize seedling tray, manufactured through heat compression molding, could potentially meet the demand for transplanting maize seedlings. A scanning electron microscope and universal testing machine were used to compare the changes in the internal structure and mechanical properties of the seedling tray before and after the seeding period through a compression molding technique at normal temperature before seeding and a heat compression molding technique after seeding. The results showed that the strength of the seedling tray was mainly derived from the mechanical setting force of the fiber laminated in the seedling tray. Meanwhile, the moisture in the seedling tray hindered the lignin from filling in the gaps between the stem fibers in cow manure, as well as it reduced the protective effect of lignin on the laminated inlay structure of the stem fibers in cow manure. Therefore, under the premise that the material could be completely filled in the mold, the study concluded that a lower moisture content resulted in better strength and water resistance of the seedling tray. As such, this study provides an idea for the functional utilization of cow manure.
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Koo, Hae-Jung, Ki-Ho Chang, Sanghee Chae, et al. "A Suggestion of Verification Method for Cloud Seeding Experimental Results via Analyses of Chemical Components of Precipitation." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 64, no. 5 (2025): 497–512. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-23-0212.1.
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Abstract In an attempt to minimize the adverse impacts of rapid climate change, such as forest fires and droughts, the development of cloud seeding technologies has increasingly attracted attention. However, the effects of cloud seeding have not been verified directly. In the present study, chemical analysis of precipitation samples was explored as a method of confirming the case-by-case effects of cloud seeding experiments. Hourly precipitation samples were obtained using automatic precipitation collectors placed in seeded/nonseeded areas, which were calculated in advance by numerical methods. To directly confirm the effects of cloud seeding, analyses of ionic and heavy metal components (nonsea salt Ca2+ and silver) of the samples were carried out. Three aviation experiments are presented (CaCl2, NaCl powder and CaCl2, AgI flare seedings). Each result demonstrated a noticeable increase in the main seeding materials at the rain sampling points within 1–3 h after the experiment, as confirmed by a numerical model. Although a small number of cases were considered in this study, our hourly analysis method highlights the potential for direct and rapid verification of cloud seeding experiments.
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Silva Junior, Francisco B. da, Claudivan F. de Lacerda, Geocleber G. de Sousa, et al. "Nutritional status of watermelon irrigated with brackish water in different planting systems." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, no. 5 (2023): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n5p367-374.
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ABSTRACT Watermelon is cultivated in practically all Brazilian states; however, there are still disagreements as to the best way to propagate it. In addition, the Northeast region, the main producing region in the country, is increasingly facing the scarcity of low-salinity water. Given this context, this study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiology and mineral contents of the watermelon crop subjected to irrigation water of different electrical conductivities, using seedlings or direct seeding. A randomized block experimental design with split plots was used, with four replications. The plot was formed by the electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (0.3, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 dS m-1) and the subplot by the planting methods - DS = direct seeding, TP1 = transplanting of the seedling produced with water of moderate salinity (1.5 dS m-1), and TP2 = transplanting of the seedling produced with water of low salinity (0.3 dS m-1). The highest biomass accumulation was obtained in the direct seeding method. Salt stress increases the intrinsic water use efficiency in watermelon plants. The TP1 and TP2 planting methods led to the highest contents of P and K in the leaf. The increase in the salinity level increases the content of S and reduces the content of Cu and Mn.
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Zhu, Haibin, Xizhan Lu, Kaiwei Zhang, et al. "Optimum Basic Seedling Density and Yield and Quality Characteristics of Unmanned Aerial Seeding Rice." Agronomy 13, no. 8 (2023): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13081980.
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Unmanned aerial seeding (UAS) is an efficient unmanned rice planting method with broad application prospects. But its optimum basic seedling number and yield and quality characteristics remain unclear. Field experiments were conducted to compare UAS, unmanned dry direct seeding (UDDS), and unmanned carpet transplanting (UCT) methods using inbred japonica rice variety Nanjing 5718. The UAS method was subdivided into four planting density treatments (UAS105, UAS150, UAS195, and UAS240 = 105, 150, 195, and 240 seedlings/m2, respectively). The results showed that increasing the basic seedling density first increased the yield but then it decreased, and UAS195 produced a significantly higher yield. On the other hand, the grain processing, appearance, and taste quality deteriorated with improved nutritional quality. Among the three planting methods, UAS (UAS195) yielded less than UCT due to there being fewer spikelets per panicle, a lower grain-filling rate, and less photosynthetic activity after heading. However, UAS (UAS195) produced more yields than UDDS by having more panicles, more spikelets per panicle, and more biomass accumulation. Both UAS195 and UDDS had poorer grain processing, appearance, and nutritional quality than UCT, but increased amylose content and taste values. Therefore, UAS195 could be an alternative planting method for inbred japonica rice with coordinated yield, quality, and production efficiency.
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Chen, Nianci, Lei Tang, Xiaowei Guan, et al. "Thallus sectioning as an efficient monospore release method in Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)." Journal of Applied Phycology 32, no. 4 (2019): 2195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01992-6.
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AbstractThe red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis is a marine crop of important economic value and is widely cultivated in the coastal areas of northern China. The current seedling-raising system relies on the germination of conchospores, a process not fast enough to meet the increasing demand from farmers. In this study, we developed a monospore-dependent seedling method based on the asexual reproduction of the Pyropia thallus. The Pyropia thallus was physically sectioned into small pieces (microthalli) that were cultivated at 15 °C. The algal cells in the microthalli became morphologically condensed, underwent cell division, and then developed into monospores on the 5th day. The monospores were able to attach to the seeding rope in 24 h and germinated into healthy thalli. To optimize the efficiency of monospore release, we tested the effect of temperature and the size and original positions of the microthalli as well as the age of the mother thallus. Microthalli with a size of 30–50 cells from the middle and apex of 21-day-old thalli cultivated at 15 °C yielded the optimum production of monospores. Theoretically, in this thallus-to-thallus seeding strategy, 0.1 g of thallus could produce at least 107 monospores, with the same number of offspring thallus seedlings. Taking all of these advantages together, including the high efficiency, short time, low cost and easy operation, this physical sectioning method could serve as a promising seed source especially for new cultivars with superior traits in Pyropia farming and rapid replenishment of seedlings when thalli undergo disastrous diseases.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seeding method"
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Norton, E. R., L. J. Clark, and E. W. Carpenter. "Planting Method and Seeding Rate Evaluation in Graham County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197471.
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A single field experiment was established in 2001 at the Safford Agricultural Center to evaluate the effects planting method and seeding rate have on plant population and yield of an Upland cotton cultivar Deltapine DP655BR. Two planting methods; planting into moisture (pre-irrigate) and dry plant/water-up, were main effects with three seeding rates of 10, 20, and 30 lbs./acre as sub-effects. These effects were evaluated with respect to stand establishment and yield. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences with respect to planting method for either plant population or yield, so data was combined across main effects. Significant differences were observed in plant population and yield as a function of seeding rate. A linear increase in yield with plant population was observed. These results are not consistent with previous research performed examining plant population effects on yield. This experiment will be conducted again in 2002 in an effort to validate results observed in 2001.
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Geng, Yanli. "Metallization of DNA and DNA Origami Using a Pd Seeding Method." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3857.
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In this dissertation, I developed a Pd seeding method in association with electroless plating, to successfully metallize both lambda DNA and DNA origami templates on different surfaces. On mica surfaces, this method offered a fast, simple process, and the ability to obtain a relatively high yield of metallized DNA nanostructures. When using lambda DNA as the templates, I studied the effect of Pd(II) activation time on the seed height and density, and an optimal activation time between 10 and 30 min was obtained. Based on the Pd seeds formed on DNA, as well as a Pd electroless plating solution, continuous Pd nanowires that had an average diameter of ~28 nm were formed with good selectivity on lambda DNA. The selected Pd activation time was also applied to metallize "T"-shape DNA origami, and Au coated branched nanostructures with a length between 200-250 nm, and wire diameters of ~40 nm were also fabricated. In addition, I found that the addition of Mg2+ ion into the reducing agent and electroless plating solution could benefit the surface retention of Pd seeded DNA and Au plated DNA structures. This work indicated that DNA molecules were promising templates to fabricate metal nanostructures; moreover, the formation of Au metallized branched nanostructures showed progress towards nanodevice fabrication using DNA origami. Silicon surfaces were also used as the substrates for DNA metallization. More complex circular circuit DNA origami templates were used. To obtain high enough seed density, multiple Pd seeding steps were applied which showed good selectivity and the seeded DNA origami remained on the surface after seeding steps. I used distribution analysis of seed height to study the effect of seeding steps on both average height and the uniformity of the Pd seeds. Four-repeated palladium seedings were confirmed to be optimal by the AFM images, seed height distribution analysis, and Au electroless plating results. Both Au and Cu metallized circular circuit design DNA origami were successfully obtained with high yield and good selectivity. The structures were maintained well after metallization, and the average diameters of Au and Cu samples were ~32 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Electrical conductivity measurements were done on these Au and Cu samples, both of which showed ohmic behavior. This is the first work to demonstrate the conductivity of Cu metallized DNA templates. In addition, the resistivities were calculated based on the measured resistance and the size of the metallized structures. My work shows promising progress with metallized DNA and DNA origami templates. The resulting metal nanostructures may find use as conducting interconnects for nanoscale objects as well as in surface enhanced Raman scattering analysis.
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Thomas, Jessica G. "Development of a Novel Method of Scaffold Cell Seeding and Delivery for Tissue Engineering Applications." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343722546.
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Ottman, M. J., J. Harper, and B. Tickes. "Durum Seeding Methods, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200838.
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WestBred 881 durum commands a premium price due to its superior quality, but it produces a lower yield than other commercially available cultivars. Studies conducted at Maricopa in 1987 suggested that yields of WestBred 881 may be increased by 3-inch row spacing. Studies were conducted at three commercial farms in an effort to mimic the effect obtained with 3-inch row spacing by using conventional grain drills to obtain more uniform plant spacing. Seeding twice in parallel directions did not result in the desired effect because the seed planted in the first pass was covered by extra soil from the second pass, and the seedlings emerged from cracks made by the disk openers from the second pass. Broadcasting on beds resulted in a poor stand and non- uniform plant distribution compared to drilling the beds. Planting twice in perpendicular directions to each other resulted in a more uniform plant distribution than drilling once, but a slightly poorer stand was achieved due to extra wheel traffic and yields were not significantly increased. The best method to obtain a more uniform plant spacing may be to seed with a 3-inch drill.
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Gustavsson, Kenneth, and Bernander Karl Bengtsson. "Stochastic Watershed : A Comparison of Different Seeding Methods." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176639.
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We study modifications to the novel stochastic watershed method for segmentation of digital images. This is a stochastic version of the original watershed method which is repeatedly realized in order to create a probability density function for the segmentation. The study is primarily done on synthetic images with both same-sized regions and differently sized regions, and at the end we apply our methods on two endothelial cell images of the human cornea. We find that, for same-sized regions, the seeds should be placed in a spaced grid instead of a random uniform distribution in order to yield a more accurate segmentation. When images with differently sized regions are being segmented, the seeds should be placed dependent on the gradient, and by also adding uniform or gaussian noise to the image in every iteration a satisfactory result is obtained.
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Ottman, Mike, Arden Day, and John Harper. "Seeding Rate and Row Spacing for Westbred 881 and Aldura Durum Wheat at Maricopa, 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203761.
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Westbred 881 durum wheat commands a premium price due to its superior quality, but produces a lower yield than other commonly grown commercial cultivars. This study was initiated to improve our understanding of how best to manage Westbred 881. Two durum wheat cultivars (Westbred 881 and Aldura) were planted at 5 seeding rates (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs. seed/A), 5 row spacings (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 inches), and two planting dates (Dec. 1 and Jan. 16) at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Both cultivars produced optimum yields at seeding rates of 120 to 180 lbs/A for the Dec. 1 planting date. At the Jan. 16 planting date, however, yields of Westbred 881 increased linearly with seeding rate up to 240 lbs/A, while Aldura produced optimum yields between 120 and 180 lbs. seed/A. At the Dec. 1 planting date, Aldura produced similar yields at row spacings from 3 to 12 inches, while the yield of Westbred 881 decreased linearly with an increase in row spacing. The highest yield achieved in this study was with Westbred 881 at the 3 -inch row spacing. Row spacings of 6 to 12 inches were optimum for both Westbred 881 and Aldura at the Jan. 16 planting date. The seeding rate and row spacing responses attained with Westbred 881 may be related to its tittering characteristics.
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Thacker, Gary, and Mike Ottman. "Durum Wheat Variety and Planting Rate Trial at Marana in 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203762.
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Five varieties of durum wheat were evaluated at two different seeding rates, in cooperation with Pacheco Farm Management in Marana. Significant differences between varieties were observed in grain yield, plant height, lodging, bushel weight and protein level. No significant differences in yellow berry were observed between the varieties. The planting rates did not cause significant differences in grain yield nor in any of the other characteristics that were measured. There were no significant variety x planting rate interactions.
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Ramirez, de Leon Hector. "Method of pollination and heritability for seedling vigor in switchgrass." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2374.
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Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season perennial bunchgrass native to North America. In addition to its importance as a forage grass, it has promise as a biofuel crop. However, its use is limited because the grass is difficult to establish. Improving seedling vigor is one approach for improving establishment. The objectives of this study were to: 1) select for increased seedling mass through half-sib family selection; 2) calculate an estimate of heritability for seedling mass; and 3) determine the mode of pollination of switchgrass. One cycle of selection was completed using a half-sib methodology. Seedling mass was determined in a series of growth chamber studies. The seed was produced in different space planted field nurseries in the College Station, TX area. Mean seedling weight of the base population (C0) was 0.014 gm seedling-1, while the mean seedling weight from the C1 cycle of selection was 0.029 gm seedling-1. Unfortunately, bulked seed from the base population was old and did not germinate well. Therefore, a new base population was recreated, and the C0 seedlings from this population were heavier than the C1 seedlings, 0.020 and 0.016 gm seedling-1,
respectively. The calculated heritability estimate was H2 = 0.6. Since the C0 and C1 nurseries were not grown on the same soil type, the lack of a positive response for seedling weight may be due to the different soil types. However, it may require another cycle of selection to determine if seedling mass can be positively impacted via half-sib selection. The mode of pollination of the species was determined by 1) observing pollen germination and tube growth in the pistils using fluorescent microscopy and 2) determining seed set with selfed plants. When self-pollinated, the pollen tubes never grew into the ovaries but when cross-pollinated the tubes readily grew to the micropyle. Also, when switchgrass plants were self-pollinated, viable seed were not produced. These findings indicate that switchgrass is highly self-sterile because a self-incompatibility mechanism prevents the pollen tubes from growing into the ovary of the same genotype.
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Ottman, M. J. "Row Spacing and Direction Effects on Yield, Water Use, Tillering and Light Interception of One-Irrigation Barley." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208254.
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The one-irrigation barley variety Solum is adapted to wide row spacing, and sometimes yields higher in wide compared to narrow spacing. This study was initiated to determine the effect of row spacing and direction on Solum water use and yield components. Solum barley was planted at the Marana Agricultural Center at 6, 12, 18, and 24 inch row spacings in north-south and east -west rows in late November and late -February or early March over 2 growing seasons. Row spacing and direction had little effect on yield and yield components, water use, tillering, and light interception. Nevertheless, in some instances narrow row spacing resulted in more heads that were smaller and had lighter kernels than wide row spacing. We measured greater soil water depletion for the narrow row spacings at the late planting date one year due to greater stem density. The narrow rows intercepted more light than wide rows and the wide rows intercepted more light at solar noon in east-west compared to north -south rows. We were not able to confirm the theory that soil water is conserved in wide rows for use at more critical stages later in the season.
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Mc, Donald Earl. "Selection and optimization of the seeding procedure prior to the synthesis of Pd-based membranes." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4102.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil<br>Pd based membranes are known for their incredible selectivity towards H2. In order for Pd membranes to display high H2 selectivity, a defect free layer of Pd needs to be deposited onto a support. Although various fabrication techniques do exist, many researchers have attempted to produce defect free Pd-based films, using electroless plating. The first step in the preparation technique involves “seeding” of the support structure. Even though these seeds, if well distributed and anchored to the support, are crucial in order to obtain the defect free Pd layer, they hardly ever received attention from the science community. This thesis reports findings on various seeding methods as well as the resulting microstructures of the Pd films formed as a result of the type of seeding method employed. Finally the quality of the membranes using the most promising seeding technique was determined by subjecting the membranes to permeance tests with N2 at both high and low temperatures as well as with H2 at high temperatures.
Books on the topic "Seeding method"
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Minore, Don. A method for estimating the preharvest potential for seedling height growth on cutover forest land in southwestern Oregon. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.
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Minore, Don. A method for estimating the preharvest potential for seedling height growth on cutover forest land in southwestern Oregon. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1986.
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Ilieva, Emilia, and Kien-Peng Lim. SMILE project 2004 -- SEEding for multiethnic and intercultural learning experiences: Teaching methods, ways of interaction and reconciliation in South Eastern Europe. Institute for International Cooperation of the German Adult Education Association (IIZ/DVV), SEE Regional Office, 2005.
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Ducruix, Arnaud, and Richard Giegé, eds. Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199636792.001.0001.
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Crystallography is the major method of determining structures of biological macromolecules yet crystallization techniques are still regarded as difficult to perform. This new edition of Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins: A Practical Approach continues in the vein of the first edition by providing a detailed and rational guide to producing crystals of proteins and nucleic acids of sufficient quantity and quality for diffraction studies. It has been thoroughly updated to include all the major new techniques such as the uses of molecular biology in structural biology (maximizing expression systems, sequence modifications to enable crystallization, and the introduction of anomalous scatterers); diagnostic analysis of prenucleation and nucleation by spectroscopic methods; and the two- dimensional electron crystallography of soluble proteins on planar lipid films. As well as an introduction to crystallogenesis, the other topics covered are: Handling macromolecular solutions, experimental design, seeding, proceeding from solutions to crystals Crystallization in gels Crystallization of nucleic acid complexes and membrane proteins Soaking techniques Preliminary characterization of crystals in order to tell whether they are suitable for diffraction studies. As with all Practical Approach books the protocols have been written by experienced researchers and are tried an tested methods. The underlying theory is brought together with the laboratory protocols to provide researchers with the conceptual and methodological tools necessary to exploit these powerful techniques. Crystallization of Nucleic Acids and Proteins: A Practical Approach 2e will be an invaluable manual of practical crystallization methods to researchers in molecular biology, crystallography, protein engineering, and biological chemistry.
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Neumeister, John H. A comparison of vegetation suppression and sod-seeding methods using perennial ryegrass in renovation of non-irrigated permament pastures in western Oregon. 1994.
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McCreary, Douglas D. Evaluating the quality of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziessii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings: A comparison of some current and proposed evaluation methods. 1986.
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Szewczyk, Janusz. Rola zaburzeń w kształtowaniu struktury i dynamiki naturalnych lasów bukowo-jodłowo-świerkowych w Karpatach Zachodnich. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-35-9.
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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different disturbances (both natural and anthropogenic) on species composition and stand structure of old-growth mixed mountain forests in the Western Carpathians. These stands are usually dominated by beech, fir and spruce, mixed in different proportions. The tree main species represent different growth strategies, and they compete against each other. The longevity of trees makes the factors influencing the stand structure difficult to identify, even during longitudinal studies conducted on permanent research plots. That is why dendroecological techniques, based upon the annual variability of tree rings, are commonly used to analyze the disturbance histories of old-growth stands. Dendroecological methods make it possible to reconstruct the stand history over several centuries in the past by analyzing the frequency, intensity, duration and spatial scale of disturbances causing the death of trees. Combining the dendroecological techniques with the detailed measurements of stand structure, snag volume, CWD volume, and the analyses of regeneration species composition and structure allows us to identify the factors responsible for the changes in dynamics of mixed mountain forests. Various disturbance agents affect some species selectively, while some disturbances promote the establishment of tree seedlings of specific species by modifying environmental conditions. Describing the disturbance regime requires a broad scope of data on stand structure, on dead wood and tree regeneration, while various factors affecting all the stages of tree growth should be taken into consideration. On the basis of the already published data from permanent sample plots, combined with the available disturbance history analyses from the Western Carpathians, three research hypotheses were formulated. 1. The species composition of mixed mountain forests has been changing for at least several decades. These directional changes are the consequence of simultaneous conifer species decline and expansion of beech. 2. The observed changes in species composition of mixed mountain forests are the effect of indirect anthropogenic influences, significantly changing tree growth conditions also in the forests that are usually considered natural or near-natural. Cumulative impact of these indirect influences leads to the decrease of fir share in the tree layer (spruce decline has also been observed recently),and it limits the representation of this species among seedlings and saplings. The final effect is the decrease of fir and spruce share in the forest stands. 3. Small disturbances, killing single trees or small groups of trees, and infrequent disturbances of medium size and intensity dominate the disturbance regime in mixed mountain forests. The present structure of beech-fir-spruce forests is shaped both by complex disturbance regime and indirect anthropogenic influences. The data were gathered in permanent sample plots in strictly protected areas of Babia Góra, Gorce, and Tatra National Parks, situated in the Western Carpathians. All plots were located in the old-growth forest stands representing Carpathian beech forest community. The results of the measurements of trees, snags, coarse woody debris (CWD) and tree regeneration were used for detailed description of changes in the species composition and structure of tree stands. Tree ring widths derived from increment cores were used to reconstruct the historical changes in tree growth trends of all main tree species, as well as the stand disturbance history within the past two to three hundred years. The analyses revealed complex disturbance history in all of the three forest stands. Intermediate disturbances of variable intensity occurred, frequently separated by the periods of low tree mortality lasting from several decades up to over one hundred years. The intervals between the disturbances were significantly shorter than the expected length of forest developmental cycle, in commonly used theories describing the dynamics of old-growth stands. During intermediate disturbances up to several dozen percent of canopy trees were killed. There were no signs of stand-replacing disturbances, killing all or nearly all of canopy trees. The periods of intense tree mortality were followed by subsequent periods of increased sapling recruitment. Variability in disturbance intensity is one of the mechanisms promoting the coexistence of beech and conifer species in mixed forests. The recruitment of conifer saplings depended on the presence of larger gaps, resulting from intermediate disturbances, while beech was more successful in the periods of low mortality. However, in the last few decades, beech seems to benefit from the period of intense fir mortality. This change results from the influence of long-term anthropogenic disturbances, affecting natural mechanisms that maintain the coexistence of different tree species and change natural disturbance regimes. Indirect anthropogenic influence on tree growth was clearly visible in the gradual decrease of fir increments in the twentieth century, resulting from the high level of air pollution in Europe. Synchronous decreases of fir tree rings’ widths were observed in all three of the sample plots, but the final outcomes depended on the fir age. In most cases, the damage to the foliage limited the competitive abilities of fir, but it did not cause a widespread increase in tree mortality, except for the oldest firs in the BGNP (Babia Góra National Park) plot. BGNP is located in the proximity of industrial agglomeration of Upper Silesia, and it could be exposed to higher level of air pollution than the other two plots. High level of fir regeneration browsing due to the deer overabundance and insufficient number of predators is the second clear indication of the indirect anthropogenic influence on mixed mountain forests. Game impact on fir regeneration is the most pronounced in Babia Góra forests, where fir was almost completely eliminated from the saplings. Deer browsing seems to be the main factor responsible for limiting the number of fir saplings and young fir trees, while the representation of fir among seedlings is high. The experiments conducted in fenced plots located in the mixed forests in BGNP proved that fir and sycamore were the most preferred by deer species among seedlings and saplings. In GNP (Gorce National Park) and TNP (Tatra National Park), the changes in species composition of tree regeneration are similar, but single firs or even small groups of firs are present among saplings. It seems that all of the analysed mixed beech-fir-spruce forests undergo directional changes, causing a systematic decrease in fir representation, and the expansion of beech. This tendency results from the indirect anthropogenic impact, past and present. Fir regeneration decline, alongside with the high level of spruce trees’ mortality in recent years, may lead to a significant decrease in conifers representation in the near future, and to the expansion of beech forests at the cost of mixed ones.
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Gleń-Karolczyk, Katarzyna. Zabiegi ochronne kształtujące plonowanie zdrowotność oraz różnorodność mikroorganizmów związanych z czernieniem pierścieniowym korzeni chrzanu (Atmoracia rusticana Gaertn.). Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-39-7.
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Horseradish roots, due to the content of many valuable nutrients and substances with healing and pro-health properties, are used more and more in medicine, food industry and cosmetics. In Poland, the cultivation of horseradish is considered minor crops. In addition, its limited size causes horseradish producers to encounter a number of unresolved agrotechnical problems. Infectious diseases developing on the leaves and roots during the long growing season reduce the size and quality of root crops. The small range of protection products intended for use in the cultivation of horseradish generates further serious environmental problems (immunization of pathogens, low effectiveness, deterioration of the quality of raw materials intended for industry, destruction of beneficial organisms and biodiversity). In order to meet the problems encountered by horseradish producers and taking into account the lack of data on: yielding, occurrence of infectious diseases and the possibility of combating them with methods alternative to chemical ones in the years 2012–2015, rigorous experiments have been carried out. The paper compares the impact of chemical protection and its reduced variants with biological protection on: total yield of horseradish roots and its structure. The intensification of infectious diseases on horseradish leaves and roots was analyzed extensively. Correlations were examined between individual disease entities and total yield and separated root fractions. A very important and innovative part of the work was to learn about the microbial communities involved in the epidemiology of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The effect was examined of treatment of horseradish cuttings with a biological preparation (Pythium oligandrum), a chemical preparation (thiophanate-methyl), and the Kelpak SL biostimulator (auxins and cytokinins from the Ecklonia maxima algae) on the quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the communities of these microorganisms. The affiliation of species to groups of frequencies was arranged hierarchically, and the biodiversity of these communities was expressed by the following indicators: Simpson index, Shannon–Wiener index, Shannon evenness index and species richness index. Correlations were assessed between the number of communities, indicators of their biodiversity and intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. It was shown that the total yield of horseradish roots was on average 126 dt · ha–1. Within its structure, the main root was 56%, whereas the fraction of lateral roots (cuttings) with a length of more than 20 cm accounted for 26%, and those shorter than 20 cm for 12%, with unprofitable yield (waste) of 6%. In the years with higher humidity, the total root yield was higher than in the dry seasons by around 51 dt · ha–1 on average. On the other hand, the applied protection treatments significantly increased the total yield of horseradish roots from 4,6 to 45,3 dt · ha–1 and the share of fractions of more than 30 cm therein. Higher yielding effects were obtained in variants with a reduced amount of foliar application of fungicides at the expense of introducing biopreparations and biostimulators (R1, R2, R3) and in chemical protection (Ch) than in biological protection (B1, B2) and with the limitation of treatments only to the treatment of cuttings. The largest increments can be expected after treating the seedlings with Topsin M 500 SC and spraying the leaves: 1 × Amistar Opti 480 SC, 1 × Polyversum WP, 1 × Timorex Gold 24 EC and three times with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL + 1 × Tytanit). In the perspective of the increasing water deficit, among the biological protection methods, the (B2) variant with the treatment of seedlings with auxins and cytokinins contained in the E. maxima algae extract is more recommended than (B1) involving the use of P. oligandrum spores. White rust was the biggest threat on horseradish plantations, whereas the following occurred to a lesser extent: Phoma leaf spot, Cylindrosporium disease, Alternaria black spot and Verticillium wilt. In turn, on the surface of the roots it was dry root rot and inside – Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. The best health of the leaves and roots was ensured by full chemical protection (cuttings treatment + 6 foliar applications). A similar effect of protection against Albugo candida and Pyrenopeziza brassicae was achieved in the case of reduced chemical protection to one foliar treatment with synthetic fungicide, two treatments with biological preparations (Polyversum WP and Timorex Gold 24 EC) and three treatments with biostimulators (2 × Kelpak SL, 1 × Tytanit). On the other hand, the level of limitation of root diseases comparable with chemical protection was ensured by its reduced variants R3 and R2, and in the case of dry root rot, also both variants of biological protection. In the dry years, over 60% of the roots showed symptoms of Verticillium wilt, and its main culprits are Verticillium dahliae (37.4%), Globisporangium irregulare (7.2%), Ilyonectria destructans (7.0%), Fusarium acuminatum (6.7%), Rhizoctonia solani (6.0%), Epicoccum nigrum (5.4%), Alternaria brassicae (5.17%). The Kelpak SL biostimulator and the Polyversum WP biological preparation contributed to the increased biodiversity of microbial communities associated with Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. In turn, along with its increase, the intensification of the disease symptoms decreased. There was a significant correlation between the richness of species in the communities of microbial isolates and the intensification of Verticillium wilt of horseradish roots. Each additional species of microorganism contributed to the reduction of disease intensification by 1,19%.
Book chapters on the topic "Seeding method"
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Gu, Lei. "An Evolutionary Semi-Supervised Subtractive Clustering Method by Seeding." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34522-7_105.
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Feng, Du, Wenkang Shi, Huawei Guo, and Liangzhou Chen. "A New Alpha Seeding Method for Support Vector Machine Training." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11539087_87.
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Huang, Li, Bertrand Meyer, and Manuel Oriol. "Seeding Contradiction: A Fast Method for Generating Full-Coverage Test Suites." In Testing Software and Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43240-8_4.
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Li, Shiwei, Yixuan Gong, Bingsen Li, Shiqian Sun, Qixiang Tang, and Youwu Dai. "Simulation Experiment of Horizontal Disk Type Precision Seed Dispenser Based on Discrete Unit Method for Carrot Sowing." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7887-4_85.
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Abstract We designed a mechanical horizontal disc radish seeder. To verify the reliability of the seed discharger, we analyzed and optimized the rotational speed, thickness and rounded hole size of the seeding disc by discrete element software, and through the experimental simulation, we successfully achieved the effects of uniform seed discharge, low seed jamming rate, and reduction of the leakage phenomenon, with the qualified index of grain spacing S = 85.21%, the index of replanting D = 13.73%, and the index of leakage M = 1.05%.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Propagation and transplant production." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0008.
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Abstract Crop establishment is a fundamental process in greenhouse and hydroponic production. Seed and seedling delivery systems vary considerably between different types of crops and growing situations and with level of mechanization available. This chapter focuses on propagation and transplant production. Crop establishment methods such as propagation from seed, seedling transplant production through containerized and non-containerized delivery methods, seeding of cell flats, trays and other transplant media, transplant production systems, use of plant factories for seedling transplant production, organic transplant production, grafting, vegetative propagation, and tissue culture are discussed in this chapter.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Propagation and transplant production." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0118.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Crop establishment is a fundamental process in greenhouse and hydroponic production. Seed and seedling delivery systems vary considerably between different types of crops and growing situations and with level of mechanization available. This chapter focuses on propagation and transplant production. Crop establishment methods such as propagation from seed, seedling transplant production through containerized and non-containerized delivery methods, seeding of cell flats, trays and other transplant media, transplant production systems, use of plant factories for seedling transplant production, organic transplant production, grafting, vegetative propagation, and tissue culture are discussed in this chapter.
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Park, In Su, Sang Heon Kim, Jeong Woo Han, Young Gun Ko, Eun Na Chung, and Soo Hyun Kim. "Optimization of Scaffold for a Successful Hydrogel-Seeding Method for Vascular Tissue Engineering." In Advanced Biomaterials VII. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-436-7.333.
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Fujii, Tomokazu, Atsushi Takahara, and Tisato Kajiyama. "Scanning Force Microscopic Study of Polyethylene Single Crystals Prepared by a Self-Seeding Method." In Microstructure and Microtribology of Polymer Surfaces. American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0741.ch020.
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Krolinski, Adrian, Kai Sommer, Johanna Wiesner, Oliver Friedrich, and Martin Vielreicher. "Optimized Method of 3D Scaffold Seeding, Cell Cultivation, and Monitoring Cell Status for Bone Tissue Engineering." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer US, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3052-5_30.
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Zhou, Y. X., H. Fang, K. Salama, and U. Balachandran. "New Seeding Method for Texturing Y-Ba-Cu-O Bulk Superconductor: Multiple Seeded Melt Growth." In Ceramic Transactions Series. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118406106.ch13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Seeding method"
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Glick, Jeremy, William Huntington, and Daniel Heinzen. "A High Intensity Cold Atom Source." In CLEO: Fundamental Science. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.fm3r.6.
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Zhang, Haoming, and Musha Yasenjiang. "Research on Cotton Seedling Detection Method Based on YOLOv8." In 2024 5th International Symposium on Computer Engineering and Intelligent Communications (ISCEIC). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/isceic63613.2024.10810237.
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Ramasamy, Manikandan, James Heineck, Cloria Yamauchi, Edward Schairer, and Thomas Norman. "Comprehensive Aerodynamic Analysis of PIV Measurements in the NFAC 80- by 120-ft Test Section Towards Understanding HVAB Hovering Rotor Characteristics." In Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1351.
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Stereoscopic particle image velocimtery (PIV) was used to characterize a hovering rotor wake at four collective pitch settings in the world's largest wind tunnel test section. The PIV measurements are a subset of a comprehensive dataset acquired during the hover test of the HVAB rotor. Substantial effort was made to cross-validate PIV results with other test measurements and fluid mechanic theories to ensure accuracy in the reported HVAB dataset. Blade coning and flap bending were validated against early tip vortex locations. Tip vortex trajectory was compared against shadowgraphy results and free-jet boundaries. Tip vortex circulation was evaluated using a line-integral approach and least-squares curve-fit to a vortex model. Downwash velocity was compared against momentum theory values. Best practices were followed to correct inherent tip vortex aperiodicity. PIV-specific challenges were exacerbated by testing in a large facility, such as identifying and removing noisy vector fields caused by inadequate seeding. Towards this end, two new filtering methodologies were developed: (1) Modal Outlier Method (MOM), and (2) Projection on Phaseaverage (POP). Significant reduction in standard deviation was observed when outlier vector fields were removed. Lastly, inverse Betz theory was applied on PIV flow fields to relate trailed wake circulation and the sectional bound circulation. The resulting PIV-based loading distribution was used with lifting-line calculations and Helios simulations to analyze wake evolution. Blade-vortex interaction played a significant role in the airloads distribution that, in turn, affected the strength and evolution of the tip vortices themselves. The similarities and differences found among the PIV-, Helios-, and surface pressure sensor-based airloads were analyzed in detail to help plan future experiments.
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Zhang, Kun, Sicheng Li, Shengfeng Wang, and Qin Shao. "A healthy corn seedling identification method based on improved YOLOv5s." In International Conference on Computer Graphics, Artificial Intelligence, and Data Processing (ICCAID 2024), edited by Xin Xu and Azlan bin Mohd Zain. SPIE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3061717.
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Wang, Shuxin, Jin Chen, Yaoming Li, and Zhiyou Pei. "The Detection Method of Rice Seedling Tray Hole Seeding Quantity Based on Improved YOLOv5s." In 2023 5th International Conference on Robotics, Intelligent Control and Artificial Intelligence (RICAI). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ricai60863.2023.10489051.
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Kurinobu, S., Jun Uesugi, Y. Utumi, and H. Kasahara. "Performance of HGMS filter and recycling of magnetic seeding material on magnetic seeding method." In IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1999.837697.
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Hu, Jieling, Yufei Yang, and Xianhua Dai. "Seeding based on complex factors-local fitness method." In Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Communication, and Devices (ICCD 2023), edited by Srikanta Patnaik. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2682869.
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Onoda, Takashi, Miho Sakai, and Seiji Yamada. "Independent Component Analysis Based Seeding Method for K-Means Clustering." In 2011 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wi-iat.2011.29.
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Yizhe Zhang, Lin Yang, John D. MacKenzie, Rageshree Ramachandran, and Danny Z. Chen. "A seeding-searching-ensemble method for gland segmentation and detection." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibm.2015.7359707.
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Cirmi, Giovanni, Hüseyin Çankaya, Peter Krogen, et al. "Novel method for CEP-stable seeding of few-cycle OPCPAs." In Advanced Solid State Lasers. OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/assl.2019.am2a.3.
Full textReports on the topic "Seeding method"
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Minore, Don. A method for estimating the preharvest potential for seeding height growth on cutover forest land in southwestern Oregon. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rn-442.
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Nikbin, Danial, and Yvan Labiche. A Consolidated List of FSM Mutation Operators. Carleton University. Department of Systems and Computer Engineering., 2024. https://doi.org/10.22215/crw/24p5021.
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Mutation analysis is extensively used for the comparison of state-based testing methods that work from a finite state machine (FSM); It consists in seeding faults in the FSM model using mutation operators, one fault at a time, executing already constructed test suites on the correct FSM and the mutated FSMs and comparing executions to identify proportions of mutants revealed by test suites, a.k.a. the mutation score. Although a common experimental practice, there is still a lot to discover about FSM mutation operators so that we can adequately rely on experimental results that employ them, starting with the identification of a common set of operators. Indeed, published results that rely on FSM mutants employ a varied, incomplete, and sometimes ill-defined set of operators, making comparisons of empirical results difficult. In this paper, we report on our effort to coalesce a complete set of precisely defined operators. The paper also illustrates, with the W method for test case construction, and several real-world FSMs, how the operators can be used.
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Pellegrini, Claudio. Theoretical and simulation studies of seeding methods. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1412634.
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Zimmerman, Ephraim, and Staphanie Perles. Vegetation monitoring in relation to white-tailed deer browsing in First State National Historical Park: 2021 summary report. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299655.
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Baseline information on canopy regeneration and plant community composition is needed in order to better understand white-tailed deer browsing impacts at First State National Historical Park (FRST). In 2021, the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) established 20 permanent vegetation monitoring plots following methods developed by the NPS Eastern Rivers and Mountains Network (ERMN) to assess and monitor trends in vegetation (Perles et al. 2014b; Perles et al. 2017). These protocols provided an efficient method of assessing the current status of native and non-native vegetation and deer browsing impact. This report documents the methodology used to quantify the vegetative composition of natural areas at FRST and provides a summary of the data collected in the first year of monitoring. This first year’s activities (2021) included the initial baseline vegetation assessment and summary of results from the baseline data analysis. A variety of metrics used to assess the impact of deer browsing on the vegetation were calculated and are presented. A second survey is proposed for 2024. PNHP used the NPS ERMN database and analysis methods (Perles et al. 2014b) to summarize the condition in year 1 (2021). In year 4 (2024), PNHP will investigate changes in the condition of browse-sensitive understory plants and tree seedlings. Plots occurred in a variety of settings, ranging from younger successional communities to more mature forest stands. Seventy-five percent (75%) of the plots occurred in Mature or Late Successional forests. Disturbances and stressors, such as deer browsing can strongly influence future forest structure as open woodlands mature. A large population of white-tailed deer may severely impact succession from the open woodlands towards closed canopy forest. In closed canopy, later successional forests, a large deer population may inhibit canopy tree recruitment leading to regeneration failure. Given that FRST managers desire to maintain the landscape as forest, it is important to maintain an adequate number of seedlings and saplings of tree species to ensure the persistence of canopy of native tree species as Mature and Late Successional Forests continue to age. The 20 permanent sampling plots occurred within 5 plant communities described by Ebert (2016) and were classified using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (HAC analysis) and indicator species analysis. The most common plant communities within the group of sampling plots were the Mixed oak – beech forest and Mesic mixed tulip – oak-hickory-beech forest. The remaining plots were found in successional Tuliptree woodland, Successional woodland, and Thicket types. All plots were assigned to these types described in Ebert (2016) and crosswalked to the National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). A total of 128 plant species were recorded from the 20 plots at FRST. Eighteen (18) species were found in over ½ of the plots surveyed, of which eight (8) were non-native. In all, 29 plants occurring in the plots (23% of total species richness) were considered introduced (non-native). Non-native plant cover ranged from 0–98% as measured in the monitoring plot quadrats. Indicators of deer browsing varied by plant community type at FRST. In general, the drier Mixed oak – beech forests showed substantially greater impact of deer browsing and fewer seedlings of canopy species in the understory. FRST monitoring protocols focus on a few plant species considered as preferred food for white-tailed deer. Sustained browsing may be affecting long-term viability of these species within the parks. Based on the status of these regeneration metrics in FRST, we suggest that the forest in FRST are in imminent regeneration failure. We define imminent failure as parks that are experiencing severe regeneration failure and are at risk of forest loss due to very low seedling and sapling abundance, as well as species mismatches between canopy and regeneration layers. Given the poor regeneration of canopy species across all community types at FRST, managers should seek opportunities to conduct adaptive management in the park’s forests, especially mixed oak – beech forest, to experiment with and monitor the effects of fire, browse exclosures, and canopy thinning to encourage native canopy tree regeneration.
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Seginer, Ido, Daniel H. Willits, Michael Raviv, and Mary M. Peet. Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573072.bard.
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Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings. Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses. Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse. Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Agassi, Menahem, Michael J. Singer, Eyal Ben-Dor, et al. Developing Remote Sensing Based-Techniques for the Evaluation of Soil Infiltration Rate and Surface Roughness. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7586479.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this one-year project was to show whether a significant correlation can be established between the decreasing infiltration rate of the soil, during simulated rainstorm, and a following increase in the reflectance of the crusting soil. The project was supposed to be conducted under laboratory conditions, using at least three types of soils from each country. The general goal of this work was to develop a method for measuring the soil infiltration rate in-situ, solely from the reflectance readings, using a spectrometer. Loss of rain and irrigation water from cultivated fields is a matter of great concern, especially in arid, semi-arid regions, e.g. much of Israel and vast area in US, where water is a limiting factor for crop production. A major reason for runoff of rain and overhead irrigation water is the structural crust that is generated over a bare soils surface during rainfall or overhead irrigation events and reduces its infiltration rate (IR), considerably. IR data is essential for predicting the amount of percolating rainwater and runoff. Available information on in situ infiltration rate and crust strength is necessary for the farmers to consider: when it is necessary to cultivate for breaking the soil crust, crust strength and seedlings emergence, precision farming, etc. To date, soil IR is measured in the laboratory and in small-scale field plots, using rainfall simulators. This method is tedious and consumes considerable resources. Therefore, an available, non-destructive-in situ methods for soil IR and soil crusting levels evaluations, are essential for the verification of infiltration and runoff models and the evaluation of the amount of available water in the soil. In this research, soil samples from the US and Israel were subjected to simulated rainstorms of increasing levels of cumulative energies, during which IR (crusting levels) were measured. The soils from the US were studied simultaneously in the US and in Israel in order to compare the effect of the methodology on the results. The soil surface reflectance was remotely measured, using laboratory and portable spectrometers in the VIS-NIR and SWIR spectral region (0.4-2.5mm). A correlation coefficient spectra in which the wavelength, consisting of the higher correlation, was selected to hold the highest linear correlation between the spectroscopy and the infiltration rate. There does not appear to be a single wavelength that will be best for all soils. The results with the six soils in both countries indeed showed that there is a significant correlation between the infiltration rate of crusted soils and their reflectance values. Regarding the wavelength with the highest correlation for each soil, it is likely that either a combined analysis with more then one wavelength or several "best" wavelengths will be found that will provide useful data on soil surface condition and infiltration rate. The product of this work will serve as a model for predicting infiltration rate and crusting levels solely from the reflectance readings. Developing the aforementioned methodologies will allow increased utilization of rain and irrigation water, reduced runoff, floods and soil erosion hazards, reduced seedlings emergence problems and increased plants stand and yields.
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Porat, Ron, Doron Holland, and Linda Walling. Identification of Citrus Fruit-Specific and Pathogen-Induced Promoters and Their Use in Molecular Engineering. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585202.bard.
Full textAbstract:
This one year BARD project was funded to develop methods to monitor promoter activity a gene expression patterns in citrus fruit. To fulfill this goal, we divided the research tasks between both labs so that the Israeli side evaluated the use of microprojectile bombardment ; a tool to evaluate transient gene expression in various citrus fruit tissues, and the US side optimized technical parameters required for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of various citrus cultivars. Microprojectile bombardment appeared to be a very efficient method for transient gene expression analysis in citrus leaf tissues but was somewhat less applicable in fruit tissues. Nevertheless, we did succeeded to achieve significant levels of 35S-GUS gene expression in young green flavedo tissue. However, only single random spots of 35S-GUS gene expression were detected mature flavedo and in juice sacs and albedo tissue. Overall, we assume that following some more technical improvements particle bombardment could provide a useful technique to rapidly analyze promoter activity at least in the flavedo tissue. For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we found that shoot cultures of 'Washington' navel oranges,'Fairchild' mandarins,'Eureca' lemons,'Troyer' citrange and various grapefruits provided a more reliable and consistent source of tissue for transformation than germinated seedlings. Moreover, various growth media's (McCown, Quoirin & Lepoivre, DCR) further improved shoot and root growth relative to MS mineral media, which is commonly used. Also pure white light (using bulbs which do not emit UV or blue light) improved shoot growth in various citrus varieties, and paromomycin appeared to be a more efficient antibiotic for the selection of transgenic plants than Kanamycin. Overall, these optimizations improve transformation efficacy and shoot growth and rooting capacity. In addition to the development of transformation methods, both Israeli and US labs achieved progress in the identification of citrus fruit-specific promoters. In Israel, we isolated a 3.6 kb promoter fragment of the thiamine biosynthesis c-thi gene, which is highly expressed in fruit peel tissue, whereas in the US we isolated a 1.5 kb promoter fragment of the citrus seed-specific cDNA CssH. The identification of more fruit-specific cDNAs and their corresponding promoter regions is currently in progress.
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Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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Yalovsky, Shaul, and Julian Schroeder. The function of protein farnesylation in early events of ABA signal transduction in stomatal guard cells of Arabidopsis. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695873.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Loss of function mutations in the farnesyltransferase β subunit gene ERA1 (enhanced response to abscisic acid), cause abscisic acid hypersensitivity in seedlings and in guard cells. This results in slowed water loss of plants in response to drought. Farnesyltransferase (PFT) catalyses the attachment of the 15-carbon isoprenoid farnesyl to conserved cysteine residues located in a conserved C-terminal domain designated CaaX box. PFT is a heterodimeric protein comprised of an a and b sununits. The a subunit is shared between PFT and geranylgeranyltransferase-I (PGGTI) which catalyses the attachemt of the 20-carbon isoprenoid geranylgeranyl to CaaX box proteins in which the last amino acid is almost always leucine and in addition have a polybasic domain proximal to the CaaL box. Preliminary data presented in the proposal showed that increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in stomal guard cells in response to non-inductive ABA treatements. The goals set in the proposal were to characterize better how PFT (ERA1) affects ABA induced Ca2+ concentrations in guard cells and to identify putative CaaX box proteins which function as negative regulators of ABA signaling and which function is compromised in era1 mutant plants. To achieve these goals we proposed to use camelion Ca2+ sensor protein, high throughput genomic to identify the guard cell transcriptome and test prenylation of candidate proteins. We also proposed to focus our efforts of RAC small GTPases which are prenylated proteins which function in signaling. Our results show that farnesyltransferaseprenylates protein/s that act between the points of ABA perception and the activation of plasma membrane calcium influx channels. A RAC protein designated AtRAC8/AtRop10 also acts in negative regulation of ABA signaling. However, we discovered that this protein is palmitoylated and not prenylated although it contains a C-terminal CXXX motif. We further discovered a unique C-terminal sequence motif required for membrane targeting of palmitoylatedRACs and showed that their function is prenylation independent. A GC/MS based method for expression in plants, purification and analysis of prenyl group was developed. This method would allow highly reliable identification of prenylated protein. Mutants in the shared α subunit of PFT and PGGT-I was identified and characterized and was shown to be ABA hypersensitive but less than era1. This suggested that PFT and PGGT-I have opposing functions in ABA signaling. Our results enhanced the understanding of the role of protein prenylation in ABA signaling and drought resistance in plants with the implications of developing drought resistant plants. The results of our studies were published 4 papers which acknowledge support from BARD.