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Journal articles on the topic 'Seedling color'
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1
Jacobs, Douglass F. "Reforestation of a Salvage-Logged High-Elevation Clearcut: Engelmann Spruce Seedling Response to Tree Shelters after 11 Growing Seasons." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 26, no. 2 (2011): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/26.2.53.
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Abstract High-elevation clearcut sites in the southern Rocky Mountains are difficult to reforest successfully and many sites remain poorly stocked decades after harvest. This article presents results after 11 growing seasons of a project designed to examine use of tree shelters to provide initial shade for planted Engelmann spruce (Picea englemannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings. Seedlings were planted in 1996 on a 48-ha site at an elevation of approximately 3,273 m in southwestern Colorado, with different shelter colors providing various shading levels. A control, consisting of shading using debris within the site, was also included. Results after 2 years were presented previously. To examine seedling response to tree shelter removal after seedling establishment, half of shelters were removed in 2000 and seedlings were reassessed in 2007. Control seedlings had lower survival (35%) than any other treatment (ranging from 59 to 78%). Shelter removal in the lightest two shelter color treatments did not reduce survival, suggesting that seedlings can grow in full sun after 4 years of shading. The best overall seedling development (i.e., survival, absolute height, and root collar diameter) occurred in the lightest shelter color with shelters removed. Tree shelters offer a viable means to restore high-elevation spruce-fir sites where past reforestation has proven difficult.
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Zhang, Gan, Yongshuang Wen, Yuzhi Tan, et al. "Identification of Cabbage Seedling Defects in a Fast Automatic Transplanter Based on the maxIOU Algorithm." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010065.
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The automatic identification of seedling defects is an important technology of an intelligent automatic transplanting machine, which effectively improves the quality of the transplanting machine’s operation. The accurate segmentation of seedling substrate and seedling region is the key to the success of the seedling defect recognition algorithm. This paper proposes the maxIOU algorithm to calculate the image segmentation threshold: The image G channel and excess green color space were selected as the color space for the segmentation of the substrate region and seedling region by analyzing the color histogram. Several images were randomly selected from the dataset to generate a training set and were labeled manually as the ground truth. The training set images were segmented using a threshold of zero to 255, and the intersection over union (IOU) were calculated using the algorithm segmented result and the ground truth. The threshold corresponding to the average IOU maximum was used as the segmentation threshold. After image segmentation, three features (area of the substrate, area of the seedling, and filling ratio of the lower part of the substrate) were obtained by the algorithm, and the image was identified for whether there was an empty conveyor belt, seedling deficiency, multiple seedlings, skew, and damaged substrate. The algorithm was tested on the automatic transplanter test platform. The experiment results were as follows: Firstly, the image segmentation threshold was calculated by the maxIOU method. The color component interval corresponding to the segmented substrate region was [0, 24] in the G channel, and the color component interval corresponding to the segmented seedling region was [21, 255] in the excess green channel. The average IOU of the substrate area was 0.854, and the average IOU of the seedling area was 0.820 in the verification experiment. Secondly, a dataset including 431 normal seedling images and 69 defective seedling images (empty conveyor belt, seedling deficiency, multiple seedlings, skew, and damaged substrate) was identified for defects. The accuracy, precision, and recall were 97.6%, 97.4%, and 99.8%. The processing time was 71.4 ms. The conclusion of the experiment was as follows: the maxIOU algorithm had high accuracy in the segmentation of the substrate and seedling region. The defect identification algorithm had high accuracy for defect identification of cabbage seedlings, and the algorithm had good real-time performance, which can be applied to high speed field transplanters.
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Liao, Juan, Yao Wang, Junnan Yin, Lu Liu, Shun Zhang, and Dequan Zhu. "Segmentation of Rice Seedlings Using the YCrCb Color Space and an Improved Otsu Method." Agronomy 8, no. 11 (2018): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110269.
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Rice seedling segmentation is a fundamental process of extracting the guidance line for automated rice transplanters with a visual navigation system, which can provide crop row information to ensure the transplanter plants seedlings along the crop row without damaging seedlings. However, obtaining accurate rice seedling segmentation in paddy fields is still a challenging task. In this paper, a rice seedling segmentation method in paddy fields is proposed. The method mainly consists of two steps: image graying and threshold segmentation. In the procedure of image graying, the RGB (Red Green Blue) seedling image is first converted into the YCrCb color space and a Cg component is constructed. A color-index 2Cg-Cb-Cr is then constructed for image graying based on the excess green index (2G-R-B), which can reduce the influence of illumination variation on the equality of image graying. For the second step, an improved Otsu method is proposed to segment rice seedlings. With respect to the improved Otsu method in this research, the background variance of within class variance is weighted by a probability parameter to ensure that the method works well for both bimodal and near-unimodal histogram images, and the search range of gray levels is constrained to reduce the time to search the segmentation threshold. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves better segmentation results and reduces the computational cost compared with the traditional Otsu method and other improved Otsu methods.
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Grauke, L. J., and Richard D. O'Barr. "Initial Survival of Pecan Grafts on Seedling Rootstock of Pecan, Water Hickory, and their Interspecific Hybrid." HortTechnology 6, no. 1 (1996): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.1.45.
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`Oconee' pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] scions were grafted on seedling rootstock from nine open-pollinated seedstocks. Rootstock included three seedstocks each of pecan, water hickory [C. aquatica (F. Michx.) Nutt.], and their interspecific hybrid, Carya × lecontei (Little). Pecan seedlings had the largest basal diameters and water hickory seedlings the smallest. Seedlings of `Elliott' and `Curtis' seedstocks were larger than seedlings from `Moore' seedstock. Pecan and C. × lecontei seedlings were grafted more successfully than water hickory. Graft success varied among seedstocks of pecan and C. × lecontei Foliage color of seedlings, possibly indicative of iron nutritional status, was influenced by species; pecan seedling leaves were darker green than those of water hickory seedlings, but similar to C. × lecontei leaves. `Oconee' scion leaves were darker green on pecan rootstock than when grafted on C. × lecontei rootstock.
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Saputra, Hariadi, Yadi Setiadi, and Iwan Hilwan. "RESPON PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT ANGSANA (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) TERHADAP MEDIA TUMBUH, PEMOTONGAN AKAR LATERAL DAN PEMBERIAN URIN SAPI Response of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) Seedling on Growing Media, Lateral Roots Cutting, and Cow’s Urine." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 8, no. 3 (2018): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.8.3.154-159.
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Nursery is a process in producing good quality seedlings. Seedling quality is determined by physical-physiological quality including woody stem, health, height, diameter, number of leaves, leaf color and compactness of media. The quality of angsana seedlings in this study was observed using some growth media, lateral root cutting, and cow’s urine addition with various concentration and liquid organic fertilizer for 13 weeks. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) in split plot with 3 growth mediums, 10 combinations of root-cutting and fertilizing treatment using 9 seedlings per treatment. Parameters observed during this study were seedling height (cm), seedling diameter (mm), total dry weight (g), shoot - root ratio (RPA) and compactness of roots. The results showed the media contain mixture of soil and manure (M2) with root-cutting treatment, addition of 20% cow urine and 5% EM4 (A2) was the best treatment for angsana seedlings with average value of 46.25 cm plant height, 6.09 mm diameter, 7.77 g total dry weight, shoot root ratio 1.89 and compactness of roots including the compact category.Key word : cow’s urine, lateral roots cutting, Pterocarpus indicus Willd., seedling quality.
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Beckman, T. G., J. Rodriguez Alcazar, W. B. Sherman, and D. J. Werner. "Evidence for Qualitative Suppression of Red Skin Color in Peach." HortScience 40, no. 3 (2005): 523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.523.
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Recently observed hybrid populations of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] provide evidence for the presence of a single gene suppressing red skin color. The fruit of seedling populations of FL90-48C and FL90-37C × FL84-18C, FL90-50CN × FL92-2C, FL90-48C × FL91-12, FL91-8 × FL88-6, and open-pollinated or selfed populations from unselected seedlings of `Contender' × PI65977 (`Giallo di Padova') and `Mexico Selection' × `Oro A' were rated for normal quantitative vs. no anthocyanin skin color at maturity. At this stage of development, anthocyaninless phenotypes displayed no red color over the entire surface of the fruit. Instead they were characterized by a bright yellow ground color that stood out visually in the seedling rows, and which was dubbed highlighter. The two crosses with FL84-18C yielded populations that approximated a 1:1 segregation ratio for quantitative red:no red skin color. All other crosses produced populations that closely approximated a 3:1 segregation ratio for quantitative red to no red. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the highlighter phenotype is a single gene recessive trait. We propose the gene symbols of h and H for the recessive no red (highlighter) and dominant normal quantitative red (wild-type) alleles, respectively.
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Chen, Yajun, Zhangnan Wu, Bo Zhao, Caixia Fan, and Shuwei Shi. "Weed and Corn Seedling Detection in Field Based on Multi Feature Fusion and Support Vector Machine." Sensors 21, no. 1 (2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010212.
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Detection of weeds and crops is the key step for precision spraying using the spraying herbicide robot and precise fertilization for the agriculture machine in the field. On the basis of k-mean clustering image segmentation using color information and connected region analysis, a method combining multi feature fusion and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed to identify and detect the position of corn seedlings and weeds, to reduce the harm of weeds on corn growth, and to achieve accurate fertilization, thereby realizing precise weeding or fertilizing. First, the image dataset for weed and corn seedling classification in the corn seedling stage was established. Second, many different features of corn seedlings and weeds were extracted, and dimensionality was reduced by principal component analysis, including the histogram of oriented gradient feature, rotation invariant local binary pattern (LBP) feature, Hu invariant moment feature, Gabor feature, gray level co-occurrence matrix, and gray level-gradient co-occurrence matrix. Then, the classifier training based on SVM was conducted to obtain the recognition model for corn seedlings and weeds. The comprehensive recognition performance of single feature or different fusion strategies for six features is compared and analyzed, and the optimal feature fusion strategy is obtained. Finally, by utilizing the actual corn seedling field images, the proposed weed and corn seedling detection method effect was tested. LAB color space and K-means clustering were used to achieve image segmentation. Connected component analysis was adopted to remove small objects. The previously trained recognition model was utilized to identify and label each connected region to identify and detect weeds and corn seedlings. The experimental results showed that the fusion feature combination of rotation invariant LBP feature and gray level-gradient co-occurrence matrix based on SVM classifier obtained the highest classification accuracy and accurately detected all kinds of weeds and corn seedlings. It provided information on weed and crop positions to the spraying herbicide robot for accurate spraying or to the precise fertilization machine for accurate fertilizing.
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Prato, Andrés I., L. Felipe Daibes, Miguel A. Pabón, Alvaro A. Castaño, Carolina Santos-Heredia, and Claudimar S. Fior. "Seedling Emergence of the Tree Legume Clathrotropis brunnea Amshoff, Endemic from a Colombian Tropical Rainforest." Forest Science 67, no. 4 (2021): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab013.
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Abstract Seedling emergence is the main propagation method of forest species. Thus, we aimed to evaluate emergence aspects of the tree legume Clathrotropis brunnea Amshoff (sapán or blackheart sapán), a Fabaceae of high economic value endemic to the Colombian rainforest. We characterized the biometry of legumes and seeds and assessed seedling emergence in three experiments: (1) effect of fruit color and substrate, (2) seed conservation in storage, and (3) presoaking and seed position. Our results showed that seeds of green-yellow fruits have greater length and weight and a water content of up to 53%. Seedling emergence did not differ between green-yellow and dark-brown fruits but did differ with substrate type; nearly 80% of seedlings emerged in the sand substrate (S1), but only 62% emerged in the mixed substrate (S3). Fresh sapán seeds are nondormant, showing a recalcitrant behavior in which seedling emergence decreased after storage in all tested conditions. Both seed-sowing positions allowed an emergence of >80% with a small benefit of the hilum downward, regardless of presoaking treatments. However, these differences did not affect seedling height or biomass after emergence. Our results provide basic knowledge on production of tropical seedlings, seeking species conservation, and use in restoration projects.
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Mavi, K. "The relationship between seed coat color and seed quality in watermelon Crimson sweet." Horticultural Science 37, No. 2 (2010): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/53/2009-hortsci.
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This work was carried out to determine the relationship between seed coat color and seed quality in Crimson sweet watermelon. Seed lots (1, 2, 3, and 4) were prepared taking into consideration seed coat colors in fresh seeds with naked eye. The color parameters of these prepared seed lots were determined using Minolta colorimeter. To determine quality differences between the seed lots, standard germination test, seed weight, water uptake ratio, mean germination time, emergence percentage, mean emergence time, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight and electrical conductivity values were determined. The seed weight (57.22 mg), germination percentage (86.5%), emergence percentage (77.5% total and 76.5% normal), seedling fresh weight (978.7 mg), and dry weight (64.7 mg) of the brown seed lot (Lot 1) were markedly higher than lots having lighter seed coat (2, 3, and 4). On the other hand the mean emergence time (7.7 days) and electrical conductivity value (128.8 μS/cm g in 24 h) of the brown seed lot (Lot 1) were lower than lots having lighter seed coat (2, 3, and 4). The obtained data indicated that seed quality differences can be determined according to the seed coat color of Crimson sweet seeds. It was found that seed lot 1 had higher seed vigor and viability than seed lots 2, 3, and 4. Color parameters b*, C*, L*, and H°, determined by Minolta colorimeter, showed significant correlation with seeds quality parameters.
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Shaw, Douglas V. "Genetic Variation for Objective and Subjective Measures of Fresh Fruit Color in Strawberries." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 5 (1991): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.5.894.
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The heritabilities of, and genetic correlations among, variables that describe internal and external color in fresh strawberry (Fragaria × anarrassa) fruit were estimated using factorial analyses of seedlings from 20 controlled crosses. Hunter L and a values, and a subjective score generated by comparison with color plates were obtained for seedling genotypes and their parents at two locations. Genetic effects were responsible for 33% to 61% of the phenotypic variance for color traits, after correction for location effects. Means for objective color variables differed significantly between locations, but means for subjective color scores did not. Genetic × location interaction variances were usually nonsignificant, and were < 12% of the phenotypic variance for all variables. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between objective and subjective color scores were significant and large (absolute values of r = 0.42-0.69; rg = 0.84-1.00). Multiple regression of subjective scores on L and a explained 69% and 59% of the phenotypic variation for external and internal color, respectively. Genetic correlations between measures of internal and external color were small and mostly nonsignificant, suggesting that separate sets of genes condition these traits.
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Song, Shi Wei, Ling Yan Yi, Hou Cheng Liu, Guang Wen Sun, and Ri Yuan Chen. "Effect of Color Shading-Nets on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Chieh-Qua Seedling." Advanced Materials Research 366 (October 2011): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.366.197.
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With uncovered net as a control, the effect of color shading-nets (red net, blue net and silver net) and ordinary black net on growth and physiological characteristics of Chieh-qua (Benincasa hispida Cogn.var. chieh-qua How.) seedling were studied. The result showed that, shading-net covering reduced light intensity and temperature, and increased air humidity of the seedling environment, compared with the control. Shading-net covering increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and biomass of Chieh-qua seedling, among which covering of blue and silver shading-nets were superior to the others. Root/shoot ratio and strong seedling index were the biggest under blue net treatment, thus it indicated that blue net covering promoted seedling haleness. Specific leaf weight of Chieh-qua seedling was reduced by covering shading-net. In addition to silver net, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids content were significantly increased by another 3 covering shading-nets. Relative conductivity (RC), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and peroxydase (POD) activity of Chieh-qua seedling leaf were significantly reduced by shading-net covering. This indicated that shading-net covering in seeding nursery alleviated the stress of intensive light and high temperature, and thus increased the integrated seedling quality. Blue shading-net performed the best among all covering shading-nets.
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Jeromini, Tatiane Sanches, Givanildo Zildo Silva, Cibele Chalita Martins, and Francisco Guilhien Gomes Júnior. "Seed and seedling morphology of Bauhinia scandens L." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 6 (2021): 3107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3107.
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Bauhinia scandens has potential importance as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Researchers have isolated and identified 1-O-alkylglycerol in the leaves of the B. scandens plant, and established antitumor properties using the Brine Shrimp toxicity test, an internationally accepted bioassay. Although this species has high potential, little is known about the viability of seedling production and the morphology of these plants, particularly in terms of seed characteristics and initial stages of germination. The objective of this study was to characterize the seed morphology, germination, and seedlings of B. scandens. Seed water content, weight, and coloration were evaluated. This study also included a description of seed biometrics, external and internal structures, germination, and seedling morphology. Internal seed morphology was evaluated by the anatomical sectioning and X-ray methods. The morphology data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and germination data were determined using Cramér’s V. B. scandens seeds have a coloration ranging from very dark grayish-red to dark reddish-brown, flat oblong shapes, and rounded bases and apexes with full or slightly undulating margins. Healthy seedlings are produced mainly by seeds with well-formed internal structures. The reddish petiole of the seedling leaves is a taxonomic character for B. scandens identification. The non-domestication and genetic variability of this species reflect on the seed and seedling color and size variation.
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Shi, Peng. "Seedling Selection in Pomegranate (Punica granaturn)." HortScience 31, no. 4 (1996): 603f—604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.603f.
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Seedling selections in pomegranates began in 1986. `Giant Green Sweet' (GGS) was used as the female parent. GGS was characterized by fruit size from 340 to 500 g, a green color with slight blush, thin fruit coat, hexalobate calyx, and semi-open ovary with 8 to 12 loculi. The seeds are red, abundant, juicy, and sweet. The seeds contain 15% to 16% soluble solids. The male, pollinating cultivars in the same garden were `Giant Red Sweet', `Giant Horse Teeth', `White Sweet', `Red Sour', `Bing Tang Zi', and `Qing Gang Liu'. Seeds were harvested from fruit that were open-pollinated and weighed 500 g. Seeds were germinated and planted at the end of March. One-year-old seedlings grew to 30 to 50 cm. Two-year-old seedlings grew to 1 to 1.5 m tall with many branches. Seedlings passed the juvenile period after 3 years of growth. Some seedlings blossomed, and a few blossoms developed into fruit. Seedlings were adult by the fourth year, and all of them blossomed and developed fruit. This is a shorter interval to maturation than the parent cultivars. Fruits were located from the lower middle of the tree crown to the top. Adult seedlings produced fruit of ≈400 g with a few seedlings producing fruits of 500 to 600 g. There were 400 to 500 seeds per fruit averaging 40 g per 100 seeds. Seeds from the offspring were bright red and larger than those of the female parent. Fruit flavor was similar to the female parent. Offspring were more cold hardy than the parent cultivars. There were no signs of cold injury in hybrid seedlings to –19°C. This study indicates that seedling selection in pomegranates has a high potential to create higher yield and quality pomegranates. Continuing experiments will reselect the best offspring to develop higher quality cultivars.
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Kempler, Chaim, and Todd Kabaluk. "Actinidia spp. Seedling Evaluation." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 768C—768. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.768c.
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Kiwifruit (A. chinensis, A. deliciosa) seedlings were propagated from seeds collected from their native habitat in China. They were planted at the Pacific Agri. Res. Center in 1988 for the purpose of selecting superior fruit. Out of 2212 Actinidia seedlings, 1425 flowered by 1994, with 794 being male and 631 female. Some selections flowered 1 month earlier and matured 3 weeks earlier than `Hayward' kiwifruit. One accession had fruit of comparable size to `Hayward' while maturing about 2 to 3 weeks earlier. Some hairless selections had an average fruit weight of 90 g, °Brix index of 18%, light flesh color, 207 mg/100 g of vitamin C, and early maturation. Most of the seedlings were hardy under a coastal British Columbia climate.
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Lehrer, Jonathan M., Mark H. Brand, and Jessica D. Lubell. "Seedling Populations Produced by Colored-leaf Genotypes of Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.) Contain Seedlings with Green Leaf Phenotype." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 24, no. 3 (2006): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-24.3.133.
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Abstract The leaf color of seedling populations derived from ornamental genotypes of Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.) was evaluated to determine whether nursery selections of this important landscape plant could be expected to produce green-leaf progeny or seedlings with leaf color resembling the purple-leaf or yellow-leaf parent. This is a compelling inquiry since nearly all B. thunbergii plants found within invasive populations possess green foliage and the potential contribution of seedlings by ornamental purple-and yellow-leaf genotypes is unknown. Seed lots collected from cultivated barberry genotypes located in landscape settings were processed and raised in a greenhouse to observe leaf color phenotype. It was found that all genotypes studied produced at least some green seedlings. The percentage of green progeny produced varied widely by genotype. Green-leaf cultivars yielded close to 100% green seedlings and all purple-and yellow-leaf forms produced at least 20% green offspring. Among purple-leaf genotype accessions located adjacent to potential purple-leaf pollen donors, var. atropurpurea produced significantly fewer green seedlings (18.5%) than ‘Crimson Pygmy’ (71%) and ‘Rose Glow’ (45%). ‘Rose Glow’ individuals growing adjacent to other purple Japanese barberry forms produced significantly fewer green seedlings (45%) than ‘Rose Glow’ accessions that were isolated from additional purple Japanese barberry (88%). This study demonstrates that some invasive green-leaf B. thunbergii could be derived from popular garden forms since purple- and yellow-leaf genotypes readily produce green-leaf offspring which resemble feral barberry. These findings do not, however, provide any definitive link between cultivated and naturalized Japanese barberry.
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Main, Jeff L., Paul G. Thompson, and William B. Burdine. "Comparisons of Greenhouse to Field Selection for Yield and Quality in Sweetpotato." HortScience 33, no. 4 (1998): 606c—606. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.606c.
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Seedling plants from the three parents `Resisto', `Southern Delight', and `L86-33', along with three pot sizes (3.8-, 10.2-, and 17.7-cm diameters) were evaluated. Root characteristics evaluated in both the greenhouse and field included: number, length, diameter, length diameter ratio (L:D), size, skin color, flesh color, internal cambium ring (color and width), and the number of lateral and secondary roots. After greenhouse evaluation, plants were transplanted to the field. The 3.8-cm pot did not produce enough roots in the greenhouse for evaluation. In the 10.2-cm pots, greenhouse root number was correlated with the yield, root size, and L:D, and negatively correlated with skin color in the field. Flesh color was correlated with smoothness and flesh color in the field. In the 17.8-cm pots, flesh color, smoothness, and skin color in the greenhouse were correlated with the same character in the field. Skin color was also negatively correlated with smoothness in the field. No differences were found in field yield due to pot size. Results from one season showed that the 10.2-cm pot was effective for greenhouse selection of flesh color, skin color, and smoothness in seedling sweetpotato plants.
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Cong Dien, Doan, and Takeo Yamakawa. "Phenotypic Variation and Selection for Cold-Tolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Germination and Seedling Stages." Agriculture 9, no. 8 (2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080162.
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Owing to its origin in tropical and subtropical areas, rice is susceptible to cold stress. Low temperatures at the germination and seedling stages can result in seed loss, a delayed transplanting period, and lower final yield. In this study, 181 rice varieties from around the world were investigated for cold tolerance at the germination and seedling stages. At the germination stage, the responses of different rice varieties were examined based on the germination index, coleoptile length, and radicle length at low (13 °C) and control temperatures (25 °C). Significant variations in the germination index, coleoptile length, and radicle length were observed among varieties. Low temperature significantly decreased germination ability, and coleoptile and radicle growth in the studied varieties. At the seedling stage, cold tolerance of the rice varieties was evaluated based on the leaf color score under natural low temperature. Similar to the germination stage, at the seedling stage, significant variation in root and shoot growth was observed in the response of rice varieties to low temperature conditions. Based on the results from both the germination and seedling stages, two varieties (Hei-Chiao-Chui-Li-Hsiang and Ta-Mao-Tao) were selected as the best cold-tolerant varieties. Our results also indicate the benefits of warming treatments to protect rice seedlings from low temperature conditions.
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Lehrer, Jonathan M., and Mark H. Brand. "Cultivars of Invasive Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) Demonstrate Different Reproductive Potential and Seedling Traits." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1106A—1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1106a.
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While Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) is an acknowledged invasive plant, the danger posed by its garden cultivars is unknown. This work analyzed the reproductive potential and seedling traits of wild type Japanese barberry and four important cultivars: `Atropurpurea', `Aurea', `Crimson Pygmy', and `Rose Glow'. The germination capacity of cleaned and stratified seeds was determined for all accessions in a greenhouse and seedling foliage color was noted. A subpopulation of seedlings from each accession was grown further in containers outdoors for a full season to ascertain seedling vigor. The average number of seeds produced per landscape specimen ranged from 75 and 90 for `Aurea' and `Crimson Pygmy' to 2967 for `Atropurpurea', 726 for `Rose Glow', and 1135 for wild type B. thunbergii. The vigor of 1-year seedlings—as measured by dry weight of top growth—for progeny derived from `Aurea' (2.29 g) and `Crimson Pygmy' (2.74 g) was less than `Atropurpurea' (3.45 g), `Rose Glow' (3.88 g) and wild type (3.73 g). Seedlings derived from purple-leaf cultivars displayed variable ratios of green and purple leaf phenotype correlated to the proximity and identity of likely Japanese barberry pollinators. `Rose Glow' specimens located among other purple-leaf B. thunbergii produced up to 90% purple seedlings, while other samples growing in isolation or near green-leaf plants produced less than 10% purple progeny. This suggests that some invasive green-leaf Japanese barberry could be derived from cultivars. The results also show that these cultivars express disparate reproductive potential.
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Grauke, L. J., and R. D. O'Barr. "THE POTENTIAL OF CARYA X LECONTEI (LITTLE) AS A ROOTSTOCK FOR PECAN." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 618e—618. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.618e.
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`Oconee' pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch) was grafted on seedling rootstocks from nine open-pollinated seedstocks. Rootstocks included three seedstocks each of pecan, water hickory (C. aquatica (F. Michaux.) Nutt.) and their hybrid, Carya X lecontei (Little). Pecan seedlings had the largest basal diameter, water hickory seedlings the smallest, and hybrid seedlings were intermediate. Seedlings of `Elliott' and 'Curtis' seedstocks were larger than seedlings from `Moore' seedstock. Pecan and hybrid seedlings were more successfully grafted than water hickory. Graft success varied between seedstocks of the hybrid, with some as high as pecan. Foliage color of seedlings, indicative of iron nutrient status, was influenced by the species of rootstock: pecan seedlings were darker green than water hickory seedlings, but were inseparable from hybrid seedlings. `Oconee' scions on pecan seedlings were darker green than when grown on hybrid seedlings.
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Qingchun, Feng, Chen Jian, and Wang Xiu. "Seedling Image Color Correction Method under Natural Illumination in Greenhouse." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 17 (2018): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.065.
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Kasperbauer, M. J., and P. G. Hunt. "Soil color and surface residue effects on seedling light environment." Plant and Soil 97, no. 2 (1987): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02374954.
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Bang, Haejeen, Sunggil Kim, Daniel I. Leskovar, and Stephen King. "Genotype Analysis of Fruit Color using a Molecular Marker in Watermelon [Citrul luslanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai]." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1114B—1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1114b.
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Fruit color and carotenoid composition are important traits in watermelon. Watermelon fruit color inheritance has revealed that several genes are involved in color determination. Carotenoids are known to have various functions in plants and animals, such as providing antioxidant activity and other health benefits for humans, and UV protection and pigmentation for plants. Differential gene activity in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway may result in different color determination of mature fruit. Eight genes encoding enzymes involved in the pathway were isolated and their structures were characterized. While obtaining full-length cDNA of these enzymes, two single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in a coding region of lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB). These SNP markers showed cosegregation with red and canary yellow fruit color based on the genotyping of two segregating populations. This will lead to development of a codominant molecular marker for the selection of LCYB allele, which may allow breeders to distinguish between red and canary yellow watermelon fruit colors at the seedling stage.
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Marsh, Dyremple B., and Steve Maledy. "EXPERIMENTSTO ESTABLISH KIWANO (CUCUMIS METULIFERUS L.) AS A SPECIAL TY CROP FOR MISSOURI." HortScience 28, no. 4 (1993): 270G—270. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.270g.
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Efforts to produce specialty crops by Missouri farmers have been met with varying success. This success is reduced by the lack of established cultural practices necessary for the economic production of these crops. Ten kiwano plant introductions obtained from the Central Regional Plant Introduction Station in Ames, Iowa, were planted in the greenhouse. Seedling vigor was determined by shoot length, shoot dry weight, and number of leaves produced. Uniform seedlings from each accession were transplanted in the field with within row spacings of 0.9 m and 1.3 m. Seedling vigor varied significantly between accessions. Yields of field grown kiwano were affected by plant spacing, with the closer spaced plants having the higher yields. Plant spacing had no effect on fruit color, fruit length, or fruit width. Incidents of fusarium wilt were prevalent at both plant spacings.
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Costa, Edílson, Adriano R. Sassaqui, Anne K. da Silva, Norton H. Rego, and Bruna G. Fina. "Soursop seedlings: biomasses and biometric relations in different farming environments and substrates – Part II." Engenharia Agrícola 36, no. 2 (2016): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v36n2p229-241/2016.
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ABSTRACT The quality of seedling is critical to obtain vigorous plants in the field. The present study aimed to assess biomasses and biometric relations of soursop seedlings. We used different substrates in protected environments. The experiment was performed at the Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (State University of Mato Grosso do Sul). Five farming environments were developed in greenhouses: one covered with low-density polyethylene film (LDPE), another with with polyethylene and heat-reflective cloth under film under 50% shading in aluminized color, monofilament cloth under 50% shading in black, thermo-reflective cloth under 50% shading in aluminized color, and an environment covered with bacuri coconut straw. Substrates were made of manure, humus, cassava branches and vermiculite at different proportions. Each of them varying from 25%, 33.3%, 50% and 75% in mixture combination. Each environment was considered an experiment. A completely randomized design was adopted and later a joint analysis of them. Agricultural greenhouse covered with LDPE and thermo-reflective cloths under 50% of shading, proportionated seedlings with greater biomass. Substrates containing manure are the most suitable for soursop seedlings. High percentages of earthworm humus produce low quality soursop seedlings. Soursop seedlings had a Dickson’s quality index around 0.335. The greenhouse covered only with LDPE film did not produce high quality seedlings.
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Si, Yaping, and Royal D. Heins. "Influence of Day and Night Temperatures on Sweet Pepper Seedling Development." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 4 (1996): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.4.699.
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Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum `Resistant Giant no. 4') seedlings were grown for 6 weeks in 128-cell plug trays under 16 day/night temperature (DT/NT) regimes from 14 to 26 °C. Seedling stem length, internode length, stem diameter, leaf area, internode and leaf count, plant volume, shoot dry weight (DW), seedling index, and leaf unfolding rate (LUR) were primarily functions of average daily temperature (ADT); i.e., DT and NT had similar effects on each growth or development parameter. Compared to ADT, the difference (DIF, where DIF = DT - NT) between DT and NT had a smaller but still statistically significant effect on stem and internode length, leaf area, plant volume, stem diameter, and seedling index. DIF had no effect on internode and leaf count, shoot DW, and LUR. The root: shoot ratio and leaf reflectance were affected by DT and DIF. Positive DIF (DT higher than NT) caused darker-green leaf color than negative DIF. The node at which the first flower initiated was related to NT. The number of nodes to the first flower on pepper plugs grown at 26 C NT was 1.2 fewer than those of plants grown at 14 °C NT.
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Quamme, H. A., and R. T. Brownlee. "Early performance of micropropagated trees of several Malus and Prunus cultivars on their own roots." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 3 (1993): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-111.
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Early performance (6–8 yr) of Macspur McIntosh, Golden Delicious, and Spartan apple (Malus domestica Borkh.); Fairhaven peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]; Montmorency sour cherry (P. cerasus L.); and Lambert sweet cherry (P. avium L.) trees, tissue cultured (TC) on their own roots, was compared with that of the same cultivars budded on commercially used rootstocks. TC trees of all apple cultivars were similar in size to trees budded on Antonovka seedling or M.4 and exceeded the size of trees budded on M.26. They were delayed in flowering and in cropping compared with trees budded on M.26 and M.4. No difference in titratable acidity, soluble solids, flesh firmness, weight, flavor, and color between fruit from TC trees and from trees on M.4 and Antonovka seedlings was detected in 1 yr of measurement. However, fruit from TC Golden Delicious was more russeted and fruit from TC Spartan had more soluble solids. The difference in fruit appearance between TC and budded trees may result from a root-stock effect or a difference in budwood source, because Spartan fruit from trees on M.4 was more russeted than Spartan fruit from TC trees, but was not different from Spartan fruit from trees on Antonovka seedling. Trees of Macspur McIntosh on TC M.26 and on stool-layered M.26 were similar in size and yield efficiency. TC Fairhaven was larger in size than Fairhaven on Siberian C seedling, but was less yield efficient. No difference in fruit size, flesh firmness, or color was detected between fruit harvested from peach trees on the different roots. Montmorency and Lambert TC and on F12/1 were similar in tree size, respectively, but Montmorency and Lambert TC were more yield efficient than on F12/1. Fruit of TC Lambert was lighter in color and had higher titratable acidity than that of Lambert on F12/1, perhaps a result of earlier fruit maturity. Key words: Apple, peach, sweet cherry, sour cherry, self-rooted, rootstocks
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Aveling, T. A. S., and A. Adandonon. "First Report of Pre- and Postemergence Damping-off of Cowpea Caused by Pythium ultimum in South Africa." Plant Disease 84, no. 8 (2000): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.8.922b.
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During a disease survey of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Southern Africa in 1999, a major problem recorded by small-holder rural farmers in areas with wet soil types was reduced seedling emergence. Nongerminated, diseased seeds in these fields were either a brown blotchy color or had a soft rot and disintegrated upon touch. Germinated seedlings failing to emerge above the soil line were characterized by water-soaked lesions girdling the hypocotyl. Emerged seedlings had necrotic taproots and few lateral roots. Infected hypocotyls above the soil line had light brown lesions, and seedlings showed symptoms of wilting. Diseased seeds and seedlings were collected, surface-sterilized, plated on 2% water agar, and Pythium ultimum was isolated. Identification was based on characteristics given in van der Plaats-Niterink (1). Sterile soilbased compost, infested by mixing with P. ultimum mycelia (10 CFU/g of compost), was used to fill 104-cell plastic seedling trays (40 × 28 × 3.5 cm). A single cowpea seed was planted at a depth of 2 cm in each cell, and trays were maintained in a greenhouse at approximately 20°C. Seeds and seedlings showed symptoms identical to those in the field 10 days after planting, and the pathogen was successfully reisolated. Seedlings in noninoculated compost remained symptomless. This is the first report of P. ultimum on cowpea in South Africa. Reference: (1) A. J. van der Plaats-Niterink. Monograph of the Genus Pythium. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, 1981.
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Gaynor, Virginia A., and Mary Hockenberry Meyer. "Identifying Native Prairie Grass Seedlings." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 450e—451. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.450e.
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There is great interest in prairie gardens and prairie restorations in the central United States. Small prairie gardens are often established with plugs, but most restorationists and landscape contractors use seed for large plantings. If initial establishment is poor, restorations are often interseeded the second or third season. However, to evaluate early establishment and determine if interseeding is necessary, contractors must be able to identify native grasses in the seedling and juvenile stages. In this study we investigated vegetative characteristics of native prairie grass seedlings. Seven species of native prairie grass were grown in the greenhouse: Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass), Panicum virgatum (switch grass), Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama), Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye), and Bromus kalmii (Kalmís brome). Every 2 to 3 weeks after germination, seedlings were photographed, pressed, and mounted. Additional photographs were taken through the dissecting scope at key stages of development. Ligules and auricles were found to be useful in distinguishing species, and our close-up photographs highlight these structures. Hairiness and color were variable within a species and could not be used reliably in identification. A seedling identification key will be presented for the species studied.
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Pounders, Cecil, Tim Rinehart, and Hamidou Sakhanokho. "Evaluation of Interspecific Hybrids between Lagerstroemia indica and L. speciosa." HortScience 42, no. 6 (2007): 1317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.6.1317.
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Production of viable interspecific seedlings from a cross between Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Tonto’ × L. speciosa (L.) Pers. was confirmed by comparison of morphological traits and genetic markers. Traits such as plant height and width showed marked variation within the seedling population whereas variation in other traits such as flower size and color was very limited. Seedlings were found to be functionally sterile as either male or female parents. Observed sterility prevents the maximum introgression of important complex traits such as cold hardiness by sib mating or backcrossing into clones derived from this parental combination. ‘Princess’ was confirmed to be a sterile hybrid of L. indica and L. speciosa whereas ‘Monia’ was indicated to have L. indica in its ancestry but not L. speciosa.
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Temel, Fatih, G. R. Johnson, and W. T. Adams. "Early genetic testing of coastal Douglas-fir for Swiss needle cast tolerance." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 3 (2005): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-183.
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The possibility of early testing coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) for Swiss needle cast (SNC; caused by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (Rohde) Petrak) tolerance was investigated using 55 Douglas-fir families from western Oregon. Seedlings were inoculated with P. gaeumannii naturally in the field and were visually scored for a variety of SNC symptom traits (i.e., needle and foliage color, and retention) at the seedling stage (age 2) and in "mature" (ages 10 and 12) trees at two test sites for both the seedling and mature ages. Seedlings were also assessed in the laboratory for SNC symptom traits, for proportion of needle stomata occluded with pseudothecia (PSOP), and for amount of P. gaeumannii DNA in needles. Although families differed significantly at both ages for all SNC symptom traits and for PSOP, they did not differ for amount of fungal DNA. Thus, genetic variation in SNC symptoms appears to be primarily due to differences in tolerance to the disease rather than to resistance to infection per se. Estimated individual-tree heritabilities for SNC symptom traits were low to moderate (mean hi2 = 0.19, range 0.060.37) at both ages, and within each age-class these traits were moderately to strongly genetically correlated (mean rA = 0.69, range 0.420.95). Type B genetic correlations between SNC symptom traits in seedlings and mature trees ranged from 0 to 0.83 and were weakest for traits measured in the laboratory. Genetic gain estimates indicated that family selection for SNC tolerance (i.e., greener needles or greater foliage retention) at the seedling stage can be very effective in increasing tolerance in older trees.
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Knight, R. J. "Development of Tetraploid Hybrid Passion Fruit Clones with Potential for the North Temperate Zone." HortScience 26, no. 12 (1991): 1541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.12.1541.
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When Passiflora incarnata L. was crossed with P. edulis f. flavicarpa Degener, all plants of the diploid hybrid were pollen-sterile and nonfruitful. Doubling the chromosome number of emergent FI seedlings with colchicine restored fertility in some individuals, but all plants were strongly self-incompatible and many showed low pollen viability. Crossing colchicine-treated plants that had been converted to amphiploids produced a tetraploid hybrid group of four seedling progenies that had some degrees of cross-compatibility. Juice of the amphiploid hybrid is lighter in color than that of P. edulis, but is sweet, strongly aromatic, and may have use alone or, typically, as a blend with other juices.
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Campa, Ana, Elena Pérez-Vega, Aida Pascual, and Juan José Ferreira. "Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci in Common Bean Against Pythium ultimum." Phytopathology® 100, no. 12 (2010): 1315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-10-0161.
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Pythium ultimum is a soil pathogen that can cause seed decay and damage to roots in common bean. In this study, the response of a set of 40 common bean genotypes to P. ultimum and inheritance of the resistance in the 92 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) developed from a cross between Xana and Cornell 49242 was investigated by using emergence rate and seedling vigor. Emergence of the 40 genotypes showed a significant association between white seed coat and response to this pathogen. Among these, 11 common bean genotypes, all with colored seeds, exhibited a high percentage of emergence and seedling vigor not significantly different (P > 0.05) to noninoculated plants. Response of the RIL population revealed both qualitative and quantitative modes of inheritance. A major gene (Py-1) controlling the emergence rate was mapped in the region of the gene P, a basic color gene involved in control of seed coat color, located on LG 7. Using the RIL subpopulation with colored seeds, a significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the emergence rate (ER3XC) and another with seedling vigor (SV6XC) were identified on the LG 3 and 6, respectively. QTL SV6XC was mapped in the region of the gene V, another gene involved the genetic control of color. QTLs associated with seed traits were mapped in the same relative position as regions involved in responses to P. ultimum suggesting the possible implication of avoidance mechanisms in the response to this pathogen.
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Ruter, John M., and Jeff L. Sibley. "Performance of Red Maple Selections in Southern Georgia." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (2000): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.621.
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In 1991, a cooperative project with the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, D.C., was initiated in Tifton, Ga. (USDA hardiness zone 8a) to evaluate red maples (Acer rubrum L.) potentially suitable for the coastal plain region of the southeastern U.S. Greatest annual height growth across all cultivars over 6 years was for `Alapaha', a seedling selection from southern Georgia with annual height growth of 35 inches (88.0 cm), and several seedling selections from northern Florida with annual height increases in excess of 33 inches (86.0 cm). Selections showing the least average annual height growth were NA-56024 and NA-57772 (`Red Rocket'). For commercially available cultivars, the most dependable for fall color in Tifton was `October Glory'®. In addition, two new selections from the National Arboretum have also shown excellent fall color—`Somerset' and `Brandywine'.
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Kapirnyák, Tünde, Erika Kurucz, Judit Koroknai, and Miklós Fári. "Rippl-Rónai’s color in the native parks: production and using of new, synthetic Wild sage color-mixture." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 55 (February 25, 2014): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/55/1910.
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The climate changes is becoming more damaging to ornamental plants. Besides ornamental species and varieties of plants on public spaces. It will be necessary to use domestic, well adaptable climate-tolerant plant species.
 One field of our growing ornamental plants researches from 2001 in the Centre of Agricultural Sciences of University of Debrecen, is studying drought patient, mainly Hungarian improved annual varieties, which are able to get acclimatized with the landscape. Moreover, we have in view to work out new, economical seedling production technologies. In the program, the excellent drought- and frost tolerant annuals and perennials belongs to the climate change tolerant plants. From the evaluated of species we want to create and spread the application. of the new types of ornamental horticulture culture.
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Ivankov, Anatolii, Rasa Zukiene, Zita Nauciene, et al. "The Effects of Red Clover Seed Treatment with Cold Plasma and Electromagnetic Field on Germination and Seedling Growth Are Dependent on Seed Color." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (2021): 4676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104676.
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This study aimed to estimate the effects of cold plasma (CP) and electromagnetic field (EMF) treatment of red clover (Trifolium pratense) seeds with different coat colors on germination kinetics, the content of seed phytohormones, and the growth of seedlings. Seeds of red clover cultivar ‘Arimaiciai’ were treated with radio-frequency EMF or capacitively coupled low-pressure CP for different durations. There were no differences in germination kinetics between yellow, brown, and dark purple seeds in control, but the germination rate of seeds treated with CP and EMF depended on seed color: The germination of yellow seeds was stimulated stronger compared to dark purple and brown seeds, and EMF did not stimulate germination in brown seeds. The content of phytohormones in control seeds and the shift in their amount induced by seed treatments were also strongly dependent on seed color. No relationship was found between the effect on germination kinetics and changes in phytohormone levels. In the control, seedlings growing from the yellow seeds were heavier, and the number of root nodules was 12.5 times larger compared to seedlings of dark purple seeds. Seed treatments with CP and EMF significantly increased the number of root nodules, and this effect was stronger in seedlings from dark purple seeds compared to those from yellow seeds.
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Flores, P., Z. Zhang, C. Igathinathane, et al. "Distinguishing seedling volunteer corn from soybean through greenhouse color, color-infrared, and fused images using machine and deep learning." Industrial Crops and Products 161 (March 2021): 113223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113223.
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Okie, W. R., and R. Scorza. "086 A Willow-leaf Mutant of Peach." HortScience 35, no. 3 (2000): 403D—403. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.403d.
Full textAbstract:
Willow-leaf peaches, reported by Lesley (1957) as a product of inbreeding but also mentioned as far back as 1887 (Hedrick, 1917), are characterized by a narrow leaf shape. We received willow-leaf germplasm from Wayne Sherman (Univ. of Florida, Gainesville), who selected a peach seedling with unusually narrow leaves from a group of seedling rootstocks. His original willow-leaf tree bore very small, poor-quality fruit. In 1983, it was used in breeding at the USDA-ARS breeding program at Byron to develop willow-leaf peaches with improved fruit types. After four generations, current selections are approaching commercial fruit standards in size, color, firmness, and attractiveness. Inheritance studies indicate the character is at least partially dominant and is expressed in some F1 seedlings of crosses with wild-type parents. However, the precise mode of inheritance remains unclear as the ratios do not fit common patterns. Progeny show a range of leaf narrowness, complicating characterization of genotype. The character may be useful in standard-type trees to enhance spray penetration, speed drying of the foliage to reduce disease, improve light penetration and photosynthetic efficiency, and make the fruit more visible to speed picking.
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Vera Cruz, Maria S. F., Maria E. L. Rocha, Ana C. P. Ristau, et al. "Hovenia dulcis T. Fruit Colorimetry for Determination of Physiological Maturity of Seeds." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 1 (2017): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n1p293.
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Hovenia dulcis is a pioneering species, fast growing and considered exotic and invasive. The species has multiplicity of uses and reproduces by seeds. In this sense, it is extremely important to know the physiological maturity of H. dulcis seeds. The objective of the research was to determine if the maturation of H. dulcis seeds is achieved concomitantly with the physiological maturation of the false fruit. Seeds were obtained from seven adult trees located in Marechal Candido Rondon, PR. The fruits were classified in five maturation stages, determined according to color chart. In order to verify the effects of the maturation stages of the false fruit on the physiological maturity seeds biometric characteristics, moisture content, germination, vigor and seedling development were evaluated. Seeds of H. dulcis presented evolution of maturation at the same time as the false fruit. For the evaluated parameters, seeds classified as stage 1 (7.5 YR 5/8) showed the best results for seed germination and seedling development, in contrast to those classified as stage 5 (2.5 YR 3/4), which presented low germination and delay in the development of seeds and seedlings.
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Zou, Kunlin, Luzhen Ge, Chunlong Zhang, Ting Yuan, and Wei Li. "Broccoli Seedling Segmentation Based on Support Vector Machine Combined With Color Texture Features." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 168565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2954587.
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Rouse, Robert E. "732 PB 504 JUICE QUALITY FROM YOUNG TREES OF 6 VALENCIA CLONES ON 16 ROOTSTOCKS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 537g—538. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.537g.
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Juice quality from 4-year-old `Valencia' sweetorange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) nucellar seedling clones VS-F-55-28-X-E, VS-SPB-1-14-19-X-E, old-line clones V-10-12-7-X-E, V-51-3-3-(STG-64G-4)-X-E, and `Rohde Red Valencia' RRV-472-3-26-(STG-31-18)-X-E, RRV-472-11-43-(STG-19-2)-X-E were compared for percentage juice per fruit, “Brix, acid, °Brix/acid ratio, soluble solids per standard 40.9 kg field box, and juice color score. Rootstocks were sour orange, Smooth Flat Seville, Cleopatra mandarin, Sun Chu Sha, calamandarin, Valencia seedling, P. myoliare × Ridge Pineapple X73-26, Duncan grapefruit, Carrizo, Benton and C-35 citranges, Swingle and F-80-18 citrumelos, Rangpur lime × Troyer citrange, P. trifoliata, and Vangasay lemon. V-10-12-7 had the most juice. RRV-472-11-43 had less acid than the other clones. VS-SPB-1-4-19 had highest ratio and RRV-472-3-26 the lowest. Soluble solids per box were lowest for RRV-472-3-26. Juice color score was highest for the two `Rohde Red Valencia' clones and lowest for V-10-12-7. Rootstock affected all juice quality factors except juice color score.
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Nikolic, Dragan, Tijana Banjanin, and Zorica Rankovic-Vasic. "Variability and heredity of some qualitative and quantitative grapevine characteristics." Genetika 50, no. 2 (2018): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1802549n.
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Variability and mode of heredity of some important qualitative and quantitative grapevine characteristics in 45 seedlings of F1 generation obtained from crossing combination Seedling 113 x Muscat Hamburg were investigated in this study. The seedlings of F1 generation for the investigated characteristics were arranged in certain number of categories by the OIV method. As variability indexes, standard deviation (S) and coefficient of variation (V) were used. Evaluation of the mode of heredity was done by ?2 test and t-test. Considering examined characteristics, the highest variability showed grape yield (V=58.9%), and the lowest sugar content in must (V=16.3%). Color of berry skin, cluster resistance to Botrytis cinerea and leaf resistance to Plasmopara viticola showed monogenic mode of heredity. Exception from the monogenic mode of heredity was determined for the flavor of berry. Grape yield, bunch weight and berry weight showed negative heterosis. For the sugar content in must, domination of the parent with low sugar content in must was determined.
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Cruz, Eniel David. "Quantitative characteristics of fruits and seeds of Pouteria pachycarpa Pires - Sapotaceae." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 27, no. 2 (2005): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222005000200023.
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Pouteria pachycarpa is a tree species, found in the Brazilian Amazon and Bolivia whose wood has been exploited from the native forest. The present research describes the quantitative characteristics of fruits and seeds and quantifies the seed germination of this species. The fruit and seed color were characterized and measurements taken of the mass, length, diameter and number of seeds per fruit, the seed length, width and thickness, the germination percentage, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds. Sowing was carried out on a substrate containing sand and sawdust (1:1), in four replications of 50 seeds. The predominant fruit and seed colors were vivid yellowish orange (9YR) and dark grayish brown (6YR), respectively. Fruit mass, length and diameter ranged from 37.7 to 192.4g, 41.3 to 87.3mm and 39.7 to 71.7mm, respectively. Fruits had from two to seven seeds, and 42.6% were damaged by insects. Seed length, width and thickness ranged from 22.4 to 35.2mm, 9.7 to 15.5mm and 5.5 to 10.8mm, respectively. Seedling emergence began 18 days after sowing. Maximum germination, 86%, was recorded 33 days after sowing. The germination curve was sigmoid, similar to the majority of species. The percentage of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds were 3% and 11%, respectively. Both fruits and seeds show great variation in quantitative characteristics and the germination is slow and non-uniform.
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Cheng, Frank, Norman Weeden, and Susan Brown. "673 PB 151 MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR FRUIT COLOR IN APPLE (MALUS X. DOMESTICA)." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 529c—529. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.529c.
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The ability to pre-screen apple populations for fruit color at an early seedling stage would be advantageous. In progeny of the cross `Rome Beauty' × `White Angel' red/yellow color variation was found to be highly correlated with the genotype at Idh-2, an isozyme locus that was heterozygous in both parents. We postulate that the red/yellow color variation was produced by a single gene linked to I&-2 and also heterozygous in both parents. This population was also screened with over 400 primers to detect randomly amplified polymorphic (RAPD) markers for fruit color. DNA extraction procedures were developed for bark, and DNA was extracted from bark samples and leaves. Red and yellow fruited individuals were examined in bulk. Several markers have been found that are linked to red color. A high density map is being constructed in this region. These markers are being examined in other crosses segregating for fruit color. The application of these markers will be discussed in relation to the inheritance and manipulation of fruit color.
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Gündüz, Kazim, Fırat Ege Karaat, Fulya Uzunoğlu, and Kazım Mavi. "INFLUENCES OF PRE-SOWING TREATMENTS ON THE GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF DIFFERENT MULBERRY SPECIES SEEDS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 2 (2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.2.9.
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Morus genus includes more than 20 species, some of which are commercially important mulberries with different fruit color and shape. Even though the trees of those species are propagated by rooting of cuttings in practice, mulberry seeds are of importance for breeding studies and rootstock seedling propagation. For that reason, this study was conducted to improve the seed performance of four mulberry species by different pre-sowing treatments including; 3% KNO3, GA3 at 500 ppm, organic priming with herbal tea brewed from marigold flowers petals and hydro priming. Results of the parameters of emergence characteristics and seedling vigor were evaluated. According to the results that varied between different species and pre-treatments, since emergence percentage and time, and seedling vigor were improved by the treatments, it was concluded that pre-sowing applications, especially GA3 and hydro priming, were beneficial in improving the seed performance of mulberry species included in the study.
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Hoskins, Tyler C., Jason D. Lattier, and Ryan N. Contreras. "Sowing Green Seed Without Stratification Does Not Shorten Juvenility or Increase Plant Size in Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris)." HortScience 55, no. 11 (2020): 1781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15328-20.
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Common lilac is an important flowering shrub that accounts for ≈$20 million of sales in the U.S. nursery industry. Cultivar improvement in common lilac has been ongoing for centuries, yet little research has focused on shortening the multiple-year juvenility period for lilacs and the subsequent time required between breeding cycles. The practice of direct-sowing of immature “green” seed has been shown to reduce juvenility in some woody plants, but it has not been reported for common lilac. This study investigated the effects of seed maturity [weeks after pollination (WAP)], pregermination seed treatment (direct-sown vs. cold-stratified), and postgermination seedling chilling on the germination percentage, subsequent plant growth, and time to flower on lilac seedlings. All seedlings were derived from the female parent ‘Ludwig Spaeth’ and the male parent ‘Angel White’. Seeds harvested at 15 and 20 WAP resulted in 58% (sd ± 9.9%) and 80% (sd ± 9.0%) germination, respectively, which were similar to that of dry seed collected at 20 WAP with stratification (62% ± 4.2%). Seedlings from the green seed collected at 15 and 20 WAP were also approximately three-times taller than those of dry seed groups DS1, DS2, and DS3 after the first growing season. Over the next two growing seasons, there were no differences in seedling height across all treatments. Flowering occurred at the beginning of the fourth season and without differences among treatments. These results indicate that the collection and direct sowing of immature, green seed can be used to successfully grow lilac seedlings, but that they do not reduce the juvenility period. However, this method can provide more vegetative growth in year one to observe early vegetative traits such as leaf color, and it can provide more material for DNA extraction to support molecular research.
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Boyd, Chad S., Kirk W. Davies, and Jarod A. Lemos. "Influence of Soil Color on Seedbed Microclimate and Seedling Demographics of a Perennial Bunchgrass." Rangeland Ecology & Management 70, no. 5 (2017): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2017.03.004.
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WALKER, E. K. "EFFECTS OF ETHEPHON ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO AS INFLUENCED BY RATES OF ETHEPHON AND FERTILIZER APPLICATION AND SEEDLING AGE AT TRANSPLANTING." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 3 (1985): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-093.
Full textAbstract:
Flue-cured tobacco seedlings at three ages were grown with three rates of fertilizer and the upper leaves were sprayed with 0, 50 and 100 mg per plant of ethephon. Ethephon treatment lowered the agronomic indices and produced leaves with a darker base color and less green (or more red) hues than the check treatment. Ethephon use also reduced green grades and increased grey, orange and mahogany grades, although undesirable grey was minimal for 50 mg ethephon per plant. An increase in desirable dark grades (orange and mahogany) was offset, for 100 mg ethephon per plant, by an increase in grey shades. The most consistent effects of seedling age were increased yield and crop returns and decreased lamina weight and grey grades with reduction in age. The most consistent effects of fertilizer regime were increased yield, crop returns and green grades, and decreased lamina weight with added fertilizer. Consideration of treatment effects indicated that rate of ethephon applied only to ripe tip and undertip leaves should be 50 mg per plant (3.2 L per ha) of Ethrel® or less. To minimize undesirable grades, it was found preferable to treat plants seeded during the second week of April, transplanted by June 1st and fertilized in sufficient amount to prevent premature yellowing.Key words: Agronomic indices, color grade, yield, economic return
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Pimenta, Alex Caetano, Suelen Santos Rego, Katia Christina Zuffellato-Ribas, Antônio Carlos Nogueira, and Henrique Soares Koehler. "Morphological characterization of fruits, seeds and seedlings of araticum plant (Annona crassiflora Mart - Annonaceae)." Journal of Seed Science 35, no. 4 (2013): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-15372013000400015.
Full textAbstract:
Araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart. - Annonaceae) is a species with great ecological importance and potential for fruit production. Its fruits, seeds and seedlings were morphologically described in this article as being the main objective of this study. To describe and illustrate the examples, 100 seeds and 42 fruits were analyzed; the latter being collected in Santo Antônio do Leverger - MT - Brazil, in 2011. To describe the morphology of the seedling, 100 seeds were germinated in two different environments. The araticum plant has a compound, multiple strobiliform, globose-subglobose and fleshy fruit, with average measures of 12.9 cm length, 13.5 cm width, 12.7 cm thickness, weight of 1,187.0 g and 99.2 seeds per fruit. The seeds are obovoid, hairless, smooth with a bony aspect and a pale brown color; they have an average of 17. 7 mm length, 10.8 mm width and 8.3 thickness. Epigeous and phanerocotylar germination begins about 148 days after sowing. All morphological data of araticum fruits, seeds and seedlings can be used to recognize the botanical family and, when associated to other features, to recognize the species in the field.
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Koene, Franciele Marx, Érika Amano, Eric de Camargo Smidt, and Luciana Lopes Fortes Ribas. "Asymbiotic germination and morphological studies of seeds of Atlantic Rainforest micro-orchids (Pleurothallidinae)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0243297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243297.
Full textAbstract:
The morphological and morphometric characters of seeds belonging to 11 species of the subtribe Pleurothallidinae using light and scanning electron microscopy were studied to understand the in vitro germination process. Qualitative data (color, shape, ornamentation) and quantitative ones were also evaluated in seeds and embryos (length, width, volume and air space percentage between the integument and the embryo). The viability of the seeds was evaluated by in vitro germination in woody plant medium (WPM), and by analysis of the developmental stages of protocorms until seedling formation (two to 24 weeks). Morphometric data showed variations within the genus Acianthera and between species of different genera. The best germination and protocorm formation responses occurred with Acianthera prolifera (92%) and Acianthera ochreata (86%), with the formation of seedlings after 12 and 16 weeks of sowing, respectively. The seeds and embryos of A. prolifera and A. ochreata were larger (length, width, and volume) with a structural polarity that may have facilitated their germination comparing to others studied species. Other characteristics of A. prolifera seeds that may have contributed to these results include the presence of a thin testa without ornamentation and a suspensor. The protocorms of Anathalis obovata, Dryadella liliputiana, and Octomeria gracillis developed slowly in the WPM, not reaching the seedling stage in 24 weeks of cultivation. This morphological and morphometric study contributes to the understanding of asymbiotic germination of some micro-orchid species.
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Townsend, A. M., and M. S. McIntosh. "Variation Among Full-Sib Progenies of Red Maple in Growth, Autumn Leaf Color, and Leafhopper Injury." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 11, no. 2 (1993): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-11.2.72.
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Abstract Controlled pollinations made between selected parents of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and seedling progenies were planted in a randomized block design along with trees of the cultivars ‘October Glory,’ ‘Autumn Flame,’ and ‘Red Sunset’. Tree height, autumn color, and leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)) injury were evaluated over an eight-year period. Differences among progenies and cultivars in leafhopper injury and in the time and quality of peak autumn leaf color were statistically significant for all years. These traits were significantly influenced by the female and/or male parent used to create the progeny. The timing of peak color was also influenced by a significant interaction between male and female parents. Growth rate and color intensity of the same progenies were generally consistent across years, whereas correlation for leafhopper damage was weak between years. Clonal selections from the best progenies have been made and are being evaluated for possible release to the nursery industry.