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1
Norton, E. R., L. J. Clark, and E. W. Carpenter. "Planting Method and Seeding Rate Evaluation in Graham County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197471.
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A single field experiment was established in 2001 at the Safford Agricultural Center to evaluate the effects planting method and seeding rate have on plant population and yield of an Upland cotton cultivar Deltapine DP655BR. Two planting methods; planting into moisture (pre-irrigate) and dry plant/water-up, were main effects with three seeding rates of 10, 20, and 30 lbs./acre as sub-effects. These effects were evaluated with respect to stand establishment and yield. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences with respect to planting method for either plant population or yield, so data was combined across main effects. Significant differences were observed in plant population and yield as a function of seeding rate. A linear increase in yield with plant population was observed. These results are not consistent with previous research performed examining plant population effects on yield. This experiment will be conducted again in 2002 in an effort to validate results observed in 2001.
2
Geng, Yanli. "Metallization of DNA and DNA Origami Using a Pd Seeding Method." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3857.
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In this dissertation, I developed a Pd seeding method in association with electroless plating, to successfully metallize both lambda DNA and DNA origami templates on different surfaces. On mica surfaces, this method offered a fast, simple process, and the ability to obtain a relatively high yield of metallized DNA nanostructures. When using lambda DNA as the templates, I studied the effect of Pd(II) activation time on the seed height and density, and an optimal activation time between 10 and 30 min was obtained. Based on the Pd seeds formed on DNA, as well as a Pd electroless plating solution, continuous Pd nanowires that had an average diameter of ~28 nm were formed with good selectivity on lambda DNA. The selected Pd activation time was also applied to metallize "T"-shape DNA origami, and Au coated branched nanostructures with a length between 200-250 nm, and wire diameters of ~40 nm were also fabricated. In addition, I found that the addition of Mg2+ ion into the reducing agent and electroless plating solution could benefit the surface retention of Pd seeded DNA and Au plated DNA structures. This work indicated that DNA molecules were promising templates to fabricate metal nanostructures; moreover, the formation of Au metallized branched nanostructures showed progress towards nanodevice fabrication using DNA origami. Silicon surfaces were also used as the substrates for DNA metallization. More complex circular circuit DNA origami templates were used. To obtain high enough seed density, multiple Pd seeding steps were applied which showed good selectivity and the seeded DNA origami remained on the surface after seeding steps. I used distribution analysis of seed height to study the effect of seeding steps on both average height and the uniformity of the Pd seeds. Four-repeated palladium seedings were confirmed to be optimal by the AFM images, seed height distribution analysis, and Au electroless plating results. Both Au and Cu metallized circular circuit design DNA origami were successfully obtained with high yield and good selectivity. The structures were maintained well after metallization, and the average diameters of Au and Cu samples were ~32 nm and 40 nm, respectively. Electrical conductivity measurements were done on these Au and Cu samples, both of which showed ohmic behavior. This is the first work to demonstrate the conductivity of Cu metallized DNA templates. In addition, the resistivities were calculated based on the measured resistance and the size of the metallized structures. My work shows promising progress with metallized DNA and DNA origami templates. The resulting metal nanostructures may find use as conducting interconnects for nanoscale objects as well as in surface enhanced Raman scattering analysis.
3
Thomas, Jessica G. "Development of a Novel Method of Scaffold Cell Seeding and Delivery for Tissue Engineering Applications." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343722546.
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Ottman, M. J., J. Harper, and B. Tickes. "Durum Seeding Methods, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200838.
Full textAbstract:
WestBred 881 durum commands a premium price due to its superior quality, but it produces a lower yield than other commercially available cultivars. Studies conducted at Maricopa in 1987 suggested that yields of WestBred 881 may be increased by 3-inch row spacing. Studies were conducted at three commercial farms in an effort to mimic the effect obtained with 3-inch row spacing by using conventional grain drills to obtain more uniform plant spacing. Seeding twice in parallel directions did not result in the desired effect because the seed planted in the first pass was covered by extra soil from the second pass, and the seedlings emerged from cracks made by the disk openers from the second pass. Broadcasting on beds resulted in a poor stand and non- uniform plant distribution compared to drilling the beds. Planting twice in perpendicular directions to each other resulted in a more uniform plant distribution than drilling once, but a slightly poorer stand was achieved due to extra wheel traffic and yields were not significantly increased. The best method to obtain a more uniform plant spacing may be to seed with a 3-inch drill.
5
Gustavsson, Kenneth, and Bernander Karl Bengtsson. "Stochastic Watershed : A Comparison of Different Seeding Methods." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176639.
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We study modifications to the novel stochastic watershed method for segmentation of digital images. This is a stochastic version of the original watershed method which is repeatedly realized in order to create a probability density function for the segmentation. The study is primarily done on synthetic images with both same-sized regions and differently sized regions, and at the end we apply our methods on two endothelial cell images of the human cornea. We find that, for same-sized regions, the seeds should be placed in a spaced grid instead of a random uniform distribution in order to yield a more accurate segmentation. When images with differently sized regions are being segmented, the seeds should be placed dependent on the gradient, and by also adding uniform or gaussian noise to the image in every iteration a satisfactory result is obtained.
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Ottman, Mike, Arden Day, and John Harper. "Seeding Rate and Row Spacing for Westbred 881 and Aldura Durum Wheat at Maricopa, 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203761.
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Westbred 881 durum wheat commands a premium price due to its superior quality, but produces a lower yield than other commonly grown commercial cultivars. This study was initiated to improve our understanding of how best to manage Westbred 881. Two durum wheat cultivars (Westbred 881 and Aldura) were planted at 5 seeding rates (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs. seed/A), 5 row spacings (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 inches), and two planting dates (Dec. 1 and Jan. 16) at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Both cultivars produced optimum yields at seeding rates of 120 to 180 lbs/A for the Dec. 1 planting date. At the Jan. 16 planting date, however, yields of Westbred 881 increased linearly with seeding rate up to 240 lbs/A, while Aldura produced optimum yields between 120 and 180 lbs. seed/A. At the Dec. 1 planting date, Aldura produced similar yields at row spacings from 3 to 12 inches, while the yield of Westbred 881 decreased linearly with an increase in row spacing. The highest yield achieved in this study was with Westbred 881 at the 3 -inch row spacing. Row spacings of 6 to 12 inches were optimum for both Westbred 881 and Aldura at the Jan. 16 planting date. The seeding rate and row spacing responses attained with Westbred 881 may be related to its tittering characteristics.
7
Thacker, Gary, and Mike Ottman. "Durum Wheat Variety and Planting Rate Trial at Marana in 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203762.
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Five varieties of durum wheat were evaluated at two different seeding rates, in cooperation with Pacheco Farm Management in Marana. Significant differences between varieties were observed in grain yield, plant height, lodging, bushel weight and protein level. No significant differences in yellow berry were observed between the varieties. The planting rates did not cause significant differences in grain yield nor in any of the other characteristics that were measured. There were no significant variety x planting rate interactions.
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Ramirez, de Leon Hector. "Method of pollination and heritability for seedling vigor in switchgrass." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2374.
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Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season perennial bunchgrass native to North America. In addition to its importance as a forage grass, it has promise as a biofuel crop. However, its use is limited because the grass is difficult to establish. Improving seedling vigor is one approach for improving establishment. The objectives of this study were to: 1) select for increased seedling mass through half-sib family selection; 2) calculate an estimate of heritability for seedling mass; and 3) determine the mode of pollination of switchgrass. One cycle of selection was completed using a half-sib methodology. Seedling mass was determined in a series of growth chamber studies. The seed was produced in different space planted field nurseries in the College Station, TX area. Mean seedling weight of the base population (C0) was 0.014 gm seedling-1, while the mean seedling weight from the C1 cycle of selection was 0.029 gm seedling-1. Unfortunately, bulked seed from the base population was old and did not germinate well. Therefore, a new base population was recreated, and the C0 seedlings from this population were heavier than the C1 seedlings, 0.020 and 0.016 gm seedling-1,
respectively. The calculated heritability estimate was H2 = 0.6. Since the C0 and C1 nurseries were not grown on the same soil type, the lack of a positive response for seedling weight may be due to the different soil types. However, it may require another cycle of selection to determine if seedling mass can be positively impacted via half-sib selection. The mode of pollination of the species was determined by 1) observing pollen germination and tube growth in the pistils using fluorescent microscopy and 2) determining seed set with selfed plants. When self-pollinated, the pollen tubes never grew into the ovaries but when cross-pollinated the tubes readily grew to the micropyle. Also, when switchgrass plants were self-pollinated, viable seed were not produced. These findings indicate that switchgrass is highly self-sterile because a self-incompatibility mechanism prevents the pollen tubes from growing into the ovary of the same genotype.
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Ottman, M. J. "Row Spacing and Direction Effects on Yield, Water Use, Tillering and Light Interception of One-Irrigation Barley." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208254.
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The one-irrigation barley variety Solum is adapted to wide row spacing, and sometimes yields higher in wide compared to narrow spacing. This study was initiated to determine the effect of row spacing and direction on Solum water use and yield components. Solum barley was planted at the Marana Agricultural Center at 6, 12, 18, and 24 inch row spacings in north-south and east -west rows in late November and late -February or early March over 2 growing seasons. Row spacing and direction had little effect on yield and yield components, water use, tillering, and light interception. Nevertheless, in some instances narrow row spacing resulted in more heads that were smaller and had lighter kernels than wide row spacing. We measured greater soil water depletion for the narrow row spacings at the late planting date one year due to greater stem density. The narrow rows intercepted more light than wide rows and the wide rows intercepted more light at solar noon in east-west compared to north -south rows. We were not able to confirm the theory that soil water is conserved in wide rows for use at more critical stages later in the season.
10
Mc, Donald Earl. "Selection and optimization of the seeding procedure prior to the synthesis of Pd-based membranes." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4102.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil<br>Pd based membranes are known for their incredible selectivity towards H2. In order for Pd membranes to display high H2 selectivity, a defect free layer of Pd needs to be deposited onto a support. Although various fabrication techniques do exist, many researchers have attempted to produce defect free Pd-based films, using electroless plating. The first step in the preparation technique involves “seeding” of the support structure. Even though these seeds, if well distributed and anchored to the support, are crucial in order to obtain the defect free Pd layer, they hardly ever received attention from the science community. This thesis reports findings on various seeding methods as well as the resulting microstructures of the Pd films formed as a result of the type of seeding method employed. Finally the quality of the membranes using the most promising seeding technique was determined by subjecting the membranes to permeance tests with N2 at both high and low temperatures as well as with H2 at high temperatures.
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Longenberger, Polly Suzanne. "Development of a screening method for drought tolerance in cotton seedlings." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4765.
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The key to an efficient screening method is the ability to screen large amounts of
plant material in the shortest time possible. Unfortunately, due to the complexity of
drought tolerance, a quick and effective screen for this trait has yet to be established.
The research reported herein was designed to evaluate a screening method for drought
tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings. Twenty-one converted race
stocks (CRS) and two cultivars were evaluated for seedling drought tolerance on an
individual plant basis. CRS are day-sensitive primitive lines derived from various wild
race stocks that were converted to day neutrality for use in temperate region plant
improvement programs (McCarty et al., 1993). Genotypes were evaluated October -
November 2004 and February - March 2005 under greenhouse conditions at the Norman
E. Borlaug Center for Southern Crop Improvement, College Station, TX. Seedlings
were subjected to three sequential cycles of drought at 15 days after planting (DAP).
Drought cycles consisted of withholding water until the moisture content of "indicator"
cone-tainers, containing Deltapine 491 (DP 491), had an average volumetric water
content of 0.07. Plants were then watered to field capacity and percent survival was
recorded after 48 hours. Genotypes differed in their percent survival following three consecutive drought cycles. Drought cycles 2 and 3 did not contribute to the separation
of genotypes. DP 491 was the most tolerant genotype evaluated. None of the CRS were
more or less tolerant than Acala 1517-99. CRS M-9044-0165 was the most stable
genotype across the two experiments.
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Petersson, Magnus. "Regeneration methods to reduce pine weevil damage to conifer seedlings /." Alnarp : Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s330.pdf.
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Morris, Jesse Randal. "Methods and Application for Tracking Seedling Fate on the Utah Test and Training Range." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9102.
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Remote sensing of the environment has become an effective and useful research approach applied across a wide range of scientific and professional disciplines. Generally remote sensing is used to evaluate patterns and processes at broad spatio-temporal scales, such as classifying landscape vegetation patterns or for creating digital surface models, however, there are increasing opportunities to expand the use of remotely sensed information to a wider range of applications at variable spatial and temporal scales. In the field of plant seedling and germination research methods are needed to improve plant establishment and restoration monitoring, particularly in areas that have historically low success rates such as in semi-arid and arid rangeland landscapes. The purpose of this research is to assess the efficacy of remote sensing for tracking seedling height, seedling density, and seedling fate, and determine the biotic causes of seedling mortality in a rangeland revegetation site in northwestern Utah. In Chapter 1, we use 28 time-lapse and motion sensing infrared cameras (Reconyx) to measure seedling density and height in fenced and unfenced plots during the initial four months of seedling establishment and growth. We compare imaged-based measurements of seedling height and density with similar measurements collected in the field and at different daylight hours to determine the accuracy and reliability of remotely sensed measurements. We found that the ideal sample periods for capturing the clearest images were at the time the sun passed zenith and shadows were minimized. Average seedling height was 14% lower in image-based versus field estimates. Seedling density was underestimated by approximately 30% when using cameras. Our study establishes that remote sensing of seedlings using time-lapse cameras is a method for seedling research and monitoring in restoration efforts which merits further research and development. In Chapter 2, we track biotic causes of seedling fate using the methods developed in Chapter 1, and compare seedling survival in fenced and unfenced plots. Fencing led to a four-fold increase in the number of seedlings emerged from the soil. Herbivory and damage caused by trampling and burial resulted in the death of 61.4 % of all unfenced seedlings. Fencing plots increased the probability of seedling survival by seven times. Using cameras to track seedling fate at two restoration sites revealed that small herbivores, including Lepus californicus, Thomomys bottae, and Dipodomys sp. drastically reduced seedling survival during the first year after planting. Effects of herbivores on seedling survival should be taken into consideration when planning revegetation operations, and further research can increase knowledge of how herbivory affects restoration efforts. Using cameras can provide meaningful information to managers and researchers about seedling status and fate.
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小川, 一治, and Kazuharu OGAWA. "Analysis of leaf arrangement and light penetration in a Japanese cypress seedling population by the point quadrat method." 名古屋大学農学部付属演習林, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8665.
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Grattoni, Vanessa [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Hillert. "Advanced seeding methods for generation of fully-coherent ultra-short soft x-ray pulses / Vanessa Grattoni ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Hillert." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218688424/34.
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El-Hodairi, M. H. "Chemical and physical methods of controlling the growth and stimulating the precocity of Bramley's seedling apple trees." Thesis, University of Reading, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376249.
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Lam, Melanie. "Drying of red spring wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) by various methods and investigation of its phenylalanine ammonialyase stability in an in vitro protein digestion." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1625.
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Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalanemia are autosomal recessive inborn errors of phenylalanine metabolism that are caused by mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Due to the stringency of the present dietary therapy, alternative treatments are being studied. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is one of the potential dietary supplements for these patients. PAL is a well-studied plant enzyme which breaks down phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia (Camm and Towers, 1973). It is found in the cytoplasm of the plant cells and is naturally encapsulated by plant cell walls which may protect it against the acidic pH environment in the gastrointestinal tract. It presumably degrades ingested Phe that circulates in the intestinal lumen. In this study, red spring wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) found to contain high PAL activity naturally were investigated as a potential alternative oral therapy. Specifically, the objectives were (1) to evaluate different drying methods on generating concentrated and dried preparation of wheat seedlings containing high levels of PAL activity; (2) to examine the retention of PAL activity over three months of storage under various storage conditions; (3) to determine the stability of PAL activity in simulated human digestion condition to establish if further study of using plant source enzyme in vivo is warranted.
Freeze-drying (FD) was found to have retained the most activity (>90 % recovery dry wt basis) compared to air-drying (AD) and vacuum-microwave drying (VMD) for both leaf and residual seed/root samples. Pre-freezing of leaf tissues at -18 °C before FD significantly retained the highest PAL activity compared to pre-freezing at -25 °C, -35 °C, and -80 °C (P<0.05). Over three months of storage, 60-80 % of PAL activity was recovered in leaf and —100 % was recovered in residual seed/root tissues after storage at -20 °C. After in vitro protein digestion, 36% and 42 % of PAL activity was recovered in fresh leaf and root tissues respectively; however, FD tissues were found to be susceptible to proteases and acidic environment and no activity was recovered after three hours of in vitro protein digestion. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the residual Phe after in vitro protein digestion confirmed that fresh tissues had significantly higher conversion of Phe than that of FD tissues. Together, these results suggest that red spring wheat seedlings may have potential as a dietary supplement for phenylketonuric patients while further study to enhance PAL activity in plant preparations is required.
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Dong, Hanmin. "Container nursery methods for producing seedlings of chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) and oriental arborvitae (Thuja orientalis (L.) Franco)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25732.
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An experiment was conducted to determine the suitability of nine types of plastic or paper containers for raising planting stock of Chinese pine (Pinus tabul aeformis Carr.) and oriental arborvitae (Thuja orientalis (L.) Franco). Plants were grown on the campus of the University of British Columbia, initially, in an unheated plastic shelter and later in a shade house. Height, root-collar diameter and dry weight measurements were taken 22 weeks after germination. Results showed that dry matter production per unit area increased as container spacing decreased. However, the dry weight of individual plants increased with increase in both the volume and spacing of containers. Shoot/root and height/root-collar diameter ratios decreased with increase in container spacing.
A controlled experiment, in which plant density was varied independently of container volume, showed that with closer seedling density shoot height increased, but root-collar diameter decreased. In P. tabul aeformi s but not T. orientalis, there was a significant negative relationship between seedling density and whole plant dry weight.
A controlled experiment in which container volume was varied independently of plant spacing showed a significant positive relationship between container volume and total plant dry weight in both species.
Comparison of three mineral nutrient regimes indicated that elevation of phosphorus level at the beginning and end of the growing season did not increase seedling dry matter production. Growth was better when nitrogen was supplied at 100 ppm, than at 250 ppm.
Lateral roots of both species were prevented from growing down or around the container wall by painting the inside of the containers with acrylic latex paint containing cupric carbonate. The chemically-inhibited roots were able to resume elongating after the seedlings were transplanted from the containers. Thus, after transplanting, the primary lateral roots of the chemically root-pruned plants extended straight out from the tap root. In contrast, the primary roots of plants from unpainted containers grew mainly from the lower end of the root plug where they were air-pruned after growing down the container wall.
In trials with kraft paper containers, the paper disintegrated before the end of the growing season. Thus roots of adjacent seedlings became intermeshed and were difficult to separate. This was prevented either by using polyethylene coated kraft paper, pr by impregnating the paper with copper sulfide. Lateral roots of seedlings raised in copper sulfide impregnated paper containers were pruned as efficiently as those of seedlings grown in copper-painted plasic containers, yet retained the capacity to resume elongation after transplanting.<br>Forestry, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Goodwin, Allen W. "Evaluating seeding rate and cultivar impact on grain yield and end-use quality, and finding replacement methods to assess spring stands of soft red winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1511879350560868.
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Duggal, Arti. "Molecular identification of Fusarium species occurring on white pine seedlings and methods to differentiate pathogenic and nonpathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pini." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ35151.pdf.
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Mahony, Christopher Paul. "Effects of native ectomycorrhizal fungi on aspen seedlings in greenhouse studies: inoculation methods, fertilizer regimes, and plant uptake of selected elements in smelter-impacted soils." Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/mahony/MahonyC0505.pdf.
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In southwestern Montana, areas near Butte and Anaconda support little or no vegetation mainly because of impacts from copper mining. Aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands occur naturally in these areas and rely heavily on native mycorrhizal fungi to moderate below ground conditions. Aspen associates with over 60 species of mycorrhizal fungi, but only a subset occurs on acidic, low nutrient soils. For these reasons, and the fact that aspen is an important colonizing tree on disturbed landscapes, a study was undertaken to examine aspen and its native ectomycorrhizal fungi in pot studies for future use in reclamation projects. The first goal was to develop a method for mycorrhization of aspen in the greenhouse by examining inoculation methods, fertilization regimes, and selection of fungi. Nine native ectomycorrhizal fungi from smelter impacted sites near Butte- Anaconda aspen stands were tested using seed from Silverbow county, MT. Results demonstrated that mycorrhization of aspen in the greenhouse is possible, and that banding is the most effective method, although also labor intensive. Some fertilization was necessary, and high levels of liquid soluble fertilizer dramatically reduce mycorrhization, while the time release fertilizer Osmocote allowed mycorrhization. In general, mycorrhization in peat:vermiculite reduced aspen growth at 3 months, which might reflect an initial carbon drain. Secondly, effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on aspen growth and metal uptake in pots from Smelter Hill and Mt. Haggin were examined. In contrast to our earlier findings, mycorrhization in field soils increased seedling growth, although controls were slightly compromised. Inoculation technique was important and only banded seedlings formed mycorrhizae. Copper uptake was depressed about 50% in both roots and shoots of banded aspen compared to seeding a soil inoculum. Iron, zinc, nickel and phosphorus uptake appeared affected by fungi, but was dependent on species and particular metal, and, in some cases, appeared enhanced. Laccaria, Paxillus, Pisolithus and Scleroderma are of interest for their impact on aspen growth and metal uptake characteristics. Results indicate that inoculation of aspen seedlings with native mycorrhizal fungi has potential for use on smelter-impacted field soils. Once established, aspen's clonal nature could be an advantage in re-vegetating large tracts of land.
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Cowell, Carly Ruth. "Investigating the most favourable seed establishment methods for restoring sand plain fynbos on old fields." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/840.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Horticulture
in the Faculty of Applied Sciences
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013<br>Cape Flats Sand Fynbos (CFSF) is one of the most poorly conserved vegetation types in
the Cape Floral Kingdom, and a large proportion of unconserved land is degraded,
primarily as a result of transformation by agricultural, urban developments and invasion by
alien plants. Fynbos restoration is one of the most important management interventions,
both within the current conservation areas and in any future land remnants acquired for
conservation. Many extant remnants are fragmented and isolated, and if successful
restoration protocols are found, it may be possible to improve the conservation targets for
this critically endangered vegetation type. On old fields, where indigenous soil seed banks
have been lost due to alien plant invasion and anthropogenic action, it is essential to reintroduce
the longer-lived fynbos components that contribute to vegetation structure, in
order to facilitate the progress of the ecosystem on a more natural trajectory.
This research is built on an earlier study of optimal ground-preparation treatments for
restoring Sand Fynbos to old fields. This former study indicated that fossorial mammals
(molerats and gerbils) may occur in dense colonies on old fields and present an obstacle
to successful seedling establishment. The project aims to provide protocols for the
establishment of indigenous seedlings from harvested seed onto old fields, in order to
restore Sand Fynbos vegetation. Different pre-sowing treatments and sowing techniques
were tested on large field plots to determine the most efficient protocol. The objectives of
the research were: a) to investigate optimal pre-sowing treatments of indigenous seed for
restoring degraded Sand Fynbos vegetation in old field sites; b) to investigate optimal
sowing techniques on large field plots for restoring degraded Sand Fynbos vegetation in
old field sites with depleted indigenous seed banks; c) to provide guidelines and
disseminate information on optimal sowing protocols, and their costs, for restoring Sand
Fynbos vegetation in degraded areas and old fields. A further component of the research
was to calculate the costs of all treatments on a per hectare basis in order to assess the
cost-effectiveness of the different options.
Several different seed treatments may potentially increase the germination rate and
promote fynbos restoration. These are scarifying, smoke, smoke water, chemical, light and
temperature pre-sowing treatments. In order to keep the number of treatments (including
their interactions) to a manageable level, only soaking in smoke water extract and seed
coat scarification with course sand and grit were tested. A seed sample of each species
was x-rayed at the Millennium Seed Bank in the United Kingdom, to test for viability in the
seed samples, 52 % of the seed collected were empty, a typical indication of wild
harvested seed. All species were germinated at 10/25 °C and 16/8 hours light/dark
respectively. Scarification had a larger overall germination success, smoke water had very
little effect on CFSF species, it is rather that germination is related to temperatures during
a fire that result in seed coat splitting. It was recommended that further investigation using
more species across the Sand Fynbos vegetation be conducted on pre-germination
effects of heat and scarification.
The study site had been cleared of woody invasive alien vegetation and additional site
preparation included the application of a systemic herbicide to kill undesirable herbaceous
weeds, prescribed fire to clear the site of woody debris and destroy weed seeds, and the
local control of fossorial mammals (gerbils and molerats) by placing raptor perches and
owl nesting boxes around the site. This research found that the use of herbicide shortly
after the prescribed fire and once again prior to sowing was successful in controlling
herbaceous weeds and the indigenous grass Cynodon dactylon. The challenge to using
prescribed burning on old fields was low fuel loads, which resulted in a cool patchy. It is
suggested that cutting and spreading of alien plant biomass is tested as a solution,
however, the material must be evenly spread across the site and not stacked into piles
which can cause excessively hot fires and scorching of the soil. In order to better
understand soil conditions across the site, soil samples were collected prior to sowing, to
analyse for soil macronutrients, organic matter and pH. It was established that all the
excess nutrients added to the site from agriculture and pasturage over the years had
leached from the soil. However, the organic matter content of the soil was extremely low
and research needs to be done on the organic carbon content of the soils, how these
relate to soil micro biota (which species are present and their relationship with CFSF
species) and how best to enrich the site with humic matter for restoration and
establishment of Cape Flats Sand Fynbos. The field trial was set up in the Blaauwberg
Nature Reserve, a random split-plot block design, was replicated five times and used to
investigate the selected seedbed preparation and sowing techniques, namely: broadcast
sowing onto unprepared seedbed, broadcast with plank embedding of seed onto disked
seedbed, broadcast onto disked seedbed and hydro-seed with disked seedbed. Results
from the research found that the most successful methods for sowing seeds were the
hydro-seeding and broadcast with plank embed. These methods may have provided
better contact between the soil and seeds and better protection from predation and wind.
Economically the broadcast and embed was better as machinery was more efficient and
effective than manual labour. This study recommended that these two methods be
combined with the additional planting of rare and threatened species in clumps to
determine the benefits and interactions of each technique over the long term.
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Lundborg, Lina. "Effects of methyl jasmonate on chemical defenses of conifer seedlings in relation to feeding by Hylobius abietis." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Organisk kemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183268.
Full textAbstract:
The chemical elicitor methyl jasmonate (MeJA) could replace insecticides in Europe and Asia for protection of young conifers against the pine weevil (Hylobius abietis). This thesis mainly focuses on the effects of MeJA treatment on chemical defenses of conifers from seedling batches with documented field resistance. Tissues of three pine species and one spruce species, with various treatments, were here extracted in hexane, whereafter volatile contents of tissues were separated and analyzed by 2D GC-MS. Induced responses of seedlings of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) to the folivore pine processionary (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), and the phloem-feeder H. abietis, have been studied. Amounts of mono- and sesqui-terpenes (and also non-volatile resin) in conifer tissues (needles and phloem) were less induced by T. pityocampa than by H. abietis. The MeJA-treated seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) changed their composition of phloem monoterpenes (induction of (-)-β-pinene), and were better protected in field than the seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies), which increased their total amounts of monoterpenes. Orientation bioassays with H. abietis showed deterrent effects of (-)-β-pinene, (+)-3-carene, (-)-bornyl acetate and 1,8-cineole. Conversely, (-)-α-pinene (induced in P. abies but not in P. sylvestris) was non-deterrent. MeJA-treated seedlings fed on by H. abietis contained higher amounts of the H. abietis antifeedant 2-phenylethanol, in tissues and emissions. Phloem of control seedlings instead induced the (+)-α-pinene, which is one of the enantiomers of the H. abietis attractant α-pinene. In response to MeJA treatment, the relative amounts of the (+)-α-pinene increased in the phloem of P. radiata, while it decreased in P. pinaster phloem. The preference of H. abietis in the field for P. radiata before P. pinaster may be explained by these changes in enantiomers of the H. abietis attractant α-pinene.<br>Barrträd är viktiga för skogsindustrin. I Sverige består 57% av ytan av produktiv skogsmark, och av dessa träd utgörs 80% av gran och tall. Som försvar mot insekter och sjukdomar, producerar barrträden kådämnen. För unga barrträd i Europa och Asien är snytbaggen (Hylobius abietis) en allvarlig skadegörare, som orsakar skogsnäringen stora kostnader. För att skydda små gran- och tallplantor före utplanteringen, skulle växthormonet metyljasmonat (MeJA) kunna användas. I denna avhandling har effekter av MeJA-behandling och insektsangrepp undersökts på de två viktigaste barrträden i Sverige, tall och gran (Pinus sylvestris och Picea abies) och på två arter i medelhavsområdet (Pinus radiata och Pinus pinaster). De kemiska försvarsämnena i barrträd har analyserats för att utvärdera effekterna av MeJA-behandling. Vävnader från barrträd med olika behandling har extraherats i organiska lösningsmedel och dofterna från plantorna har insamlats genom fastfas-mikroextraktion. De flyktiga ämnena har separerats och identifierats med hjälp av gaskromatografi och masspektrometri (GC-MS). Dessutom har optiskt aktiva doftämnen separerats med hjälp av en tvådimensionell GC-MS. Plantornas olika försvarsreaktioner har studerats vid angrepp av snytbaggen, som är en floemätare, och av tallfjärilslarv (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), som huvudsakligen äter barr. De lättflyktiga ämnena (mono- och seskviterpener) och de icke-flyktiga ämnena (kådsyror) ökade mer i stam och barr från angrepp av H. abietis än av T. pityocampa. Sammansättning av monoterpener ändrades i de MeJA-behandlade tallplantorna i Sverige, specifikt ökade (-)-β-pinene i stamfloemet. Tallplantorna var bättre skyddade i fält än granplantorna, där den totala mängden monoterpener ökade. (-)-β-Pinene, (+)-3-carene, (-)-bornyl acetate och 1,8-cineole visade sig ha en negativ effekt på snytbaggens orientering mot talldoft i orienteringstester. En av monoterpenerna, (-)-α-pinene, som av MeJA-behandlingen inducerats i granen, men inte i tallen, hade ingen negativ effekt på snytbaggen. MeJA-behandlade tallplantor som angripits av snytbaggen, innehöll större mängder av snytbagge-äthämmaren 2-fenyletanol, både i vävnader och i emissioner. Stam från kontrollplantor inducerade istället (+)-α-pinene, vilken är en av de optiska isomererna av snytbagge-attrahenten α-pinene. För de spanska arterna, som svar på MeJA-behandling, ökade de lättflyktigaste terpenerna i barren hos P. radiata men inte hos P. pinaster, vilken redan innehöll en hög terpenhalt. De relativa mängderna av (+)-α-pinene ökade också i stammen hos P. radiata, medan de minskade i P. pinaster. I fält väljer snytbaggen att gå till P. radiata- framför P. pinaster-plantor, vilket kan vara kopplat till de skillnader i α-pinene-isomerer, vilka här har observerats.<br><p>QC 20160304</p>
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Johansson, Anders. "Olika markberedningsmetoders effekt på granplantors (Picea abies) överlevnad och höjdtillväxt vid Siljansfors försökspark." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-70923.
Full textAbstract:
Markberedning är vanligt förekommande när återbeskogning skall ske efter en avverkning. Vilken metod som väljs styrs av olika faktorer som t ex markfuktighet, humuslagrets tjocklek och mineraljordlagrets djup. I detta arbete studeras ett försök vid SLU: s försökspark i Siljansfors, ca 20 km SV om Mora. Studien omfattar två olika försöksytor, Sf 284 och Sf 287, planterade med gran (Picea abies) år 2004 respektive 2007. Ståndorten är en moränmark, markfuktighetsklassen är frisk och vegetationstypen är blåbär- och lingontyp och är belägen cirka 210 m.ö.h. Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera och jämföra tre olika markberedningsmetoder med avseende på överlevnad och höjdtillväxt hos granplantor (Picea abies) under de första åren efter plantering. Vid plantering utan markberedning och utan kemiskt behandlade plantor är risken för en hög avgång på grund av skador orsakade av snytbagge (Hylobius abietis L.) stor de första åren. De markberedningsmetoder som jämfördes var högläggning, fläckmarkberedning och inversmetoden. Dessa tre metoder jämfördes inbördes samt mot att inte markbereda alls. I det totala samlade plantmaterialet var hälften kemiskt behandlat mot snytbagge. Fördelningen kemiskt behandlat och obehandlat plantmaterial var jämt fördelat i alla försök och upprepningar. I studien ingick också en utvärdering av den så kallade ”kanteffekten”, dvs. effekten av att plantorna sattes närmare än, respektive längre än 10 cm från kanten av den anlagda markberedningsytan. I juli 2009 mättes planthöjd och överlevnad på försöksytorna. Resultatet presenteras som medelvärden i form av stapeldiagram. Överlevnadsgraden höjdes med hjälp av markberedning, permetrinbehandling och val av planteringspunkt i förhållande till humuskant. Det var framför allt högläggning och inversmarkberedning som gynnade plantornas höjdtillväxt.<br>Soil preparation is common when reforestation occurs after harvesting. Which method is chosen is governed by various factors such as soil moisture, humus layer thickness and depth of mineral soil. An experiment was made at SLU's experimental park in Siljansfors, about 20 km SW about Mora. The study comprises two different experimental areas, Sf 284 and Sf 287, where Picea abies was planted in 2004 and 2007 respectively. The soil is a moraine, the soil moisture class is fresh and the vegetation type is blueberry and lingonberry type. The site is located approximately 210 m above sea level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare three different soil preparation methods regarding to survival and height growth of Picea abies during the first years after planting. In the case of planting without soil preparation and without chemically treated plants, the risk of a high mortality due to the damage caused by pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) is high during the first years. The soil preparation methods that were compared were mounding, patch scarification and the inverse method. These three methods were compared to each other as well as to no soil preparation at all. In the total aggregate plant material, half were chemically treated against pine weevil. The distribution of chemically treated and untreated plant material was evenly distributed throughout all trials and repeats. The study also included an evaluation of the so-called "edge effect", i.e. the effect of placing the plants closer than, respectively, longer than 10 cm from the edge of the scarified patch. In July 2009, plant height and survival were measured in the experimental areas. The result is presented as averages in the form of bar charts. The survival rate was increased by soil preparation, permetrin treatment and selection of planting point relative to humus edge. It was above all mounding and inverse soil preparation that favored the height of the plants.
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Kulešo, Anton. "Mikorizės morfotipai paprastosios pušies želdiniuose." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090114_154643-27228.
Full textAbstract:
Mokslinį tiriamąjį darbą “Mikorizės morfotipai paprastosios pušies želdiniuose” sudaro 52 puslapiai, iš jų 10 lentelių, 26 paveikslų, literatūros sąraše 72 šaltiniai. Išanalizuotas paprastosios pušies Labanoro provenencijos sodmenų vystymosi ir adaptyvumo ypatumai lauko daigyne ir želdiniuose. Įvertinta atskirų daigyno substratų (pušyno, ąžuolyno pakločių) įtaka sėjinukų (2+0) vystymuisi, adaptyvumui ir mikorizės išplitimui. Nustatyti minėtos provenencijos sodinukų (2+1) reakcijos į naujas augimo sąlygas atskirose želdavietėse (poligone, miško kirtavietėje, žemės ūkio naudmenose) ypatumai. Pateikti mikorizės kiekybinės ir kokybinės sudėties skirtumai atskiruose daigyno substratuose ir tirtose želdavietėse. Palygintos tradiciniu (morfotipavimo) ir molekuliniais (PCR-RFLP, sekvenavimas) metodais nustatytos mikorizės grybų rūšys.<br>The study from the research “The mycorrhizal morphotypes of Scots pine seedlings in response to different site” amounts to 52 pages, 10 tables, 26 figures and 72 refrences.
The peculiarities of development and adaptivity of Scots pine seedlings from Labanoras provenance in bare-roots nursery and different site were analyzed. We hypothesized that soil with forest litter amendment would affect ectomycorrhizal community structure and growth and productivity characteristics of Scots pine seedlings in bare-roots nursery and in response to different site. In our experimental system, a layer of pine or oak litter was placed on the surface of the nursery bed soil in order to mimic natural litter cover. The influence of different nursery substrata (oak and pine litter) on development, adaptivity and mycorrhizal spread of seedlings (2+0) has been assessed. The peculiarities of seedlings (2+1) of mentioned provenance in response to new growth conditions in different site were found. The differences of qualitative and quantitative composition in nursery substrata and different site were investigated. Mycorrhizal fungi species were assessed by morphotyping and molecular methods (PCR-RFLP, sequence) identification.
We have preliminary evidenced that changes to the supply of organic matter through litter manipulation may have wide-reaching effects on soil physical properties and soil chemistry and thus influence growth and survival Scots pine seedlings and their mycorrhizal communities... [to full text]
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Wu, Yu-Hsun, and 吳于勳. "A Novel Aqueous Counter Diffusion Seeding Method for the Preparation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) Membranes on Ceramic Hollow Fiber Supports for Gas Separation." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6cbq4d.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>化學工程學研究所<br>105<br>Zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 is one of the best known ZIF structures due to its small aperture size (0.34 nm) which is suitable for the most concerned gas separations, such as H2/CH4 and CO2/N2. Tons of researchers have devoted to preparing the ZIF-8 membranes in the past five years, which makes the ZIF-8 membranes step up to commercialization stage. However, the absence of a reliable and practical preparation process results in a difficulty in commercializing the ZIF-8 membranes. In this study, we proposed a novel counter diffusion seeding method combining with an environment-friendly aqueous secondary growth to synthesize the ZIF-8 membranes on the alumina hollow fiber substrates, which is a scalable, economical and green process practically meeting the industrial requirement.
A uniform seeded layer on the substrate, which has been considered as a crucial factor for making the defect-free ZIF-8 membranes by the secondary growth method, could be simply achieved by this novel counter diffusion seeding method. Besides, surface property of the substrate was also demonstrated to play an important role in forming a uniform seeded layer. The effects of the concentration of secondary growth solution and the synthesis temperature for secondary growth on the membrane quality were investigated to find out the optimum synthesis conditions which is using the secondary growth solution with zinc-hmin ratio of 1:50 and synthesizing it at 50 ºC. Additionally, activation drying process was performed to prevent the solvent filled ZIF-8 membranes from forming defects in traditional drying process.
To examine the quality of the as-prepared ZIF-8 membranes, the single gas (He, CO2, N2, and SF6) permeation test was conducted. Finally, high quality ZIF-8 hollow fiber membranes can be obtained, achieving a CO2/N2 ideal separation factor as high as 9.14 with a quite high CO2 permeance (2.66 × 10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1) and the He/SF6 ideal separation factor of 50.57 (with He permeance 3.01 × 10-7 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1), which demonstrates the scalable preparation process proposed in this study is promising and reliable.
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SHEN, TUNG-CHING, and 沈東慶. "Research of Cultivating Seedling Methods for Plant Factory." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5b3n97.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>大葉大學<br>分子生物科技學系碩士班<br>105<br>Plant factory refers to a plant production facility with almost airtight warehouse-like room under correctly controlling plant growth factors. Therefore, plant factory can be stable production all round year by avoiding weather elements. To ensure that the source of health seedlings for crop-production process, how to culturing seedling is a critical factor under plant factory. In order to establish the better efficient method of cultivating seedling for plant factory, this experiment used Chrysanthemum coronarium L., Brassica campestris L. and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. seeds as materials, and tested seed germination rates under different treatment conditions. The results showed that the pretreatment conditions of the B. campestris L. at 4°C for 16 hours were higher than those without pretreatment. In contrast, C. coronarium showed lower germination rates under pretreatment conditions. In the M. crystallinum L. experiment, the germination rates of water agar (WA) or plug tray culture treatments were the highest in the non-pretreatment under light intensity of 50 μmol / m2 / s condition.
Keywords : plant factory, ice plant, pretreatment, seedling.
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Luciano, Luis B. Gomez, and 古麥斯. "Establishment of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedling Screening Method for Drought Tolerance." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36361482684612468853.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>熱帶農業暨國際合作系所<br>100<br>Lack of accurate screening techniques limits the development of tolerant cultivars to drought, which is the most important constraint in rice productivity. A series of experiments were conducted in three stages to evaluate drought tolerance response of indica type rice genotypes at seedling stage: 1) identification of the drought-tolerance potential through observation of root proliferation at different soil depths; 2) selection of soil:sand mixtures and evaluation of drought tolerance responses of rice seedling in nursery trays, as well as in vitro test using PEG-6000 in MS medium; 3) evaluation of drought-tolerance physiological responses at seedling stage in vitro of four previously selected genotypes. Significant genetic variations among genotypes were found in number of root at depths from 0-5 cm, passing 5 and 10 cm, and in accumulated number of root counted from 0-40 cm. According to the root proliferation under drought stress, the genotypes TCS17, TCS10 and TN1 were identified as drought tolerant; genotypes CSY112, and CSY951042 were identified as susceptible. In the in vivo screening of rice seedling, a rapid screening process through soil:sand mixture for rice seedling was established. Leaf drying score was confirmed as a reliable criterion to evaluate water status of rice genotypes seedling under drought stress. The addition of 5 g l-1 of PEG-6000 was found to reduce seedling survival rate (6.67%, 30% and 36.67% for TCS17, CSY112 and TNGS14, respectively), fresh weight and dry weight in vitro, but the increase of dry matter was not significant. For seedling evaluations, genotypes KHS7 and TCS17 showed the best drought tolerance; TS2, TNGS14, and CSY112 were susceptible. The PEG drought-stressed treatment causes reduction in relative growth rate (RGR) and increase proline (Pro) content. Tolerant genotypes showed lower RGR reduction than susceptible genotypes; no differences among genotypes were found in Pro accumulation. The total amount of proteins increased under stress in susceptible genotypes, while decreased in tolerant genotypes. A rapid, simple, and feasible screening system, which combines the use of nursery trays and polyethylene glycol (PEG) tissue culture test, was developed to select drought tolerant rice genotypes at seedling stage under controlled conditions.
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Wu, Chih-En, and 吳志恩. "Studies on biological characteristics of Nalanthamala psidii and seedling inoculation method of guava." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30254066502231469569.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>植物病理學系所<br>100<br>Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is one of important fruit crops in tropical and subtropical areas. More than 177 plant pathogens had been reported in guava worldwide. Among these diseases, the wilting diseases of guava are the limitation factor in guava production. In Taiwan, the causing agents of wilt disease include Nalanthamala psidii and Meloidogyne incognita, and the N. psidii is a major pathogen and widely distributed over the India, Malaysia and South Africa. The initial symptom of guava plant caused by N. psidii showed leaf yellowing, curling and defoliation, and the infected guava plant showed dieback and wilting later, called “Li-Ku-Bin”, in Taiwan. The guava wilting had seriously impaired the yield of guava since the 1970s due to pruning and the N. psidii penetrating into tissue easily. The infected guava plants showed wilting symptom after several months. Presently, no fungicides are recommended to control guava wilting disease, and the sanitary and wound treatment are common strategies on controlling guava wilting disease and decreasing the disease severity and transmission of pathogens in the field in Taiwan. The one-year-old grafted/non-grafted guava plant had been used to examine the pathogenicity of N. psidii. However, the wilting symptom showed after inoculation. Thus, the inoculation of N. psidii on one-year-old guava plant is time consuming and interrupts the study on N. psidii. Moreover, the N. psidii could produce two types of conidia in artificial medium, including long-elliptical conidia (LC) and short-elliptical conidia (SC). The SC can be produced in nature condition; meanwhile, the LC can not be produced in the field. Thus, the roles of the two types of conidia of N. psidii in ecology are still unknown. The objectives of this study were to develop a rapid, efficient inoculation method for examining the pathogenicity of N. psidii and to select the optimum condition for producing two types of conidia of N. psidii. A total of twelve isolates of N. psidii were obtained from Changhua, Tainan and Kaohsiung, and these isolates were identified as N. psidii based on morphological characteristics and ITS sequences. Guava seedling inoculation methods were tested to assess the wilt disease response on one-year-old grafted guava and seedling from seed. The results showed that the one-year-old grafted guava plants were died within 4 to 6 months after inoculation. The other side, the apical bud with wound of guava seedling showed symptom 7 days after inoculation, and the apical bud without wound showed symptom 2 weeks after inoculation. However, the basal stem and cutting-root did not have any symptom after inoculation. The reisolation rates of the N. psidii from the tissue with or without symptom were 59.1% and 75%, respectively. Thus, removing the parts showed symptom can not take off the source of N. psidii completely in the field. Several conidia concentrations (range from 101-107 conidia/ml) were used for the pathogenicity test. Result revealed that the 105 conidia/ml is limitation on showing symptom in guava seedling, and the guava seedlings were die after inoculation at a concentration of 106 conidia/ml. In this study, twelve isolates of N. psidii were inoculated on apical bud with wound of guava seedling and the symptoms could be showed 2 weeks after inoculation. Moreover, the disease severities of guava seedling inoculated by 12 isolates were ranged from 38.9 % to 72.2 %. Consequently, the apical bud with wound of guava seedling can use as material to examine the pathogenicity of N. psidii from field, and the result demonstrates that the virulent variations exist in isolates of N. psidii.
Nalanthamala psidii can produce two types of conidia on artificial conditions. For carrying out the biological characters of the two types of conidia, we followed the previous study for producing LC in Czapek’s liquid medium added with rhamnose and L-sorbose. However, the two types of conidia could be produced simultaneously. In this study, the Czapek’s liquid medium was changed into Czapek’s solid medium and added with 10 different carbon sources. Of ten carbon sources tested, 9 carbon sources could induce TD101 isolate to produce two types of conidia except for L-sorbose. L-sorbose could only induce LC on Czapek’s solid medium at dark condition. The extraction of guava leaf and the guava leaf sterilized by autoclave did not induce SC production of TD101 isolate, but the fresh leaves did. For comparing the pathogenicity of SC and LC, the apical bud with wound of guava seedlings were inoculated by two types of conidia alone or in combination. The results demonstrated that LC could cause symptom 3 weeks after inoculation and disease severity was 14.2 % 4 weeks after inoculation. However, the SC alone and combination of two conidia could cause symptom rapidly and disease severity was 47.6% and 52.3% 4 weeks after inoculation. Thus, SC is major structure for infection and transmission in the field. The tissue section indicated that the TD101 isolate could produce mycelia and expansion hyphae in cortex and vascular bundle without symptom. Moreover, the SEM observation showed that conidia-like structure could be produced in vascular bundle.
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Hlophe, Nhlanhla Lucky, and 何洛菲. "Establishment of an Effective Seedling Screening Method for Drought Stress Tolerance of Soybean Cultivars." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52376766855607558049.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>熱帶農業暨國際合作系<br>102<br>The contents of Abstract in This Thesis:
An important aspect in studies dedicated to drought tolerance in soybeans is the assessment of the degree of drought tolerance of different cultivars. Thus, there is urgent need to determine accurate and effective seedling screening method for drought stress tolerance. The objective of this research was to establish an effective seedling screening method for drought stress tolerance of soybeans cultivars. The first trial was conducted to determine a better container which could show an appropriate gradient slope of soil moisture drop for drought tolerance screening. Results obtained from the plastic boxes showed a good steady drying soil moisture slope for seedling screening from the 3rd to the 6th day. Therefore, boxes were used to develop an appropriate seedlings screening technique for soybean cultivars under water stress environment at seedling and flowering stages. Five soybeans cultivars (KS6, KS7, KS8, KS9 and A), were carefully studied for
morphological and physiological markers contributing to drought tolerance both under control and drought stress conditions. Drought stress for seedling screening was imposed in four plastic screening boxes after 10 days from seedling emergence. Significant differences were observed as water stress affected all parameters. Net photosynthesis rate, leaf senescence, leaf area, proline content plant death and yield were the main parameters used to characterize cultivars from drought tolerance and susceptibility. Based on seedling screening, cultivar KS 9 proved to be drought tolerant compared with the check cultivar followed by KS7, KS 6 which showed mild tolerance while KS8 was more susceptible. Results from drought stress initiated at flowering stage showed cultivars KS 8 and KS 6 to be drought tolerant and KS 9 and KS7 as mild with cultivar A as susceptible in terms of all the parameters measured. In conclusion the results indicated that later developmental stages were also sensitive to water deficit. And, the performance of genotypes tolerance to drought can vary from seedling stage. The results further proved that the polypropylene plastic box seedling screening method can be used effectively to screen dryland crops for drought tolerance.
Keywords: soybeans, screening technique, drought stress, cultivars
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Lee, Kuang-hsuan, and 李光軒. "Methods to Adjust Quality of Light and Their Effects on Boston Lettuce Seedling Production." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59175505593165885521.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>農業機械工程學系<br>86<br>Plants need lighu to maintain alive. Besides the duration and amount of
light, light quality is also important to plants. The so-called light quality
means spectrum from light source. There are three light response directly
related with plants growth and morphogenesis, they are: photosynthesis,
photomorphogenesis and photoperiodism. The photon flux between 400 to 700nm
are mainly responsible for photosynthesis; and red light(between 600 to 700nm)
and far-red light(between 700 to 800nm) are mainly responsible for
photomorphogenesis. Blue light(between 400 to 500nm) is also of interest of
this study.
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Lee and 李光軒. "Methods to Adjust Quality of Light and Their Effects on Boston Lettuce Seedling Production." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18754393419551688172.
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Wang, Cyun-Jia, and 王群嘉. "The study of Taguchi method applied to claw pin clamping operation on Phalaenopsis seedlings." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47139161013777110082.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立嘉義大學<br>生物機電工程學系研究所<br>99<br>Phalaenopsis of Taiwan's high economic industry, It’s growth proceeds through a lengthy and complicated change pot transplant operation, Phalaenopsis seedlings change pot still in the stage of manual operation, It’s operating efficiency and output can not break through, Because artificial change pot coated sphagnum plants operating hand grab, so that the coating of the sphagnum pot plants can not be quantified, in addition to pollution is also easy to make change pot quality heterogeneity. The study design of a claw-pin clamping of Phalaenopsis seedlings change pot mechanism for test and analysis of the optimal amount of sphagnum, gripper speed, length, and sphagnum moss water content such as the factors optimum conditions.
The claw-pin clamping mechanism in order to :1. Quantitative sphagnum manually fill in the soft pot 2. Soft pot into machanism pot block 3. Claw-pin from outside to inside for the soft pots to move the center of the curved 4. Sphagnum distraction claw-pin with central hollow state 5. Phalaenopsis seedlings manually empty the pot into the central of soft pot 6. Claw-pin from the inside to the outside on the move out of 7. The change pot completed.
The claw-pin clamping mechanism are not injured hostage seedling leaves and aerial roots designed with the premise, according the sphagnum and machanism characteristics to design four factors set, the amount of sphagnum, speed, length of sphagnum, sphagnum moss water content, Re-use of Taguchi method to design a group of L9 orthogonal array experiment, obtained the leave of orchid seedlings (mm), time (s) and other statistics, the final plan by the main effects plot, interaction plot, S / N ratio to statistics analysis, by the analysis of obtaining the results of this study the amount of sphagnum 85g, speed 7mm / s, sphagnum length 100mm, 90% water content of sphagnum as the optimization combination of factor levels, this factor can be used as the standard reference for future improvements machine and to improve machine change pot probability of success.
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Junior, Adolar Freitag. "A "Pan American" approach to durable crown rust resistance in oats : evaluation of a seedling resistance covariance method /." Diss., 2010. http://purl.umn.edu/90938.
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Clark, Miranda Marshall. "Biological control methods for damping-off of tomato seedlings caused by Pythium myriotylum." 2006. http://etd.utk.edu/2006/ClarkMiranda.pdf.
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Neumeister, John H. "A comparison of vegetation suppression and sod-seeding methods using perennial ryegrass in renovation of non-irrigated permament pastures in western Oregon." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36302.
Full textAbstract:
Sod-seeding techniques offer graziers a convenient way to introduce superior
grass cultivars into underproductive permanent pastures. Production loss and erosion are
minimized. In conjunction with improved grazing management and fertilization,
renovation can significantly improve yield and quality of pastures. Existent vegetation
must be suppressed prior to introducing new cultivars.
This study was conducted on two non-irrigated pastures near Corvallis, Oregon,
one dominated by annual grass species and the other by perennial grasses and clover. A
split-plot design with four replications on each site was used to compare three seeding
methods and either (a) two herbicides following close mowing or (b) close mowing
alone. The seeding methods were drilling with an Aerway Seedmatic chisel-type drill,
drilling with a Tye double disc drill, or broadcasting seed followed by harrowing.
Glyphosate and paraquat were the herbicides used for vegetation suppression. Effect of
fertilization was compared to no fertilization.
Sod-seeded perennial ryegrass had minimal establishment at the site dominated by
annual grass species. An inadequate amount of time was allowed for germination of
annual grass seeds before herbicides were applied. Annual grass seedlings suppressed
the newly sod-seeded perennial ryegrass.
Sod-seeded perennial ryegrass was successfully established at the site dominated
by perennial species within one year after planting. Broadcasting followed by harrowing
of seed resulted in a higher percentage of perennial ryegrass than either the Seedmatic
chisel drill or Tye double disc drill. Sod-seeded perennial ryegrass did not contribute
significantly to yield until one year after planting. Glyphosate gave better control of the
species present before planting leading to a higher percentage of perennial ryegrass and
improved yield compared to paraquat or close mowing alone when seed was broadcast
and harrowed. Fertilization of unseeded plots increased yield but was not cost-effective.<br>Graduation date: 1994
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吳嘉三. "Studies on the Propagation of Rose Seedlings through Different Budded Cutting Methods, Rootstocks and Hormone Treatments." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67974074454652501783.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>熱帶農業研究所<br>90<br>The objectives of this study were to select a superior rootstock variety, test it with the improved propagation techniques, and evaluate the potential ways of rose cut flower production. R. natar brier was found to be an ideal rootstock variety for year-round production in Taiwan because of its hardiness and good disease resistance. It grew very fast and had intensive, strong root systems, which could serve the best as vegetative shoots to promote rose flowering shoots in a cut flower operation.
The technique of “Stenting with rootstock leaf” was developed and proved to be a better way to propagate rose seedlings. It could produce a faster and stronger healing between the rootstock and scion by supplying instant photosynthates directly to the joint. This could greatly reduce the healing time, lower the labor cost, and enhance the use-efficiency of a nursery.
BA (6-Benzylaminopurine) treatments could induce a uniform growth of flower buds, while the most number of cut flowers were harvested on plants with 2 vegetative rootstock branches and 2 main scion branches. A delay of shoot-bending regarding to its maturity and the application of BA would greatly promote the growth of flowering shoots and the quality of cut flowers.
The way of propagating rose seedlings could greatly affect the way of culture, the growth pattern of shoots and the quality of the cut flowers. The combination of “Stenting with rootstock leaf” and “bending culture” techniques could advance the first harvest date of cut flower by one month. The advantages of separating the vegetative and flowering shoots in this technique were the better growth and higher nutritional supply of the rootstock, vigorous and uniform growth of flowering shoots, higher yield and quality of the cut flowers, reduced labor and total cost, etc. This unique cultural technique could be the turning key for Taiwan’s rose cut flower operation and has a great potential to compete in the world market.
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Huang, Ping. "Investigations of cold hardiness of blackberry seedlings and methods for evaluating hardiness of mature blackberry canes." 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22559.
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TENG, MIN-GIANG, and 滕民強. "Studies on the stability of^^F1 hybrids derived from special combinations and the comparison of screening method for chilling tolerance of seedling in corn." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63952467072264979928.
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McCreary, Douglas D. "Evaluating the quality of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziessii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings : a comparison of some current and proposed evaluation methods /." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10988.
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Chen, Yun-Hao, and 陳昀皓. "Studies on Inoculation Methods of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Seedlings with Nalanthamala psidii (syn. Myxosporium psidii) and the Screening for Resistance." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98794940895667522998.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>園藝學研究所<br>100<br>Myxosporium wilt, caused by the pathogen Nalanthamala psidii (Sawada et Kurosawa) Schroers & M. J. Wingf. (≡Myxosporium psidii Sawada et Kurosawa), belongs to one of systemical fungal diseases. This disease has been the most severe and destructive disease of guava (Psidium guajava) cultivation in Taiwan since the 1970s due to the development of pruning techniques for nonseasonal production. The pruning techniques result in numerous wounded sites and increase chances for the invasion of this pathogen. No chemical could prevent or cure this disease and no other solution is available except to burn and remove infected trees from the orchards immediately as the symptoms ocurred. Therefore, breeding for disease resistance is requied.
The objectives for the present studies were to: (1) study the effectiveness of inoculation methods for guava seedlings; (2) screening seedlings for N. psidii resistance; (3) evaluate the pathogenicity of N. psidii culture filtrate to seedlings. In the present study, pitiching and root trimming severely injured seedlings and caused a lot portion of seedlings died. Therefore, the effectiveness of the two inoculation methods could not be compared; and thus, the effects of wounding method, seedling stage and inoculum concentration on inoculation of N. psidii could not be determined. Among 2760 seedlings we screened after 3 inoculations within 2 years, 132 puataive resistant plants were obtained. Half of them were ‘Pei-pa’ open-pollinated (OP) progenies. After wounding branches of ‘Pei-pa’ hybrid and OP seedlings of other lines were inoculated with agar plugs of N. psidii Mp-02 isolate, wilting symptoms of most plants only occurred above the wounds. The observation period, 2 months, was not long enough to determine their resistance/susceptibility. However, pathogenicity of N. psidii culture filtrate to guava seedlings could not be confirmed.
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Everett, Kim. "Growth and nutrient allocation of Douglas-fir seedlings : response to varying ammonium : nitrate ratios and to different methods of nursery fertilizer application." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1847.
Full textAbstract:
Regeneration of Douglas-fir following harvesting has proven difficult on many sites in British Columbia. As a result, alternative nursery practices are being explored to improve seedling growth. Using two experiments I aimed to identify an improved nutritional program for Douglas-fir seedlings. The objective of the first experiment was to identify the optimum nitrogen (N) source ratio for Douglas-fir between two inorganic sources of N, ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). Seedlings were grown in controlled environments in aeroponic culture with solutions containing 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20 or 100:0 NH4+:NO3- ratios. Growth and nutrient allocation was observed for 45 days. Different NH4+ and NO3-ratios resulted in significant differences in growth and nutrient allocation. Seedlings grown in solutions containing abundant and relatively equal portions of NH4+ and NO3- were characterized by the greatest relative growth rates, greatest biomass and stable internal nitrogen concentrations. Seedlings grown in solutions containing high NH4+ (80:20 and 100:0 NHS+:NO3-) concentrations were characterized by lower relative growth rates, less biomass, lower internal nutrient concentrations and lower rates of photosynthesis and root respiration compared to seedlings with less NH4+ (20:80, 40:60 and 60:40 NH4+:NO3-). Seedlings appeared to take up a greater proportion of NH4+ than NO3- from solution.
The objective of the second experiment was to examine the implications of two nursery fertilization regimes for growth and nutrient dynamics. Seedlings were grown in a nursery with nutrients added at a constant rate (conventional fertilization) or at an exponentially increasing rate of 2% day-1 (exponential nutrient loading). At the time of planting, half of the conventionally fertilized seedlings were planted with slow release fertilizer packets. Growth and nutrient allocation was observed for two years following planting. In the field experiment, although exponential nutrient loading applied 25% more N in the nursery compared to the conventional regime, no benefits in growth or nutrient allocation were found. Two years after planting, there were no significant differences in height, root collar diameter or total dry mass between seedlings grown under the different nursery fertilizer regimes. In contrast, seedlings planted with additional fertilizer consistently outperformed seedlings grown with exponential nutrient loading, with greater height, root collar diameter and dry mass. Two growing seasons after planting there were no significant differences among treatments in whole-plant N concentrations.
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Liu, Che-Wei, and 劉哲維. "Establishment of Cutting Propagation Method for Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis) and Investigation of Growth and Development in Seedlings Derived from Cutting, Grafting-cutting, and Grafting." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4c4wa9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>園藝學系所<br>107<br>In Taiwan, about 800,000 grafted seedlings of passion fruit are needed per year for renewal of domestic seedlings, and nearly 8 million grafted seedlings were exported every year to Vietnam, Thailand and China, resulting in the lack of rootstock (yellow passion fruit) seeds. The purpose of this study was to establish the cutting propagation method for passion fruit, and to compare the gowth difference among seedlings derived three from different propagation methods (cutting, grafting-cutting, and grafting). It is expected that cutting propagation can compensate the insufficient supply of grafted seedlings, shortening the production time of grafted seedlings, and at the same time providing basis information for the subsequent reaserch in cutting propagation of paasion fruit.
‘Sunny Red’ passion fruit was used as the source for cutting propagation to investigate the effect of growth condition of mother plants, node position, auxin, temperature, fungicide and different cutting method on the development of adventitious root after cutting. The growth stage of mother plants greatly affects the ability of adventitious root development. Even if the cuttings from reproductive growth stage were treated with auxin, the development of adventitious root was still poor. Therefore, mother plants at vegetative growth stage were more suitable as the source of cuttings. Regarding to the node position, it is better to select the double-node cuttings from the fifth to sixth node below the terminal bud, which showed less rotting than the third to fourth node cuttings. The application of auxin can significantly increase the rooting rate, root number and root length. 4000 mg·L-1 NAA and 4000 mg·L-1 IBA were considered to be suitable for application. In terms of temperature for cutting propagation, it should not higher than 27℃ for a long time, otherwise the rotting rate will increase. If the base of the cuttings was treated with 0.1% KMnO4 which is used as a fungicide, there was no significant difference in the rotting rate compared with the control. A split of 1 cm in length in the middle of the base of the cuttings can increase the root number by 83% compared with the control.
Comparing the growth of cutting seedlings and grafted seedlings in the net house revealed that the growth rate of the grafted seedlings was slightly faster in the early stage, and the growth rate of the two seedlings was similar after the fourth week. However, the flowering time of cutting seedlings was 4 days earlier than the grafted seedlings. Comparison among the growth of cutting seedlings, grafting-cutting seedlings and grafted seedlings in the green house indicate that the growth rate of the seedlings from three different propagation methods was similar. Taken together, cutting can be used as a way to propagate passion fruit seedlings under suitable conditions, and the ‘Sunny Red’ passion fruit may be grafted onto the yellow passion fruit cuttings without rooting, then induced for rooting. Both methods can accelerate the propagation efficiency of passion fruit seedlings, and there were no significant difference compared with grafted seedlings in terms of plant growth and development. It also has the potential to solve the current shortage of rootstock supply.
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Peterson, Mkafula Thembalethu. "Screening of ten maize genotypes for tolerance to acid soils using various methods." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26855.
Full textAbstract:
Breeding maize (Zea mays L.) for tolerance to acidic soils could improve maize yields. The current study aims to identify maize genotypes with tolerance to acidic soils, as well as identifying secondary traits associated with the tolerance to soil acidity. Ten maize varieties were screened for tolerance to aluminium (Al) toxicity under glasshouse, laboratory and field conditions. In the glasshouse, two soil acidity levels (limed and unlimed soil) were used and the experiment was set up in a complete randomised design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment lasted for 10 days and measurements were taken on plant height (PH), leaf area, stem diameter and dry matter. In the laboratory, a haematoxylin staining (HS) experiment was conducted to determine the response of 10 maize varieties to Al toxicity. Two Al concentrations (0 and 222 μM) were used and the experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 7 days, shoot length, was recorded. Five stress tolerance indices were estimated to determine the resilience of each genotype. A root growth stress tolerance index was also computed for both experimental procedures. In the field, two trials were established at two sites, namely Mbinja and Mpumaze. Limed and unlimed plots were used, and the trial was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Maize kernel yield and other standard field parameters were recorded. Selection of tolerant genotypes from the field screening was also done using three indices, namely harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance index (STI) and stress susceptibility index (SSI).
Both the glasshouse and laboratory assays identified similar genotypes of maize as being tolerant. These tolerant genotypes were Ngoyi, PANBG3492 BT, PAN 6Q408 and PHB 3442 based on the root growth stress tolerance index (RGSTI). It was therefore demonstrated that these two assays produced the same level of efficiency in identifying tolerant genotypes using this index. Based on ranking of seedling vigour index under soil acidity stress, the top three genotypes at Mpumaze were PHB32W71, PAN6616 and Sahara while at Mbinja, the top three were PAN6616, PAN6Q408 CB and PAN6P110. The genotypes PANBG3492 BT, PAN6Q408 and PHB3442 were also found to be tolerant to acidic soils at seedling stage. These genotypes are recommended for further evaluation in more sites to confirm their tolerance and yield potential under acidic soils.
The study also revealed that plant height, leaf area and stem diameter could be used for indirect selection for tolerance to Al toxicity under glasshouse conditions. The seedling vigour index was also effective in identifying tolerant genotypes under glasshouse conditions. On the other hand, shoot length stress tolerance index and the haematoxylin score were useful for indirect selection for tolerance to Al toxicity in the laboratory. In the field, it was observed that ear length, leaf area and ear diameter can be useful in identifying genotypes that are tolerant to soil acidity. They can therefore be useful as indirect selection criteria under field conditions. Additionally, the best selection indices for identifying soil acidity tolerant genotypes under field conditions were the HM and the STI. It is recommended that varieties that were identified as tolerant be further evaluated in several soil acidity hot spots to confirm their tolerance and stability of performance under field conditions.<br>Agriculture and Animal Health<br>M. Sc. (Agriculture)
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Lam, Melanie. "Drying of red spring wheat seedlings (triticumaestivum l.) By various methods and investigation of its phenylalanine ammonialyase stability in an in vitro protein digestion." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/380.
Full textAbstract:
Phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalanemia are autosomal recessive inborn errors of phenylalanine metabolism that are caused by mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. Due to the stringency of the present dietary therapy, alternative treatments are being studied. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is one of the potential dietary supplements for these patients. PAL is a well-studied plant enzyme which breaks down phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia (Camm and Towers, 1973). It is found in the cytoplasm of the plant cells and is naturally encapsulated by plant cell walls which may protect it against the acidic pH environment in the gastrointestinal tract. It presumably degrades ingested Phe that circulates in the intestinal lumen. In this study, red spring wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) found to contain high PAL activity naturally were investigated as a potential alternative oral therapy. Specifically, the objectives were (1) to evaluate different drying methods on generating concentrated and dried preparation of wheat seedlings containing high levels of PAL activity; (2)to examine the retention of PAL activity over three months of storage under various storage conditions; (3) to determine the stability of PAL activity in simulated human digestion condition to establish if further study of using plant source enzyme in vivo is warranted.
Freeze-drying (FD) was found to retained the most activity (>90 % recovery dry wt basis)compared to air-drying (AD) and vacuum-microwave drying (VMD) for both leaf and residual seed/root samples. Pre-freezing of leaf tissues at -18 °C before FD significantly retained the highest PAL activity compared to pre-freezing at -25 °C, -35 °C, and -80 °C (P<0.05). Over three months of storage, 60-80 % of PAL activity was recovered in leaf and —100 % was recovered in residual seed/root tissues after storage at -20 °C. After in vitro protein digestion, 36% and 42 % of PAL activity was recovered in fresh leaf and root tissues respectively; however, FD tissues were found to be susceptible to proteases and acidic environment and no activity was recovered after three hours of in vitro protein digestion. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the residual Phe after in vitro protein digestion confirmed that fresh tissues had significantly higher conversion of Phe than that of FD tissues. Together, these results suggest that red spring wheat seedlings may have potential as a dietary supplement for phenylketonuric patients while further study to enhance PAL activity in plant preparations is required.
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Mahony, Christopher Paul. "Effects of native ectomycorrhizal fungi on aspen seedlings in greenhouse studies inoculation methods, fertilizer regimes, and plant uptake of selected elements in smelter-impacted soils /." 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/mahony/MahonyC0505.pdf.
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